indoor air pollution sources and policy peter brimblecombe university of east anglia norwich uk
TRANSCRIPT
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INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY SOURCES AND POLICY
Peter BrimblecombePeter Brimblecombe
University of East AngliaUniversity of East Anglia
Norwich UKNorwich UK
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A RECENT SCIENCEA RECENT SCIENCE
There is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or not…
The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus
Concern is long term e.g. smoky fireplaces
Scientific study recent
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SINUSITISSINUSITIS
Common in Saxon times
Often related to lack of chimneys
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Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis
metabolises arsenic to the volatiletrimethylarsine (CH3)3As
Scheele’s Green
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTSINDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Bioemmisions (MVOC’s)
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INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Historically very important Increasing time in indoor environment Sensitive populations indoors:
elderly, young and ill Monitors outside! Lower ventilation rates - energy savings Novel building materials - outgas
…also poverty and gender issues
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FORMALDEHYDEFORMALDEHYDE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Art
icle
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Art
icle
s
VOLATILE ORGANIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
DISCIPLINARY TRENDSDISCIPLINARY TRENDS
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VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORSVULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER ISSUESPOVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES
Coal PM10 250 g m-3
CO 42 ppm
SO2 192 ppb
Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors
Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...
Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago
Firewood PM10 489 g m-3
CO 57 ppm
SO2 295 ppb
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AGE ISSUESAGE ISSUES
Social change – young people on holiday – old people in city
Little community or health support
Poor knowledge Home is safe
Smog’n Paris (& 400 000 morts prématurées en Europe, chaque année)
Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE AND HEATWAVE 2003
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INTERIORSINTERIORS
Ethanol 590ppb - beverages, baking Acetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolism Toluene 18ppb - smoking, fuel Formaldehyde 7ppb - smoking, cleaning Acetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaning Nicotine 2ppb - smoking Organochlorines - showers
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Mineral fibres Micro-organisms Legionella Radon
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DOMESTIC POLLUTANTSDOMESTIC POLLUTANTS Outdoor pollutants Combustion
products heating exciting cooking
capsaicin
oil
Frying pan fumes -kill canaries?
polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolyses to polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids
Case of the Teflon-intoxicated Red-tailed Black Cockatoo
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FRAGRANCES and TOILETRIESFRAGRANCES and TOILETRIES Nitro-musks Talc Terpenes
Polycyclic musks 134678hexahydr0-466788hexamethyl cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran
More in Iowa City air than pesticides
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PARTICLES IN THE PARIS METROPARTICLES IN THE PARIS METRO
0 5 10 15 20 25
EC
OC
Soluble
Iron
Other elements
PM2.5
PM10
S. Mazoue et al (2001)
… role of iron wheels, rails and brakesand Fe may be 280 g m-3 (80%)
g m-3
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AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340)AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340) Much complaint about re-circulation Tourist class syndromes No increase in particles in recirculated air Increase in bacteria, but non-pathogenic VOCs OK. Ethanol highest! Ground engine exhaust/fuel Smoking
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POLLUTANTS INDOORSPOLLUTANTS INDOORS
0
10
20
30
40
Nitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought Collection
NO2 ppb
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INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS
Very unifying concept that compares interiors
>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms
O3 and SO2 very effective loss
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NONO22 INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS
Museum of London 0.18 a/c & filtration Correr (winter) 0.43 closed windows Residenz, Wurzburg 0.62 Kunsthistorisches Museum 0.64 Correr (summer) 0.75 open windows SCVA (winter) 0.79 V&A, London 0.99 SCVA (summer) 1.32
I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)
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INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS
Very unifying concept that compares interiors
>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms
O3 and SO2 very effective loss
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INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRYINDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY
Indoor reactions can elevate summer NO2 concentrations
DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts
SYNERGISMS
AER project studied air chemistry in museum environments
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INDOOR/OUTDOOR NOINDOOR/OUTDOOR NO22
HIGH AIR FLOW3.0 changes/hour
0.79 winter1.32 summer-autumn
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SECONDARY EMISSIONSSECONDARY EMISSIONS
NO2 with surfaces
O3 reaction fabrics
NO2 HONO
pH dependent
RAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEA
O3 Org-O
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OZONE REACTIONS WITH OZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACESSURFACES
Paints formaldehyde
Carpets and counter tops a range of aldehydes, especially
nonanal
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AIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONSAIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONS
0
2
4
6
8ug/m3 Formaldehyde
Propanal
Butanal
Pentanal
Hexanal
Heptanal
Octanal
Nonanal
Decanal
Dodecanal
These reflect uptake and emissions
Dominance of some characteristic aldehydes…
hexanal nonanal
Hyttinen et al Atmos Env 2006
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SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONSSYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS
Concentrations of VOC’s typically too low to explain SBS
Reactions Dependency
+ O3
COOH
COOH
Production of PM-10 from fragrances
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CAFECAFE
may abandon the
pollutant by pollutant
approach…
preoccupied with ozone and particles
problems with indoor sourcesHow do you regulate such heterogeneous interiors?
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INDOOR CHALLENGESINDOOR CHALLENGES
Heterogeneity and monitoring Often indoor air not same governmental
agency as outdoor air Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry or even Cultural Heritage
Sub-critical concentrations Sick building syndrome - sociological context Personal freedom
and it seems an environment we can control….
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DEPOSITION VELOCITY [VDEPOSITION VELOCITY [Vdd]]
Fundamental parameter to describe indoor removal rate...
Vd = (1/Va + 1/Vs )-1
1/Va aerodynamic resistance 1/Vs surface resistance
Note resistance is the reciprocal of velocity...
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FORMALDEHYDE FORMALDEHYDE IN JAPANESE HOMESIN JAPANESE HOMES Gamma
distribution
Park et al Indoor Air 2004