Industrialization and Urbanization

• Industrialization– The Increase in the use of machinery in an

economy– Occurred throughout the 19th century– Coal• Burning coal was the main source of energy in the 19th

century• Coal helped heat homes and fueled industry

– Steam engines: water is brought to a boil, the pressure of the steam is used to turn a motor

– Coal is also necessary for the production of steel

1. By how much did coal production increase between 1829 and 1899?

2. What does this graph indicate about industrialization in the 19th century?

– Steel• Steel is lighter and less brittle than raw iron• Steel is necessary for many industrial processes• The Bessemer Process, invented around 1850, allowed steel

to be produced more efficiently– Air is injected into molten iron, removing carbon and other

impurities

3. By how much did steel production increase between 1870 and 1900 in the US?

4. What do these graphs indicate about industrialization in the 19th century?

– Railroads• Railroads connected the US in the 19th century

– Travel went from an average maximum of about 40 miles per day (horseback) to upwards of 250 miles per day

• Required coal, iron and steel• Allowed the growth of cities and the settlement of the Great

Plains– Food could be shipped over greater distances

• Built largely by immigrant labor– Dangerous work for low pay

5. Describe railroad construction between 1870 and 1890?6. What do these maps indicate about industrialization in the

19th century?

• Urbanization– The growth of cities– Largely due to industrialization

• Most factories are located in cities• Railroads meant that more food could be shipped into cities

– Cause: immigration• Most new immigrants moved to the cities where they could find work as

unskilled laborers in factories• Programs were put in place to try and assimilate (Americanize) new

immigrants• Ethnic enclaves (an area in a city largely populated by a single ethnicity)

allowed immigrants to hold on to their traditions

– Cause: rural to urban migration• Agriculture was industrialized with the invention of better plows and

mechanical farming equipment• Fewer people could plant and harvest more crops• Less jobs available on farms, so people moved to the cities in search of

work

7. When did Chicago’s population begin booming?8. What does this graph indicate about industrialization

and urbanization in the 19th century?