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A Washington Metro subway map

InfographicFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Information graphics or infographics are graphic visualrepresentations of information, data or knowledge intended topresent information quickly and clearly.[1][2] They can improvecognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visualsystem’s ability to see patterns and trends.[3][4] Similar pursuits areinformation visualization, data visualization, statistical graphics,information design, or information architecture.[2] Infographics haveevolved in recent years to be for mass communication, and thus aredesigned with fewer assumptions about the readers knowledge basethan other types of visualizations. Isotypes are an early example ofinfographics conveying information quickly and easily to themasses.

Contents

1 Overview2 History

2.1 Early2.2 20th century2.3 21st century

3 Analysis4 Data visualization

4.1 Time­series4.2 Statistical4.3 Maps4.4 Hierarchies4.5 Networks

5 Tools6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links

Overview

Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of a number of easy­to­use, freetools have made the creation of infographics available to a large segment of the population. Social mediasites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among manypeople around the world. Infographics are widely used in this age.

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In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, andgraphs for summaries of data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such asDavid Macaulay's The Way Things Work. The Snapshots in USA Today are also an example of simpleinfographics used to convey news and current events.[5]

Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety ofinformation, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmarks.Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the London Underground, are well­known infographics. Public places such as transit terminals usually have some sort of integrated "signagesystem" with standardized icons and stylized maps.

In his 1983 'landmark book' The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines'graphical displays' in the following passage:

“ "Graphical displays should

show the data

induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology,graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else

avoid distorting what the data have to say

present many numbers in a small space

make large data sets coherent

encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data

reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure

serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration

be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.

Graphics reveal data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventionalstatistical computations."[6] ”

While contemporary infographics often deal with 'qualitative' or soft subjects, generally speaking Tufte's1983 definition still speaks, in a broad sense, to what infographics are, and what they do—which is tocondense large amounts of information into a form where it will be more easily absorbed by the reader.

History

Early

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Polar area diagram byFlorence Nightingaleillustrating causes ofmortality during the CrimeanWar (1857).Charles Minard's

information graphic ofNapoleon's invasion ofRussia.

In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research about therotation of the sun. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the Sun’s rotationpatterns.

In 1790, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in his bookThe Commercial and Political Atlas. To represent the economy of 18th Century England, Playfair usedstatistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs and histograms. In his work, Statistical Breviary, he is creditedwith introducing the first area chart and pie chart.[7]

Around 1820, modern geography was established by Carl Ritter.[8] His maps included shared frames,agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Such a map can be considered a "supersign" whichcombines sign systems—as defined by Charles Sanders Peirce—consisting of symbols, icons, indexes asrepresentations.[9] Other examples can be seen in the works of geographers Ritter and Alexander vonHumboldt.[10]

In 1857, English nurse Florence Nightingale used information graphics topersuade Queen Victoria to improve conditions in military hospitals. Theprincipal one she used was the Coxcomb chart, a combination of stacked barand pie charts, depicting the number and causes of deaths during eachmonth of the Crimean War.

1861 saw the release of an influentialinformation graphic on the subject ofNapoleon's disastrous march on Moscow.The graphic’s creator, Charles JosephMinard, captured four different changingvariables that contributed to Napoleon’sdownfall in a single two­dimensional image:the army's direction as they traveled, the location the troops passed through,the size of the army as troops died from hunger and wounds, and thefreezing temperatures they experienced.

James Joseph Sylvester introduced the term "graph" in 1878 in the scientific magazine Nature andpublished a set of diagrams showing the relationship between chemical bonds and mathematicalproperties.[11] Graph Theory 1736­1936, pp. 65. These were also some of the first mathematical graphs.

20th century

Otto Neurath developed the Vienna Method in which simple images were used to represent data.

In 1942 Isidore Isou published the Lettrist manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry, film, andpolitical theory. The included works, also called metagraphics and hypergraphics, are a synthesis of writingand visual art.

In 1958 Stephen Toulmin proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model ofArgumentation. The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and wasconsidered Toulmin’s most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric, communication, and

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computer science. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in argumentation theory andits applications.

In 1972 and 1973, respectively, the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft included on their vessels thePioneer Plaques, a pair of gold­anodized aluminum plaques, each featuring a pictorial message. Thepictorial messages included nude male and female figures as well as symbols that were intended to provideinformation about the origin of the spacecraft. The images were designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drakeand were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be understandable to extraterrestrial beings, whowould have no conception of human language.

A pioneer in data visualization, Edward Tufte, wrote a series of books ­ Visual Explanations, The VisualDisplay of Quantitative Information, and Envisioning Information ­ on the subject of informationgraphics.[12][13][14] Referred to by The New York Times as the “da Vinci of Data”, Tufte began to give day­long lectures and workshops on the subject of infographics starting in 1993. As of 2012, Tufte still givesthese lectures.[15] To Tufte, good data visualizations represent every data point accurately and enable aviewer to see trends and patterns in the data. Tufte’s contribution to the field of data visualization andinfographics is considered immense, and his design principles can be seen in many websites, magazines,and newspapers today.[16]

The infographics created by Peter Sullivan for The Sunday Times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s weresome of the key factors in encouraging newspapers to use more infographics. Sullivan is also one of the fewauthors who have written about information graphics in newspapers. Likewise the staff artists at USAToday, the United States newspaper that debuted in 1982, established the goal of using graphics to makeinformation easier to comprehend. However, the paper has received criticism for oversimplifying newsstories and for creating infographics that some find emphasize entertainment over content and data. Tuftecoined the term chartjunk to refer to graphics that are visually appealing to the point of losing theinformation contained within them.

With vector graphics and raster graphics becoming ubiquitous in computing in the 21st Century, datavisualizations have been applied to commonly used computer systems, including desktop publishing andGeographic Information Systems (GIS).

Closely related to the field of information graphics is information design, which is the creation ofinfographics. Author and founder of the TED, Richard Saul Wurman, is considered the originator of thephrase "information architect" and many of his books, such as Information Anxiety, helped propel thephrase "information design" from a concept to a job category.[17]

21st century

By the year 2000, Adobe Flash­based animations on the Internet had made use of many key practices increating infographics in order to create a variety of products and games.

Likewise, television began to incorporate infographics into the viewers’ experiences in the early 2000s. Oneexample of infographics usage in television and in pop culture is the 2002 music video by the Norwegianmusicians of Röyksopp, for their song "Remind Me." The video was composed entirely of animatedinfographics.[18] Similarly, in 2004, a television commercial for the French energy company Areva used

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animated infographics as an advertising tactic. Both of these videos and the attention they received haveconveyed to other fields the potential value in using information graphics to describe complex informationefficiently.

With the rise of alternatives to Adobe Flash, such as HTML 5 and CSS3, infographics are now created in avariety of media with a number of software tools.[19]

The field of journalism has also incorporated and applied information graphics to news stories. For storiesthat intend to include text, images, and graphics, the system called the maestro concept allows entirenewsrooms to collaborate and organize a story to successfully incorporate all components. Across manynewsrooms, this teamwork­integrated system is applied to improve time management. The maestro systemis designed to improve the presentation of stories for busy readers of media. Many news based websiteshave also used interactive information graphics in which the user can extract information on a subject asthey explore the graphic.

Many businesses use infographics as a tool for communicating with and attracting potential customers.[20]

Information graphics are a form of content marketing[21] and have become a tool for internet marketers andcompanies to create content that others will link to, thus possibly boosting a company's reputation andonline presence.[22]

Religious denominations have also started using infographics. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ ofLatter­day Saints has made numerous infographics to help people learn about their faith, missionaries,temples, lay ministry, and family history efforts.[23]

Infographics are finding a home in the classroom as well. Courses that teach students to create their owninfographics using a variety of tools may encourage engagement in the classroom and may lead to a betterunderstanding of the concepts they are mapping onto the graphics.[24]

With the popularity of social media, infographics have become popular, often as static images or simpleweb interfaces, covering any number of topics. Such infographics are often shared between users of socialnetworks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. The hashtag #infographic was tweeted 56,765 times inMarch 2012 and at its peak 3,365 times in a span of 24 hours.[25]

Analysis

The three parts of all infographics are the visual, the content, and the knowledge.[26] The visual consists ofcolors and graphics. There are two different types of graphics – theme and reference. Theme graphics areincluded in all infographics and represent the underlying visual representation of the data. Referencegraphics are generally icons that can be used to point to certain data, although they are not always found ininfographics. Statistics and facts usually serve as the content for infographics, and can be obtained from anynumber of sources, including census data and news reports. One of the most important aspects ofinfographics is that they contain some sort of insight into the data that they are presenting – this is theknowledge.[26]

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A chart attempting to depict businessexpectations about emergingtechnologies as of July 2009.

Infographics are effective because of their visual element. Humansreceive input from all five of their senses (sight, touch, hearing,smell, taste), but they receive significantly more information fromvision than any of the other four.[27] Fifty percent of the humanbrain is dedicated to visual functions, and images are processedfaster than text. The brain processes pictures all at once, butprocesses text in a linear fashion, meaning it takes much longer toobtain information from text.[2] Entire business processes orindustry sectors can be made relevant to a new audience through aguidance design technique that leads the eye. The page may link to amore complete report, but the infographic primes the reader makingthe subject­matter more accessible.[28] Online trends, such as theincreasingly short attention span of Internet users, has alsocontributed to the increasing popularity and effectiveness ofinfographics.

When designing the visual aspect of an infographic, a number of considerations must be made to optimizethe effectiveness of the visualization. The six components of visual encoding are spatial, marks, connection,enclosure, retinal properties, and temporal encoding.[4] Each of these can be utilized in its own way torepresent relationships between different types of data. However, studies have shown that spatial position isthe most effective way to represent numerical data and leads to the fastest and easiest understanding byviewers.[3] Therefore, the designers often spatially represent the most important relationship being depictedin an infographic.

There are also three basic provisions of communication that need to be assessed when designing aninfographic – appeal, comprehension, and retention.[29] Appeal is the idea that the communication needs toengage its audience. Comprehension implies that the viewer should be able to easily understand theinformation that is presented to them. And finally, retention means that the viewer should remember thedata presented by the infographic. The order of importance of these provisions depends on the purpose ofthe infographic. If the infographic is meant to convey information in an unbiased way, such as in thedomains of academia or science, comprehension should be considered first, then retention, and finallyappeal. However, if the infographic is being used for commercial purposes, then appeal becomes mostimportant, followed by retention and comprehension. When infographics are being used for editorialpurposes, such as in a newspaper, appeal is again most important, but is followed first by comprehensionand then retention.[29]

When the varieties of factors listed above are taken into consideration when designing infographics, theycan be a highly efficient and effective way to convey large amounts of information in a visual manner.

Data visualization

Main article: Data visualization

Data visualizations are often used in infographics and may make up the entire infographic. There are manytypes of visualizations that can be used to represent the same set of data. Therefore, it is crucial to identifythe appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into consideration graphical features

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A stacked graph showing the changingdistribution of processor families inTOP500 supercomputers since 1996

such as position, size, shape, and color. There are primarily five types of visualization categories – time­series data, statistical distributions, maps, hierarchies, and networking.[30]

Time­series

Time­series data is one of the most common forms of datavisualization. It documents sets of values over time. Examplesof graphics in this category include index charts, stackedgraphs, small multiples, and horizon graphs. Index charts areideal to use when raw values are less important than relativechanges. It is an interactive line chart that shows percentagechanges for a collection of time­series data based on a selectedindex point. For example, stock investors could use thisbecause they are less concerned with the specific price andmore concerned with the rate of growth. Stacked graphs arearea charts that are stacked on top of each other, and depictaggregate patterns. They allow viewers to see overall patternsand individual patterns. However, they do not support negativenumbers and make it difficult to accurately interpret trends. Analternative to stacked graphs is small multiples. Instead ofstacking each area chart, each series is individually shown so the overall trends of each sector are moreeasily interpreted. Horizon graphs are a space efficient method to increase the data density of a time­serieswhile preserving resolution.[30]

Statistical

Statistical distributions reveal trends based on how numbers are distributed. Common examples includehistograms and box­and­whisker plots, which convey statistical features such as mean, median, and outliers.In addition to these common infographics, alternatives include stem­and­leaf plots, Q­Q plots, scatter plotmatrices (SPLOM) and parallel coordinates. For assessing a collection of numbers and focusing onfrequency distribution, stem­and­leaf plots can be helpful. The numbers are binned based on the firstsignificant digit, and within each stack binned again based on the second significant digit. On the otherhand, Q­Q plots compare two probability distributions by graphing quantiles against each other. This allowsthe viewer to see if the plot values are similar and if the two are linearly related. SPLOM is a technique thatrepresents the relationships among multiple variables. It uses multiple scatter plots to represent a pairwiserelation among variables. Another statistical distribution approach to visualize multivariate data is parallelcoordinates. Rather than graphing every pair of variables in two dimensions, the data is repeatedly plottedon a parallel axis and corresponding points are then connected with a line. The advantage of parallelcoordinates is that they are relatively compact, allowing many variables to be shown simultaneously.[30]

Maps

Maps are a natural way to represent geographical data. Time and space can be depicted through the use offlow maps. Line strokes are used with various widths and colors to help encode information. Choroplethmaps, which encode data through color and geographical region, are also commonly used. Graduatedsymbol maps are another method to represent geographical data. They are an alternative to choropleth mapand use symbols, such as pie charts for each area, over a map. This map allows for more dimensions to be

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A cartogram showing the final electoralresults of the 2008 US presidential election

A treemap showing the exports of Uganda

Arc diagram representing the mathematicalFarey sequence

A social network visualization.[31]

represented using various shapes, size, and color. Cartograms, on the other hand, completely distort theshape of a region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions areredrawn proportionally to the data. For example, each region can be represented by a circle and thesize/color is directly proportional to other information, such as population size.[30]

Hierarchies

Many data sets,such as spatialentities of countriesor commonstructures forgovernments, canbe organized intonatural hierarchies.Node­linkdiagrams,adjacencydiagrams, and

enclosure diagrams are all types of infographics that effectivelycommunicate hierarchical data. Node­link diagrams are apopular method due to the tidy and space­efficient results. A node­link diagram is similar to a tree, whereeach node branches off into multiple sub­sections. An alternative is adjacency diagrams, which is a space­filling variant of the node­link diagram. Instead of drawing a link between hierarchies, nodes are drawn assolid areas with sub­sections inside of each section. This method allows for size to be easily representedthan in the node­link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are also a space­filling visualization method. However,they uses containment rather than adjacency to represent the hierarchy. Similar to the adjacency diagram,the size of the node is easily represented in this model.[30]

Networks

Networkvisualizationexploresrelationships, suchas friendships andcliques. Threecommon types areforce­directedlayout, arcdiagrams, and

matrix view. Force­directed layouts are a common and intuitiveapproach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar tocharged particles, which repel each other. Links are used to pullrelated nodes together. Arc diagrams are one­dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking eachnode. When used properly, with good order in nodes, cliques and bridges are easily identified in this layout.Alternatively, mathematicians and computer scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y)

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value in the matrix that corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, valuesassociated with the links can be perceived rapidly. While this method makes it hard to view the path of thenodes, there are no line crossings, which in a large and highly connected network can quickly become toocluttered.[30]

While all of these visualizations can be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics combinemultiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such as illustrations and text. Some moderninfographics do not even contain data visualization, and instead are simply a colorful and succinct ways topresent knowledge. Fifty­three percent of the 30 most­viewed infographics on the infographic sharing sitevisual.ly did not contain actual data.[32]

Tools

Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as graph paper, pencils, markers, andrulers. However, today they are more often created using computer software, which is often both faster andeasier. They can be created with general illustration software, such as Adobe Illustrator or the open­sourceInkscape. There are also a number of specialized websites and tools like Visually or infogr.am that can beused to construct infographics.

Diagrams can be manually created and drawn using software like Creately, Gliffy and Lucidchart, whichcan be downloaded for the desktop or used online. They also include a number of templates to get usersstarted on their diagrams. Additionally, they allow users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over theInternet. All of the services above have a free option but can be upgraded for more feature rich experience.

As the search volume for infographics has increased by 800% from 2010­2012, infographics have become acritical tool for traffic acquisition and client education for many companies. While Gliffy offers an openplatform, other tools such as Piktochart, are known for providing a platform with templates, icons, andreadymade designs structured in a format that is more attuned to the conventions of internet publishers—forexample most publishers expect infographics to be 600 pixels wide, to feature highly stylized fonts andimages etc. Piktochart also publishes infographics in an HTML format which makes their infographicsreadable by search engines—a feature that had previously been expensive, requiring the intervention of adeveloper to achieve.

Tableau Public is a downloadable program that automatically parses datasets when users upload them. Itthen suggests visualizations of the data and allows the user to customize the infographic using a simpledrag­and­drop interface. Users may also simultaneously make a number of infographics using differentparts of the same dataset. It provides users with HTML of their infographic so that they can share it on theweb.

ManyEyes is a project by IBM that allows users to create visualizations from either their own or otherusers’ uploaded datasets. They can then share their visualizations with all the other users, who can commenton and modify the visualization. It is meant as a sharing and collaboration platform for infographics,allowing them to change over time based on input from numerous people.

A wealth of global data from sources such as the OECD and World Bank are built into the website anddesktop program Gapminder. Users can view and customize infographics of world data such as birth ratesand GDP. It was built on a platform called Trendalyzer, which was sold to Google in 2007.[33] Thisexplains some of the similarities between Gapminder and Google Public Data Explorer, which is a large

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online repository of publicly available data from resources such as the U.S. Census Bureau, the WorldResources Institute, and Eurostat. Users can also upload their own datasets. Users can select specific datafrom a set, and the site will create visualizations of the data in the form of different graphs, such as bar andline graphs. There are a number of options for users to tailor the visualization by changing the scale, axes,and other variables.

There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations. The Photo Stats App andInFoto can be used to create a visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user’s smartphone.Users can create an infographic of their resume using visualize.me or a “picture of their digital life” usingIntel’s "What About Me?" The site Wordle allows users to provide text and create word clouds from it.

See also

A picture is worth a thousand wordsArgument mapChartsDigital dashboardData Presentation ArchitectureData visualizationGraphic designGraphic image developmentGraphic organizersInformation designList of information graphics softwareScientific visualizationStatistical graphicsTechnical illustrationIsotype (picture language)TimelineVisualization (graphic)News IllustratedMaestro ConceptFamily tree

References1. Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). Public Relations Writing: Form and Style. p.236.2. Mark Smiciklas (2012). The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with Your

Audience.3. Heer, J., Bostock, M., & Ogievetskey, V. (2010). A tour through the visualization zoo. Communications of the

ACM, 53(6), 59­67.4. Card, Scott (2009). Information visualization. In A. Sears & J. A. Jacko (Eds.), Human­Computer Interaction:

Design Issues, Solutions, and Applications (pp. 510­543). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.5. USA Today Snapshots. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm6. Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press.

p. 13. ISBN 0961392142.7. H. Gray Funkhouser (1937) "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data." Osiris,

Vol. 3., pp. 269–404.8. The Profession of Geography: Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter

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(http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/geo/courses/geo466/topics/humboldt.html)9. Benking, Heiner, “Using Maps and Models, SuperSigns and SuperStructurs”, 2005. [1]

(http://benking.de/systems/codata/CODATA­MIST2005.htm)10. 1st Berlin Symposium on Internet and Society, “Learnings from Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter

towards the Grand Global Modern Communication Challenges”.11. Biggs, N., Lloyd, K., & Wilson, R. (1999).12. Tufte, Edward R. (1990). Envisioning Information. ISBN 0961392118.13. Tufte, Edward R. (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (2nd ed.).

ISBN 0961392142.14. Tufte, Edward R. (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative.

ISBN 0961392126.15. Freymann­Weyr, Jeffrey, “Edward Tufte, Offering ‘Beautiful Evidence’”, NPR.org, August 20, 2006. [2]

(http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5673332)16. Romano, Andrew, “How Master Information Designer Edward Tufte Can Help Obama Govern”,

thedailybeast.com, March 9, 2010. [3] (http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/blogs/the­gaggle/2010/03/09/how­master­information­designer­edward­tufte­can­help­obama­govern.html)

17. Knemeyer, Dirk, “Richard Saul Wurman: The InfoDesign Interview”, January 2004. [4](http://www.informationdesign.org/special/wurman_interview.htm)

18. http://vimeo.com/228590219. "Why you should build your infographics in HTML5 and CSS3.". Paul Rouget. Retrieved 2012­07­10.20. Khazan, Olga, “How can businesses use infographics?”, washingtonpost.com, April 8, 2012. [5]

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on­small­business/post/how­can­businesses­use­infographics/2012/04/06/gIQAjbbh4S_blog.html)

21. "The Anatomy of Creating Great Infographics" (http://www.ventureharbour.com/the­anatomy­of­creating­a­great­infographic/). Venture Harbour. Retrieved 2013­10­27.

22. "SEO Guide to Creating Viral Linkbait and Infographics" (http://www.distilled.net/linkbait­guide/). Distilled.Retrieved 2012­07­19.

23. "Topics", Newsroom [MormonNewsroom.org] (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter­day Saints), retrieved17 April 2014 |chapter= ignored (help)

24. MacQuarrie, Ashley, “Infographics in Education”, July 10, 2012 (http://blog.k12.com/2012/07/10/infographics­education)

25. "What is an Infographic”, http://www.customermagnetism.com(http://www.customermagnetism.com/infographics/what­is­an­infographic/)

26. “The Anatomy of an Infographic: 5 Steps to Create a Powerful Visual” (http://spyrestudios.com/the­anatomy­of­an­infographic­5­steps­to­create­a­powerful­visual/)

27. David McCandless (2010). The Beauty of Data Visualization. TED Talk(http://www.ted.com/talks/david_mccandless_the_beauty_of_data_visualization.html)

28. Turnbull, Dominic. "EPRA real economy infographic" (http://www.epra.com/regulation­and­reporting/the­property­business/). www.epra.com/media/Real_estate_in_the_real_economy_­_EPRA_INREV_report_1353577808132.PDF. Retrieved 6 December 2012.

29. Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling30. Heer, J., Bostock, M., & Ogievetsky, V. (2010). A tour through the visualization zoo. Communications of the

ACM, 53(6), 59­67.31. Grandjean, Martin (2014). "La connaissance est un réseau" (http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?

ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037). Les Cahiers du Numérique 10 (3): 37–54.32. Van Slembrouck, Paul, “Analyzing the Top 30 Infographics on Visually”, June 2012. [6]

(http://blog.visual.ly/top­30­viral­infographics/)33. Rosmarin, Rachel, “Google Buys Data Visualization Software”, Forbes.com, March 16, 2007. [7]

(http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/16/google­trendalyzer­gapminder­tech­internet_cx_rr_0316google.html)

Further reading

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Heiner Benking (1981­1988) Requisite inquiry and time­line: computer graphics­infographicshttp://benking.de/infographics/ see there: Computer Graphics in the Environmental Sector ­Possibilities and Limitations of Data­visualisation(http://independent.academia.edu/HeinerBenking/Papers/1775909/Moglichkeiten_und_Grenzen_der_Datenprasentation_durch_Computergrafik_im_Umweltbereich) this citation in chapter 3: technicalpossibilities and human potentials and capacities, "a picture is more than 10.000 words", and "10.000miles equal 10.000 books".Sullivan, Peter. (1987) Newspaper Graphics. IFRA, Darmstadt.Jacques Bertin (1983). Semiology of Graphics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Translation by William Berg of Semiologie Graphique. Paris: Mouton/Gauthier­Villars, 1967.William S. Cleveland (1985). The Elements of Graphing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978­1584655121Heiner Benking (1993), Visual Access Strategies for Multi­Dimensional Objects and Issues(http://www.benking.de/ceptualinstitute/education.htm) / "Our View of Life is too Flat(http://benking.de/ceptualinstitute/12theses.htm)", WFSF, Turku, FAW Report TR­93019(http://books.google.de/books?id=A­RGtwAACAAJ&dq=benking+FAW&source=bl&ots=6vMLbJV0Qb&sig=eOmHk6JIHOZxS_71ClX0uDQqu_E&hl=de&sa=X&ei=9tM­UM_uBsGo4gT1vIDgBQ&redir_esc=y)William S. Cleveland (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978­0963488404Sullivan, Peter. (1993) Information Graphics in Colour. IFRA, Darmstadt.John Emerson (2008). Visualizing Information for Advocacy: An Introduction to Information Design(http://backspace.com/notes/2008/02/an­introduction­to­information­design.php). New York: OSI.Paul Lewi (2006). "Speaking of Graphics" (http://www.datascope.be/sog.htm).Thomas L. Hankins (1999). "Blood, dirt, and nomograms: A particular history of graphs". In: Isis,90:50–80.Robert L. Harris (1999). Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. OxfordUniversity Press.Eric K. Meyer (1997). Designing Infographics. Hayden Books.Edward R. Tufte (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Edition, Cheshire, CT:Graphics Press.Edward R. Tufte (1990). Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.Edward R. Tufte (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative.Cheshire,Edward R. Tufte (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire. CT: Graphics Press.John Wilder Tukey (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison­Wesley.Veszelszki, Ágnes (2014). Information visualization: Infographics from a linguistic point of view.(https://www.academia.edu/8563903/Veszelszki_%C3%81gnes_2014_Information_Visualization_Infographics_from_a_Linguistic_Point_of_View_VL4) In: Benedek, András − Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.):The Power of the Image Series Visual Learning, vol. 4. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 99−109.Sandra Rendgen, Julius Wiedemann (2012). Information Graphics. Taschen Publishing. ISBN 978­3836528795Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling(http://www.columnfivemedia.com/book). Wiley. ISBN 978­1118314043Paolo Ciuccarelli, Giorgia Lupi, Luca Simeone (2014) Visualizing the Data City: Social Media as aSource of Knowledge for Urban Planning and Management"' (http://books.google.se/books?id=ozPEBAAAQBAJ&dq=Visualizing+the+Data+City:+Social+Media+as+a+Source+of+Knowledge+for+Urban+Planning+and+Management&cad=0), Springer50 Tools & Websites to create infographics and data visualization (http://proandelite.com/50­tools­to­make­infographics­and­visualize­your­data/)

9/20/2015 Infographic ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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External links

Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics and Data Visualization(http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/)

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Categories: Illustration Graphic design Infographics News design

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