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Industrial WasteUçÑÜÉwâvàIndustrial Waste Management
UçÑÜÉwâvàManagement
Pratim BiswasPratim BiswasDepartment of Energy, Environmental p gy,
& Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St LouisWashington University in St. Louiswww.aerosols.wustl.edu/~pbiswas
Seminar and Training Workshop, Gandhinagar, India, January 27, 2014
Environmental Pollution
Air• Toxic Chemicals• Air Contaminants• Greenhouse Gases AIR
Domestic• Greenhouse Gases• Hazardous Wastes• Nonhazardous Wastes
EnvironmentalWater
• Radioactive Wastes
Environmental PollutionIndustrial WATER
A i l
Soil
AgricultureSOIL
2TransportationSOURCES ENVIRONMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Multiple Forms:
Air PollutantsGasesGasesAerosolsWater Pollutants
Impacts the Environment(Atmosphere, Water Bodies, Soil)Water Pollutants
PrimaryFrom AtmosphereFrom Atmosphere
Solid Waste
Should we call these pollutants or waste ?3
Should we call these pollutants or waste ? Or a byproduct, and a potential resource ?
A New ParadigmCONVENTIONAL PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM
Not much focus on Process
PROCESS PRODUCTFEED
Byproducts considered tobe a “waste” – cost sink asthey have to be treated
CONTROL DEVICE
FEED
EMISSIONSWASTE
they have to be treated
DEVICE WASTE
EVALUATE PROCESS:IMPROVE EFFICIENCY, MINIMIZE WASTE
WASTE= BYPRODUCT (CAN WE REUSE OR RECYCLE?)
IMPORTANT THERMODYNAMIC CONSTRAINT:EMISSIONS OR WASTE CANNOT BE ELIMINATED ENTIRELY
4NOR REUSED OR RECYCLED COMPLETELY
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPORTANT
New Paradigm for Fossil Fuel Combustors
Conventional Paradigm
FUEL AIR
OXYGENENRICHEDAIR FUELAIR
Membrane/
OR
FUEL AIR AIRMembrane/Cryogenic Sep.
pid !
MB
US
TO
ansf
er
cess
, stu
p
OXY‐FUEL
CO
M
Cos
t tra
is th
e pr
oc COMBUSTION
POLLUTIONCONTROL
SO2NOXPM
POLLUTIONCONTROL
It
CONTROLPMHg, CO2 (18% in exhaust)
CONTROL
NOXBetter effectivenessat sequestering CO2
CONVENTIONALCOMBUSTION SYSTEM
at sequestering CO2(98% in exhaust) MODIFIED
COMBUSTOR
US Industrial Pollution 2005-201040 00 000
35,00,000
40,00,000
s)
25,00,000
30,00,000
Met
ric T
ons
15,00,000
20,00,000
Pol
lutio
n (M Recycling
WATER
10,00,000
15,00,000
Indu
stria
l
LAND
0
5,00,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
AIR2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
YearOn‐site Air Emissions On‐site Surface Water DischargesOn‐site Land Releases On‐site Underground InjectionT l Off i R l Di l T l R li T f
6Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Total‐Off‐site Releases to Disposal Total‐Recycling Transfers
US 2010 Industrial Pollution Release or TransferO it AiTotal‐
Other f
On‐site Air Emissions,12.9%
Transfers, 13.6%
On‐site Surface Water Discharges,
3 4%
Total‐
3.4%
On‐site Land
Releases
Recycling Transfers,
Releases, 31.6%
28.4%
Total Off siteRelease, 6.4% On‐site Underground
Injection 3 4%
7Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Taking Stock Database
Injection, 3.4%
Top Air/Water Industrial Pollutants 2010
93,50490,000
1,00,000
Top 10 Air Pollutants91,931
1,00,000Top 10 Water Pollutants
55,95353 04060,000
70,000
80,000
ON
S
2,5222,3021,676
703 626 5981,000
10,000
(LO
G)
53,04047,368
30 000
40,000
50,000
,
ME
TRIC
TO 598
371230 220
100
,000
ETR
IC T
ON
S (
17,09814,41313,146
9,9136,9246,40310,000
20,000
30,000
10
ME
0 1
• Only account for 1.3% of total • Account for 24.3% of total
8Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Taking Stock Database
pollutants pollutants
Industrial Air/Water Pollution in China
SO2 and NOx emissions from Industrial Sources
COD and NH3 Discharges from Industrial Sources
5
6
Millions
20
25
Millions
3
4
5
e (T
ons)15
20
rge
(Ton
s)
start to control NO
2
3
Dis
char
ge
COD NH35
10
Dis
char
SO2 NOx
start to control NOxat national level
0
1
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Y
02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
YearYear
9Source: State of the Environment Report, MEP, China
US Air Pollution
PM most problematic Air PollutantpMajor fraction – secondary, biogenic interacting with anthropogenic
10Source: USEPA, 2013
biogenic interacting with anthropogenic
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES
PARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERCONTROL
CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING(SHOULD BE DONE)( )
• PERFORMANCE OF EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES• REAL TIME PROCESS MONITORING• INITIAL COST RECOVERED
(ACTIVE PROCESS CONTROL)
11GASEOUS EMISSIONCONTROL
CO2 is now considered an Air Pollutant ?O
2) 7000 390m
etric
tons
of C
O
5000
6000
United States India China
atio
ns (p
pm)
370
380
390er
yea
r (m
illion
m
3000
4000
c C
O2 C
once
ntra
340
350
360
CO
2 Em
isso
ns p
e
0
1000
2000
Atm
osph
eric
310
320
330
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
C 0
Global CO2 Emissions (million metric tons of CO2 per year)
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000310
b d f l dCO2 can be converted to useful products:‐ Very energy intensive
N t h l ff h‐ Nanotechnology offers hope: Convert to Fuels, to Chemicals – use Solar Energy
12Wang, Biswas (2012) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(27): 11276‐11281.
SOIL POLLUTIONVARIOUS TYPES SOME ARE 7.6 Billion Tons
of Industrial* SOLID WASTE
* DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL
of Industrial Solid Waste Generated in• CHEMICALS
• PESTICIDES, FERTILIZERSNUCLEAR
Generated in USA
• NUCLEAR Much of the solid waste is disposed in Landfills
Can also Incinerate (Waste to Energy)Energy)Recycling “Energy Content”Need State of the Art Air
13Pollution Control Devices
ELECTRONIC WASTE (E-WASTE)
Could be considered Municipal Wastebut linked to Industrial Production
• 80 to 85 percent of electronic products were discarded in landfillsor incinerators, which release certain toxics into the air.
but linked to Industrial Production
• E‐waste represents 2 percent of America's trash in landfills, but it equals 70 percent of overall toxic waste (e.g. lead)
illi i f di d ld id• 20 to 50 million metric tons of e‐waste are disposed worldwideevery year. Only 12.5% E‐waste is recycled
• Cell phones and other electronic items contain high amounts• Cell phones and other electronic items contain high amountsof precious metals like gold or silver. US cell phones discarded contain over $60 million in gold/silver every year.
• Recycling 1 million laptops saves the energy equivalentto the electricity used by 3,657 U.S. homes in a year.I k 539 d f f il f l 48 d f h i l
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• It takes 539 pounds of fossil fuel, 48 pounds of chemicals, and 1.5 tons of water to manufacture one computer and monitor
Industrial Wastewater Pollution in Israel
Wastewater dischargedto Seato Sea
Brine Quantities discharged to the Seadischarged to the Sea and their Salt Quantities
15Source: State of the Environment in Israel-Indicators, Data, and Trends,2010, MEP, Israel
Industrial Wastewater Pollution in IndiaProjected Water Withdraws for Each SectorProjected Water Withdraws for Each Sector
• By 2050, the industrial wastewater production could
reach ~48 billion m3 per year (Bhardwaj, 2005)
16Source: Central Water Commission, 2010, India
• 2009 production estimated ~ 5 billion m3 (UN Water)
Industrial Wastewater Production
• US: 352 billion m3 ; est. 2.6 billion m3 from Oil &
Gas industry: Hydraulic Fracturing)
• China: 23.8 billion m3
• India: 4.9 billion m3 , ~ 60% treated
• Israel: 8‐9 million m3 , > 80% recovered for
agricultural useagricultural use
17
Source: Water Environmental Foundation; State of the Environment Report, MEP, China; UN Water Country Report India; State of the Environment in Israel-Indicators, Data, and Trends,2010, MEP, Israel
USEPA GUIDE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Protecting Human Health and EnvironmentProtecting Human Health and Environment• Sound management with a multi‐media approach• Presents a comprehensive framework ofPresents a comprehensive framework of technologies and practices
• Tailoring Management Practices to RiskTailoring Management Practices to Risk• Provides simple to use modeling tools to tailor management practicestailor management practices
• Affirming State and Tribal Leadership• Complements state and local programsComplements state and local programs
• Fostering Partnerships• Public, Facility Managers, Government, Tribes, Industry
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Public, Facility Managers, Government, Tribes, Industry
Industrial Waste Management Hierarchy
Source Reduction(reduce amount of contaminant entering waste stream)
Recycling(reuse materials)
Treatment(reduce the volume andtoxicity of a waste)
19
Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment
Publicly Owned
Control and/or limit certain pollutants
PretreatmentPublicly Owned
Treatment Works (POTWs)
(particularly toxic ones) discharged to the sewer system
Pretreatment technologies are industry‐based, g y ,and combination of multiple technologies.
Industry Major Targets Pretreatment ProcessesIndustry Major Targets Pretreatment Processes
Pharmaceuticals BOD Evaporation, Drying
Metal‐plating Acidity, heavy metals Neutralization,sedimentation, chemical precipitation
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p pPlastics and resin
High or low pH, VOCs Neutralization, biological treatment
Water Treatment Technologies
To name a few…
Ad tiMembrane Technologies
f l bAdsorptionSedimentationElectrocoagulation
• Microfiltration membrane• Ultrafiltration membrane• Nanofiltration membraneElectrocoagulation
...
Advanced Oxidation Process Microbial Processes
• RO• ...
Advanced Oxidation Process Microbial Processes
• Ozonation• UV/H O
• Bioreactor• UV/H2O2• Photocatalytic oxidation• Electrochemical Oxidation
F t ’ t
• Activated Sludge Systems• Microbial Fuel Cell• Membrane Bioreactor
• Fenton’s reagent• ...
• ...
Addressing water challenges call out for less chemically, ti ll d ti ll i t i t ifi ti
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energetically and operationally intensive water purification methods. (Shannon, et al., 2008)
Nanotechnology – can play a major role!• Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter
at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers
• At this scale, materials have novel properties; they can be d f ltuned to meet a functionality
ll $ d b ff l f• 1 Trillion $ Industry by 2015; offers great potential for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
• Sensing, Detection, Treatment and Remediation
• Work at WUStL with Graphene Oxide, TitaniaM b f fil i d h i l
22
Membranes for filtration and chemicalconversion
Membrane Technologies
Schematic Diagram of Membrane Cut-offs for Filtration Technologies
vs. Performance
23
Functionality: Reactive? Antimicrobial ?
Wastewater Reuse in Oil/Gas Industry in USil dOil and gas
production i dassociated water
management21 billi b l• 21 billion barrels of wastewater per year
• $31 billion spent, l 10%only <10% on
recycling
Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well development
24
Horizontal Shale Gas Well developmentSource: Bloomberg New Energy Finance
A Regional Perspective-North America Example
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC)
Canada
• an intergovernmental organization, financially supported by the three governments.
• comprises a Council (governing body, cabinet‐level
Pollutants across boundaries!!!
United States
M i
Canada representative from each country), a Secretariat(technical, administrative and operational function) and a Joint Public Advisory Committee ( five citizens
Mexico from each country).• facilitates collaboration and public participation to
protect environment from North American regional
Sound Management of Chemicals program
protect environment from North American regional perspective
Priorities:Priorities:• develop comparable tools, data and expertise for the assessment and management of
industrial chemical substances (such as the database: Taking Stock).• capacity building in monitoring reporting and management
25
• capacity building in monitoring, reporting and management.• identifying and addressing unique challenges in specific industrial sectors, such as
mercury in health care sector.
Discharge Permitting System in US
Permit issuance:
• discharge to surface waters and ground waters: usually issued by Department ofdischarge to surface waters and ground waters: usually issued by Department of
Environmental Protection's Industrial Wastewater Program
• discharges to domestic wastewater treatment facilities: regulated under the• discharges to domestic wastewater treatment facilities: regulated under the
Industrial Pretreatment component of the Department’s Domestic Wastewater
PProgram
Industrial wastewater directly discharged under National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) may be subject to federal Effluent Limitations
Guidelines (ELG).
Effluent guidelines standards are technology‐based (i.e. they are based on the
performance of treatment and control technologies); they are not based on risk
26
performance of treatment and control technologies); they are not based on risk
or impacts upon receiving waters. (and also industry‐specific).
Compliance & EnforcementIntegrated Compliance Information System (ICIS)Integrated Compliance Information System (ICIS)• companies being issued permits to discharge wastewater into rivers.• when a permit was issued and expires• how much the company is permitted to discharge.• the actual monitoring data showing what the company has
discharged.
Enforcement ActionsCivil Administrative Actions: non‐judicial enforcement actions, such as:• A notice of violation or a Superfund notice letter• An administrative order or order (either with or without penalties) directing an
individual, a business, or other entity to take action to come into compliance, or to clean up a site.
Civil Judicial Actions: formal lawsuits, filed by the U.S. Department of Justice on behalf of EPA and, in regulatory cases, by the State's Attorneys General for the states.
27
Criminal Actions: usually reserved for the most serious violations, those that are willful, or knowingly committed. A court conviction can result in the imposition of fines or imprisonment.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Burlingame‐Veolia
h l h d
A public‐private partnership
Partnership: launched in
1972, being the first
d l t i bli
Burlingame, California Veolia Water North America
and longest‐running public‐
private partnership in the
U S for management of theArea: 15686 km2Population: 28806 (2010)Per capita income: $46,573 (2009)
the world leader in water and wastewater services and technological solutions
U.S. for management of the
city's wastewater treatment
facilityfacility
An option for providing wastewater treatment servicesrealize cost savings utilize expertise achieve efficiencies inrealize cost savings, utilize expertise, achieve efficiencies in construction and operation, access private capital, and improve the quality of water and wastewater services.
28http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/cwf/privatization.cfm
SUMMARY
• Industry will produce by‐productsor waste
• Understand and model process:Understand and model process: will help improve product and reduce waste
• Explore opportunities to re‐cycle,p pp y ,and more importantly – re‐useD l t t f th t ll ti t l• Deploy state of the art pollution control technologies (PPP critical in effective
29implementation)
30
31
32
Environmental Impact =P *A *T
Environmental Impact (I) = Population (P) × Affluence (A) × Technology (T)
Ehrlich, Holdren and Commoner, 1970s
p ( ) p ( ) ( ) gy ( )
• Affluence : GDP per capita• Technology: Emissions per unit of GDP (consumption)
World Population Growth
United Nations projections
• Population: ↑Population: ↑• Economic Growth (consumption): ↑
U.S. Census Bureau (historical estimates)
33