Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution1750-1914What is it?

A time of greatly increased output of machine-made goods drastically changing the way people lived and worked.

Began in England but quickly spread through Europe and to the US

What caused it?Agricultural RevolutionEnclosures: forced small farmers off land to create large farmsDone to increase production as population increasedForced small farmers to the citiesCrop Rotation: rotation of crops to different fields each season produced higher crop amounts

Overall more food gave way to more people creating demand for more of everything fasterEnclosure

Where did it start?Began in England - mid 1700sLarge population of workers due to EnclosureAbundant Natural ResourcesWater powerCoal and iron oreRivers for inland tradeMany harbors for international tradePolitical/Economic Stabilityisolated from European wars Parliamentary system successful for 100s of yearsParliaments $ support of entrepreneursFinancially successful colonies with abundant resources

England 1701 & 1911

Transportation ImprovementsWith greater need to move goods, transportation rapidly improvedBetter roadways, canals, tunnels, etc.Steam engine Steam boatsRailroadsExtensive systems become necessityFactory enginesSteam Engine

Fultons Steamboat

Locomotives

Englands Railroad System -1850

IndustrializationGrowth of industrial citiesFactories for efficient productionUrbanization: rapid movement to cities

Poor living conditionsSmall cities became too big too fastPoor sanitary conditionsInsufficient housing, education, securityAir and water pollutionUrbanization

Urbanization

Living Conditions

TenementsSlums of Urbanization

IndustrializationPoor Working conditions14 hour days, 6 days/week, poor payWorkers had to keep up with machinesChild Labor

Child Labor

Working Conditions

Class TensionRise of Middle ClassUpper Middle Class: Factory owners and merchants grew wealthy and influential in politicsLower Middle Class: factory foremen, skilled tradesmen, supervisors lived comfortablyPoverty stricken working class replaces peasant classTension b/w classes buildsAristocracy resents Upper Middle ClassBeing pushed out of powerWorkers resent Upper Middle ClassGap between classes getting larger

Global ImpactIndustrialization moved through Europe and to the US (West)More demand for products created more demand for raw materialsMotivation for more colonization = IMPERIALISMGlobal InequalityIndustrialized West vs. all the restGreat economic and military inequalitiesTransformation of SocietyGreat economic power of EuropeMore wealth overallBetter opportunities for education and democracy

Business leaders encouraged gap between rich and poor1776- Adam Smith: urged Natural laws of production and exchange to work freely in marketsLAISSEZ-FAIRE: hands-off economyPromotion of CAPITALISMManchester SchoolMalthus/Riccardo: economic relationships autonomous & separable from govt or politicsSelf-interestFree marketsGovt ONLY preserve & secure life and property(Locke)education/charity left to private initiativesNo tariffsiron law of wages bare minimum

Classical Economics Laissez-FaireDismal ScienceISMSConscious espousal of a doctrine in competition with other doctrinesNot all newmany pre or enlightenment ideas becoming systematic.i.e. those who believed in liberty were not called liberals until 18th centuryTo the philosophy of the Enlightenment added ACTIVISM and PARTISANSHIP generated from the French RevolutionReconsider and analyze society as a wholeISMSLiberalism (1819): emphasis on rights and liberties in a well-ordered, modern society; businessmen and professionals, not democratsRadicalism (1820): went to the roots of things; wanted total reconstruction of laws, courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organization; DEMOCRATIC; supported by working classISMSSocialism(1832): public ownership of industrial production; great captains of industry; questioned private enterprise, favored communal ownership of productive assets: banks, factories, etc.; disliked competition; favored equal distribution of income; supported by working class; favored harmony, organization, associationConservatism(1835): upheld absolute monarchy, aristocracy, church and opposed republicans and liberals; goal to maintain the thrones and the altars; ISMSIndividualism(1830s): moral with the individual; exercise ones goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance; struggle for liberationConstitutionalism(1830s): complex of ideas, attitudes and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of lawsISMSHumanitarianism(1830s): heightened sense of the reality of cruelty inflicted upon others; product of Enlightenment thoughtFeminism(1830s): political and cultural movement; womens rights in public and private; suffrage, civil rights, education, cultural life, egalitarian-universal rights in US and EnglandISMSMonarchism(1830s): conservative and reactionary to liberals, radicals and republicans; maintain the thrones and altarsNationalism(1840s): political and cultural beliefs; stresses pride and importance on cultural similarities; in Eastern Europe politically motivated to unify against foreign rulers; led by intellectuals; volksgeist; began cultural and shifted towards political; secret societiesISMSCommunism(1840s): extreme form of socialism; elimination of private property and emergence of a classless society to be governed for the benefit of all not profitCapitalism(1850s): economic system where means of production are privately owned and operated for personal profit; decisions made by private actors in free market; profit distributed to owners who choose to invest; right to control private property; laissez-faireISMSMarxism(1840s): capitalism leads to oppression of the proletariat, who not only make up majority of worlds populace, but who spend lives working for the benefit of the bourgeoisie; proletariat revolution to reform and eliminate private property, thus social classes and govern for benefit of people not profitRomanticism(1840s): theory of literature and arts; nature as truth, relation of thought and feeling, meaning of past and time itself; value of feeling and reason; original and creative genius; volksgeistISMSRepublicanism: minority; students, writers, intelligentsia, working class protesters; democratic values, universal suffrage; parliamentarians, anti-clerical; opposed monarchy and considered to be little better than anarchists.ISMSChartIn our groups:Create a graphic organizer grouping the isms Categorize, compartmentalize, organize them however you feel they belongFocus on similarities and differencesLABEL YOUR CATEGORIES AND IDENTIFY KEY COMPONENTS or CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH ISMEach group member must complete their own chartSelect one group member to turn in their copy of group chartBe prepared to share!!!CAPITALSIMCapitalism: economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with goal of making a profitAdam Smith- father of modern capitalismEconomic liberty guaranteed economic progressMalthusWars and epidemics necessary to reduce excess population- reduce number of poorRicardoPermanent underclass always poorWages forced down as population increase = supply & demandSocialismSocialism: factors of production are owned by public and operate for the welfare of allGovernment actively plans economy Bentham: UTILITARIANSIM: judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulnessGovernment should provide the greatest good for the greatest amount of peopleKarl Marx: Believed that economic forces controlled societyWrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) calling for workers of the world unite and overthrow the bourgeoisieRadical socialism called MarxismGap between rich and poor too wide and will widen More control over economy will reduce class conflictMarxismMarxismMarxismMarxism to CommunismMarxs final phase would become

COMMUNISM - complete form of socialism in which the means of production owned by the people no private property classless societyAll goods and services shared equallyCommunismMarxs ideas of communism didnt have much appeal until 20th centuryLenins RussiaMaos ChinaHo Chi Minhs VietnamCastros Cuba

Most of Marxs predictions never occurred proving that society is not just controlled by economic forces but also by religion, nationalism and political forcesEconomic ReformsWorkers used their #s and became more active in politicsUnions: voluntary workers associationsCollective BargainingStrikesReduction of Child LaborBetter working conditions and pay