Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence

From Blue Sky to Business Impact

Kris Pister

Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley

Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center

Founder & CTO, Dust Networks

Outline

• The Past

• What Went Wrong

• Technology Status

• Applications

• Technology Directions

Goals

• Smart Dust, 1997--2002– 1 mm3

• Low power

• Wireless Sensor Networks, 2002--2007– Reliability: >99.9% with latency bound– Power: 5-10 years on batteries for all motes– Security: strongest link?

• WSN, 2007--– Standards: WiHART, IETF, IEEE– Applications

Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links

• PI: Kris Pister

• Source: Hughes (MICRO)

• Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd,

• Duration: 1 year

• Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO

UC Berkeley, 1997

COTS DustGOAL:

• Get our feet wet

RESULT:

• Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems

• Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF:– Industry

– Berkeley Wireless Research Center

– Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC)

– PC Enabled Toys (Intel)

• Fantastic RF problems

• Optical proof of concept

UC Berkeley, 2000

Berkeley Demos – 2001

Intel Developers Forum, live demo800 motes, 8 level dynamic network,

Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node

vs.

50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node.

Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity

~2 mm^2 ASIC

Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001)

• Goals:– Standard CMOS– Low power– Minmal external components

uP SRAM

RadioADC

Temp

Ampinductor

crystal

battery

antenna

UCB Hardware Results ~2003

• 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS– “Mote on a chip” worked, TX only

– 900 MHz transceiver worked

• Records set for low power CMOS– ADC, Mike Scott, M.S.

• 8 bits, 100kS/s

• 2uA@1V

– Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD.• 8 bits, 1MIP

• 10uA@1V

– 900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S.• 100kbps, “bits in, bits out”

• 20 m indoors

• 0.4mA @ 3V

Cost of Sensor Networks

Time

$

Computing Power

Sensors

Installation, Connection and Commissioning

Mesh Networking

Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Un

its

(M

illio

ns

)

Wi-Fi nodesHandsetsWireless Sensor Nodes

Sensor Networks Take Off!

$8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007

Industry Analysts Take Off!

Low Data Rate WPAN Applications

RESIDENTIAL/LIGHT

COMMERCIAL CONTROL

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

TVVCRDVD/CDremote

securityHVAClighting controlaccess controllawn & garden irrigation

PC & PERIPHERALS

BUILDING AUTOMATION

securityHVAC

AMRlighting controlaccess control

mousekeyboardjoystick

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

patient monitoring

fitness monitoring

INDUSTRIALCONTROL

asset mgtprocess control

environmentalenergy mgt

Zigbee 2004Zigbee 2006Zigbee Pro

Barriers to Adoption

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Reliability

Standards

Ease of Use

Power consumption

Development cycles

Node sizeOnWorld, 2005

Dust Networks

• Founded July 2002

• Focused on reliability, power consumption

• Developed TSMP– Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol– >99.9% reliability– Lowest power per delivered packet

How it Works: CSMA

How it Works: TSMP

Frequency Hopping: CSMA

Frequency Hopping: TSMP

Scalability: CSMA

Scalability: TSMP

50 motes, 7 hops3 floors, 150,000sf

>100,000 packets/day

Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit

• Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft

• No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity

• Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices

• >5 year life on C-cell

400m

Barriers to Adoption

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Reliability

Standards

Ease of Use

Power consumption

Development cycles

Node sizeOnWorld, 2005

>99.9%

Wireless HART, SP100

“It just worked”

5-10 years

Complete networks

“Dust Inside” Industrial Products

Smart Wireless Announced Dust Customers

End Users• Oil & Gas• Power• Food• Pharma• Chemical• Steel

Industrial Automation

• Examples– Oil & gas production,

pipelines, refineries

– Paper mills

– Chemical processing

• Companies– Emerson

– ABB

– Endress & Hauser

– Siemens

Emerson “Smart Wireless” starter kit,shipping since Oct 2006

The De-facto Standard

Emerson

Siemens

Pepperl+Fuchs

ABB

Endress+Hauser

Honeywell

MACTek

PhoenixContact

Smar

Yokogawa

Siemens

Elpro

12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP

Shell Facility

2 km1 km

• Motor condition (vibration) monitoring

• 200-400 temperature and vibration sensors

• No line power due to hazardous location rules

• Wiring in sensors would cause a 2 week delay in “first gas”

Dust-enabled Network

Statoil

• North Sea Platform

• 22 pressure sensors

• 2 hour installation vs. 2 days

"Unscheduled downtime is the largest single factor eroding plant performance. Over $20 Billion, or almost 5 percent of total production, is lost each year in North America alone due to unscheduled downtime."

ARC, 2002

Ubiquitous monitoring of motors, pumps, and bearings:

VibrationTemperatureAcoustic

Predictive Maintenance

“Electric motors consume approximately 60% of all electricity generated in the United States.“

US DoE, December 2002

Rail Monitoring: Croda

• Application: Temperature monitoring of chemical in moving railcars

• Rate-of-rise temperature monitoring critical for safety and plant performance– Railcars continuously move, making hard wired

measurement impractical– Employees had to climb on top of railcars for measurement;

dangerous in winter• Smart Wireless solutions give early detection of potentially hazardous

rising temperature rise of chemical and eliminate manual readings– Railcar position had no effect on self-organizing network performance;

line of site not required– Safety improvement by eliminating operator trips to the top of the railcars– Early detection means early neutralization procedures, improved plant

safety

“There are savings of $14,600 per year in reduced operations andmaintenance costs, but, the incalculable savings were in safety”

—Denny Fetters, I&E Designer

Real-time monitoring of parking for:Increased enforcementDynamic pricingReal-time vacancy location services

Parking Monitoring – Streetline Networks

Wireless sensor node

Building Energy Reduction - Federspiel Controls

HVAC System Retrofits

Demonstrated Energy Savings:

• 3.7 kWh/sf/yr

• 0.34 therms/sf/yr

• Higher savings than conventional retrofits

Building Maintenance

•Temperature & energy consumption monitoring•2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network

97% reduction in installation cost

• Rapid retrofit of old buildings

• Energy conservation from modernizing systems

• Platform for additional in-building applications

Pharmaceutical Validation and Monitoring

Validation and monitoring of critical pharmaceutical processes– Ensure Regulatory Compliance

– Highly Reliable, Secure Data Transmission

– Easy to Install and Use

Energy Management

•Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets after shelf stock•Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption

• Entire network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days)

• Typical energy cost reduction: 10-25%

Monitoring for perimeter violations:Ground vibration (footfalls or vehicles)Metal (vehicles)SoundMotion

Images, data traces, and tracks reported over network

Perimeter Security

End User Customer Testimonials

“…easier to installand maintain, with vastly superior scalability, but it is also much more cost-effective than previous approaches. Return on investment (ROI) is “considerably less than a year” for the wireless permanent monitoring systems.” said Chip Bennettt, KV Pharma

Commented Cliff Esmiol, maintenance supervisor for Milford Power. “Especially important was the easy, flexible self-organizing network that could be installed and operational in a very short time.”

“When Emerson first approached me with their industrial wireless solution, they said ‘We’re plug and play,’ said Tim Gerami, senior design engineer at PPG. I have to admit I laughed; nothing I’d seen so far was that easy. “But I’m a believer now. Five minutes after installing it, the wireless network came to life. It’s been there ever since.”

According to Gary Borham, operations manager at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, “We are building an infrastructure that opens up opportunities for more and more applications. Wireless transmitters are being installed farther and farther away from the gateway without a loss of signal quality. The result is better information from difficult-to-reach areas of the mill, and this is helping our personnel prevent unscheduled downtime, meet customers’ quality requirements, and optimize productivity.”

Evolution of a mote

Next Innovation: Localization

• Use radios to calculate the relative position to each other

• Transmit that information periodically, or on demand

Two Way Time Transfer (TWTT) TOF

• Measure round trip time

• Choose time at B to be fixed

A B

A sends @ t1 B receives @ t2

A receives @ t4 B sends @ t3

t3 – t2 = fixed known time twait

TOF = ½ (t4 – t1 – twait)

RF Time of Flight Ranging

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Distance (m)

Tim

e of

Flig

ht (n

s)

1 m Error

2 m Error

Ideal

Measured Data

Steven Lanzisera

Takeaway: ~1m position accuracy indoors

Measurement on 1

802.15.4 channel

Coal mine results

Localization applications• Industrial

– Where is valve 27 anyway?– Bob is lying down in tank 5– Everyone is present at the muster point

• Hospital/Medical– Where’s the defibrillator?– Dr. Grungy didn’t wash his hands between patients– Syringe LED red until near the right patient– Billing for services by the minute!

• Home/Consumer– Where are my car keys?– Why is my TV leaving the house?– Map of friends location at the mall– Location-based services for cell, ipods, …

The Next Wave…

• IP-based consumer & enterprise standards currently being developed within IETF

• Robust, wire-free IP addressable sensor networks enables the ‘internet of things’

Time (Years Out)

#/S

ca

le o

f C

on

ne

cte

d

De

vic

es

1 32L

H

M

Next WaveFirst Wave of Adopters …..

Power

Transport

Retail

Healthcare

Consumer/Home

Industrial

Source: Harbor Research

Buildings

Discussion

• 10 years later, a real market emerges– Industrial Automation– Driven by reliable, secure, low power networks

• Future– If you could now the status and location of every

asset in real time, how would that change your business?