individual control home automation system

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-NET is an open-source standard for wireless network designed forlow-cost, low-power (battery operated) control network...


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as on/off messages. Simple transactions use encryption techniques to avoidsusceptibility to replay attacks. Block tra...


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e 2.1 : Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB9 DCEFigure 2.2 : Straight cable connection betwe...


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e 2.3 : Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB25 DCEFigure 2.4 : Crossover cable connection bet...

e 2.5 : Crossover cable connection between DB25 DCE and DB25 DCEFigure 2.6 : Crossover cable connection between DB9 D...


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EthernetEthernet defines a number of wiring and signalling standards for thephysical connection of two or more devic...

onnected. And due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost of thehardware needed to support it, and the...


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ensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radiofrequency band. The Bluetooth specifications ...

popular standard for mobile phone communication in the world. It is used byover three billion people across more than...


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as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines,appliances, power tools and toys. Hence, micro...

ogram memory bus. If the fetched instruction requires an operation on datamemory, the CPU can fetch the next program...


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PTER THREEMETHODOLOGYIn designing a home automation system, one or more suitable platforms areused in order to build a ...


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Selection of hardware componentsEach platform has a set of hardware components over which it isimplemented. For RS23...

e 3.1 : Block diagram of the home automation system3.2.1 PIC18F4455PIC18F4455 is manufactured by Microchip Incorporat...


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arallel ports, timers and sometimes other built in peripherals such as A/D(analogue-to-digital) and D/A (digital-to-a...

2 Random Access Memory (RAM)The RAM, random access memory, is used to write and read data values asa program runs. R...


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hronous modes. The parallel I/O ports require a data line for each bit in a byte,while the serial I/O uses a single d...

76 Bytes flash program memory, Capable of 12288 instruction set, 2048 Bytes of Data memory, 256 Bytes of Data EEPR...


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e 3.4 : PIC18F4455 block diagram42

PIC18F4455 programmingFigure 3.4 is a detailed block diagram of the PIC4455. In programming it,a complier and a prog...


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e 3.6 : MikroElectronika programmer interface3.2.4 Nokia 6021Nokia 6021, shown in figure 3.7, is an EDGE (Enhanced Da...


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and multimedia message service (SMS/MMS) and wireless application protocol(WAP). It also has an RS232 data cable cal...

e 3.8 : HIN232 pinoutIt requires a single +5V power supply and feature onboard charge pumpvoltage converters which ge...


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RelayRelay is a small electrical switch consisting of an electromagnet (coil), aswitch and a spring, that opens and ...

tactor relay This is a very heavy-duty relay used for switchingelectric motors and lighting loads. High current con...


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PTER FOURDESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATIONThe design of this project involved coupling several hardware componentsand testing a...


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the communication parameters like the clock rate (20 MHz), thebaud rate (9600 bits/s), the transmit pin (PIN C6) and...


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the completion of the hardware coupling, several tests were done onthe design. Some observations and corrections wer...

easily break, a paper material which may give in to strain and stress, or even ametallic material which will make the ...


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e 4.5: The individual control home automation system56


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project involves the design and construction of an individual control homemation

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Full NameComment goes here.12 hours ago DeleteReplySpamBlockAre you sure you want to YesNoYour message goes here

your thoughts...

haymanotyehualacan you help me8 months ago ReplyAre you sure you want to Yes NoYour message goes here

Peerasab Hawaldar , HOD/Lecturer at Technical Educationgenius effort this12 months ago ReplyAre you sure you want to Yes NoYour message goes here

taralshahshahYou can also do this directly via your pc or laptop, wired or wireless. you can do it with 8051 or even PIC16F microcontrollers.check the total project including code, simulation everything here,http://embeddedtweaks.wordpress.com/2014/10/29/controlling-your-electrical-appliances-via-pclaptop-pic-microcontroller/andhttp://embeddedtweaks.wordpress.com/2014/10/29/controlling-your-electrical-appliances-via-pclaptop-8051-microcontroller/1 year ago ReplyAre you sure you want to Yes NoYour message goes here

Muhammad Bilal Shahid , Sales Assistant at Spar , There For YOUnice work. really helped me a lot in constructing my automation system. cheers1 year ago ReplyAre you sure you want to Yes NoYour message goes here

Michael Olafusi , Business Data Analysis Consultant & Microsoft Excel Trainer at UrBizEdgeClick on download. I think you should use a PC.1 year ago ReplyAre you sure you want to Yes NoYour message goes here

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Final Year Project - Individual Control Home Automation System

1. INDIVIDUAL CONTROL HOMEAUTOMATION SYSTEMBYOLAFUSI MICHAEL OLALEKANEEE/04/2995SUBMITTED TOTHE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTAND ELECTRONICSENGINEERING,FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE.IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THEAOF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING.OCTOBER, 20092. CERTIFICATIONThis is to certify that this project, the entire design and construction of the home automationsystem was carried out and submitted as true work of OLAMICHAEL OLALEKAN ofmatriculation number EEE/04/2995 under the supervision of Engineer O. E. Bejide of theDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,University of Technology,Akure in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering inElectrical Electronics Engineering.________________

_____________________Engineer O. E. Bejide Date(Project Supervisor)______________________ ______________________Dr. A. O. Melodi Date(Head ofDepartment)_______________________ _____________________External Supervisor Dateii3. DEDICATIONTo God Almighty for His provision and graceTo my parents for their constant vital supportTo my siblings for their care and placeDo I dedicate this reporti4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI cannot but acknowledge the unquantifiable help God gave me throughout thisproject work, always showing up whenever I got to the end of mand felt like changingthe project to a simpler one. Most remarkable was the breakthrough He gave me when I wasstuck at one PIC C code function for a month!I am deeplyto my parents and siblings for their constant support especiallyin circumstances where I find it hard to even convince myself that my request for help is fairand reasonable. Iequally indebted my very understanding, fatherly and enviable projectsupervisor, Engineer O. E. Bejide who is always willing to go above and beyond incounselling and supme.I could not have been able to understand how to go about the vital aspect of theproject work if not for the supervisory assistance of my friend and colleague, AyoadeAdew(really, all aspect of my project work was vital). I must also acknowledge mycolleagues who over the four years we have been together, in ways they themselves do notundhave been the vital components of my educational and personal growth whichalso greatly rubbed on my successful completion of this project work.I greatly appreciate the tsupport and nourishment I enjoyed from the entirefamily of the Chapel of Faith, especially through Uncle Victor Omololu, Aunt PatienceOmololu and their ministry. I musacknowledge the spiritual oversight of the twochaplains whom I have been under throughout my five year undergraduate study, RevGbenga Olagunju and Rev. Timothy AbAbiola.iv5. ABSTRACTThis project involves the design and construction of an individual control homeautomation system using RS232, GSM technology and a microcontroller.Homautomation is the automatic or semi-automatic control and monitoring ofhousehold appliances and residential house features like doors, gate and even the windows.This prodemonstration of how to design and build a multi purpose remotelycontrolled system that can switch OFF and ON any electrical household appliance (includingthe securitydialling a phone already interfaced via RS232 to a microcontroller thatcontrols a relay for the automatic switching on and off of the appliance and the phone willsend a feed

message service text indicating the new state of the appliance, whetherswitched ON or OFF.The results of this project show that a microcontroller is a very powerful deviceforbuilding smart electronic devices that can automatically control electrical appliances, withlittle circuitry complexities and components.v6. TABLE OF CONTENTSPROJECTREPORT....................................................................................................................iCERTIFICATION................................................................................................................OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................viTABLE OFFIGURES............................................................................................................viiiLIST OFTABLES....................................................................................................................ixCHAPTERONE........................................................................................................................1INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................AUTOMATION ..........................................................................................................21.1.1 Office automation...............................................................................................31.Building automation...........................................................................................31.1.3 Power automation...............................................................................................41.1.4 Hoautomation................................................................................................41.2 PROJECT AIM...........................................................................................................41.3 PROJEOBJECTIVE.............................................................................................51.4 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION.....................................................................51.5 PROJEJUSTIFICATION......................................................................................51.6 REPORT LAYOUT.....................................................................................................6CHAPTETWO.......................................................................................................................7LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................HISTORY OF HOME AUTOMATION.....................................................................72.2 HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS..........................................................................HOME AUTOMATION STANDARDS....................................................................92.3.1 INSTEON standard...........................................................................................102.3European Home Systems (EHS) protocol........................................................112.3.3 ZigBee standard................................................................................................122.3.4 KN

.................................................................................................................132.3.5 Z-Wave standard...............................................................................................152.3.6 X10standard.....................................................................................................182.3.7 LonWorks .........................................................................................................202.3.8 ONE-Nstandard...........................................................................................202.3.9 Universal Powerline Bus...................................................................................222.4 HOME AUTOIMPLEMENTATION PLATFORMS.................................242.4.1 Powerline communication..................................................................................242.4.2RS232.................................................................................................................252.4.3 Ethernet...............................................................................................................292.4.4Bluetooth.............................................................................................................302.4.5 Infrared...............................................................................................................312.4.6GSM....................................................................................................................312.4.7 Microcontroller...................................................................................................322.3.7.Neumann architecture.........................................................................332.3.7.2 Harvard architecture...................................................................................33vi7. CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................35METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................353.1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS......................................................................353.1.1 Selimplementation platform................................................................353.1.2 Selec tion of hardware components.....................................................................363.2 SYSTEMDESIGN......................................................................................................363.2.1 PIC18F4455.........................................................................................................373.2.1.1 CeProcessing Unit (CPU)..................................................................383.2.1.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)..............................................................393.2.1.3 Read Only Mem(ROM).......................................................................393.2.1.4 Input and Output ports (I/O)......................................................................393.2.2 PIC18F4455architecture...................................................................................403.2.3 PIC18F4455 programming................................................................................433.2.4 Nokia6021.........................................................................................................443.2.5 HIN232..............................................................................................................453.2.6Relay..................................................................................................................47CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................4

AND IMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................494.1 BUILDING THE POWER SUPPLY AND INTERFACING THE RELAY.............5SERIAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE MICROCONTROLLER ANDNOKIA 6021............................................................................................................514.3PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER...................................................524.4 TESTING THE COMPLETE DESIGN AND
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CASING...........................................53CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................57CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATION........................................................................575.1 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................575.2RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................57REFERENCES.................................................................................................................I: Bill of components...........................................................................................61APPENDIX II: The PIC C code for programming the PIC4455 in CCS C compiler..............8. TABLE OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB9 DCE.......26Figure 2.2: Straight cable connection between RS232DTE and RS232 DB25 DCE...26Figure 2.3: Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB25 DCE.....27Figure 2.4: Crossover cable connection betweDTE and DB9 DCE...........................27Figure 2.5: Crossover cable connection between DB25 DCE and DB25 DCE.......................28Figure 2.6: Crossover cable connectionDB9 DCE and DB9 DCE...........................28Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the home automation system....................................................37Figure 3.2: Interactions between tmicrocontroller parts............................................38Figure 3.3: 40-Pin PIC18F4455 microcontroller.....................................................................40Figure 3.4: PIC18F4455 blodiagram...................................................................................42Figure 3.5: CCS C compiler IDE interface..............................................................................43Figure 3.6:MikroElectronika programmer i nterface...............................................................44Figure 3.7: Nokia 6021 mobile phone...................................................................................3.8: HIN232 pinout.......................................................................................................46Figure 4.1: Flow chart of thedesign........................................................................................49Figure 4.2: The power supply...................................................................................................50Figure 4.3: Thto microcontroller portion of the design.............................................52Figure 4.4: The complete home automation system circuit (controlling lighting fixture).......55Figure 4individual control home automation system..................................................56viii9. LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1: List of X10 four bit commands...............................................................................19Table 3.1: HIN232 pindescriptions.........................................................................................46ix10. CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONImagine how helpful it will be to be able to switch on your air conditioningsystem ten minutes before you get home on a hot afternooJanuary. How abouthaving a security system that will detect smoke, excessive electrical power usage,burglar attempts and unauthorized movements in your house and alertiswhat home automation is about and there is no end to its application. In fact,sophisticated home automation systems are now being developed that can maintain aninventohousehold items, record their usage through an RFID (Radio FrequencyIdentification) tag, and prepare a shopping list or automatically order replacements.Home automationmade it possible to have what is often referred to as asmart home, a home that can detect and identify you, automatically adjust thelighting to your predefined taste, open doautomatically, play your favourite music,water your flowers in the morning, switch on the security lights at night and switchthem off in the morning, heat water for bathe anstream to you anywhere in theworld via the internet a live video of what is happening in and around your house. Itmakes it possible to link lighting, entertainment, security,telecommunications,heating, and air conditioning into one centrally controlled system. This allows you tomake your house an active partner in managing your busy life.Nowyou can hardly find a house without a home automation systemwhich can range from the remote for the television, burglar alarm and hi-tech securitygates, to an automated conditioning system that maintains the temperature at apredefined value.111. 1.1 AUTOMATIONAutomation is the use of control systems and information technology tocontrol equipment, industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need fohumanintervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyondmechanization. Mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assistthem withphysical requirements of work while automation greatly reduces theneed for human sensory and mental requirements as well (Wikipedia, 2009).Automation plays an increaimportant role in the global economyand in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices withmathematical and organizational tools to create complex sa rapidlyexpanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for humans inindustrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-levelpattrecognition, language recognition, and language production ability are wellbeyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiringsubjective

assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents andsounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require humanexpertise.Automathad a notable impact in a wide range of highly visibleindustries beyond manufacturing. Once ubiquitous telephone operators have beenreplaced largely by automated telephoswitchboards and answering machines.Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiograph or radiographyand laboratory analysis of human genes, blood plascells, and tissues are carriedout at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller212. machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry outtransactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the worldeconomy fragrarian to industrial in the 19thcentury and from industrial to servicesin the 20thcentury.1.1.1 Office automationOffice automation refers to the varied computer machinerysoftwareused to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information neededfor accomplishing basic tasks and goals. Raw data storage, electronic transferthemanagement of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of anoffice automation system, office automation helps in optimizing or automatingexistingprocedures.1.1.2 Building automationBuilding automation describes the functionality provided by the control ofa building. The control system is a computerized, intelligenof electronicdevices, designed to monitor and control the mechanical and lighting systems of abuilding. A building automation system is an example of a distributed controlsystem.The building automation system (BAS) core functionality keeps the building climatewithin a specific range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, andmsystem performance and device failures and provides email and/or textnotifications to building engineering staff. The BAS functionality reduces buildingenergy and maintencosts when compared to a non-controlled building.313. 1.1.3 Power automationPower automation is the automated control and monitoring of powerplants, substations and transformers for effectiveness, efficiency and fault deIthas made it possible to have a reliable municipal or national electricity system, whichoften comprises remote and hard-to-reach transformers and power sub-system units. possible to monitor different power units, relay their status and healthinformation, and even carry out fault detection and correction without humaninterference.Example of automation system is the Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition (SCADA) system.1.1.4 Home automationHome automation may designate an emerging practice of

increasedautomation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularlythrough electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensivorsimply not possible in recent decades. Home automation includes all that a buildingautomation provides like climate controls, door and window controls, and in additioncmultimedia home theatres, pet feeding, plant watering and so on. But thereexists a difference in that home automation emphasizes more on comforts throughergonomics anoperation.1.2 PROJECT AIMThe aim of this project is to design and construct a home automation414. system that will remotely switch on or off any household appliance connected to it,using a microcontroller, voice dial on phone, and short message service for feedback.1PROJECT OBJECTIVEThe objective of this project is to implement a low cost, reliable andscalable home automation system that can be used to remotely switch on or offanyhousehold appliance, using a microcontroller to achieve hardware simplicity, low costshort message service (SMS) for feedback and voice dial from any phone to toggleswitch state.1.4 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThis project work is complete on its own in remotely and automaticallyswitching on and off of any electrical applialimited to household appliances,and sends a feedback message indicating the new present state of the appliance. Itdoes not implement control of multiple appliances or autodetection of faults inthe controlled appliance.1.5 PROJECT JUSTIFICATIONThis project is of contributory knowledge to the development andimplementation of home autsystems in Nigeria using low cost, locallyavailable components like microcontroller, free voice dial service (popularly referredto as flashing) and very cheap short message (SMS) text.515. 1.6 REPORT LAYOUTThe entire project is composed of five chapters, each covering a section ofthe work as summarized below: Chapter one gives an introduction toautomation as a whole and thedifferent types of automation. Chapter two covers an extensive literature review of previous works onhome automation systems, the differentestablished standards andprotocols, and the platforms over which home automation can beimplemented. Chapter three highlights the project methodology, giving reasons fochoiceof specific platforms and components, and also, comprehensive details onboth hardware components and communication services used. Chapter four is on the projecand implementation with clearpractical details of the project design, construction, testing, microcontrollercoding and debugging. Special emphasis is also made on the flexib

andscalability of the project work with real life illustration. Chapter five is on the conclusion and recommendations based on theproject work with emphasis on the reliabilimaintainability andflexibility of the design. Also, recommendations based on the challengesencountered and further possible development of the project work areenumerated16. CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 HISTORY OF HOME AUTOMATIONHome automation has been around since the world war 1 (1914), in fact,the televremote (a simple home automation system) was patented in 1893(Wikipedia, 2009). Since then different home automation systems have evolved with asharp rise after the sWorld War. Its growth has been through various informalresearch and designs by technology enthusiasts who want a better way of gettingthings done at home without muchtheir part. The systems evolved from onethat can automatically do routine chores like switch on and off security lights, to moresophisticated ones that can adjust lighting, putelevision channel to favouritestation and control doors.2.2 HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMSHome automation systems may designate electronic systems in homes andrebuildings that make possible the automation of household appliances. Thenew stream of home automation systems has developed into a vast one and the currentmarket is flwith a flurry of home automation systems and devicemanufacturers.The types of home automation systems based on their control systems are:1. Individual Control Systems17. These types were the first to hit the market in the early years, here eachdevice like the heater or the air conditioner will have an independent controldedicated to it.2. DisControl SystemsThe main feature of these type of systems is emergency shut-down. Withthis system you can preset or change the control parameters of severalsimilar deviexample, the thermostat of several air conditioners andtheir ON/OFF timings.3. Central Control SystemsThese are computerized systems programmed to handle all functionofmultiple utilities like air conditioning system, home entertainments, doors,windows, refrigerators and cooking systems, all at the same time regardlessof whether you are away. You can connect to the control systemthrough telephone or internet from anywhere in the world.The types of home automation systems based on the carrier mode are:Powerline carrier SystemsThe least expensive type of home automation system operates over thehomes existing wiring, or powerline carrier. These can range from X10-bastimers, to more sophisticated systems that require installation bya trained professional.818. 2. Wireless systemsAlso available are wireless home automation systems that utilize radio-frequency technology. They are often used to operate lights, sometimes incon

with a hardwired lighting control system.3. Hardwired systemsWired, or hardwired home control systems are the most reliable andexpensive. These systems can operate ograde communicationscable such as Category 5 or 5e, or their own proprietary bus cable. That iswhy it is best to plan for them when a house is being constructed.Hardwiredsystems can perform more tasks at a time and do them quickly and reliably,making them ideal for larger homes. They can also integrate more systemsin the homeeffectively tying together indoor and outdoor lighting, audioand video equipment, security system, even the heating and cooling systeminto one control package that will be
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intuitive to operate.4. Internet Protocol control systemInternet Protocol (IP) control automation system uses the internet, giveseach device under its control an Internet Protoaddress, and creates alocal area network (LAN) in the home. Hence, the home can be interactedwith over the internet with possibility of live video streaming and real-timecHOME AUTOMATION STANDARDS919. There are many established industry standards for home automationsystems and are implemented over the various carrier modes ranging from powerlineto wireless. Theand major standards are INSTEON, European HomeSystems (EHS), ZigBee, KNX, Z-Wave, X10, LonWorks, ONE-NET and UniveraslPowerline Bus (UPB).2.3.1 INSTEstandardINSTEON standard is a dual-band mesh topology employing ac-powerlines and a radio frequency (RF) protocol to communicate with and automate homeelectronicand appliances, which normally work independently. It is a homeautomation networking technology invented by SmartLabs Inc. INSTEON wasdeveloped, based on the X1for control and sensing applications in the home(Wikipedia, 2009).INSTEON is designed to enable simple devices to be networked togetherusing the powerline and/or radiofrequency (RF). All INSTEON devices are peers,meaning each device can transmit, receive, and repeat any message of the INSTEONprotocol, without requiring a master cor complex routing software.INSTEON is not only an effective system for connecting lighting switches and loadswithout extra wiring, but it also forms the basis for a moresophisticated homeautomation network.The following are the possible applications of INSTEON: Scene and remote control lighting,1020. Security alarm interfaces and sensors, Home sensors (e.g. water, humidity, temperature), Access control (e.g. door locks), Heating, ventilating and air cooling (HVAcontrol, Audio-video control, and Appliance management.2.3.2 European Home Systems (EHS) protocolThe European home systems (EHS) protocol was aimed at homeacontrol and communication using power line communication (PLC).Developed by EHSA (European Home Systems Association) it was merged with twoother protocols to fKNX protocol, which complies with CENELEC norm EN50090 standard and had a chance to be a basis for the first open standard for homeand building control (Wikipedia2009).The areas of application of EHS are: Heating, ventilating and air cooling (HVAC) control, Scene and remote control lighting, and Appliance management.1121. 2.3.3 ZigBee standardZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocolsusing small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003forwireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connectingwith cell phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBeespecificintended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such asBluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio frequency (RF) applications that require a lowdata rate, long battand secure networking (Wikipedia, 2009).ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. Thelow cost allows the technology to be widely deployed incontrol andmonitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smallerbatteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.ZigBeein the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radiobands 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in mostjurisdictions worldwide. ZigBee chvendors typically sell integrated radios andmicrocontrollers with between 60K and 128K flash memory, such as the FreescaleMC13213, the Ember EM250 and the Texas InCC2430. Radios are alsoavailable as stand-alone to be used with any processor or microcontroller. Generally,the chip vendors also offer the ZigBee software stack, althoughindependent ones arealso available. The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publishthe ZigBee standard.Typical areas of application of ZigBee are:122. Home Entertainment and Control Smart lighting, advancedtemperature control, safety and security, movies and music, Home Awareness Water sensors, power ssmoke and firedetectors, smart appliances and access sensors, Mobile Services m-payment, m-monitoring and control, m-security and access control, m-healthcare and assist, Commercial Building Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting,access control, and Industrial Plant Process control, asset management,environmental managemenmanagement, industrial devicecontrol.2.3.4 KNXKNX is a standardised (EN 50090,ISO/IEC 14543), OSI-based networkcommunications protocol for intelligent buildings.the successor to, andconvergence of, three previous standards: the European Home Systems Protocol(EHS), BatiBUS, and the European Installation Bus (EIB). The KNX stisadministered by the Konnex Association (Wikipedia, 2009).This standard is based on the communication stack of EIB but enlargedwith the physical layers, configuration mand application experience of BatiBUSand EHS.1323. KNX defines several physical communication media: Twisted pair wiring Powerline networking Radio Infrared Ethernet (also known as EIBnet/IP or KNXnet/IP)K

designed to be independent of any particular hardware platform. AKNX Device Network can be controlled by anything from an 8-bit microcontroller toa PC, according to thof a particular implementation. The most common formof installation is over twisted pair medium.KNX is approved as an open standard to International standard (ISO/IEC1European Standard (CENELEC EN 50090 and CEN EN 13321-1) andChina Guo Biao(GB/Z 20965).KNX has more than 100 members/manufacturers including ABB, Bos& Cie KG, ON Semiconductor, Schneider Electric Industries S.A., Siemens,Uponor Corporation and Jung.There are three categories of KNX device:1. A-mode or "Automadevices automatically configurethemselves, and are intended to be sold to and installed by the end user.1424. 2. E-mode or "Easy mode" devices require basic training to install. Theirbehaviour is pre-programmed, but has configuration parameters that needto be tailored to the usrequirements.3. S-mode or "System mode" devices are used in the creation of bespokebuilding automation systems. S-mode devices have no default behaviour,and must beprogrammed and installed by specialist technicians.2.3.5 Z-Wave standardThe Z-wave is a wireless communications proprietary standard designedfor home automation, spto remote control applications in residential andlight commercial environments. This technology, which is developed by Sigmadesigns Zensys, uses a low power RF radio emor retrofitted into homeelectronics devices and systems, such as lighting, home access control, entertainmentsystems and household appliances. The technology has been staby the Z-Wave Alliance, an international consortium of manufacturers that overseesinteroperability between Z-Wave products and enabled devices (Wikipedia, 2009).Z-Wmesh networking technology where each node or device onthe network is capable of sending and receiving control commands through walls orfloors and around household or radio dead spots that might occur in thehome. Z-Wave devices can work singly or in groups, and can be programmed intoscenes or events that trigger multiple devices, eautomatically or via remotecontrol.Z-Wave is a low-power wireless technology designed specifically for1525. remote control applications. Unlike Wi-Fi and other IEEE 802.11-based wirelessLAN systems that are designed primarily for high-bandwidth data flow, the Z-WaveRF operates in the sub Gigahertz frequency range and is optimized for low-overhead commands such as on-off (as in a light switch or an appliance) and raise-lower (as in a thevolume control), with the ability to include devicemetadata in the communications. Because Z-Wave operates apart from the 2.4 GHzfrequency of 802.11 based wireless sy

is largely impervious to interferencefrom common household wireless electronics, such as Wi-Fi routers, cordlesstelephones and Bluetooth devices that work in the same frerange. Thisfreedom from household interference allows for a standardized low-bandwidthcontrol medium that can be reliable alongside common wireless devices. On otherhGHz frequency usage allows unlicensed devices usage in most countriesthis is convenient to customers and allows wider technology adoption and reduceddeployment costscould be not true for other frequencies and could easily turninto a strong drawback if licensing is required or frequency is occupied. Thats one ofreason why competing 2.4 Gtechnologies became so popular.As a result of its low power consumption and low cost of manufacture, Z-Wave is easily embedded in consumer electronics products, includbatteryoperated devices such as remote controls, smoke alarms and security sensors. Z-Waveis currently supported by over 200 manufacturers worldwide and appears in a bof consumer products in the U.S. and Europe.Some common applications for Z-Wave include: Remote Home Control And Management By adding Z-Wave to1626. home electronics such as lighting, climate and security systems, it ispossible to control and monitor these household functions via remotecontrol, based on manual or audecisions. The control can beapplied to a single device or group of devices, in a single room or zone orthroughout the entire home. One of the benefits of Z-Wave over powecommunication technologies is the ability to function in older houseslacking a neutral wire. Z-Wave devices can also be monitored andcontrolled from outside of the home a gateway that combinesZ-Wave with broadband Internet access. Energy Conservation Z-Wave is envisioned as a key enablingtechnology for energy management in the home. As an example, Z-Wave-enabled thermostats are able to raise or lower automatically, basedon commands from Z-Wave enabled daylight sensors. Grouped scenecontensure that unnecessary energy consumption is minimized byvarious all-off states for systems throughout the home, such as lighting,appliances and home entertainment systHome Safety And Security Systems Because Z-Wave cantransceive commands based on real time conditions, and is able to controldevices in intelligent groupings, it alloextensions of traditionalhome security concepts. As an example, the opening of a Z-Wave enableddoor lock can de-activate a security system and turn on lights whenchildrhome from school, and send a notification to a parents PCor cell phone via the Internet. Opening a Z-Wave enabled garage door can1727. trigger exterior and interior home lights, while a Z-Wave motion detectorcan trigger an outdoor security light and a webcam, which would allowthe end user to monitor

while away. Home Entertainment Z-Waves ability to command multipledevices as a unified event makes it well suited for home audio and videoapplications. For exampsimple "Play DVD" command on the remotecontrol could turn on the needed components, set them to the correctinputs and even lower motorized shades and dim the roomWaves RF technology is also well suited as an evolution of conventionalInfrared (IR) based remote controls for home electronics, as it is notconstrained by IRs line of sightdistance limitations. In January of2008, Zensys announced a single-chip solution that pairs Z-Wave with IRcontrol, positioning the technology as an all encompassing solutiforhome remote controls.2.3.6 X10 standardX10 is an international and open industry standard for communicationamong electronic devices used for home automation. It pruses power linewiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequencybursts representing digital information. X10 was developed in 1975 byPicoElectronics of Glenrothes, Scotland, in order to allow remote control of home devicesand appliances. It was the first general purpose home automation network technoloremains the most widely available. Although a number of higher bandwidthalternatives exist including KNX, INSTEON, BACnet, and LonWorks, X10 remains1828.popular in t he home environment with mil lions of units in use worldwide, andinexpensive availability of new components (Wikipedia, 2009).Packets transmitted using control protocol consist of a four bit housecode followed by one or more four bit unit code, finally followed by a four bitcommand.Table 2.1 : List of X10 four bit commandFunction Description0 0 0 0 All Units OffSwitch off all devices with the house code indicated in themessage0 0 0 1 All Lights OnSwitches on all lighting devices (with the controlbrightness)0 0 1 0 On Switches on a device0 0 1 1 Off Switches off a device0 1 0 0 Dim Reduces the light intensity0 1 0 1 Bright Increases the light intensity0 1 1 1 Code Extension code1 0 0 0 Hail RequestRequests a response from the device(s) with the house codeindicated in the message1 0 0 1HailAcknowledgeResponse to the previcommand1 0 1 x Preset Dim Allows the selection of two predefined levels of light intensity1 1 0 1 Status is OnResponse to the Status Request indicating that the device isswon1 1 1 0 Status is Off Response indicating that the device is switched off1 1 1 1 Status Request Request requiring the status of a device1929. 2.3.7 LonWorksLonWorks is a networking platform specifically created to address theneeds of control applications. The platform is built on a protocol created byEchelonCorporation for networking devices over media such as twisted pair, power lines,fibre optics, and radio frequency. It is used for the automation of various functionsw

buildings such a s lighting and HVAC (Heating, ventilating and airconditioning).This technology has its origins with chip designs, power li ne and twistedpair, signalling tecrouters, network management software, and otherproducts from Echelon Corporation. Two physical layer signalling technologies,twisted pair and power line carrier, are typincluded in each of the standardscreated around the LonWorks technology. The two-wire layer operates at 78 kbit/susing differential manchester encoding, while the power achieves either 5.4 or3.6 kbit/s, depending on frequency. Additionally, the LonWorks platform uses anaffiliated Internet protocol (IP) tunnelling standard ANSI/CEA-852
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by anumber of manufacturers to c onnect the devices on previously deployed and newLonWorks-based networks to IP-aware applications or remote network managementtoLonWorks-based control applications are being implemented with somesort of IP integration, either at the user interface, application level or in the controlinfrastructure. Thaccomplished with web services or IP-routing productsavailable on the market (Wikipedia, 2009).2.3.8 ONE-NET standard2030. ONE-NET is an open-source standard for wireless network designed forlow-cost, low-power (battery operated) control networks for applications such ashome automatiosecurity and monitoring, device control, and sensor networks.ONE-NET is not tied to any proprietary hardware or software, and can beimplemented with a variety of low-cothe-shelf radio transceivers andmicrocontrollers from a number of different manufacturers (Wikipedia, 2009).ONE-NET uses UHF ISM radio transceivers and currently opethe868 MHz and 915 MHz frequencies. The ONE-NET standard allows forimplementation on other frequencies, and some work is being done to implement it inthe 400 MHGHz frequency ranges. It utilizes Wideband FSK (Frequency-shift keying) to encode data for transmission and it features a dynamic data rateprotocol with a base data rate okbit/s. The specification allows per-nodedynamic data rate configuration for data rates up to 230 kbit/s.ONE-NET supports star, peer-to-peer, and mesh networking topologinetwork topology can be used for lower complexity and cost of peripherals, andalso simplifies encryption key management. In peer-to-peer mode, a master deviceconfiguresauthorizes peer-to-peer transactions. The wireless mesh network modeallows for repeating to cover larger areas or route around dead areas. Outdoor peer-to-peer range has bmeasured to over 500 m, indoor peer-to-peer range has beendemonstrated from 60 m to over 100 m, and mesh mode can extend operational rangeto several kilometers. Simpand streaming transactions are supported.Simple transactions typically use message types as defined by the ONE-NET protocolto exchange sensor data such as temperatureconsumption, and control data2131. such as on/off messages. Simple transactions use encryption techniques to avoidsusceptibility to replay attacks. Block transactions can be used to transmit largerblocks othan simple messages. Block transactions consist of multiple packetscontaining up to 58 bytes per packet. Blocks transactions can transfer up to 65,535bytes per block. Stretransactions are similar in format to block transactions butdo not require retransmission of lost data packets.ONE-NET is optimized for low power consumption such as battpowered peripherals. Low-duty-cycle battery-powered ONE-NET devices such aswindow sensors, moisture detectors, etc. can achieve a three to five year battery lifewith "AAA" alkaline cells. Dynamic power adjustment allows signalstrength info to be used to scale back transmit power to conserve battery power. Highdata rates and short paminimize transceiver on time. Further powerefficiency can be gained utilizing deterministic sleep periods for client devices.2.3.9 Universal Powerline BusThe Universal PoBus (UPB) is an industry emerging standard forcommunication among devices used for home automation. It uses powerline wiringfor signalling and control.Household elecwiring is used to send digital data between UPBdevices. While in the X10 protocol this digital data is encoded onto a 120 KHz carrierwhich is transmitted as bursts during trelatively quiet zero crossings of the 50 or 60Hz AC alternating current waveform, the UPB protocol works differently. The UPBcommunication method consists of a series precisely timed electrical pulses (called2232. UPB Pulses) that are superimposed on top of the normal AC power waveform (sinewave). Receiving UPB devices can easily detect and analyse these UPB Pulses andpencoded digital information from them. UPB Pulses are generated bycharging a capacitor to a high voltage and then discharging that capacitors voltageinto the powerline atime. This quick discharging of the capacitor creates alarge spike (or pulse) on the powerline that is easily detectable by receiving UPBdevices wired large distances awaysame powerline.UPB controllers range from extremely simple plug-in modules to verysophisticated whole house home automation controllers. The simplest controllers arepcontrollers that are recommended for a moderate amount of switches anddevices as it becomes cumbersome to control a wide range of devices. Moresophisticated controllecontrol more units and/or incorporate timers thatperform pre-programmed functions at specific times each day. Units are also availablethat use passive infrared motion detephotocells to turn lights on and off basedon external conditions. Finally, whole house home automation controllers can be fullyprogrammed. These systems can execute madifferent timed events, respond toexternal sensors, and execute, with the press of a single button, an entire scene,turning lights on, establishing brightness levels, and so on.Udeveloped by PCS Powerline Systems of Northridge, Californiaand released in 1999. Based on the concept of the ubiquitous X10 standard, UPB hasan improved transmissio

and higher reliability. While X10 without specialisedfirewalls has a reported reliability of 70-80%, UPB reportedly has a reliability ofmore than 99% (Wikipedia, 2009).2333. 2.4 HOME AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATION PLATFORMSHome automation can be implemented over a number of platformsnamely, Powerline, RS232 serialcommunication, Ethernet, Bluetooth, Infrared andGSM. Each platform having its own peculiarity and area of application.2.4.1 Powerline communicationPowerline communa system for carrying data on a conductoralso used for electrical power transmission. Though electrical power is transmittedover high voltage transmission lines, distributedmedium voltage and used insidebuildings at lower voltages, powerline communication can be applied at each stage.All powerline communication systems operate by impremodulatedcarrier signal on the wiring system. Different types of powerline communications usedifferent frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristthepower wiring used. Since the power wiring system was originally intended fortransmission of alternating current (AC) power, in conventional use, the power wirecircuitsonly a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagationproblem is a limiting factor for each type of powerline communications. Data ratesover a powerlinecommunications system vary widely. Low-frequency (about 100 200 Khz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or twoanalog voice circuitstelemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate ofa few hundred bits per second however, these circuits may be many miles long.2434. 2.4.2 RS232The RS232 stands for recommended standard number 232. The serial portson most computers use a subset of the RS232 standard. The full RS232 standards25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins are notneeded for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are equipped withmale D typeconnectors having only 9 pins, trading off compatibility with the standardagainst the use of less costly and more compact connectors.In RS232, the communicating devices areferred to as Data TerminalEquipment (DTE) and Data Communication Equipment (DCE). The DTE is an endinstrument that converts user information into signals or recoreceived signalsand uses the male connector. The DTE is the functional unit of a data station thatserves as a data source or a data sink and provides for the data communicatcontrolfunction to be performed in accordance with link protocol. While the DCE iscommunication link control device that provides the clock signal and uses the femaleconThe DTE ends the communication line, whereas the DCE provides a pathfor communication. In connecting a DTE device to a DCE a straight pin-for-pinconnection is used

However, to connect two DCEs or DTEs the transmit and receivelines must be crossed. The DTE is usually a computer or a terminal device and theDCE is usually a modem2.1 2.3 shows the straight connections while figures 2.4 2.6illustrate the cross-over cable connections.2535. Figure 2.1 : Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB9 DCEFigure 2.2 : Straight cable connection between RS232 DB25 DTE and RS232 DBDCE2636. Figure 2.3 : Straight cable connection between RS232 DB9 DTE and RS232 DB25 DCEFigure 2.4 : Crossover cable connection between DB9 DCE and DB9 DCE2737. Figure 2.5 : Crossover cable connection between DB25 DCE and DB25 DCEFigure 2.6 : Crossover cable connection between DB9 DCE and DB9 DCE2838. 2.4.3 EthernetEthernet defines a number of wiring and signalling standards for thephysical connection of two or more devices together. Ethernet was originally based onof computers communicating over a shared coaxial cable acting as abroadcast transmission medium. The methods used show some similarities to radiosystems, although thfundamental differences, such as the fact that it is mucheasier to detect collisions in a cable broadcast system than a radio broadcast. Thecommon cable providing the commchannel was likened to the ether and itwas from this reference that the name "Ethernet" was derived (Wikipedia, 2009).From this early and comparatively simple concept, Eevolved into the complexnetworking technology that today underlies most local area networks. The coaxialcable was replaced with point-to-point links connected by Ethernand/orswitches to reduce installation costs, increase reliability, and enable point-to-pointmanagement and troubleshooting. StarLAN was the first step in the evolution ofEthfrom a coaxial cable bus to a hub-managed, twisted-pair network. Theadvent of twisted-pair wiring dramatically lowered installation costs relative tocompeting technologieincluding the older Ethernet technologies. Through thephysical connection, Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other datapackets, blocks of data that are individand delivered.Despite the significant changes in Ethernet from a thick coaxial cable busrunning at 10 Mbits/s to point-to-point links running at 1 Gbit/s and above, allgeneraEthernet (excluding early experimental versions) share the same frameformats (and hence the same interface for higher layers), and can be readily2939. interconnected. And due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost of thehardware needed to support it, and the reduced panel space needed by twisted pairEth

most manufacturers now build the functionality of an Ethernet card directlyinto computer and laptop motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of aseparate networcard.2.4.4 BluetoothBluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over shortdistances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs).originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connectseveral devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. It is a standard and acommunicprotocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a shortrange (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-costtransceiver microchipdevice. Bluetooth makes it possible for devices tocommunicate with each other when they are in range. Because the devices use a radio(broadcast) communications system,not have to be in line of sight of eachother.Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spreadspectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chon up to 79frequencies. In its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying(GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way toand exchange information between devices such as mobile phones,telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning Systems (GPS)receivers, digital camvideo game consoles through a secure, globally3040. unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radiofrequency band. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by theBluetooth Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies inthe areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics(Wikipedia, 2009).2.4.5InfraredInfrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength islonger than that of visible light (400 700 nm), but shorter than that of microwaveradiation wavelength spans between 750nm and 100 m and is employed inshort-range communication among devices that conform to the standards publishedby the Infrared Data A(IrDA).Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes(LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrowbeam. The beamodulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. Thereceiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electriccurrent. It responds only to the rpulsing signal created by the transmitter, andfilters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infraredcommunications are useful for indoor use in areas of hpopulation density. IR doesnot penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms.Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to comm

appliances.2.4.6 GSMGSM which stands for Global System for Mobile Communication, is the3141. most popular standard for mobile phone communication in the world. It is used byover three billion people across more than 212 countries and territories (Wikipedia,200basically provides voice call and short message service (SMS). Itoperates as a cellular network that mobile phones connect to by trying to search forcells in their immediateThe modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK,the signal to be modulated onto the
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first smoothed with a Gaussian low-passfilter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces theinterference to neighbouring channels (adjacent channelinterference). GSM networksoperate in the 900 MHz or 1800MHz frequency bands in most countries of the worldexcept in few countries like USA and Canada where 850 aMHz bands areused as the 900 and 1800 MHz bands were already allocated. The GSM technologyuses a 200 Khz radio frequency channels that are time division multiplexenableup to eight users to access each carrier.2.4.7 MicrocontrollerA microcontroller is an inexpensive single-chip computer. Single-chipcomputer means that the entire comsystem lies within the confines of theintegrated circuit chip (Byte, 2002). The microcontroller on the encapsulated silver ofsilicon has features similar to those of our standapersonal computer. Its ability tostore and run unique programs makes it extremely versatile, and its ability to performmaths and logic functions allows i t to mimic sophisticaand electroniccircuits. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,3242. such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines,appliances, power tools and toys. Hence, microcontrollers due not function inisolation, theyinput from one or more devices and provide output to otherdevices within a given system. In fact, they are responsible for the intelligence in mostsmart devices in the consumarket.The microcontroller has two general architecture types that define its modeof operation and design.2.3.7.1 Von-Neumann architectureThis architecture has a single, cmemory space where both programinstructions and data are stored. There is a single data bus which fetches bothinstructions and data. And each time the CPU fetches a proinstruction it mayhave to perform one or more read/write operations to data memory space. It must waituntil these subsequent operations are complete before it can fetch anthe nextprogram instruction. The advantage to this architecture lies in its simplicity andeconomy. On some Von Neumann machines the program can read from and write toregisters, including the program counter. This can be dangerous as you can pointthe processor to memory blocks outside program memory space and carelessprocessor manican cause errors which require a hard reset.2.3.7.2 Harvard architectureThis architecture implements separate memory areas for programinstructions and data. There are twointernal data buses which allowsimultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU fetches instructions on3343. the program memory bus. If the fetched instruction requires an operation on datamemory, the CPU can fetch the next program instruction while it uses the data bus foritoperation. This speeds up execution time at the cost of more hardwarecomplexity. Most modern microcontrollers have the harvard architecture.3444. CHAPTER THREEMETHODOLOGYIn designing a home automation system, one or more suitable platforms areused in order to build a reliable and flexible system theasily operated andadapted for a new household appliance. Therefore, for the purpose of this projectsome specific deliberate choices were made on the type of platforms,hardwarecomponents and mode of operation of the home automation system.3.1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONSBefore the actual design of the project work, specifideliberate choices inselection of appropriate implementation platforms and hardware components weremade. Priority was given to low cost availability, reliability, flexibilitsimplicityin all these selections.3.1.1 Selection of implementation platformAs already explained in the previous chapter, there are many platformsover which a home automsystem can be implemented. Of the currently availableplatforms Powerline, RS232, Ethernet, Bluetooth, Infrared, GSM andMicrocontroller RS232, GSM and Microcontrwere found most appropriate dueto their low cost availability, reliability and simplicity when used for an individualcontrol home automation system which my project workPowerline andEthernet is too expensive and complex for this kind of home automation system,while Bluetooth and Infrared are unreliable.3545. 3.1.2 Selection of hardware componentsEach platform has a set of hardware components over which it isimplemented. For RS232, there are DB-9 and DB-25 connectionbut DB-9cable was found most appropriate because it is cheaper, more readily available, lessbulky and just sufficient for the designed system when compared with DB-25. there are GSM modems and phone brands, but Nokia 6021 was chosen due toits low cost availability, ability to understand AT commands and availability of itsRS232 DB-Finally, for Microcontroller, the popular ones are those producedby Microchip, ATMEL, Motorola and Texas Instruments, of all these Microchipmanufactured PIC microcowas found most suitable due to its low costavailability, and readily available programmers, compilers and flexibility.3.2 SYSTEM DESIGNThe designed home automationuses PIC18F4455 microcontroller,Nokia 6021 mobile phone, RS232 standard for communication between themicrocontroller and mobile phone, HIN232 for interfacing themicrocontroller, a relayand a driver for interfacing the relay.As illustrated in the block diagram shown in figure 3.1, when the Nokia6021 receives the required signal, it

communicates via the RS232 and HIN232 to thePIC18F4455, the PIC18F4455 controls the relay state via a driver and this in turndetermines the state of the connected appliwhether switched on or off.3646. Figure 3.1 : Block diagram of the home automation system3.2.1 PIC18F4455PIC18F4455 is manufactured by Microchip Incorporation based in UnitedStates of Americone of their harvard architecture based microcontrollerseries called PIC. PIC is generally assumed to mean programmable interfacecontroller. The PIC microcontroller coCPU (central processing unit), RAM(random access memory), ROM (read-only memory), I/O (input/output) lines,serial37HIN232PIC18F4455SERIALRELAYDRIVERRS232HOMEAPPLIANCEAC LINE47. and parallel ports, timers and sometimes other built in peripherals such as A/D(analogue-to-digital) and D/A (digital-to-analogue) converters.Figure 3.2 shows the intera(data flow) between the mainmicrocontroller parts.Figure 3.2 : Interactions between the main microcontroller parts3.2.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)The CPU is responall the computing, it fetches, decodes andexecutes program instructions and directs the flow of data to and from memory. Itperforms the calculations required by program insand places the results ofthese calculations, if required, into memory space. Most CPUs are synchronous,meaning that they depend on the cycles of a processor clock, this clgenerates ahigh-frequency square wave usually driven by a crystal, a RC (resistor capacitor) oran external source. The clock is sometimes referred to as an oscillator. The clor oscillation rate, is measured in megahertz (MHz) which represents onemillion cycles/second.3848. 3.2.1.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)The RAM, random access memory, is used to write and read data values asa program runs. RAM is volatile meaning that if the psupply to themicrocontroller is removed, its contents are lost. All variables used in a program areallocated from the RAM. The time to retrieve information from RAM doesnotdepend upon the location of the information because RAM is not sequential, hence theterm random access. Most small PIC microcontrollers provide very little RAM whiyou to write applications that use RAM wisely. Manipulating large datastructures and using pointers, re-entrant or recursive functions use large amounts ofRAM and are techwhich are generally avoided on microcontrollers3.2.1.3 Read Only Memory (ROM)The ROM, read only memory, is non-volatile memory used for programinformation and

permanent data. The microcontroller uses ROM memory space to storeprogram instructions it will execute when it is started or reset. Program instructions must besaved in volatile memory so that they are not affected by loss of power, themicrocontroller usually cannot write data to program memory space.3.2.1.4 Input and Output ports (I/O)Wsome means of getting information and signals in and out, themicrocontroller will have little or no use. Hence, the input and output ports are used topass data in and out of tmicrocontroller in a controlled manner, often according toa standard protocol. The PIC microcontroller ports are of two types namely, serial andparallel ports. They can opetwo main modes namely, synchronous and3949. asynchronous modes. The parallel I/O ports require a data line for each bit in a byte,while the serial I/O uses a single data line for all the bits in the data stream bytransfebits in sequence. The synchronous mode involves synchronizing thedata transfer with a clock while the asynchronous mode does not. PICmicrocontrollers most often have I/O capability built in and the serial I/O as aperipheral feature.3.2.2 PIC18F4455 architectureAs shown in figure 3.3 is a typical PIC18F4455, a 40-pin high performancenantechnology microcontroller, was used in the actual design (Microchip,2007).Figure 3.3 : 40-Pin PIC18F4455 microcontrollerThe features of PIC18F4455 are:4050. 24576 Bytes flash program memory, Capable of 12288 instruction set, 2048 Bytes of Data memory, 256 Bytes of Data EEPROM memory, 18 interrupt sources, Ucompliant, 100,000 erase/write cycle, Programmable code protection, Data retention of over 40 years, Self-programmable under software control, Enhanced USART mand C compiler optimized architecture.4151. Figure 3.4 : PIC18F4455 block diagram4252. 3.2.3 PIC18F4455 programmingFigure 3.4 is a detailed block diagram of the PIC4455. In programming it,a complier and a programmer were used. There are many avaicompilers forPIC18F4455 such as MikroC, Hi-Tech, MikroBasic, MikroPascal, CCS C andMPLAB, but CCS C (whose interface is shown in figure 3.5) was used. Also, themany programmers available but MikroElectronika development board (itscontrol interface is shown in figure 3.6) was used.Figure 3.5 : CCS C compiler IDE interfaceThe compiler has an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)through which programs written can be compiled into Hexadecimal codes. The IDEinterface is shown above.43

53. Figure 3.6 : MikroElectronika programmer interface3.2.4 Nokia 6021Nokia 6021, shown in figure 3.7, is an EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates forGSM Evolution) enabled mphone. It is built on the GSM technology standardand has both Infrared and Bluetooth transceivers, these features make it suitable foruse in building an home automation sycan serve as an extremely long rangeremote (one that can be controlled from anywhere in the world) via a combination oftwo or more of its Infrared or Bluetooth functionaand data call capabilities,4454. short and multimedia message service (SMS/MMS) and wireless application protocol(WAP). It also has an RS232 data cable called DKU-5 cable with which the phoneconnected to any RS232 serial communication capable device.Figure 3.7 : Nokia 6021 mobile phoneIn remote communication with the Nokia 6021, Hayes command set (alas AT command) is used. This command set is a specific command languageconsisting of series of short text strings which combine together to produce completecommandoperations such as dialling, hanging up, sending/reading text messages,and changing the parameters of the connection.3.2.5 HIN232HIN232, shown in figure 3.8, is an RS2transmitter/receiver interfacechip, used for making serial communication possible between a device that uses TTL(transistor-transistor logic) signal levels and another devicuses RS232 signallevels (Intersil, 2008).4555. Figure 3.8 : HIN232 pinoutIt requires a single +5V power supply and feature onboard charge pumpvoltage converters which generate +10V and -10V supplies from the supply. Itsdrivers feature true TTL input compatibility, slew-rate limited output, and 300power-off source impedance. The receivers can handle up to +30V, and have a 3kinput impedance, and they feature hysteresis to greatly improve noise rejection.Table 3.1 : HIN232 pin descriptionsTable 3.1 gives a detailed working description of each pin56. 3.2.6 RelayRelay is a small electrical switch consisting of an electromagnet (coil), aswitch and a spring, that opens and closes under the control of another electricalcircuspring holds the switch in one position, until a current is passed throughthe coil, the coil generates a magnetic field which moves the switch. Because the relayis able to contoutput circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it is oftenused to automatically switch large electrical power devices (Wikipedia, 2009).There are many types of relay, nLatching relay This relay has two relaxed states (bistable) and it isoften referred to as impulse, keep or stay relay. When the current isswitched off, the relay remains in its

This is possible due to asolenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having twoopposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold thearmatucontacts in position while the coil is relaxed. Hence, the firstpulse of current to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns itoff. Reed relay This relay has a set contacts inside a vacuum or inertgas-filled glass tube, which protects the contacts against atmosphericcorrosion. The contacts are closed by a magnetic field generated whenpasses through a coil around t he glass tube. Reed relays are capableof faster switching speeds than most other relay types, but have a lowswitch current and voltage ratings.
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