Instructional Focus Instructional Focus Document NotesDocument Notes

Grade 8/Social StudiesGrade 8/Social StudiesUNIT: 10 TITLE: Reform and UNIT: 10 TITLE: Reform and

CultureCulture

Part 1: ReformsPart 1: Reforms

Irish ImmigrantsIrish Immigrants

Many Irish who Many Irish who came to America came to America after escaping the after escaping the potato famine potato famine found themselves found themselves pushed into slums pushed into slums and working in low and working in low paying factory jobs paying factory jobs or digging canals. or digging canals.

German ImmigrantsGerman Immigrants German immigrants usually German immigrants usually

had enough money when had enough money when they came to America.they came to America.

They settled in towns of the They settled in towns of the mid-west like Milwaukee, mid-west like Milwaukee, St. Louis, and CincinnatiSt. Louis, and Cincinnati

There were German bakers, There were German bakers, butchers, grocers.butchers, grocers.

Germans also contributed Germans also contributed to American culture with to American culture with the introduction of the introduction of institutions like institutions like Gymnasiums and Gymnasiums and Kindergarten. Kindergarten.

German ImmigrantsGerman Immigrants

A small minority of A small minority of the German the German immigrants were immigrants were JewishJewish

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Free African Free African Americans in the Americans in the North faced much North faced much discrimination. Any discrimination. Any had trouble finding had trouble finding jobsjobs

Despite these Despite these obstacles, many obstacles, many African Americans African Americans achieved notable achieved notable successsuccess

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Free African Americans Free African Americans in the South were in the South were mostly descended from mostly descended from slaves. Slave owners slaves. Slave owners did not like free African did not like free African Americans living in the Americans living in the South, fearing it would South, fearing it would set a bad example. set a bad example. May restrictions were May restrictions were placed on them in an placed on them in an effort to get them to effort to get them to move out of the Southmove out of the South

Slave CodesSlave Codes

The lives of slaves in the South were The lives of slaves in the South were determined by a set of strict slave codes determined by a set of strict slave codes and the practices of individual slave and the practices of individual slave ownersowners

Slave codes were enacted to prevent Slave codes were enacted to prevent slaves from running away or trying to slaves from running away or trying to rebelrebel

Slave codes prevented slaves from Slave codes prevented slaves from traveling and even made it a criminal traveling and even made it a criminal offense to read and writeoffense to read and write

Slave CodesSlave Codes Some of the slave Some of the slave

codes were also codes were also meant to protect the meant to protect the slavesslaves

The slave codes The slave codes were supposed to were supposed to protect the slaves protect the slaves from cases of from cases of extreme abuseextreme abuse

All slaves were All slaves were expected to work all expected to work all day longday long

Social ReformSocial Reform

Social reform is an Social reform is an organized attempt organized attempt to improve any to improve any imperfections in imperfections in societysociety

22ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening In the 1800s a Second Great Awakening swept In the 1800s a Second Great Awakening swept

the nation. Preachers held revivals and taught the nation. Preachers held revivals and taught that individuals could save their souls by their that individuals could save their souls by their own actions. The Second Great Awakening helped own actions. The Second Great Awakening helped ignite the reform movements. It also heightened ignite the reform movements. It also heightened class and regional differences.class and regional differences.

Social ReformSocial Reform

There were reforms in There were reforms in Prison, which led to Prison, which led to better care of better care of prisoners and the prisoners and the separation of Men and separation of Men and women’s prisonswomen’s prisons

There was also a call There was also a call for better care of the for better care of the disabled allowing for disabled allowing for the opening of schools the opening of schools for the deaf and blind. for the deaf and blind.

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

There were reforms There were reforms in prisons, mental in prisons, mental institutions, institutions, education, slavery, education, slavery, etc.etc.

The Temperance The Temperance movement was movement was established to established to bring an end to the bring an end to the consumption of consumption of alcohol. alcohol.

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

They believed that They believed that alcohol resulted in alcohol resulted in broken homes, broken homes, dysfunctional dysfunctional families, child families, child abuse and poverty. abuse and poverty.

Most members of Most members of the Temperance the Temperance movement were movement were womenwomen

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement Some critics of the Some critics of the

Temperance Temperance movement movement countered with the countered with the argument that not argument that not all people abuse all people abuse alcohol, and the alcohol, and the banning of it would banning of it would itself cause a loss of itself cause a loss of jobs and probably jobs and probably result in violenceresult in violence

Reforms in EducationReforms in Education In the early 1800s, In the early 1800s,

there were very few there were very few public schools and public schools and most teachers were most teachers were not trainednot trained

Horace Mann Horace Mann became head of the became head of the Massachusetts Massachusetts board of education board of education and demanded and demanded more money for more money for schools schools

Reforms in EducationReforms in Education

Mann got Mann got legislators to bring legislators to bring in qualified in qualified teachers and raise teachers and raise the salary.the salary.

The school year The school year was extended, alsowas extended, also

Many states Many states quickly followed quickly followed Massachusetts’ Massachusetts’ example example

Reforms in EducationReforms in Education

Some attempts were made at opening Some attempts were made at opening schools for African Americans, but these schools for African Americans, but these attempts were often met with hostility.attempts were often met with hostility.

Schools and teachers could also be Schools and teachers could also be targeted for attacks if they attempted to targeted for attacks if they attempted to educate African Americanseducate African Americans

Schools were also opened for children Schools were also opened for children with disabilitieswith disabilities

Labor ReformsLabor Reforms Labor reform Labor reform

movements were movements were aimed at creating aimed at creating safer working safer working conditions for conditions for workersworkers

These movements These movements also sought to raise also sought to raise minimum age laws, minimum age laws, reduce child labor reduce child labor and helped give rise and helped give rise to labor unions. to labor unions.

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

In 1807, Congress In 1807, Congress banned the banned the importation of importation of slaves into the slaves into the United States from United States from Africa. Africa.

The call for The call for complete abolition complete abolition of slavery began to of slavery began to grow. (mostly in the grow. (mostly in the North) North)

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement The American The American

Colonization Society Colonization Society was established with was established with the goal of ending the goal of ending slavery and starting a slavery and starting a colony in Africa for colony in Africa for freed slaves. The freed slaves. The society founded the society founded the nation of Liberia in nation of Liberia in 1822. Most free African 1822. Most free African Americans chose not to Americans chose not to leave their homes in the leave their homes in the United States. United States.

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

A growing number A growing number of of Abolitionists Abolitionists wanted to end wanted to end slavery completely slavery completely in the United States.in the United States.

Fredrick Douglass Fredrick Douglass was the best known was the best known African American African American abolitionistabolitionist

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement Douglass was a former Douglass was a former

slave who had escaped slave who had escaped to his freedom in the to his freedom in the NorthNorth

He began to lecture He began to lecture across the United States across the United States on the evils of slaveryon the evils of slavery

He spoke and wrote He spoke and wrote about his early life as a about his early life as a slaveslave

He also published an He also published an anti slavery newspaper anti slavery newspaper called the North Starcalled the North Star

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

William Lloyd William Lloyd Garrison was an Garrison was an outspoken outspoken abolitionist who abolitionist who published the most published the most influential influential newspaper called newspaper called The Liberator. The Liberator.

Garrison also Garrison also founded the Anti-founded the Anti-Slavery SocietySlavery Society

Equal Rights for WomenEqual Rights for Women

Women had few Women had few political rights in political rights in the early 1800sthe early 1800s

Lucretia Mott (a Lucretia Mott (a Quaker) sought to Quaker) sought to gain equal gain equal treatment for treatment for women along with women along with Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton

Equal Rights for WomenEqual Rights for Women Sojourner Truth was a Sojourner Truth was a

speaker on behalf of speaker on behalf of BOTH women’s rights BOTH women’s rights AND abolitionism. AND abolitionism.

Sojourner Truth’s real Sojourner Truth’s real name was Isabella name was Isabella Baumfree. She Baumfree. She escaped slavery with escaped slavery with her daughter and took her daughter and took up the cause for up the cause for abolishment of slavery abolishment of slavery and equal rights for and equal rights for women. women.

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention

Stanton and Mott had wanted to join Stanton and Mott had wanted to join the Anti-Slavery movement, but the Anti-Slavery movement, but women were not allowed to take an women were not allowed to take an active role at the Anti-Slavery active role at the Anti-Slavery ConventionConvention

They decided then to take up the case They decided then to take up the case for women’s rightsfor women’s rights

They organized the Seneca Falls They organized the Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention At the Seneca Falls At the Seneca Falls

Convention, they Convention, they approved the approved the Declaration of Declaration of SentimentsSentiments which which stated that women stated that women and men were equaland men were equal

They wanted equality They wanted equality at work and the right at work and the right to voteto vote

This Convention This Convention marked the beginning marked the beginning of the Women’s Rights of the Women’s Rights MovementMovement

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention

Susan B Anthony Susan B Anthony was a tireless was a tireless speaker on behalf speaker on behalf of the Women’s of the Women’s Rights movement Rights movement as well as a as well as a champion for champion for women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage

American Writers and American Writers and PaintersPainters

By the mid 1800s By the mid 1800s American artists American artists began to develop their began to develop their own style of paintingown style of painting

The Hudson River The Hudson River School Artists were a School Artists were a group of painters who group of painters who focused on landscape focused on landscape paintingspaintings mainly of mainly of the Hudson River the Hudson River ValleyValley

American Writers and American Writers and PaintersPainters

Artists became renowned such as Thomas Artists became renowned such as Thomas Cole who painted vivid landscapes of New Cole who painted vivid landscapes of New YorkYork

Works of Thomas ColeWorks of Thomas Cole

American Writers and American Writers and PaintersPainters

John James Audubon John James Audubon was a French American was a French American ornithologist, naturalist ornithologist, naturalist and painter. He and painter. He painted very detailed painted very detailed depictions of birds in depictions of birds in their natural habitats. their natural habitats.

His most famous work His most famous work was “The Birds of was “The Birds of North America”. North America”.

American WritersAmerican Writers

Henry Wadsworth Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a Longfellow was a favorite poet of favorite poet of Americans.Americans.

He wrote such He wrote such famous poems as famous poems as “Paul Revere’s “Paul Revere’s Ride” and “Song of Ride” and “Song of Hiawatha” Hiawatha”

American WritersAmerican Writers Walt Whitman, a Walt Whitman, a

transcendentalist transcendentalist author, published author, published only one book called only one book called “Leaves of Grass”“Leaves of Grass”

He added to it over a He added to it over a period of 27 yearsperiod of 27 years

Walt Whitman was Walt Whitman was called the Father of called the Father of American Free VerseAmerican Free Verse

American WritersAmerican Writers

Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson saw only even of saw only even of her poems her poems published in her published in her lifetimelifetime

Today she is Today she is considered one of considered one of the Nation’s the Nation’s greatest poetsgreatest poets

American WritersAmerican Writers

Mark Twain’s Mark Twain’s “Adventures of “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” Huckleberry Finn” was widely read was widely read and had great and had great influence. influence.

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists

Transcendentalists were writers who Transcendentalists were writers who valued emotion over reason.valued emotion over reason.

They felt that people should They felt that people should transcend or go beyond human transcend or go beyond human reasonreason

Their focus was natureTheir focus was nature

TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists

Ralph Waldo Ralph Waldo Emerson was one Emerson was one of the leading of the leading Transcendentalists Transcendentalists who stressed the who stressed the importance of importance of individualismindividualism

TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists

Henry David Henry David Thoreau believed Thoreau believed that growing that growing industry was industry was ruining the Nationruining the Nation

In his best known In his best known work titled work titled Walden Walden he describes living he describes living alone in the woodsalone in the woods

TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists Thoreau also Thoreau also

believed in civil believed in civil disobedience in disobedience in which he felt that which he felt that people should have people should have the right to disobey a the right to disobey a law they feel is unjustlaw they feel is unjust

He practiced this He practiced this when he refused to when he refused to pay his taxes in pay his taxes in protest to the protest to the Mexican WarMexican War