infrasonic tracking of wake vortices...fy12 seedling phase i technical seminar july 9-11, 2013...
TRANSCRIPT
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
July 9-11, 2013
Infrasonic Tracking of Wake Vortices
Qamar A. Shams and Allan J. Zuckerwar NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23681
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
Outline
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
The Innovation
Technical Approach
Impact
Results
Conclusions
Next Step
2 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
The Innovation
• Objective - Tracking of aircraft wake vortices during takeoff and landing from their infrasonic emissions • Innovation - System* for tracking aircraft wake vortices during takeoff and landing. *1. US Patent Number 8,401,207, “Extreme Low Frequency Acoustic Measurement System” 2. “Wind noise reduction in a non-porous subsurface windscreen” Zuckerwar et al.,164th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America October 22, 2012
3 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
• Several possible mechanisms of aircraft vortex sound generation were examined by Hardin and Wang* • The most robust mechanisms result in very low frequency sound *Jay C. Hardin and Frank Y. Wang (NASA/CR-2003-212674)
Theoretical Motivation
4 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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Microphone Array Installation at PHF
5 July 9-11, 2013
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Microphone inside sub-surface windscreen
Q.A. Shams, A.J. Zuckerwar, C.G. Burkett, G.W. Weistroffer, and D.K. Hugo, “Experimental investigation into infrasonic emissions from atmospheric turbulence,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 1269-1280 (2013).
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 6 July 9-11, 2013
Microphone specs: Windscreen Transmission: Frequency Range DC to 500 Hz 0 - 100 Hz Sensitivity(± 2 dB) 400 mV/Pa
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Data Acquisition System
Bruel &Kjaer 4-ch Input Module LAN-XI 51.2kHz
• B&K 4-channel PULSE system is being used for data acquisition. • B&K “Labshop” analysis platform • Output - Time history - Spectra - Coherence
7 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Field Calibration
• Infrasonic pistonphone • 80 dB at 14 Hz
8 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Impact
• Currently minimum spacings between aircraft as high as three minutes
• These spacing are overly conservative most of the time • If spacing could be reduced by 30 seconds during high airport traffic periods, projected airline savings is more than $5B per year
• Our innovation will reduce the spacing
9 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Results: Time History
A B C
10 July 9-11, 2013
The pressure signals received at the three microphones fall into three regions (A, B, & C). On takeoff: Region A: Aircraft is accelerating toward takeoff. Region B: Aircraft passes microphones and takes off, producing large hydrostatic pressure, called a “burst,” which serves as a reliable time stamp. Region C: Aircraft is airborne, shedding wake vortices.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
CRJ Takeoff auto-spectrum (Channel 2)
Frequency (Hz)
PSD
, dB
11 July 9-11, 2013
The microphone signals 10-s after takeoff (coherent) are more than 20 dB above the background (incoherent). Since the vortex emission spectrum appears similar to the background spectrum, we concluded that coherence is a better indicator of vortex presence than spectral level. The spectrum is broadband and reveals no features.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Autospectrum for each channel
12 July 9-11, 2013
Frequency (Hz)
Mic
roph
one
Res
pons
e (P
a)
This slide shows the wake vortex emission spectrum on each microphone channel. The data reveals that the spectrum is the same on all three channels, thus the vortex emissions are radial.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
10 seconds intervals prior and after takeoff CRJ Takeoff
13 July 9-11, 2013
In this slide, the coherence spectrum on takeoff of CRJ is examined in 10-s intervals: prior to burst (brown), at instant of takeoff (burst, yellow), 10-s after takeoff (red), and 50-s after takeoff (amber).
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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CRJ Takeoff Prior to burst – Region A
Frequency (Hz)
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14 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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CRJ Takeoff during burst – Region B
Frequency (Hz)
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15 July 9-11, 2013
The pressure bursts have low coherence, hence are non-propagating and hydrostatic in nature.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Institute
NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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CRJ Takeoff immediately after burst – C1
Frequency (Hz)
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The high coherence spectrum immediately after takeoff indicates strong emissions from wake vortices.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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CRJ Takeoff 50 s after burst – Region C2
Frequency (Hz)
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A lower coherence indicates the weakening of the vortex emissions.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
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CRJ Takeoff 90 s after burst
18 July 9-11, 2013
Frequency (Hz)
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A low coherence indicates the complete dissipation of the wake vortices.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
CRJ Takeoff Coherence Time History Mean 10-70 Hz
19 July 9-11, 2013
Time Intervals (Seconds)
Coh
eren
ce
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Coherence color coding
20 July 9-11, 2013
Time Intervals (Seconds)
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The plots of coherence time history are color-coded according to the scale shown (red = high coherence, blue = low coherence)
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Pressure Bursts during MD-88 Takeoff
21 July 9-11, 2013
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Time Interval (Seconds)
Coh
eren
ce
22 July 9-11, 2013
MD88 Takeoff Coherence Time History Mean 10-70 Hz
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July 9-11, 2013 NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 23
Pressure bursts of Region B
Aircraft passes microphones producing large hydrostatic pressure few seconds prior to takeoff.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 24 July 9-11, 2013
Pressure Bursts during Airbus-319 Takeoff
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July 9-11, 2013 NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 25
Airbus Takeoff Coherence Time History Mean 10-70 Hz
Time Interval (Seconds)
Coh
eren
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July 9-11, 2013 NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 26
Pressure Bursts at Landing of Airbus-319
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30 seconds before Landing (Airbus 319)
Frequency (Hz)
Coh
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar 27 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Frequency (Hz)
Coh
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20 seconds before Landing (Airbus 319)
28 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Summary Chart (Coherence time histories)
29 July 9-11, 2013
The slide shows the coherence time histories of wake vortex emissions for various aircraft on takeoff and landing. The sequence of low-coherence, burst, high coherence has been observed on all takeoff and landing events without exception.
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Conclusions
1. Wake Vortex emission spectra are broad band. 2. Cross-spectral coherence has proved an effective designator for tracking time history. 3. The pattern of pressure burst, high coherence intervals, and diminishing-coherence intervals was observed for all take-off and landing events without exception. 4. The appearance of pressure bursts when aircraft pass microphones has never been reported before. They serve a reliable time stamp. 5. Measurements exceeded expectations
30 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
Distribution/ Dissemination
• 166th Meeting of Acoustical Society of America (Dec. 2-6, 2013) - Infrasonic emissions from aircraft wake vortices: field installation
- Infrasonic emissions from aircraft wake vortices: experimental results
• 20th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference (16 – 20 June 2014) Atlanta, Georgia
- Title to be determined
31 July 9-11, 2013
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Next Steps
• Take steps to determine location of wake vortices • Purpose: to locate wake vortex pair
32 July 9-11, 2013
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NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate FY12 Seedling Phase I Technical Seminar
• Install weather station to determine impact of wind on movement of wake vortices • Expand data base to obtain reliable statistics • Transfer of data 6000 feet through optical fiber for real time
display • Current TRL is 5, At the end of phase II TRL will be 6 or higher
Next Steps
33 July 9-11, 2013