Industrial Revolution

Dawn of the Industrial AgeChapter 5, Section 1

Life Before the Industrial Revolution

People worked the land to earn their living

They lived in cottages illuminated by candlelight – no electricity!!

Made their own clothing (No malls)

Grew their own food Did not travel beyond their

village until Industrial Revolution (few roads)

Transportation, inventions, and growth of cities changed people’s lives

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h235t89WpYU

Life Before the Industrial Revolution

New inventions of the 19th century

Telegraph Anesthesia Sewing machine

These inventions revolutionized 1) communication, 2) medicine/dentistry, and 3) clothing manufacturing.

New inventions of the 19th century

Speed of light (physics) Introduction of antiseptic methods to

reduce the risk of women dying in childbirth.

Skyscrapers and Suburbs

Skyscrapers and suburbs all trace their origins to technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution.

Changes in Agriculture Led to the Industrial Revolution

Agriculture New farming techniques led

to industrial revolution British farmers began

experiments to improve soil quality because some crops depleted the nutrients in the soil

Improved soil led to abundant crops

Farmers experimented with crop rotation

Charles Townshend created a four-year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover

Charles Townshend

Developer of the crop rotation technique.

Seed Drill

Before

After

Seed Drill

•Prior to the Seed Drill, seeds were dropped on the ground by hand. This resulted in uneven crops that looked like “clumps” on the ground.

•Jethro Tull invented the Seed Drill – a device that evenly spread the seed on the ground.

•This improved the quality of the rows of crops (e.g., corn)

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Crop Rotation

Farmers had poor crop harvests because they planted the same crop year after year

Planting the same crop annually depleted the soil of essential nutrients

The system of crop rotation improved the soil quality

Farmers divided their fields into quadrants and planted a different crop in each quadrant

The farmer then “rotated” the crops, e.g, clockwise/counter-clockwise

Soil that was depleted by a crop in season 1 was replaced by a different crop in season 2, then season 3, and so on…

The strategy behind crop rotation was that some crops depleted the soil and other crops replaced the soil in an alternating fashion.

Crop Rotation

Wheat Barley

Turnips Clover

Enclosure Enclosure was the process of combining

smaller farms (formerly shared by peasant farmers) into one LARGE farming operation

Farmland was “enclosed” together This was more efficient and caused agricultural

output to increase Profits rose because fewer workers needed; it

led to lower labor costs

Employment Effects of Enclosure

Fewer workers needed Some farm workers lost their jobs Small farmers cannot compete with large farms Small farmers sell their land to large farmers Unemployed farmworkers migrate to cities in search

of work Former farmworkers become the new factory workers

Why did population increase in Europe? Changes in agricultural techniques led to

more food production Abundant food supplies reduced the risk of

disease and death More food = healthier people Better hygiene and sanitation Improved medical care slowed death from

disease

New Technology Emerges New sources of energy were used – coal,

water, steam, iron Coal was important power source Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen

New Technology James Watt made Newcomen steam engine more

efficient Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton to market

the “Watt” Steam Engine (Watt a great invention!!)

Steam engine contributed to development of machinery, locomotives, and steamships

Iron Coal was fuel source to produce iron Quality iron was needed to produce

industrial machinery Abraham Darby used coal, not charcoal, to

smelt (separate) iron from the ore Better, less expensive, and stronger iron

was produced leading to improved machinery

Darby built the world’s first iron bridge Iron was used to construct railroads

Uh, not this iron.

Powerpoint Questions (21 points)

1. How did people illuminate their homes before electricity?

2. Name the agricultural technique that improved farming production.

3. Who invented the seed drill?4. What was the process of combining smaller

farms into large farming operations?5. Where did farmworkers migrate after losing

their agricultural jobs? Why?6. What sources of energy were used at the

dawn of the industrial age? (4 points)

Powerpoint Questions

7. Who invented the steam engine?8. Who improved upon and helped market the steam

engine?9. What did steam engines help to build? (3 points)10. What was coal used to produce?11. Who developed a technique to smelt iron from

the ore?

Powerpoint Questions

12. What was the stronger iron used to construct? (2 points)

13. What invention revolutionized communication in the 19th century?

14. What discovery made surgical/dental procedures less painful

15. What tall buildings changed the landscape of urban areas?