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Australian Sailing |

Umpire Seminar

Umpires Techniques and Boat Positioning

August 2017


The Origins of Umpiring

2

The Development of Umpiring First used at the Maxi World match racing 1987.

1987 Americas Cup.

The inaugural World Match Racing Championship 1988.

First IU seminar in 1989 with first IU’s appointed in 1990.

Pros Cons Know the winner with certainty at the

finish line

No night sailing

Penalty is not a DSQ and can be

tailored to the event and the type of

boat sailed.

Improves the regatta atmosphere.

Improves the relationship between

competitors and officials.

Rough Justice.

Inconsistencies.


Day 1

• Welcome and introductions

• The Origins of Umpiring

• Some definitions and rules

• Basic umpiring techniques

• Communication between umpires

• General Umpiring principles

• Signalling decisions

• Boat Positioning

• Umpiring Practice in the classroom

• Appendix D to D2.2(f)

• Some calls from the callbook

• Discussion/questions

Day 2• Introductions

• Umpiring with two umpire boats per race

• Team Race Umpiring in ten calls

• Appendix D2.3 to D5.3

• Breakdowns, contact between boats and damage, redress, delays and procedural issues

• Rule 42

• Umpiring issues

• Critical umpiring calls

• Calls from the call book

• Regatta Relationships

• YNZ NU policy and requirements


• Exam

SEMINAR PROGRAMME

3


Texts:

• WS Umpires Manual

• AS Racing Rules of Sailing.

• WS Teams Racing Call Book

REFERENCE MATERIALS

Umpire Seminar 4


DEFINITIONS AND RULES

Umpire Seminar5

Australian Sailing |6

DEFINITIONS


DEFINITIONS

Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped

• Opposite Tacks – when rule 18 applies. OR both boats are sailing more than 90º from the true wind.


DEFINITIONS

• Is there an overlap between Blue and Green?

Case 2Case 1


DEFINITIONS



DEFINITIONS


No, Yellow is not

between Blue &

Green


DEFINITIONS


Keep Clear

• A boat keeps clear of a right-of-way boat if the

right-of-way boat can sail her course with no need

to take avoiding action …

and,

• when … overlapped, if the right-of-way boat can

change course in both directions without

immediately making contact …


DEFINITIONS

Mark-Room • Mark-Room definition has three parts-

(a) Room to leave a mark on the required side.

(b) Room to sail to the mark, when the proper course is to sail close to it, and

(c) room to sail round the mark as necessary to sail the course.


DEFINITIONS

Must give mark-

room from now.

Mark-Room • Room for a boat to sail to the mark,

The space needed to sail to

the mark to the mark in a

“seamanlike “ way.


DEFINITIONS

Mark-Room • Room for a boat to sail to the mark,

Must give mark-room

from now.

Entitled only to enough space to

sail to the mark in a seamanlike

way, not the space she might

want to make a tactical swing

wide, cut close rounding.


DEFINITIONS

Mark-Room • … and then room to round the mark as necessary to sail the course.

Must give

mark-room

from now.

Her proper course at the

mark may be to gybe.

Yellow must leave enough

space for Blue’s boom to

come across with the

gybe.


DEFINITIONS

Proper Course

• No proper course before the

starting signal

• Fastest course to the finish in the absence of

the other boats referred to in the rule…


DEFINITIONS

Room

• The space a boat needs in the existing conditions, including space needed to comply with rules of Part 2 and rule 31, while maneuvering promptly in a seamanlike way.

• Promptly – time (generally interpreted as without unreasonable delay)

• Existing conditions – big waves, strong winds, current

• Seamanlike – not beginner or expert, but competent, safe


DEFINITIONS

Zone

• The area around a mark within a distance of two hull lengths of the boat nearer to it.

• A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in the zone.

• Obstructions do not have zones.


Part 2 RulesApplication During a Race

• How do the Part 2 rules apply around the race course?

• How do the rules that apply change as the situation changes?


Starting Area

• Is Green an obstruction?

• Who has rights?

• What rules apply?


Starting Area

• Blue, as leeward right-of-way boat, gets to decide on

which side of Green she wants to sail.


Starting Area

• Does Yellow have rights to ask for room?

• Once the blue boat decides to go to leeward of Green:

• Rule 19 applies - Green is not a mark of the course

• Rule 19.2(b) – Overlapped

• Blue (outside) shall give Yellow (inside) room


Starting Area

• Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow?


Starting Area


• Blue is an obstruction because both Yellow (windward) and Green (same

tack, clear astern) are required to keep clear; but not a continuing

obstruction (definition Obstruction).


Starting Area





• When Green overlaps Yellow and gains right of way she must give Yellow

room to keep clear (rule 15).


Starting Area





• When Green overlaps Yellow and gains right of way she must give Yellow

room to keep clear (rule 15).

• Yellow must keep clear

and give Green room

to pass between her

and Blue if she is able

to so when the overlap

begins (rules 11 and 19.2(b)).


The Start

• The rules that apply change as the situation changes.

Rule 12 – On the Same Tack, Not OverlappedYellow (clear astern) shall keep clear

Rule 11 – On the Same Tack, OverlappedYellow (windward) shall keep clear

Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course

Blue (leeward) did not establish the overlap

from clear astern.

Blue is not bound by Rule 17 and may sail

above her proper course.

Rule16 – Changing

Course Blue (RoW)

shall give room

to keep clear


The Start

• What is L’s Proper Course?

• After the starting signal, Blue (leeward) may not sail above her proper course,

which, when sailing to windward, is usually close-hauled (rule17).

• However, in order to pass on the

correct side of the starting mark,

Blue’s proper course may be to

momentarily luff up to head to wind

(definition Proper Course).

• Yellow must keep clear of Blue (rule 11), but while

Blue is changing course she must give Yellow room

to do so (rule 16).


Windward Legs

• RRS 16.1 protects the keep-clear boat from

unpredictable or last-second changes of course by the

right-of-way boat, which would prevent her from keeping

clear.


Windward Mark

• Not overlapped at the zone (3 hull lengths)

• Yellow must give Blue mark-room, which includes room to gybe at the mark if that

is Blue’s proper course.

• Rule 18 applies until Blue no

longer needs mark-room from

Yellow.


Windward Mark

Rule 18.3 – Tacking in the Zone

• Blue and Orange (port) change tack and pass head to wind in the zone.

• Yellow and Green (starboard) are fetching the mark.


Windward Mark

Rule 18.3 – Tacking in the Zone.

• One boat (port) passes head to wind in the zone

• When the other (starboard) is fetching the mark

Rule 18.2 does not apply and instead

18.3(b) does:

• Blue changes tack and passes

head to wind inside the zone.

• Yellow is fetching the mark.

• Blue shall give the Yellow mark-

room to pass the mark inside her.


Downwind Leg

Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course

• How was the overlap established?

• Did the leeward boat become overlapped from clear astern within two of her hull

lengths of the windward boat?

• What is proper course?

• A course a boat would sail to finish as soon as possible in the absence of the other

boats referred to in the rule using the term. A boat has no proper course before

her starting signal.


Downwind Leg


Leeward Leg

• Yellow (starboard) is on the opposite tack and well

behind Blue (port), but Yellow has an inside

overlap when Blue enters the zone.


Leeward Leg

• Giving Room and Keeping Clear

• Green is the inside/windward boat.

• She does not have right of way. Rule 11

does not turn off.

• Blue and Yellow must give her room to sail

to the mark and then round the mark as

necessary to sail the course.


Leeward Leg

• Green is the inside/leeward boat.

• She is the right-of-way boat (rule 11).

• Blue and Yellow must keep clear of

Green and give her mark-room.

• Giving Room and Keeping Clear


Leeward Leg

• Position 1: Yellow (starboard) is the right-of-

way boat.

• Position 2: When Blue enters the zone, she

is clear ahead of Yellow. Rule 18.2 (b) now

requires Yellow to give Blue mark-room.


The Finish

• The preamble to Section C turns Rule 18 off at a starting mark, but it does not

turn it off at a finishing mark.

• Rule 18.1(a) turns rule 18 off at a windward mark (including a windward

finishing mark) when the two boats are coming into the mark on opposite

tacks.

• Rule 18.2(b) requires

Yellow (outside) to

give Blue (inside)

mark-room.


The Finish

• If you touch a finishing mark before clearing the finishing line, you must complete

a one-turn penalty and then sail completely to the course side of the line before

finishing.

• In this example, Blue completed her gybe (position 4) and completed her tack

(position 9) then re-crossed the finishing line to finish.

• You can complete your one-

turn penalty anywhere, but

after completing one tack and

one gybe you must sail

completely to the course side

of the line and then finish.


The Finish

• Rule 24.1 – If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall

not interfere with a boat that is racing.

• Interference is adversely affecting a boat’s forward motion or

maneuverability.

• This applies to both before

or after racing.

• Be careful where you sail;

watch your wind shadow and

physical presence.


Making a Call

I don’t know….

Green it!!!

What shall we

do?

Protest!


…Follow a Process.Umpire Seminar48

How Do We Consistently Provide

Better Umpiring?


• Not all umpiring is with 3 boats and 6 umpires.

• However, we will assume each race has 3 umpire boats with 2 umpires in each boat.

• A CHUMP is responsible for the race umpire team.

• Umpires follow one sailing team previously agreed

• Umpire boats, numbered 1 to 3, follow boats 1 to 3

• Driver of each umpire boat calls movements of boat followed.

• Partner calls movements of all boats interacting with driver’s boat.

49

Basic Umpiring Techniques

Umpire Seminar


• Good communication between umpires

• Consistency

50

For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

• Good knowledge of the rules

• Good positioning

• Good observation


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

Agree the Facts

Apply the Rules

Make a Decision

Signal


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

Facts

• Leeward

In position & focussed

Windward

Facts


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

Decision Decision

I am right of way

I must keep clear


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

• I am keeping clear

Decision Decision

I agree

Decision

I have some room


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

Protest!

I agree

SignalSignal

Green Flag


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

I still have some room

Getting Closer

New Facts Decision


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

I still have some room

Getting Closer

Facts Decision


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

I have no room

Getting Closer

Facts Decision


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

I agreeI am not keeping clear

DecisionDecision


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

I agree

SignalSignal

Protest!


For Good Decisions:

Umpire Seminar

Hail the boat/s you have penalized identifying

their colour and or number.


Communication Between Umpires


• Use standard words and follow standard decision process.

That is:

• Agree facts

• Agree rules – rights, obligations and opportunities

• Agree decision

63

Communication Between Umpires

Umpire Seminar


Facts:• Port

• Starboard

• Overlap

• Clear astern/ahead

• Windward

• Leeward

• Luffing

• Bearing away

• Holding course

• Approaching to start

• Head to wind

• Complete

• Contact

• Near/over/on layline

• Crossing

• Wiggle room

• Collision course

• Backing a sail

• Taking penalty

• 10 secs to start

• Protest(flag)

64

Standard Umpire Terminology

Umpire Seminar

Rules:• Rights

• Obligations

• Opportunities

• Right of Way

• Keep clear

• Give Room

• Luffing rights

• Seventeen

• Can bear away

• Can tack

Decision:Is/Is not:

• Keeping clear

• Giving room

• Sailing proper Course

• I agree

• I did not see

• I disagree


• Instantaneous calls (to identify rule switch):

• Tacking (passed head to wind)

• Closehauled (after tacking) or (now)

• Gybing (foot of main across c’line)

• Port/Starboard (entire main over) Full (main full on new tack) or (done)

• Boom – Sail – Done.

• Overlap/ Clear

• Seventeen (overlap to leeward from clear astern)

• Moving astern

• Zone (+ clear/overlap)

• 18 on/off

65

Standard Umpire Terminology

Umpire Seminar


Basic Decision Making Process

Umpire Seminar

Rules:

• Rights

• Obligations

• Opportunities

• Keep clear

• Room

• Luffing rights

• Can bear

away• Can tack

Decision:

Is/Is not:

• Keeping clear

• Giving room

• Sailing proper

Course

Signal:

• Penalty flag• Green flag

Protest Procedure

Facts:

• Port

• Starboard

• Overlap

• Windward

• Leeward

• Luffing

• Bearing away

• Holding

course

• Head to wind

• Contact

• Near layline

• 10 secs to start


• Communicate at the Decision stage of the process to:

• Minimise disagreement

• Avoid repetition of agreed facts

• Make prompt decisions

• Make better Decisions

• Available for the next incident

67

Umpire Conversation Options

Umpire Seminar


• Last point of certainty

• Disagreement between umpires

• Rule 14: Avoiding contact

• Room and meaning of “in a seamanlike way”

68

General Principles of Umpiring

Umpire Seminar


• Signal consists of two things:

• Sound (whistle) means: Attention a decision is about to be announced.

• Flag (green and white/red/black and white) The decision itself Make prompt decisions

69

Procedures for Signalling Decisions

Umpire Seminar


• Must be:

• Displayed prominently.

• If red, clearly indicate boat/boats penalised.

• Cannot be:

• Reversed so get it right the first time (grab cloth,

coloured tape).

70

Flags

Umpire Seminar


• Keep Umpiring while signalling:

• One umpire (driver) concentrates on the race and keeps communicating.

• Other umpire grabs for flag(s) and whistle.

71

Continuous Umpiring

Umpire Seminar


• Promptly after decision BUT:

• At mark roundings short delay can be appropriate.

• RED flag and indicating boat.

• Twin penalties together (penalising both boats).

• Double penalties clearly separated.

• Umpire Agreement

• When one umpire announces a decision such as ‘Penalty ……….’ the other should respond in

one of three ways

• “I agree” – (no further discussion, signal the decision)

• “I disagree” – (no penalty, green if necessary, unless difference can be resolved rapidly)

• “I did not see” – (first umpires knows they are making decision solo – sometimes necessary – be

certain before penalizing)

72

Timing of the Signal

Umpire Seminar


• Some considerations:

• What the boat you are following is doing

• Must follow closely

• What the boat interacting with yours is likely to do

• Keep close

• Position of other yachts

• You cannot umpire from a distance

• The position of the other umpire boats

• Watch the whites of the sailors eyes

73

Boat Positioning

Umpire Seminar


Luffing situation 1-4

74

Boat Positioning

Umpire Seminar


Communicating Facts 1

Umpire Seminar

Sit Yellow umpire Blue umpire

1 I am on starboard tack; We are

overlapped; I am leeward boat; I

am holding my course

I am also on starboard tack; I

am windward boat; I am holding

my course

2

3

4



Umpire Seminar





I am also on starboard tack; I

am windward boat; I am holding

my course

2 I am still leeward boat; I am

luffing

I am starting to luff; The

distance between us is four

metres

3

4



Umpire Seminar





I am also on starboard tack; I am

windward boat; I am holding my

course


luffing

I am starting to luff; The

distance between us is four

meters

3 I am continuing to luff; We are

still overlapped

I am still luffing; The distance is

now one and a half metres

4



Umpire Seminar





I am also on starboard tack; I am

windward boat; I am holding my

course


luffing

I am starting to luff; The distance

between us is four meters

3 I am continuing to luff; We are

still overlapped

I am still luffing; The distance is

now one and a half meters

4 I am head to wind; I am still on

starboard; I am holding my

course

I am also head to wind; I am

holding my course; There is

contact abeam; Protest flag

Australian Sailing |79 Umpire Seminar

Communicating Rules, Rights, Obligation, Opportunity 1

Sit. Yellow umpire Blue umpire

1 I am leeward boat; I am right of

way; I can luff if I give you room

to keep clear

I am windward boat; I must keep

clear

2

3

4





way; I can luff if I give you room to

keep clear


clear

2 I am luffing and I must give you

room to keep clear

I must keep clear; I am starting to

luff

3

4






keep clear


clear


room to keep clear


luff


room to keep clear

I must keep clear; I am luffing

4






keep clear


clear


room to keep clear


luff


room to keep clear

I must keep clear; I am luffing

4 I am head to wind; There is

contact abeam

I am also head to wind; Protest

flag


Communicating Decisions 1

Situation Yellow umpire Blue umpire

1 I am right of way leeward boat Agree; I am keeping clear

2

3

4





2 I am luffing and must give you room to keep clear

I am doing what I can to keep clear

3

4





2 I am luffing and must give you

room to keep clear

I am doing what I can to keep

clear

3 I am still luffing; Do you need

more room?

I am luffing all I can; I need more

room to keep clear

4





2 I am luffing and must give you

room to keep clear

I am doing what I can to keep

clear

3 I am still luffing; Do you need

more room?

I am luffing all I can; I need more

room to keep clear

4 Contact; I did not give you

enough room

Agree; Protest flag; Penalty on

Yellow


Umpire Practice Form

Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire

1

2

3

4

5

DECISION



DECISION


1

2

3

4

5



DECISION

Step Rule Yellow

Umpire

Blue Umpire

1

2

3

4

5


APPENDIX D

Umpire Seminar


• Team Racing Rules

• Teams races shall be sailed under The Racing Rules of Sailing as changed by this

appendix.

96

APPENDIX D

Umpire Seminar


• D1.1 Definitions and the Rules of Parts 2 and 4

• (a) In the definition Zone the distance is changed to two hull lengths.

• Rule 18.2(b) is changed to:

• If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at

that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear

ahead when she reaches the zone, or she later becomes clear ahead when another

boat passes head to wind, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give

her mark-room.

97

D1 Changes to the Racing Rules

Umpire Seminar


• Rule 18.4 is deleted.

• When rule 20 applies the following arm signals by the helmsman are required in

addition to the hails:

1) For ‘Room to tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward; and

2) For ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat and waving

the arm to windward.

• Sailing instructions may delete this requirement.

98


Umpire Seminar


• Add new rule 24.3: ‘A boat that has finished shall not act to interfere with a boat that

has not finished.’

• Add new rule 24.4: ‘When boats in different races meet, any change of course by

either boat shall be consistent with complying with a rule or trying to win her own

race.’

• Add to rule 41: (e) Help from another boat on her team provided electronic

communication is not used.

• Rule 45 is deleted.

99


Umpire Seminar


• Rule 60.1 is changed to: A boat may:

(a) protest another boat, but not for an alleged breach of a rule of Part 2 unless

she was involved in the incident or the incident involved contact between

members of the other team; or

(b) request redress.

• Rule 61.1(a) is changed so that a boat may remove her red flag after it has been

conspicuously displayed.

• A boat intending to request redress for an incident in the racing area shall display a red

flag at the first reasonable opportunity after the incident. She shall display the red flag

until it is acknowledged by the race committee or by an umpire.

100

D1.2 Protests and Requests for Redress

Umpire Seminar


• The race committee or protest committee shall not protest a boat for breaking a rule of

Part 2 or rule 31 or 42 except:

(1) based on evidence in a report from an umpire after a black and white flag

has been displayed; or

(2) under rule 14 upon receipt of a report from any source alleging damage or

injury.

• Protests and requests for redress need not be in writing. The protest committee may

take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision

orally.

• A boat is not entitled to redress based on damage or injury caused by another boat on

her team.

• When a supplied boat suffers a breakdown, rule D5 applies.

101

D1.2 Protests and Requests for Redress

Umpire Seminar


• Rule 44.1 is changed to:

A boat may take a One-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more

rules of Part 2, or rule 31 or 42, in an incident while racing. However, when she

may have broken a rule of Part 2 and rule 31 in the same incident she need not

take the penalty for breaking rule 31.

• A boat may take a penalty by retiring, in which case she shall notify the Race

Committee as soon as possible and 6 points shall be added to her score.

• There shall be no penalty for breaking a rule of Part 2 when the incident is between

boats on the same team and there is no contact.

102

D1.3 Penalties

Umpire Seminar


• D2.1 When Rule D2 Applies:

• Rule D2 applies to umpired races. Races to be umpired shall be identified either in

the sailing instructions or by the display of flag U no later than the warning signal.

103

D2 UMPIRED RACES

Umpire Seminar


• When a boat protests under a rule of Part 2 or under rule 31 or 42 for an incident in the racing area,

she is not entitled to a hearing and the following applies:

(a) She shall hail ‘Protest’ and conspicuously display a red flag at the first

reasonable opportunity for each.

(b) The boats shall be given time to respond. A boat involved in the incident may respond

by promptly taking an appropriate penalty or clearly indicating that she will do so as soon

as possible.

(c) If no boat takes a penalty, an umpire shall decide whether to penalize any boat.

(d) If more than one boat broke a rule and was not exonerated, an umpire may penalize

any boat that broke a rule and did not take an appropriate penalty.

(e) An umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.

(f) A boat penalized by an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty.

104

D2.2 Protests by Boats

Umpire Seminar


Calls from the ISAF Callbook

Umpire Seminar


Discussion/Questions

Umpire Seminar


The End, Day One

Umpire Seminar


Umpiring Seminar, Day 2

Umpire Seminar


Day 1

• Welcome and introductions

• Some definitions and rules

• Basic umpiring techniques

• Communication between umpires

• General Umpiring principles

• Signalling decisions

• Boat Positioning

• Umpiring Practice in the classroom

• Appendix D to D2.2(f)

• Some calls from the callbook


Day 2

• Introductions

• Umpiring with two umpire boats per race

• Team Race Umpiring in ten calls

• Appendix D2.3 to D5.3

• Breakdowns, contact between boats and damage, redress, delays and procedural issues

• Rule 42

• Umpiring issues

• Critical umpiring calls

• Calls from the call book

• Regatta Relationships

• YNZ NU policy and requirements


• Exam

SEMINAR PROGRAMME

109


Team Race Umpiring in Ten Calls

Umpire Seminar

• Windward/leeward pre-start

• Windward/leeward

• Close tack upwind

• Upwind and at mark 1, boat ahead tacks

• Hunting upwind

• Giving and taking mark-room

• Tacking in the zone

• Breaking overlaps on off-wind legs

• Gybing and luffing on a run

• Gybing out on a beat


Windward/Leeward Prestart

Umpire Seminar

Rule 11 and Rule 15

• Key words:

• “Leeward right”

• “Windward give”

• “Initially give room to keep clear”

• “I have room”

• “I am trying to keep clear”

• “I am doing nothing”

• “I reacted promptly”

• “I gave you room”


Windward/Leeward

Umpire Seminar

Rule 11 and Rule 16.1

• Key words

• “17 on”

• “17 off”

• “Proper course”

• “Holding”

• “Luffing”

• “Keeping clear”

• “Doing all I can”

• “Not doing all I can”


Close Tack Upwind

Umpire Seminar

Rule 13 and Rule 17

• Port tacks ahead or to Leeward of Starboard

• Key words

• “Luffing”

• “Tacking”

• “Complete”

• “Holding”

• “Kept clear”

• “17 on”

• “Clear (astern) or 17 off”


Upwind, Boat Ahead Tacks

Umpire Seminar

Rule 13 and Rule 16.1

• Key words

• “Luffing”

• “Tacking”

• “Complete”

• “Holding”

• “Luffing”

• “Bearing away to avoid”


Rule 16.2

• Key words

• “Bearing away/ducking/dipping”


• “Holding”

• “Bearing away/changing”

• “Had to change immediately”

Note that 16.2 applies when S bears away to force P to bear away further or

tack and, when S luffs to tack to cover P as P is about to pass astern of her.

115

Hunting Upwind

Umpire Seminar


Rule 18.2 (a) & (b)

• Key words

• Overlap

• Zone

• Right

• Give

• Have mark-room

• No mark-room

• Taking too much

• Not giving mark-room

116

Giving and Tacking Mark-room

Umpire Seminar


• When a port tack boat approaches mark 1 below the layline and passes head-to-wind in

the zone, she must give mark-room to any starboard tack boat that thereafter becomes

overlapped inside her. Rule 18.2(a).

• Key words

• “Luffing”

• “Tacking”

• “In the zone”

• “Overlap”

• “Mark-room”

• “Room to tack, will fetch”

117

Tacking in the Zone

Umpire Seminar


• A windward boat curtails a luff by a leeward boat by briefly luffing further to become clear

ahead.

Rule 17

• Key words

• “Luffing”


• “Luffing further”

• “Clear ahead”

• “17 off”

• “Bearing away”

• “Proper course”

118

Breaking Overlaps on Off-wind Legs

Umpire Seminar


Rule 16.1

• Key words

• “Starboard right”

• “Luffing”

• “Gybed immediately”

• “Did not give time”

• “Boom contact”

• “Unseamanlike gybe”

119

Gybing and Luffing on a Run

Umpire Seminar


Rule 16.1

• Key words

• “Bearing away”

• “Holding”

• “Gybing, port, give”

• “Gybing, starboard, right”

• “Gave room”

• “Gybing, reacted promptly”

• “Luffing”

• Luffing, doing all I can”

120

Gybing Out on a Beat

Umpire Seminar


• Driver concentrates on boat being followed.

• Partner observes other boats including mark roundings of team not being followed.

• When other boats approach driver’s boat, or before driver’s boat enters a zone, driver

calls actions of his/her boat.

• Partner immediately switches attention to driver’s boat and normal umpiring/calling

resumes.

121

Variation to Continuous Calling

Umpire Seminar


• Umpire the boats in an area of the course and do not just follow one boat

• This reduces wake and interference with racing yachts and eliminates interference

between umpire boats

• Avoids umpires occasionally becoming unsighted at critical times

• Umpire boats must follow reasonably consistent track and course to ensure all racing

yachts covered at all times

122

Umpiring with Two Boats Per Race

Umpire Seminar


• When umpiring with two boats per race it may

become necessary to identify the critical gap

between boats and concentrate on that.

• Also, umpire boats need to be in correct

positions at all mark roundings.

• May need to communicate rule 17 status on

run.

123

Identifying the Critical Gap

Umpire Seminar



Umpire Seminar



Umpire Seminar

Overall umpire boat positioning throughout race


Mark 1

Umpire Seminar

• Left umpire three lengths to windward of the

mark

• Right umpire behind fleet

• Left umpire watches first half of fleet around

and then positions himself to windward of

front of fleet

• When all have rounded right umpire positions

himself to leeward of leading boat of second

half of fleet


Approaching Mark 2

Umpire Seminar

• Front windward umpire judges zone for leading boats

• Front umpire accelerates if leading boats luff and judges gap

• Back umpire judges entry for second half of fleet and luffs


Run

• Front umpire left and level or

slightly ahead of front boats

• Back umpire on right and level or

slightly astern of rear group of

boats


Mark 3

• Front umpire calls entry of first boats into zone and must cross leg 4 as first boat

rounds mark

• Back umpire calls back half of fleet as they enter zone


Mark 4

• On leg 4 both umpires about two lengths below fleet

• Front umpire calls entry to mark 4 zone for front boats

• Rear umpire stops at zone ready to head to windward after back boats round


Leg 5

• Front/right umpire level with leading pair

• Back/left umpire level with rear of fleet

• Be prepared to swap


Finish

• If possible front umpire moves to above finish line before the first boat finishes

• Back umpire stays close behind the fleet


When a boat protests under a rule of Part 2 or under rule 31 or 42 for an incident in the racing area,

she is not entitled to a hearing and the following applies:

(a) She shall hail ‘Protest’ and conspicuously display a red flag at the first

reasonable opportunity for each.

(b) The boats shall be given time to respond. A boat involved in the incident may respond

by promptly taking an appropriate penalty or clearly indicating that she will do so as soon

as possible.

(c) If no boat takes a penalty, an umpire shall decide whether to penalize any boat.

(d) If more than one boat broke a rule and was not exonerated, an umpire may penalize

any boat that broke a rule and did not take an appropriate penalty.

(e) An umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.

(f) A boat penalized by an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty.

133

D2.2 Protests by Boats

Umpire Seminar


• An umpire may penalize a boat without a protest by another boat, or report the incident

to the protest committee, or both, when the boat:

• Breaks rule 31 or 42 and does not take a penalty;

• Breaks a rule of Part 2 and makes contact with another boat on her team or with a

boat in another race, and no boat takes a penalty;

• Breaks a rule and her team gains an advantage despite her, or another boat on her

team, taking a penalty;

134

Appendix D D2.3 to D5.5

Umpire Seminar


• Breaks a rule and her team gains an advantage despite her, or another boat on her

team, taking a penalty;

• breaks rule 14 and there is damage or injury;

• clearly indicates that she will take a One-Turn Penalty, and then fails to do so;

• fails to take a penalty signalled by an umpire;

• commits a breach of sportsmanship.

• The umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4. A boat penalized by

an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty except that, when an umpire hails a

number of turns, the boat shall take that number of One-Turn Penalties.

135

Appendix D D2.3 to D5.5

Umpire Seminar


• An umpire shall signal a decision with one long sound and the display of a flag as

follows:

• For no penalty, a green and white flag.

• To penalize one or more boats, a red flag. The umpire shall hail or signal to identify

each boat penalized.

• To report the incident to the protest committee, a black and white flag.

136

D2.4 Signals by an Umpire

Umpire Seminar


• D2.5, Two-Flag Protest Procedure• This rule applies only if the sailing instructions so state and it then replaces rule

D2.2.

• D2.6, Limited Umpiring• This rule applies only if the sailing instructions so state and it then changes rules

D2.2 and D2.5.

137

D2.4 Signals by an Umpire

Umpire Seminar


• A decision, action or non-action of an umpire shall not be grounds for redress, subject

to an appeal under rule 70, or grounds for abandoning a race after it has started.

• The protest committee may decide to consider giving redress when it believes that an

official boat, including an umpire boat, may have seriously interfered with a competing

boat.

138

D2.7 Limitations on Other Proceedings

Umpire Seminar


• D3.1(a) Each boat finishing a race shall be scored points equal to her finishing place.

All other boats shall be scored points equal to the number of boats entitled to race.

• When a boat is scored OCS, 10 points shall be added to her score unless she retired

as soon as possible after the starting signal.

• When a boat fails to take a penalty imposed by an umpire at or near the finishing line,

she shall be scored points for last place and other scores shall be adjusted

accordingly.

139

D3 SCORING A RACE

Umpire Seminar


• When a protest committee decides that a boat that is a party to a protest hearing has

broken a rule and is not exonerated,

(1) if the boat has not taken a penalty, 6 points shall be added to her score;

(2) if the boat’s team has gained an advantage despite any penalty taken or imposed,

the boat’s score may be increased;

(3) when the boat has broken rule 1 or 2, rule 14 when she has caused damage or

injury, or a rule when not racing, half or more race wins may be deducted from her

team, or no penalty may be imposed. Race wins deducted shall not be awarded to

any other team.

140

D3 SCORING A RACE

Umpire Seminar


• D3.2 When all boats on one team have finished, retired or failed to start, the other

team’s boats racing at that time shall be scored the points they would have received

had they finished.

• D3.3 The team with the lower total points wins the race. If the totals are equal, the

team that does not have first place wins.

141

D3 SCORING A RACE

Umpire Seminar


D4 SCORING A SERIES

Umpire Seminar


• BREAKDOWNS WHEN BOATS ARE SUPPLIED BY THE

ORGANIZING AUTHORITY;

• D5.1 Rule D5 applies when boats are supplied by the organizing authority.

• D5.2 When a boat suffers a breakdown in the racing area, she may request a score

change by displaying a red flag (yellow) at the first reasonable opportunity after

the breakdown until it is acknowledged by the race committee or by an umpire.

If possible, she shall continue racing.

• D5.3 The race committee shall decide requests for a score change in accordance

with rules D5.4 and D5.5. It may take evidence in any way it considers

appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.

143

D5 BREAKDOWNS

Umpire Seminar


• D5.4 When the race committee decides that the team’s finishing position was made

significantly worse, that the breakdown was through no fault of the crew, and

that in the same circumstances a reasonably competent crew would not have

been able to avoid the breakdown, it shall make as equitable a decision as

possible. This may be to abandon and resail the race or, when the boat’s

finishing position was predictable, award her points for that position. Any doubt

about a boat’s position when she broke down shall be resolved against her.

• D5.5 A breakdown caused by defective supplied equipment or a breach of a rule by

an opponent shall not normally be determined to be the fault of the crew, but

one caused by careless handling, capsizing or a breach by a boat on the same

team shall be. If there is doubt, it shall be presumed that the crew are not at

fault.

144

D5 BREAKDOWNS

Umpire Seminar


• 1.7 In RRS Appendix D 5.2 change “red” to “yellow”. When a yellow flag is

displayed while racing the umpires will usually display a black flag and boats

are required to wait after finishing for a hearing by race umpires to determine

the facts and a decision on redress will be made at a further hearing chaired by

the Chief Judge either afloat or ashore. This changes D5.

145

Sailing Instructions

Umpire Seminar


• Guidelines for the Protest Committee and Sailors Regarding Claims for Redress for

Failure of Boat Gear at Team Sailing Regattas

146

Sailing Instructions-Attachment A

Umpire Seminar


1. Redress for gear failure:

(a) Not considered if the other team has a clear winning combination at the

time of the failure and the team with the breakdown has little or no chance of

gaining a winning combination.

(b) Considered when the team with the breakdown has a winning combination

or a good opportunity to obtain a winning combination.

(c) Not usually allowed for faults in the gear that a team could have checked

before the race - see checklist below.

147

Attachment C

Umpire Seminar


2. Redress may be given, subject to (a) or (b) above, for: main halyard head

knot becoming undone if tied by another team, foils breaking through fatigue, but not

capsize righting, mast breaking or bending resulting from other teams fault, significant sail

tear due to the other teams fault, hull damage due solely to the other teams fault, total

failure of mylar, blowout of main sheet block. Failed outhauls due to wear or

inappropriately tied by another team either of which could not be easily checked.

3. Breakdown compensation will only be considered for breakdowns that would

result in material prejudice and will not be granted for damage resulting from

unseamanlike boat handling including capsizing.

148

Attachment C

Umpire Seminar


• This is not a definitive list but gives as many examples as possible. The principles on

which this list is based are that a careful and competent crew could normally have

checked and corrected these possible faults when taking over a 420 from another crew.

It is expected that these items would be checked while the crew is sailing from the

changeover point to the holding or start areas.

149

Checklist

Umpire Seminar


Rigging

• Main stay shackles taped at stay adjusters.

• Goose neck fittings not showing damage.

• Vang fittings on mast and boom firmly shackled and not bent.

• Mainsheet fittings on boom firmly shackled and not twisted.

• Mainsheet not twisted.

• Main sheet knot to prevent boom hitting side stay

• Jib sheets safely attached with stopper knots.

• Main sheet pulleys all good

150

Attachment C – Items Crews Should Check

Umpire Seminar


Sails

• Main halyard securely attached.

• Outhaul securely attached.

• Tack properly attached whether pinned or tied.

• Jib luff not twisted.

• No obvious tears in sails.

• Top batten secure in batten pocket.

151


Umpire Seminar


Hull and foils

• Centreboard moving freely.

• Centreboard controls, including jamb cleats, working.

• Rudder pins all present and fitting.

• Rudder blade moving up and down and locking.

• Tiller clearing deck at all angles.

• Tiller and rudder fastenings not too loose.

• Tiller extension and joint not worn or broken.

• No obvious damage to easily visible parts of gunwale or hull.

• Hiking straps sound.

• Bungs and flaps present

• Jam cleats working

152


Umpire Seminar


• Immediately assess the relative positions of the competing boats

• Decide whether redress could be granted in accordance with Sailing Instructions.

• Chump for the team should be advised and he/she should display a black flag.

• Also advise the Chief Judge by radio.

• At hearing obtain a consensus from the umpires.

• The Chief Judge to be involved in the final decision on redress.

153

Breakdowns – Yellow Flags

Umpire Seminar


• 1.7 …………. When the umpires display a black flag under in this situation and also

under D2.4 (c), boats are required to wait after finishing for a hearing by race umpires.

This hearing will determine if an incident on the water under D2.4 (c) can be decided on

immediately or must be referred to a further hearing chaired by the Chief Judge, either

afloat or ashore. This changes D5 and D2.4.

154


Umpire Seminar


• When there is contact between boats, that could possibly have caused damage, it is

necessary to display a black flag and inspect the boats for damage after the race (see

SI 1.9).

• If there is damage record it with the boat identification, race number and team.

• Advise the teams which team the umpires considered at fault.

• It may be possible to have a hearing with the Chief Judge to determine if a team should

be penalised by race wins under App.D3.1(d)(3) but normally this hearing will be

ashore.

155

Contact Between Boats

Umpire Seminar


• Red flag required as soon as possible

• Typically

• Recalls and starting signals

• Change of conditions & circumstances

• Limited – no redress for;

• Actions/non-actions by the umpires

• Signals by umpires

• Protest- and penalty requirements

• PC may consider redress under certain circumstances

156

Requests for Redress

Umpire Seminar


• Procedures decided by Chief Judge

• Race umpires gather facts

• Chump to check on red flags not displayed under D2.2(a)

• What is the request/protest about?

• Are all requirements met?

• Advise Chief Judge

• Usually hear later, race umpires on panel or witnesses.

• Decisions – options

157

Hearings

Umpire Seminar


• 1.9 Umpires in this regatta will penalise team personnel for any unnecessary delays,

including frivolous claims for redress clearly inconsistent with Attachment C at any time

during the regatta. Penalties will be; 1st occurrence, a warning. 2nd occurrence 3.5

points will be added to the Race Score for the race closest to the occurrence. 3rd or

subsequent occurrence, a hearing on shore which may lead to disqualification of

individuals or the team involved from any appropriate number of races or the entire

regatta. This action will be taken under D2.3 (g).

158


Umpire Seminar


• 1.4 Add new rule D 1.1(f) when a boat completes a leg of the course in accordance with

C7.2(c) she is not permitted to return to that leg.

159


Umpire Seminar


Rule 42

Umpire Seminar


• You see a competitor adjust the standing rigging

• You clearly signal a boat with a penalty and a red flag but they sail on

• You observe a slow recall signal on the RC boat and then a red flag on a boat

• A boat taking a penalty on a run does two tacks but only one gybe

• You think a boat touches a mark and her opponent yells out “they touched the mark”.

• You see the crew all go to leeward then back to windward the boat rolls to windward propelling the

boat forward breaking an overlap, almost immediately the boat slows down

• You see a protest flag on one of your boats 30-40 seconds after an incident

• You have a protest flag in an incident where there is contact and you cannot agree on which boat

was at fault

• Competitor shouts – my tiller is broken

• A boat displays a yellow flag one minute before the start

• A boat displays a yellow flag after the start of a race.

161

Procedural Issues – Team Racing

Umpire Seminar


• You see a right of way boat ‘deliberately’ hit another boat.

• You see a competitor miss out a mark.

• A competitor interferes with a boat on another leg of the course and is protested by a red flag.

• A boat is given a penalty but still makes a big gain.

• You penalise a boat – they shout “What was that for?”

• You see contact but not sure if there is damage and there is no protest flag

• You have an incident between one of your boats and a boat in another race; the other

umpires are not in a position to see the incident and you are sure that the boat in the other

race was in the wrong, what should you do?

• Competitor shouts – that was a lousy call.

• You think a boat touches a mark and her opponent yells out “they touched the mark”.

162

Procedural Issues – Team Racing

Umpire Seminar


Critical Calls for Umpires

Umpire Seminar


Calls from the ISAF Call Book

Umpire Seminar


• Umpires come into contact with many different groups and different people at an event.

165

Relationships

Umpire Seminar


Relationships

Umpire Seminar

• Competitors• Race Committee/Pro• Organising Authority• Organisers• ISAF Tech delegates• Measurers• Sponsors• Host club, officials, members, staff and

volunteers• Coaches & Team managers• Parents• Boat repair team (Racing and Umpire

boats)• International Jury/Protest Committee• Public – Ashore/Afloat• Hosts

• Press – media

• Commentators

• Spectators

• Boat Owners – umps, race, committee,

spectators

• Other Umpires

• Chief Umpire

• Observers

• Other event competitors

• Emergency services

• Coast Guard/Harbour Authorities

• Boat Suppliers

• Catering

• Partners – umpires/others

• Other water users

• Local dignitaries


Relationships

Umpire Seminar

• Hosts and other providers (boats etc)

• Best summarised as … want to be invited back.

• Leave boats in good, clean condition


Australian Sailing

Accreditation Policy


• AS Accreditation Process.

• Gaining Experience

HOW TO BECOME AN UMPIRE

Umpire Seminar 169


Club Umpire Criteria

• Current member of their club

• Agree to the “Code of Conduct for Officials”

• Attended an Australian Sailing race officer seminar in the past 4 years

or

• Nominated by their affiliated club

170

Umpire Accreditation

Umpire Seminar


State or National Umpire Criteria

• Current member of their club.

• Agree to the “Code of Conduct for Officials”.

• Attended an Australian Sailing race officer seminar in the past 4 years.

• Exam pass

• Performance Assessment pass.

• Events Experience:

– State; Have acted as an Umpire in at least four Team Racing or Match Racing Events.

– National; Have acted as an Umpire in at least four National (or three State and two National) Team

Racing or Match Racing Events

171

Umpire Accreditation

Umpire Seminar


• Maintain a high level of understanding and application of the rules, procedures and

Australian Sailing policies;

• Ensure that each decision or action taken is based upon the rules and principles of

fairness and objectivity, and is made with care and without prejudice;

• Uphold the confidentially of committee and jury deliberations during and after the

regatta;

• Be polite, courteous, open-minded, and patient with colleagues, competitors, regatta

officials, team officials, coaches and hosts, and to respect cultural differences;

• Declare, without delay, any apparent conflict of interest which may arise;

172

AUSTRALIAN SAILING OFFICIALS’ CODE OF CONDUCT

Umpire Seminar


• Arrive at the event in adequate time and remain until after all duties are completed;

• Incur only expenses that are necessary, and when expenses are reimbursed, to claim

only legitimate and essential out-of-pocket costs;

• Maintain high standards of behaviour and good manners, including being on time,

wearing appropriate clothing, refraining from inappropriate smoking, and maintaining

only a moderate consumption of alcohol (total avoidance before important decision

making)

• Agree to the Australian Sailing Membership Protection Policy

173

AUSTRALIAN SAILING OFFICIALS’ CODE OF CONDUCT

Umpire Seminar


Australian Sailing Umpire Exam

Umpire Seminar

• Multiple choice

• 40 questions

• 60 minutes

• Closed book

• 75% pass mark national, 65% club

• Cannot re-sit the test within 6 months

• Must re-sit and pass the test for re-accreditation


On-Water Assessments

Umpire Seminar

Assessment Guidelines for Club and National Umpire:

• A candidate meets the criteria for National level if they demonstrate the competency

listed most to nearly all of the time.

• A candidate meets the criteria for Club level if they demonstrate the competency

listed at some to most of the time.


Criteria

Umpire Seminar

• Rules Application

• Anticipation

• Boat Handling

• Observation

• Communication

• Temperament and Behavior

• Physical Fitness


Rules Application

Umpire Seminar

• Did the Candidate demonstrate good understanding of definitions affecting on-the-water rules?

• Did the Candidate identify the right of way boat?

• Did the Candidate identify a boats basic obligations and opportunities?

• Was the Candidate able to identify the precise moment of rule transition?

• Did the Candidate recognise the principle of rule 15 and 16?

• Was the Candidate able to correctly identify breaches of rule 42?

• Was the Candidate able to identify obstructions when relevant and when these rules come into force?

• Is the Candidate able to call and process multiple incidents occurring in rapid succession? (CU not required)

• Does the Candidate understand protest committee procedures? (CU not fully required)

• The Candidate possesses the appropriate Rules knowledge (for cases, calls on the water and debriefings?)

• Does the Candidate apply rules, cases and calls correctly

• Did the Candidate make consistent decisions?

• Did the Candidate understand and correctly implement Candidate-initiated, red-flag, double and twin penalties?


Anticipation

Umpire Seminar

• Understands and predicts manoeuvres such as: covering, lee bow tack, luffing,

overlaps at marks/ obstructions, prestart ,tacking/gybing around marks, specialist

match or team racing moves.

• Able to state the options for the next 10 seconds and to identify the most likely

option


Boat Handling

Umpire Seminar

• Is able to operate small power boats. First preparation, leaving/returning to

mooring/dock, going to and returning from the course safely.

• Is able to re- fuel a range of boats with the correct fuel.

• Passengers must never be at risk, minimum rushing around.


Observation

Umpire Seminar

• Identifies the correct boat.

• Concentrates on own issue, avoiding other issues when these are distracting.

• Spots issues from boats racing - red flags - breakdowns .

• Observes relevant race committee actions - start sequence, recalls, course

changes.

• Observes other matches.

• Notes when other Umpires require assistance.

• Is able to act as a reliable witness for any post - race hearings.


Communication

Umpire Seminar

• Does the Candidate speak the key facts, rule transitions and decisions concisely as they

occur?

• Is the Candidate a good listener and take account of fellow Candidate’s opinions and

observations?

• Does the Candidate use internationally acceptable terminology?

• Does the Candidate give and receive calls (arm and radio) to/from other Candidate boats?

• Did the Candidate demonstrate proper use of radio, including procedures and response to

calls?

• Was the Candidate able to clearly describe most incidents after the match, both afloat and

ashore?

• Is the Candidate able to communicate clearly and calmly with fellow-Candidates,

competitors and organisers? (SU - not required)


Temperament and Behaviour

Umpire Seminar

• Accepts ISAF rules and calls and complies with ISAF code of conduct. Pulls own

weight within the team. Keeps calm under stress, able to make and signal timely,

accurate decisions. Handles post - race de-briefs in a manner that encourages

learning and improvement for self, other Umpires and competitors. Is able to

maintain good relations with Umpires, organisers and race committee. Keeps to

time. Has respect for other people's property (umpiring equipment, yachts, etc.) and

treats accordingly. No alcohol until the work of the day is done. No unauthorised

communication with the media. No prejudice to any competitors - either negative or

positive.


Physical Fitness

Umpire Seminar

• Is the Candidate able to spend long days on the water in small boats in bad

conditions and maintain focus?

• Is the Candidate mobile enough to transfer between small boats afloat in moderate

conditions and able to stand in good position to Umpire?

• Is the candidate’s hearing, eyesight and voice adequate to function as an Umpire?

• Is the Candidate able to participate and contribute in meetings and debriefings after

long days on the water?


Boat Positioning

Umpire Seminar

• Either while driving (mandatory) or directing (optional).

• Correct distance and angle from the boats

• Rapid response when out of position.

• Low level of interference with any match.

• Is able to follow the basic position plan, modifying when appropriate.

• Smooth transition between scenarios.


Sample Exam Questions

Umpire Seminar

• Either while driving (mandatory) or directing (optional).

• Correct distance and angle from the boats

• Rapid response when out of position.

• Low level of interference with any match.

• Is able to follow the basic position plan, modifying when appropriate.

• Smooth transition between scenarios.


Discussion and Questions

Umpire Seminar


Seminar Conclusion

Umpire Seminar

Finish

Go out and have Fun

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