Industrial Revolution, 1750-1920

CSSSS 1003

p. 170

Why Industrialization?

• Human history has always had technology and production that made past societies great.

• The Industrial Revolution, however, was an intense period of change and innovation that transformed the entire world, rapidly, for good and bad.

Industrialization--

• Uses new techniques,

• Use machines/inventions

• Uses factories– to turn primary resources into producer and

consumer goods and services.

Agriculture

• The Agricultural Revolution provided both long and short-term results:

• EC: immediate: (3)– increased crop yield, – more efficient farming, – increased demand for labor.

• EC: Long term: (2)– population growth, – migrated more to find work (in their country—cities, and

then around the world).

Another scientific field was medicine.

• Anesthetic:

• stops pain.

–Allowed surgery to take place, reduced shock (trauma (can be fatal)).

Enclosure:

• Land system, started in England 200 years ago, – peasants were released from farm work and

pushed off the land by their owners.– Struggling peasants bought off the land by

richer farmers.

• Still going on today in many developing countries,

James Watt: – Scottish developer of the first successful

steam engine. – His engine would become useful for the

textile, mining, and transportation industries.

• Better engines, by other designers would follow over the decades.

Smelt: • a technique for making iron, using

coal instead of wood. • Made it possible to separate iron from

ore impurities. –Iron made this way was stronger,

lasted longer.

EC Stronger iron –made (5)

• boilers for steam engines more powerful = increasing speed and pulling power.

• Stronger machine parts.• Harder utensils/tools• Rail roads• Iron bridges.

Great Britain: Leader of the Industrial Revolution

p. 174

Capital:

• Any wealth that can be used to purchase more wealth. – Old: land, resources. – New: land, resources, money, investments,

and finance.

Why was Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution?

– Great Britain had economic assets-- – Natural resources (iron, coal, water, copper, tin, wool, shipbuilding,

timber), – human resources: growing population—healthier, literate (schools)– technological invention, – new techniques (factory system-- creation of factories), – demand for goods and services due to increased population, – access to capital (Wealth—land, resources, money. Money used to

invest), – social conditions (freedom, democracy, capitalism, equality, justice,

education = creativity), – political conditions (little corruption, government supported

business, low taxes on business, repression of unions, etc.), – entrepreneurs,– better transportation, – powerful navy (protect commercial shipping/ports; invade other

lands).

Enterprise:

• any business. • Early industrial revolution enterprises were in

– Agriculture– transportation, – mining, – energy– metals– Factory machines.

Entrepreneur:

• a person willing to start a new business. – Usually has a good idea about a good or service

that a lot of people will pay to use. – Is willing to take the risk of

• borrowing much money • attracting people to buy the good or service.

– Main goal is to make more money than it costs to make the product or perform the service.

• profit motive

EC:

What social and political conditions encouraged creativity and starting of new businesses by entrepreneurs? (10)

– freedom, – democracy, – capitalism, – equality, – justice, – education – little corruption, – government supported business, – low taxes on business, – repression of unions,

Putting-out system:

• also called the “cottage industry”. • Families would buy materials from factories and

make key parts of a product in home workshops. – They would then sell the parts back to the factory at

a higher price.

• Factories would combine the parts into a final product.

• Families were used to doing this for centuries as part of the domestic system.

Eli Whitney:

• US, Developed the cotton gin. – Could now separate cotton from unwanted leaves

and stems faster.

• Whitney hoped that this would end slavery in the U.S; – making so many workers unnecessary. – That idea failed when U.S. cotton growers could

• grow three times as much cotton in the same time • needed even more field workers (the hardest part of

cotton work).

Turnpike:

• a private road, built and managed for profit. – Fees were charged to use them. – Improved quality of turnpikes made transport

of goods and people faster and smoother (less breakage).

Liverpool and Manchester:

• first two British cities joined by a railroad.• Why them?• Relatively close, cheaper to build line.• Good markets (many factories and consumers in

both

End hwk

• Begin classwork

Standards Check, p. 171

• Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in World History?

• The Industrial Revolution changed where and how people lived

• Also how they worked and traveled

Graph skills, p. 171

• According to the graph, between which years was the largest percentage of land enclosed?

• Between the 17th and 18th centuries (1600 and 1700)

Standards Check, p. 172

• How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?

• Because of an agricultural revolution:– People ate better– Were healthier– Living longer

Biography, p. 172

• How might the industrial revolution have been different if Watt had not found a business partner?

• James Watt’s improved steam engine might not have been marketed right away, which could have meant a delay in the spread of the Industrial Revolution.

Standards Check, p. 173

• What new technologies helped trigger the Industrial Revolution?

• Watt’s improved steam engine and better-quality iron helped contribute to the Industrial Revolution

EC: New Agricultural Techniques

–Lord Townshend:

–use turnips to restore old soil (technique)

–Jethro Tull:

–seed drill = uniform seed depositing (technology)

Great Britain Begins the Industrial Revolution

Standards Check, p. 175

• What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution?

• Britain’s– Natural resources– Human resources– Technological superiority– Demand for goods due to increased population– Access to capital– Social and political conditions

Map Skills, p. 175

• Identify the center of woolen industry in England.

• Norwich, Ipswich, Exeter

• What were the industrial advantages of the rivers during this time?

• Used to transport goods to and from factories

• Power sources for mills

Textile--

• making fabric for clothing, upholstery, sails, etc.• Cotton from new colonies in India, purchased

from Egypt and the United States• EC: what did they invent?• John Kay: • flying shuttle, to move weaving thread faster• James Hargreaves: • spinning jenny. Made thread faster• Richard Arkwright: • water frame. Connected water-powered wheel

to machines turning them faster.

Image, p. 176

• How did these inventions change the textile industry?

• They made the industry more productive because things were done much faster with good quality.

• Was a major proponent of interchangeable parts: EC, why?– The idea that machine parts could be used by

different machines– Easy to find replacements– Could build many different machines faster

with same parts.

Eli Whitney:

Standards Check, p. 176

• What led to the advancement of the British textile industry?

• Inventions that increased production

• the creation of factories

Standards Check, p. 177

• Why was the development of railroads important to industrialization?

• They allowed factory owners to ship raw materials and products quickly and safely over land, not just by water.

Quick Write

• Why is the industrial revolution such a pivotal point in human history?

• Use factual evidence from your notes or the textbook.