industry’s perspective of design for safety regulations john gambatese, oregon state university,...
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Industry’s Perspective of Industry’s Perspective of Design for Safety RegulationsDesign for Safety Regulations
John Gambatese, John Gambatese, Oregon State University, Oregon State University, USAUSA
Alistair Gibb, Alistair Gibb, Loughborough University, UKLoughborough University, UK
Phil Bust, Phil Bust, Loughborough University, UKLoughborough University, UK
Michael Behm, Michael Behm, East Carolina University, USAEast Carolina University, USA
CIB W099 ConferenceCIB W099 ConferenceWorking Together: Planning, Working Together: Planning, Designing and Building a Healthy Designing and Building a Healthy and Safety Construction Industryand Safety Construction IndustryMelbourne, AustraliaMelbourne, AustraliaOctober 21-23, 2009October 21-23, 2009
Prevention through Design Prevention through Design (PtD)(PtD)
““Addressing occupational safety and Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” facilities, materials, and equipment.”
(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/PTD/)
Implementing PtD in Implementing PtD in ConstructionConstruction
Why design for construction safety?Why design for construction safety? Connection between design and site hazardsConnection between design and site hazards Ethical responsibilityEthical responsibility Ability to influence safety (hierarchy of Ability to influence safety (hierarchy of
controls)controls) Makes good business senseMakes good business sense Contractually obligatedContractually obligated Required by statute (some countries)Required by statute (some countries) Other… Other…
???
Research StudyResearch Study
Assess the effects of the CDM Assess the effects of the CDM regulations on the construction regulations on the construction industry in the UKindustry in the UK Affect of CDM regulations on:Affect of CDM regulations on:
Design, construction, and safetyDesign, construction, and safety Perceptions of safety, roles on the project, Perceptions of safety, roles on the project,
and organizational and professional cultureand organizational and professional culture Management of projectsManagement of projects
Presence of innovative processes and Presence of innovative processes and productsproducts
Research StudyResearch Study Focus group interviewsFocus group interviews
6 professional “communities”:6 professional “communities”: Architects, design engineers, facility owners/developers, Architects, design engineers, facility owners/developers,
constructors, manufacturers/suppliers, and H&S constructors, manufacturers/suppliers, and H&S consultantsconsultants
13 focus group interviews13 focus group interviews Total of 61 participants in interviewsTotal of 61 participants in interviews
Experience with CDM regulations: 1-18 years (mean = Experience with CDM regulations: 1-18 years (mean = 11.1)11.1)
46% from firms with >1,000 employees46% from firms with >1,000 employees 26% H&S consultation, 22% project management, 20% 26% H&S consultation, 22% project management, 20%
construction, 18% engineering, and 14% architectureconstruction, 18% engineering, and 14% architecture Industry sectors: 36% commercial, 35% industrial, 29% Industry sectors: 36% commercial, 35% industrial, 29%
infrastructure, and 28% residentialinfrastructure, and 28% residential
Results: What is done Results: What is done differently now?differently now?
Changes since introduction of CDM Changes since introduction of CDM regulations:regulations: More safety notes/symbols on drawingsMore safety notes/symbols on drawings More pre-fabricationMore pre-fabrication More consideration of construction earlier in More consideration of construction earlier in
projectproject Safety constructability, not just constructabilitySafety constructability, not just constructability
More paperwork!!More paperwork!! Designer change in perspective regarding Designer change in perspective regarding
safetysafety More communication/collaboration as a teamMore communication/collaboration as a team
Causing them to “just do what they should do as Causing them to “just do what they should do as professionals”professionals”
““This is the real driver. CDM was just the catalyst.”This is the real driver. CDM was just the catalyst.”
Results: Impact on ProjectsResults: Impact on Projects Change as a result of implementing PtDChange as a result of implementing PtD
(% of respondents)(% of respondents)
ItemDecreas
eNo
ChangeIncrease
Design cost (n=35) 6% 46% 49%
Construction cost (n=38) 34% 24% 42%
Design duration (n=37) 8% 57% 35%
Construction duration (n=39) 38% 44% 18%
Construction quality (n=39) 8% 28% 64%
Construction worker productivity (n=30)
13% 33% 53%
Construction worker health & safety (n=45)
4% 9% 87%
End-user health and safety (n=42) 5% 10% 86%
Results: Barriers and Results: Barriers and EnablersEnablers Barriers:Barriers:
Designer education and trainingDesigner education and training Difficult for designers to assess risksDifficult for designers to assess risks
Also differences in risk thresholdsAlso differences in risk thresholds Lack of knowledge of CDM regulationsLack of knowledge of CDM regulations Too much paperwork!!Too much paperwork!! Separation of design and constructionSeparation of design and construction Competing priorities (safety vs. cost/schedule)Competing priorities (safety vs. cost/schedule)
Enablers:Enablers: Construction experience of A/EsConstruction experience of A/Es Integrated project delivery methods (e.g., design-Integrated project delivery methods (e.g., design-
build)build) A good CDM Coordinator and early involvementA good CDM Coordinator and early involvement
Results: Desired ChangesResults: Desired Changes
Desires/Needs:Desires/Needs: Less paperwork!!Less paperwork!! Guidance on what designers should do in Guidance on what designers should do in
practice and what is better left up to the practice and what is better left up to the contractorcontractor
Improvements in safety and design cultureImprovements in safety and design culture Make CDM Coordinator a more “professional” Make CDM Coordinator a more “professional”
position, on the same level as the A/Eposition, on the same level as the A/E
PtD Regulations: Issues to PtD Regulations: Issues to ConsiderConsider
Issues/concerns:Issues/concerns: Small projects vs. large projectsSmall projects vs. large projects Involvement/impact depends on industry sectorInvolvement/impact depends on industry sector On some projects:On some projects:
Just “doing the paperwork” (depends on CDM Coordinator)Just “doing the paperwork” (depends on CDM Coordinator) Alienating designers instead of engaging themAlienating designers instead of engaging them
Focus on “commercially practicable”Focus on “commercially practicable” Just documenting the risk and managing it as usual?Just documenting the risk and managing it as usual?
Minimal pushing of interventions up the hierarchy of Minimal pushing of interventions up the hierarchy of controlscontrols
Designing for operations and maintenance safety Designing for operations and maintenance safety viewed as satisfying CDM regulations?viewed as satisfying CDM regulations?
Construction safety still “passed on” to contractorConstruction safety still “passed on” to contractor
PtD Regulations: Issues to PtD Regulations: Issues to ConsiderConsider
Issues/concerns:Issues/concerns: ““Whatever I do won’t help.”Whatever I do won’t help.” Planning Supervisor credibilityPlanning Supervisor credibility Design already optimized on standard projects?Design already optimized on standard projects? PtD message lost amid need to meet CDM PtD message lost amid need to meet CDM
regulationsregulations Where does designer’s responsibility end?Where does designer’s responsibility end? By doing PtD, is there now less of a need to do By doing PtD, is there now less of a need to do
downstream risk management?downstream risk management? Yes and NoYes and No
If no CDM, then PtD would not happen?If no CDM, then PtD would not happen? Yes and NoYes and No
Thanks for ListeningThanks for Listening
Questions? Comments?Questions? Comments?
For more information:For more information: [email protected]@oregonstate.e
dudu [email protected]@lboro.ac.uk [email protected]@lboro.ac.uk [email protected]@ecu.edu