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Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014 ISSN NO: 2231-6876
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INDO AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
RESEARCH
ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA: A REVIEW OF ETHNOMEDICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Raja Sundararajan and Ravindranadh Koduru GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam- Andhra Pradesh, India-Pincode-530 045
Corresponding author
Dr. S. Raja,
M.Pharm.PhD, Associate Professor
GITAM Institute of Pharmacy
GITAM University, Gandhi Nagar,
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045
Andhra Pradesh, India
+91 9160508261
Copy right © 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Indo American journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history
Received 29/03/2014
Available online
16/04/2014
Keywords
Asclepias Curassavica,
Acesodyne,
Cardenolides,
Expectorant,
Homeostasis.
The current review describes the morphological, phytochemical and ethnopharmacological
aspects of Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepiadaceae). Asclepias curassavica has been known
since ancient times for its curative properties and has been utilized for the treatment of
various ailments such as tumor, asthma, fever, homeostasis, inflammation, diarrhoea,
catharitic, emetic, expectorant, warts, and acesodyne. In recent decades, a great number of
chemical and pharmacological studies have been done on Asclepias curassavica. This
contribution provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacologically relevant compounds
of Asclepias curassavica characterized so far and of the studies supporting its use as a
medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to cardiovascular, cytotoxicity, urinary
stimulatory, antifertility, antiviral, antifungal, anticrustacean, insecticidal, antiamoebic, anti-
inflammatory, anticoagulatory, antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Several chemical
constituents including cardenolides, flavanols, phenols, aliphatic, alicyclic compounds and
alkaloids were present in this plant. The present outcome of review summarizes the most
interesting findings related to the traditional and folkloric uses, phytoconstituents and
pharmacological aspects of Asclepias curassavica.
Please cite this article in press as Dr. S. Raja, et al. Asclepias Curassavica: A Review of Ethnomedical, Phytochemical and
Pharmacological Information. Indo American Journal Of Pharm Research.2014:4(04).
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INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are the plants whose extracts can be used directly or indirectly for the treatment of different ailments.
Medicinal plants are an integral component of ethnoveterinary medicine. Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in
virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. Herbs have always been the principal form of medicine in India and presently they are
becoming popular throughout the developed world. [1]. An increasing reliance on the use of medicinal plants in the industrialized
societies has been traced to the extraction and development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from these plants as well as from
traditionally used rural herbal remedies. The plants belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family has very high medicinal property.
Asclepias curassavica is one such plant which comes under Asclepiadaceae family. The plant is used medicinally in the tropics for the
anodyne properties of its roots. Asclepias curassavica is commonly called as milk weed. Taxonomical classification and other
common names of this plant were mentioned in below Table 1 and Table 2 respectively [2].
Table 1: Taxonomical classification of Asclepias curassavica
Taxonomical classification
Kingdom Plantae
Division Angiosperms
Order Gentianales
Family Asclepiadaceae
Genus Asclepias
Species curassavica
Table 2: Common names of Asclepias curassavica
Common names
English Bastard ipecac, Blood flower, Blood flower milkweed, Butterfly weed, False ipecac, Milkweed,
Red cotton bush
Fijian
False ipiciachuana, Vu Ni Lolia, Wathiwathi
French Herbe À Gendarme, Ipéca sauvage
Hawaiian Lauhele, Laulele, Nu„Umela, Pua „Anuhe
Hindi Madhar
Maori (Cook
Islands)
Tirika
Marshallese Ialo, Kabbok
Samoan Pepe Toa, Pepetoa, Vao Fualele, Vaomumu
Spanish
Algodoncillo, Caballo, Corcalito, Flor De Sangre, Yuquillo
Tahitian Tirita
Tongan Lou Pepe, Tu„Ulapepe, Vavae Kona
Morphology
The milkweed has a white, poisonous sap from which it gets its name, and can grow to be 2 to 3 ½ feet. Erect branched herb
to 1.5 m tall; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 6-15 cm long, 1-3 cm wide; cymes on peduncles 3-6 cm long, 4-
15-flowered; flowers bright red-and yellow; calyx-lobes to 4mm long; corolla to 9 mm long; corona-scales to 4mm long; stamen-tube
to 3 mm long; follicles ovoid-oblong, 5-7.5 cm long; [2]. The seeds, which grow in a pod, have a silky tuft of hair which allows them
to be blown by the wind like little parachutes. It attracts bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Monarch butterflies particularly like it,
just like butterfly weed, which is in the same family. Milkweed is the flower of choice for Monarchs in North America. It was an all-
purpose remedy for Native Americans. It requires poor sandy disturbed soils, but produce more and larger clumps of flowers when
watered and planted in improved soil. Milkweed is a native plant of the South American grasslands. It can be found in southern
Canada, and the central United States, but its favourite place to grow is South America. The above mentioned plant morphological
features were illustrated in Table 3.
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Table 3: Morphological features of Asclepias curassavica
Morphological features
Bloom time Spring-late Fall
Flowers Five-petaled flowers in clusters, white, greenish, yellow, or orange depending on species. Long blooming season
usually from spring through fall.
Fruit Pods, which split open when ripe allowing fluffy seeds to be distributed by the wind.
Height 1 to 3 feet
Leaves Oval, lance-shaped, or long and narrow; stems usually have a milky sap
Light
Requirements
Full sun to part shade.
Mass spread 1 to 2 feet planting
Origin Native to North America
Plant type herbaceous; annual
Soil requirements Usually found on poor sandy disturbed soils, but produce more and larger
Clumps of flowers when watered and planted in improved soil.
Water
Requirements
Drought resistant once established.
Zones 5-11
Habitat
In Hawaii, "naturalized in low elevation, often dry habitats" [3]. In Fiji, "seen as a coarse herb to 1.5 m high from near sea
level to about 900m, locally frequent along roadsides, in open fields, and in coconut plantations" [4]. Occasional as a weed,
particularly in pastures [5]. In New Guinea,"a weed of roadsides, waste land and pastures, also in grassland, particularly in savannahs.
From low altitudes to 1500m; most often in areas of seasonal climate" [6]. In Tonga, "a common waste-area weed" [7].
ETHNOMEDICAL INFORMATION ON ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA
Various literatures have demonstrated numerous ethnomedical uses of Asclepias curassavica in different countries. As per
the published reports, different parts of the plant have got different ethnomedicinal indications worldwide, which have been stated
below (Table 4).
India
In India, the hot water extract of entire plant is used as a fish poison, cathartic (humans), and emetic [8]. The fresh petals are
used as eye drops for chronic eye diseases [9]. The root was used as an emetic [10] and anti diarrhoeal agent. The plant is also
reported to be used as a poultice for ringworm [11]. The hot water extract of dried leaves are used as an anthelmintic [12].
Peru
The dried aerial part of the plant is used for the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer, tumors and warts [13]. The latex part of
the plant is used for a variety of diseases, such as decayed teeth, anthelmintic and rat poison. Leaves of the plant are used traditionally
to treat diarrhoea, wounds and fever [10]. The hot water extracts of dried leaf and stem are considered as expectorant, vomitive,
diuretic, cicatriazant and anthelmintic [14].
Nicaragua
The entire plant of Asclepias curassavica is used in the treatment of worms, intestinal parasites and diarrhoea [15]. The parts
of leaf and stem are used to treat asthma [16].
Mexico
The entire plant is used traditionally to treat head cold and intestinal parasites [17, 18]. The latex and leaf part of the plant
were indicated to cure warts and wounds [19]. It is also recommended to treat pain in molars [18], pimples and hemorrhoids [20]. The
fresh latex part of the plant has been reported to be used for malaria and vermifuge [21]. In addition, the dried sap of plant was
traditionally prescribed as purgative [17]. Hot water extract of dried stem of plant was used for asthma [21]. It is also used to treat gall
bladder aches [18].
West Indies
The entire plant is used in folk medicine as a vermifuge. Dried flowers and leaves are most frequently used for applying on
wounds to enhance the healing process [22].
Brazil
In Brazil, several ethnic groups cultivate Asclepiascurassavica and used to control ticks for humans [23]. In the rural area of
Brazil, the fresh latex of plant is used in folk medicine as a remedy for cardiac problem, emetic and purgative [23]. The aerial part of
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the plant was used to control ticks in cattle [24]. Dried root decoction of the plant was used as febrifuge, vermifuge and in the
treatment of gonorrhea and asthma [23].
Iran
The fresh leaf of the plant is used as anthelmintic and to stop bleeding. The dried root is also used for several diseases like
haemorrhoids, urinary tract inflammation, emetic, laxative, astringent and vaginally in leucorrhoea. The fresh exudates of the plant
were used on corns [22].
Guatemala
The leaf twigs are used for gonorrhoea [25].
Nepal
The juice of leaf is reported to be used for boils [26]. The juice from root and fresh leaf is used as an anthelmintic [27].
Table 4: Ethnomedical Information of Asclepias curassavica
Parts of Plant Route of administration/Type
of extract
Uses References
Dried aerial part external /Infusion
used for nasopharyngeal cancer, tumours and warts (human
adult)
[13]
Bark
oral /decoction
used for diarrhea (human adult)
[15]
used for worms.
(human adult)
used for intestinal parasites (human adult)
Entire plant.
Not mentioned used as a fish poison
[8]
oral/ hot water extract
used as a cathartic
(human adult)
used as an emetic (human adult)
oral/ infusion used to treat intestinal parasites (human adult) [17]
external/ decoction used to treat head colds (human adult ) [18]
Dried entire
plant
external/ decoction used for pimples (human adult) [20]
oral/ decoction used for hemorrhoids(human adult)
oral/decoction
used for diarrhea (human adult)
[15] used for worms and intestinal parasites
Fresh entire
plant
external/decoction
external/decoction
used to control ticks (human adult) [23]
Fresh exudates used on corns
human adult
[22]
Dried flower +
leaf
applied on wounds to enhance the healing process (human
adult)
Latex(leaf)
used for warts
( human adult)
[19]
used for wounds (human adult)
Dried latex
(leaf)
used to treat pain in molars. The leaf's latex is placed over the
affected molar (human adult)
[18]
Latex
oral/ extract type not stated
used to extract decayed teeth. (human adult)
[10]
used as an anthelmintic. (human adult)
extract type not stated used as a rat poison.
reported to be cardioactive (human adult).
[23]
used for emetic (human adult).
used as a purgative. (human adult)
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Fresh latex oral/decoction used for malaria
(human adult)
[21]
used as a vermifuge
(human adult)
Leaf +stem
route not given used to treat asthma.
(human adult)
[16]
Leaf
oral/ extract type not stated used to treat diarrhea.
(human adult)
[10] external/ extract type not stated used to treat wounds.
(human adult)
external/decoction used to treat fever.
(human adult)
Dried leaf
oral/hot water extract used as an anthelmintic (human adult) [12]
oral/decoction used to treat gall bladder aches (human adult) [18]
Fresh leaf
oral/decoction used as an anthelmintic agent.(human adult)
[22]
external/decoction used to stop bleeding.
Dried leaf +
stem
Dried leaf +
stem
oral/hot water extract
used as an expectorant.(human adult)
[14]
[14]
used as a vomitive
(human adult)
used as a diuretic (human adult)
used as a cardiotonic. (human adult)
Used as an anthelmintic.
external /hot water extract used as a cicatrizant (human adult)
Leaf + twigs oral/ infusion used for gonorrhea (human adult) [25]
Leaf external/leaf juice used for boils (human adult) [26]
Root
oral/decoction
used as an anthelmintic (human adult)
Fresh leaf used as an anthelminthic (human adult) [27]
Aerial external/decoction used to control ticks in cattle. [24]
Part not
Specified
external/ extract type not stated used as a poultice for ringworm (human adult) [11]
Fresh petals
ophthalmic/decoction used as eye drops for chronic eye diseases (human adult) [9]
Root
oral/type ext not stated
used as an emetic (human adult) [10]
used to treat diarrhea (human adult)
Dried root
Dried root
oral/ decoction
used for gonorrhea (human adult)
[23]
used to treat asthma.
(human adult)
used as a vermifuge (human adult)
used as a febrifuge (human adult)
external/ decoction applied for hemorrhoids (human adult)
[22]
oral/ decoction
oral/ decoction
used to reduce urinary tract inflammation (human adult)
used as an emetic
(human adult)
used as a laxative
(human adult)
used for its astringent effect (human adult)
vaginal/decoction applied vaginally in leucorrhea (human adult- female)
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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA
Asclepias curassavica is used for different purposes in traditional medicine around the world; therefore, researchers have
tested it for different types of biological activities (Table 5). Most tests have been performed on crude extracts without examining the
nature of the active compounds. The results of these studies are listed below and include both positive and negative results.
Effect on cardiovascular system
In Egypt, dried flowers, leaf, pericarp, root and seed of the plant have been found to possess preservative effects on
cardiovascular system [28]. The results of studies exhibited that different parts of the plant protected myocardial cells and have
cardiotonic effect. Patnaik and Dhawan [29] investigated the pharmacological effect of asclepin - a new cardenolide from Asclepias
curassavica and described the cardiotonic activity and acute toxicity. 3´-O-acetylcalotropin (asclepin), a new glycoside was evaluated
for its cardiotonic activity both in vitro and in vivo, in cat, guinea pig, dog, monkey, pigeon and mouse. Asclepin showed a marked
positive inotropic effect as evident from the increase in the force of contraction. It was found to be more active than the other
glycosides. A cardiac glycoside, curassavicin, was isolated from the plant [30]. Curassavicin had a digitalis-like effect on frog or
mammalian hearts. When injected into lymph sac, it produced a systolic arrest in frog‟s heart. On mammalian hearts small doses
increased the amplitude but slowed down the heart rate; toxic doses produced arrhythmia and systolic arrest. In the electrocardiogram
of guinea pigs it prolonged the P-R and R-R intervals and caused an inversion of the T-wave. The minimum lethal doses of
curassavicin, the tincture of this plant, digitoxin, and g-strophanthin in pigeons were 0.751 ± 0.017, 549.7 ± 19.4, 0.777 ± 0.029, and
0.170 ± 0.004 mg/kg., respectively. The biological activity of curassavicin was higher than that of digitoxin but lower than that of g-
strophanthin. The degree of accumulation of curassavicin in 24 hrs was less than that of g-strophanthin in pigeons.
Uterine stimulatory effect
The leaf and stem of plant have been used for uterine relaxant effect in female rats [31]. The hot water extract are tested for
the above activity in Jamaica and the concentration was used 33ml/litre. The result showed weak uterine stimulant effect.
Antifertility effects
Antifertility effect was carried out on female albino rats [32]. The leaf and stem parts of plant were extracted with 95%
ethanol. The ethanol extract was administrated orally at the dose of 10gm/kg. The results suggested that hydroalcoholic extract did not
show any significant antifertility activity. The same results also obtained from the extracts of water and petroleum ether.
Antiviral activity
In Belgium, the 80% ethanolic extract of freeze dried entire plant was tested for antiviral activity [33]. The antiviral activity
was tested against Adeno virus, Coxsackie b2, Herpes type-1, Measles, Poliovirus-1 and Semlicki forest virus by cell cultured method.
The results of the study showed that, no antiviral activity against the organisms mentioned.
Anticrustacean activity
The methanolic extract of fresh entire plant of Asclepias curassavica was screened for anticrustacean activity with
Artemiasalina [34]. The results of the preliminary investigation indicated that, 50% inhibition concentration effect.
Antiyeast/antifungal activity
Moulin-Traffort tested the plant for its yeast activity [35]. The plant extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans.
Further, the plant was tested for antifungal activity [36] against Neurospora crassa and Candida albicans. The plant extract did not
show antifungal activity against organisms mentioned. The antifungal activity tested against the organisms of Cladosporium
cucumerinum (30µg/disc) and Penicilliu moxalicum (30µg/disc) [17]. The plant extract did not show antifungal activity against
organisms mentioned. Asclepias curassavica- latex saps inhibit the growth of Candida albicans because they degrade a great number
of yeasts [35]. This was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations.
Cytotoxic activity
The hydroalcoholic extract of (95%) entire part of the plant was examined for cytotoxic activity [37]. CA-9KB cell line is
used for the studies. The results of the study suggested that, the extract possess strong inhibition effect and ED50 value was found to be
1.3µg/ml. Systemic fractionation of the extract has led to isolation and characterization of calotropin as a cytotoxic principle [37].
Calotropin is similar in structure to two cardiac glycosides recently shown to be responsible for the cytotoxicity. Cardenolides [38]
obtained from the Asclepias curassavica L possessing cytotoxity activity. The results showed that asclepin had the strongest cytotoxic
[22]
Dried sap
oral/decoction
used to treat parasites
(human adult)
[17]
used as a purgative
(human adult)
Dried stem oral/hot water extract used for asthma (human adult) [21]
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activity with an IC50 value of 0.02 lM against the two cancer cell lines and the new compound 13 had significant cytotoxic activity
with IC50 values of 0.69 and 1.46 l M, respectively.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Dried aerial part of hydroalcoholic extract (95%) of plant was shown to have the anti-inflammatory activity [39].
Insecticidal activity
Schmeda-Hirschmann and Rojas De Arias, determined the insecticidal activity [24] (Rhodnius neglectus) of petroleum ether
extract of plant. The results of the study indicated that inactive effect.
Antiamoebic activity
The hydro alcoholic extract (95%) of dried sap of plant was used for antiamoebic activity against Entamoeba histolytica [17].
The MIC value was found to be >250 µg/ml.
Antibacterial activity
Hydroalcoholic extract (95%) of plant was investigated for antibacterial activity [40] against four different strains of bacteria
such as, Escheria coli (10ml/gm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50 mg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (50 mg/ml), Aspergillus niger (50
mg/ml) and Bacillus subtilis (50 mg/ml) by zone of inhibition method. The results of the study showed that the extract was ineffective
against the organisms except Bacillus subtilis. The hydroalcoholic extract (95%) and water extracts of dried fruit of plant have been
evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [41]. The extract of dried fruit was
reported to be active against Staphylococcus aureus.
Thrombin like activity
Cysteine proteases from Asclepias curassavica latex exhibited strong pro-coagulant action [42].
Anti-oxidant activity
Different concentrations of different extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydro alcohol) of A. curassavica were
investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity using the thiocyanate method. The hydroalcoholic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory
activity on peroxidation, over the other organic extracts, and was subjected to further in vivo antioxidant activity. The IC50 value
(31.2μg/mL) of hydroalcoholic extract was found to be less than the standard, α-tocopherol (IC50 value 66.1μg/mL). The hydro
alcoholic extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the FRAP on days 7 and 14 of treatment. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction of
TBARS along with an increase in the SOD enzyme level in the liver and kidney at two different doses was observed. Treatment at a
500 mg/kg bodyweight dose caused a significant increase only in the level of CAT in the liver and kidney. However, there was no
significant effect of TBARS, SOD and CAT in the heart, and the GSH level in liver, heart and kidney.
Toxicity studies
The hydroalcoholicextract (1:1) of entire plant was administered to mouse through oral route at doses up to 1000mg/kg and it
was observed that no mortality and no toxicity occurred during the observation period [37]. Administration of extract of dried plant by
i.v. route to pigeon caused toxic effect with a MLD of 549 mg/kg [30]. The fresh latex of the plant was reported to have ocular toxicity
[43]. The fluid extract of Asclepias curassavica (10mg/animal) was tested in rats by i.p route for toxic effect [44]. The animals were
administered with the extract for 10days. At the end of the 5th day, all animals were suffering from diarrhea and were continuously in
tremors. Animals were killed and examined grossly. Petechiae were noted in the hearts of 60% of the animals. The lungs of all
animals were blanched and hemorrhagic. The liver appeared to have very small petechiae and the kidneys of all animals were swollen.
The gastro-intestinal tract was blanched, distended with air and hemorrhagic in all animals. Ovaries, adrenals and pancreas appeared
normal. The fluid extract of plant was also tested for toxic effect at the doses of 5.0mg/animal in rats by i.p route for five days [44].
No death was occurred. Histopathology showed that the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys and endocrine glands were normal in all respects.
The gastrointestinal tract was slightly distended with air. The toxic effect was also investigated for rabbit (i.v route) at the doses of
0.04ml/kg [44]. The dose employed represented about 30mg/kg of dried plant material. The extract produced a state of partial
paralysis almost immediately. Death was caused by respiratory failure and severe convulsive states. Extracts of aerial parts of the plant
produced similar results.
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Table 5. Pharmacological activity of Asclepias curassavica
Parts of Plant Type of extract Uses References
Dried aerial
Ethanol extract
(95%)
anti-inflammatory activity [39]
Entire plant
cytotoxic activity (Ca-9kb-
ED50 1.3 g/ml)
[37]
antibacterial activity
(Bacillus subtilis)
[40]
antibacterial activity
(Escherichia coli)
antibacterial activity
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
antibacterial activity
(Staphylococcus aureus)
antifungal activity
(Aspergillusniger)
Freeze-dried entire
plant
Ethanol extract
(80%)
antiviral activity
(Virus-adenovirus)
[33]
antiviral activity
(Virus-coxsackie b2)
antiviral activity
(Virus-herpes type 1)
antiviral activity
( Virus-measles)
antiviral activity
(Virus-poliovirus I)
antiviral activity
(Virus-semlicki-forest)
Fresh entire plant Methanol extract anticrustacean activity
(Artemiasalina )
[34]
Oven dried flowers extract type not
stated
cardiotonic activity [28]
Dried fruit
ethanol extract
(95%)
antibacterial activity
(Staphylococcus aureus)
[41]
Curassavicin Not mentiond cardiotonic activity [30]
Latex Ethanol extract
(95%)
antiyeast activity
(Candida albicans)
[35]
Asclepin (cardenolide
from
Asclepiascurassavica)
Not mentioned cardiotonic activity [29]
Dried fruit
Ethanol extract
(95%)
antibacterial activity
(Escherichia coli)
[41]
water extract
antibacterial activity
(Escherichia coli)
antibacterial activity
(Staphylococcus aureus)
Fresh latex latex
antiyeast activity
(Candida albicans)
[35]
Oven dried leaf
tincture
cardiotonic activity
[28] Shade dried leaf
Sun dried leaf
Leaf+stem
Ethanol extracts
(95%) (dose 10.0
gm/kg)
antifertility effect
(rat –female)
[32]
petroleum ether
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extract (dose 10.0
gm/kg)
hot water extract
(dose 33.0
ml/liter)
uterine relaxation effect (rat –
female)
[31]
Dried part not
specified
petroleum ether
extract ( conc
used 50.0 mcg)
insecticide activity
(Rhodniusneglectus)
[24]
extract type not
stated
antifungal activity
(Neurosporacrassa)
[36]
antifungal activity (Candida
albicans)
Oven dried pericarp
tincture
cardiotonic activity
[28]
Oven dried root
Dried sap
ethanol extract
(95%)
antiamebic activity
(Entamoebahistolytica)
MIC>250 mcg/ml
[17] antifungal activity
(Cladosporiumcucumerinum)
antifungal activity
(Penicilliumoxalicum)
Oven dried seed tincture cardiotonic activity [28]
Calotropin-
(cardenolide from
Asclepiascurassavica)
ethanol extract
(95%)
cytotoxic activity [37]
PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA
Cardenolides
Cardenolide glycosides were isolated from the seeds of Asclepias curassavica [45]. Two cardenolides and twelve glycosides
were obtained from the seeds of Asclepias curassavica. Among these, four compounds were determined to be 16α-
hydroxycalotropagenin, 16α-hydroxycalotropin and its 3'-O-glucoside and 3'-O-gentiobioside. Normally linked triosides of
corotoxigenin, coroglaucigenin and 12β-hydroxycoroglaucigenin were characterized as cellobiosyl-allomethylosides. The
cardenolides of 3'-epi-19-norafroside and 12β-hydroxycoroglaucigenin were isolated from stem part of Asclepias curassavica. The
structures were determined by spectral and chemical methods [46]. Cardenolide derivative of asclepioside 1, asclepioside 2,
asclepioside 3 and asclepioside 4 were identified and isolated from aerial part of the plant [47]. Frugoside and 12-hydroxyfrugoside,
4‟-O celobiosylfrugoside obtained from seed part of Asclepias curassavica [45]. Cardenolides like uscharidin, uscharin, voruscharin
and triterpenes were isolated from stem and latex parts [48-54]. Singh and Rastogi determined the chemical investigation [55] of
Asclepias curassavica. The alcoholic extract of the plant exhibits strong cardiotonic action and has been shown to contain 22 Kedde-
positive substances.
Uzarigenin, calactin, calotropin, (differing stereochemistry at C-3 of the sugar moiety) coroglaucigenin, 4‟-O -β D-
glucopyranosylgofruside, 4‟ O-β-cellobiosylgofruside, calotropagenin and uzarin were isolated and characterized along with a new
genin and its 4 glycosides. β-Sitosterol, its glucoside and oleanolic acid were also isolated and identified [46, 48, 56]. Calotropagenin
was isolated from leaf of Asclepias curassavica [56]. The yield of calotropagenin obtained from Asclepias curassavica is greatly
increased by destruction of the naturally occurring glycosidase in the leaves by treating with boiling alcohol. Different cardenolides
like uzarigenin, coroglaucigenin and 4 additional new aglycons of the cardenolide series: asclepogenin (C23H32O6), clepogenin
(C23H32O6), cuarassavogenin (C23H32O7), ascurogenin (C23H32O7) were isolated from the extract of the leaves of Asclepias curassavica
[57]. The cardenolides in the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias species including Asclepias curassaica and Calotropis procera was
examined [48]. The latex of cardenolide-enriched species had greater proportions of lower polarity cardenolides, particularly those
with a spiro NS ring or keto at 3‟ of the sugar (uscharidin, uscharin, voroscharin. labriformin, labriformidin), than was present in the
leaves. Uscharidin, uscharin and voruscharin were isolated from the latex part of A. curassavica. Asclepin, calactin, calotoxin and
calotropin were separated from different parts of plant [29, 46-49, 54, 58-59].
Flavonol
Six flavonoid glycosides namely, quercetin 3-O-(2", 6"-α-L-dirhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-
glucopyranozyl (1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-
L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6) - beta-D- glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
and an unidentified flavonoid mixture were isolated and characterized from the leaf part of plant [60]. Hyperoside and Isoquercetrin
were isolated from leaf part of A. curassavica [60].
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Phenol
Comparative studies on phenolic contents of some laticiferous plants were discussed [61]. Among the stems, leaves, flowers, and
latexes of 7 laticiferous plants, flowers of Asclepias curassavica had the highest total phenolic content (6.5 mg/g).
Aliphatic, alicyclic compounds and alkaloids
Phytochemical screening and study of lipids, flavonoids, carbohydrates and mucilage of Asclepias curassavica were done
[28]. The phytochemical investigation of Asclepias curassavica revealed the presence of β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, myristic, palmitic,
stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, and arachidonic acids, rutin and quercetin, glucose and fructose, and acidic mucilage [28].
Conduritol- F glucosides and terpenoidglucosides from several Asclepiadaceous plants including Asclepias curassavica were isolated
[62]. Alkaloids such as 2-methoxy 3-isopropyl pyrazine, 2-methoxy 3-isobutyl pyrazine, 2-methoxy 3-secondary butyl pyrazine were
isolated from the entire plant [63]. Active constituent‟s names and structures are given in Table 6.
Table 6: Active constituent of Asclepias curassavica
Active constituent Structure Parts of Plant References
Alicyclic
Conduritol F OH
OH
OH
OH
leaf
[62]
Conduritol F 3-O-beta-D-
glucoside
OH
OH
OH
O beta-D-glucoside
leaf [62]
Alkaloid
2-Methoxy-3-iso-butyl,
pyrazine
N
N
OMe
entire plant
[63]
2-Methoxy-3-iso-propyl,
pyrazine
N
N
OMe 2-Methoxy-3-sec-butyl,
pyrazine
N
N
OMe
Cardenolide
3'-Epi, 19-nor afroside
O O
O
O
CH3
OH
OH
H H
CH3
OH
H
OH
O
stem
[46]
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Asclepioside-1
Asclepioside-2,
Asclepioside-3,
Asclepioside- 4
O
OH
beta D-allomethyloside-O
CH3
O
aerial [47]
Asclepin
O O
O
O
H3C
O C
O
CH3
OH
H
CHO
H
CH3
OH
O
entire plant [29, 55, 58]
stem [46]
Asclepiogenin entire plant [57]
Ascurogenin leaf [57]
Calactin O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
H
H
CH3
HOH
stem
[46]
entire plant [59]
latex [49]
leaf
Calotoxin O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
HCH
3
OHH
OH
H
stem [46]
latex [49]
leaf
Calotropagenin O
OH
HO
CH
O
O
HO
H
leaf
[49]
[56]
16-alpha- Hydroxy,
calotropagenin
O
CH3
HHO
OH
O
CHO
OH
HO
seed [45]
Calotropin
OH
O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
H
H
CH3
stem
[46, 48, 50]
entire plant [59]
latex [49]
leaf
16-alpha-Hydroxy,
calotropin O
CH3
H
OH
O
CHO
OH
O
OOCH
3
OH
OH
seed [45]
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3'-O-beta-D-
Glucopyranosyl,
calotropin
O
CH3
H
OH
O
CHO
O
OOCH
3
O-beta D-glucose
OH
seed [45]
3'-O-beta-D-
Glucopyranoside, 16-
alpha- hydroxy, calotropin
O
CH3
H
OH
O
CHO
OH
O
OOCH
3
O-beta D-glucose
OH
seed [45]
Clepogenin
leaf [57]
12-beta-Hydroxy,
coroglaucigenin
O
CH3
H
HO
OH
O
OH
HO-H2C
seed [45]
stem [46]
4‟-O -β D-
Glucopyranosylgofruside
O
CH3
Hbeta D-allomethyl,
4 beta D-glucose-O
OH
O
CH2OH
OH
leaf [57]
4‟ O-β-
Cellobiosylgofruside
O
CH3
Hbeta D-allomethyl,
4 beta D-glu.-
4 beta D-glu-O
OH
O
CH2OH
OH
leaf [57]
Curassavicin
N
H2C O C
O
CH3
OH
CH3
HO
Entire plant [30]
Curassavogenin
leaf [57]
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Frugoside O
CH3
HO
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OHOH
OH
CH3
seed [45]
12-beta-Hydroxy,
frugoside
O
CH3
HO
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OHOH
OH
CH3
OH
seed [45]
12-beta-Hydroxy, 4'-O-
beta-D-glucopyranosyl
frugoside,
O
CH3
H
beta -D allomethyl-4- beta-D-glucose - O-
OH
O
HO-H2C
OH
seed [45]
4'-O-beta-Cellobiosyl,
frugoside
O
CH3
OH-H2C
H
beta -D allomethyl-4- beta-D-glu-
4-beta-D-glu - O-
OH
O
seed [45]
12-beta-Hydroxy, 4'-O-
beta-D- cellobiosyl,
frugoside
O
CH3
OH-H2C
H
beta -D allomethyl-4- beta-D-glu-
4-beta-D-glu - O-
OH
O
OH
seed [45]
Uscharidin O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
H
O
CH3
H
leaf
[49, 51]
latex [49]
stem [48, 50, 52]
Uscharin
NS
O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
HCH
3
H
stem [48, 52]
latex [49]
leaf
Uzarigenin O
OH
OH
CH3
O
stem [46]
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leaf [57]
Voruscharin
NHS
O
OH
O
CH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
HCH
3
H
latex [49]
stem [48, 52]
Flavonol
Hyperoside OH
O
OH
OH
O
O-beta D-galactoside
OH
leaf [60]
3-O-(2''-6''-alpha-
Dirhamnopyranosyl)- beta-
D-glucopyranoside,
Quercetin
O
O
OH
OH
CH3
HOH
O
O
C
H2
H
O
OH
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
H
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
leaf [60]
3-O-(2''-6''-alpha-L-
Dirhamnopyranosyl)-beta-
D-
galactopyranosidequerceti
n.
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
CH3
HOH
O
OC
H2
H
O
OH OH
CH3 OH
OH
OHH
leaf [60]
3-O-(2''-O-alpha-L-
Rhamnopyranosyl)- beta-
D- Galactopyranoside,
quercetin
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
OO
H
CH2
OH
O
H OH
OH
OHCH3OHOH
leaf
[60]
3-O-alpha-L-
Rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-
beta-D- glucopyranoside,
quercetin
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
CH3
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OHCH
2OH
H
leaf
[60]
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3-O-beta-D-
Glucopyranosyl, (1-6)-
beta-D- galactopyranoside
quercetin. O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OHO
O
O CH
2
OHOH
OH
H
H
O
OHOH
CH
2
OH
leaf
[60]
Isoquercetrin
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
OH
H
H
OH
CH2OH
OH
leaf
[60]
Alkaloids entire plant [15]
Cardenolides/bufadienolid
es present latex [54]
leaf
[53]
seed [53]
Triterpenes latex [54]
CONCLUSION
The extensive literature survey exposed that Asclepias curassavica is important medicinal plant with diverse ethnomedical
and pharmacological spectrum. Various biological studies have been dedicated to this species, but a small number of them are useful
in evaluating its traditional uses. The plant shows the occurrence of many natural constituents which are responsible for wide-ranging
pharmacological and medicinal properties. In future research work, the evaluation needs to be carried out on Asclepias curassavica in
order to uses and preparation of the plant in their practical clinical applications, which can be recycled for the welfare of the mankind.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to UGC (New Delhi, India) for providing financial assistance to GITAM institute of pharmacy,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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