int migration human rights
TRANSCRIPT
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International Migration
and Human RightsCha ad Opportuiti o th Thrhod of th 60th
Aivrary of th Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht
Global Migration Group
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ii InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
Publication of the Global Migration Group (GMG)Itratioa labour Oraizatio (IlO)
Itratioa Oraizatio for Miratio (IOM)
Uitd natio Ofc of th Hih Commiior for Huma Riht (OHCHR)
Uitd natio Rioa Commiio
Uitd natio Cofrc o Trad ad Dvopmt (UnCTAD)
Uitd natio Dpartmt of ecoomic ad socia Affair (UnDesA)
Uitd natio Dvopmt Proramm (UnDP)
Uitd natio educatioa, scitic ad Cutura Oraizatio (UnesCO)
Uitd natio Popuatio Fud (UnFPA)
Uitd natio Hih Commiior for Rfu (UnHCR)
Uitd natio Chidr Fud (UnICeF)
Uitd natio Ititut for Traii ad Rarch (UnITAR)
Uitd natio Ofc o Dru ad Crim (UnODC)
Word Bak
Acknowledgements:Victor Abramovich (Uivridad nacioa d lau), nichoa Aipui (UnICeF), Ibrahim Awad (IlO),
sbatia Baumitr (UnODC), Jacqui Bhabha (Harvard Uivrity), Phiipp Bocour (IOM), Jffry
Crip (UnHCR), Pau D guchtir (UnesCO), Cara edbo (OHCHR), Karim ghzraoui (OHCHR),
eizabth gibbo (UnICeF), Jo Miu guzm (UnFPA), sua gzh (Uivrity of Chicao), Ji
Hk (IOM), sabi Hi (UnDesA), Ba Hovy (UnDesA), Zaofr Imabb (UnDP), Dirk Japr
(eClAC), sabria Jura (UnFPA), Azfar Kha (IlO), Juia Krchr (UnDP), Mich Ki soomo (IOM),
Pau ladd (UnDP), su Bok l (UnICeF), Tary lr (OHCHR), laura lopz (eClAC), Kama
Mahotra (UnDP), Jor Martz Pizarro (eClAC), Mia Mahaykhi (UnCTAD), luz Aa Mo
(UnFPA), sakt Mohapatra (Word Bak), Richard Mora (UnICeF), Ajadro Morachtti (UnICeF),
Aia naruova (IOM), Tia nb (UnFPA), Kiko Oaki (esCAP), Paoo Pac (IOM), A Pawiczko
(UnFPA), Atoi Pcoud (UnesCO), nadi Prraut (UnICeF), Richard Prruchoud (IOM), Cathri
Phuo (OHCHR), Rbcca Pow (UnODC), Riikka Putto (UnODC), Diip Ratha (Word Bak),sarah Roartr (UnITAR), Jiya Rdpath (IOM), nirmaa Rddy (UnICeF), Thokozi Ruzvidzo
(UneCA), Rha saab (UnICeF), Martha sato Pai (UnICeF), sta schuhmachr (UnICeF), Adriao
sivtri (UnHCR), Axia Tavau (UnODC), Co Thouz (UnITAR), Amiata Tour (UnFPA), shr
Vrick (UneCA), Jaqui Wkr (IOM), Piyairi Wickramakara (IlO), Haia Zotik (UnDesA).
IsBn: 978-0-89714-900-6
October 2008
For more information or publication requests please contact:[email protected]
www.obamiratioroup.or
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs iii
Contents
Foreword v
I. Introduction 1
II. Denitions 7
A. Itratioa Mirat 7
B. Rfu ad Ayum skr 9
C. Typ of Miratio 10
D. Trafcki ad smui 10e. Ky Miratio-Ratd Trm 12
III. TheLegalFramework 13
A. Promotio of lawfu
Coditio of Miratio 17
B. Fma Mirat 19
C. Mirat Chidr 21
D. Mirat Workr 24e. Rfu 30
F. smud Mirat
ad Victim of Trafcki 31
g. Mirat i Dttio 32
H. Advac i Protctio
Mchaim of Huma
Riht by Rio 34
IV. ChallengesofProtectingthe
HumanRightsofMigrants 38
A. Irruar Mirat 43
B. Fma Mirat 44
C. Mirat Chidr 50
D. Mirat Workr 55
e. Rfu 60
F. smud Mirat
ad Victim of Trafcki 64g. Mirat i Dttio 71
V. Migration,Globalizationand
theRighttoDevelopment 75
A. gobaizatio: stti th
sta for eair ad Fatr
Circuatio of Pop 75
B. Miratio ad Dvopmt
lika 78
C. Th Impact of Cimat
Cha o Miratio 83D. Miratio ad Hath 84
e. Cocrtizi th Riht
to Dvopmt throuh
Miratio 86
F. Maki Miratio Work
for Dvopmt 89
VI. MigrationDataandtheHumanRightsPerspective 93
VII.Conclusion:KeyMessages 98
A. Th la Framwork 98
B. Cha Facd by
Diffrt Mirat group 100
C. lika btw Miratio
ad Dvopmt 106
AppendixA:TheGlobal
MigrationGroup 109
AppendixB:RelevantMigration
andHumanRights
Instruments 115
AppendixC:AdoptionofKey
UnitedNationsLegal
InstrumentsonInter-nationalMigration 119
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THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
FOREWORD TO THE GLOBAL MIGRATION GROUP REPORT,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ON THE THRESHOLD
OF THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
October 2008
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, whose sixtieth anniversary we
celebrate this year, remains the primary international articulation of the fundamentalrights of all members of the human family. To mark the anniversary, the member
agencies of the Global Migration Group have embarked on a timely, collaborative effort
to analyze the challenges of protecting the human rights of international migrants.
This report is the product of that process. Among its main ndings is the
assessment that despite the many positive contributions migration makes to the
development of countries of origin and destination, it is essential that migrants are seen
not solely as agents of development. They are human beings with rights that States have
an obligation to protect even when they exercise their sovereign right to determine whoenters and remains in their territory.
Cooperation between governments in countries of origin, transit and destination,
and among non-governmental organizations, civil society and migrants themselves, is
vital for ensuring that international human rights instruments are implemented and that
migrants are aware of their rights and obligations. Groups with special needs, including
migrant children, female labour migrants in the informal sector, trafcking victims and
irregular migrants, as well as refugees and asylum seekers, are particularly deserving of
and entitled to effective protection.
I thank the United Nations Population Fund for initiating this joint project during
its tenure as Chair of the Global Migration Group. The members of the Global Migration
Group are to be commended for making this timely report a reality. I hope it will serve
as a useful tool in our common quest to protect the human rights of migrants, and
I recommend it to a wide global audience.
BAN Ki-moon
UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 1
I. Introduction
Currt miratio ow hav pacd th
iu of miratio hih o th itratioa
ada. Th maitud ad compxity of
th phomo i uch that itratioa
miratio ca o or b coidrd
priphra to th maitram of dv-
opmt poici. Today, vry coutry iaffctd i om way by miratio ithr
a coutry of orii, trait or dtiatio,
or omtim a combiatio of th.
I 2005, 191 miio pop, rprti
thr pr ct of th word popuatio,
ridd outid th coutry of thir birth.
Amot o i vry t pro ivi ith mor dvopd rio of th word i
a mirat compard to o out of vry v-
ty pro i th dvopd rio.
sixty pr ct of a th word mirat
iv i th mor dvopd rio. Th
art umbr of mirat iv i europ
(64 miio), foowd by Aia (53 miio)
ad northr Amrica (45 miio). Fma
mirat mak up haf of a itratioa
mirat. Fma mirat outumbr
ma mirat i dvopd coutri.
Thr-quartr of a itratioa mirat
ar coctratd i oy 28 coutri ad
o i v itratioa mirat iv i
th Uitd stat of Amrica.1
Th amot 200 miio pro ivi out-id thir coutry of birth ar itratioa
mirat of o typ or aothr whthr
ivi abroad voutariy or forcd by cir-
cumtac byod thir cotro; whthr
ki a bttr if or impy a diffrt
o; whthr ay admittd to ridc
or ivi a cadti xitc o th
mari of ocity. Ad a irrpctivof thir atioa orii, thir rac, crd or
coor, or thir a tatu har with th
atioa of thir hot commuity both a
commo humaity ad riht ad rpo-
ibiiti icudi th riht to xpct
dct ad huma tratmt. Whi for
may th miratio proc i a mpow-
ri xpric, th raity for om io of xpoitatio ad abu, ithr im-
itd to th miratio joury or xpri-
cd whi i th coutry of dtiatio.
Mirat wom ad chidr ar particu-
ary vurab to xpoitatio, ad thr-
for rquir pcia atttio to ur that
thir huma riht ar rpctd.
Itratioa mirat ar a htroou
roup. From hihy kid profioa
to th you m ad wom who ar
mud acro bordr to work i wat
hop, thy icud pop who hav b
i th coutry for dcad ad tho who
arrivd oy ytrday. I may ituatio,
mirat ar itratd ito th coomy
ad ocity of th coutry i which thy iv,thir riht ar rpctd, ad thr ar fw
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2 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
International Migration Data by Region
Africa: I 2005, thr wr 17 miio itr-
atioa mirat i Africa, accouti for
1.88 pr ct of th Africa popuatio. Th
majority of thm, 7.5 miio ad 4.5 miio,
miratd to Wtr ad eatr Africa,
rpctivy. I th pat dcad, thr i o
car trd i th rowth rat of th mirat
tock i Africa, with varyi rat btw
1.86 to -1.68 to 0.68. O avra, Africa
mirat tock icrad by 1.39 pr ct
btw 1960 ad 2005.
Asia and Pacic: I 2005, thr wr 58 miio
itratioa mirat i th Aia ad Pacic
rio, 53 miio of thm i Aia ad 5 mi-
io i th Pacic. Amo th Aia dtia-
tio, th majority of itratioa mirat, 23
miio ad 18 miio, mov to Wtr ad
south-ctra Aia. I th Pacic, Autraia ad
nw Zaad accout for th vat majority of
mirat (4.7 miio). Itratioa mirat
i th Pacic rprt 15 pr ct of th tota
popuatio.2
Europe: I 2005, europ wa hom to 64 mi-
io itratioa mirat, rprti 9 pr
ct of th tota popuatio i europ. Amo
th prfrrd europa dtiatio ar th
eatr ad Wtr europa coutri with
a mirat tock of 22 miio ach. Mira-
tio ow to europ hav b cotiuou
dpit a dcra i miratio aftr rcruit-
mt toppd i 1973/4. growi coomic
proprity i southr europa coutri
a w a th itroductio of mor rtric-
tiv immiratio poici i northr europ
chad th domiac of northr ad
Wtr europa coutri a coutri of
dtiatio, ruti i a icra i mira-
tio ow to formr abour di coutri,
uch a southr europa coutri, Irad
ad Fiad.3
Latin America and Caribbean: Th tota um-
br of mirat ivi i lati Amrica ad th
Caribba i 6.5 miio rprti 1 pr ct
of th rio tota popuatio, whi th lati
Amrica ad Caribba mirat popuatio
rprt 4 pr ct of th rioa popua-
tio. With om atioa xcptio, for vry
mirat i th rio, aothr 4 pop ar
foud outid of th rio. I om coutri
of lati Amrica, th proportio of mirat a
a prcta of th atioa popuatio bordr
10 pr ct ad i v hihr i om Carib-
ba coutri.4 May Caribba atio hav
mor tha 20 pr ct of thir popuatio
abroad.5
Northern America: Miratio to northr
Amrica ha cotiuouy icrad ovr th
at fw dcad with a avra rowth rat
of 2.8 pr ct. I 2005, thr wr 44.5 mi-
io itratioa mirat ivi i th Uitd
stat of Amrica, Caada, Brmuda, gr-
ad ad sait Pirr t Miquo, rprt-
i 13.5 pr ct of th tota popuatio i th
rio.
obtac to thir abiity to cotribut co-
omicay, ociay ad cuturay. I othr
ituatio, howvr, mirat riht ar
rpctd, ad i ordr to ad cur
ad productiv iv, thy d huma
riht protctio ad ar idd titd to
it. It i oft mirat with irruar tatu
that ar mot i d of thi protctio.
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 3
Today, miratio i at th forfrot of
poitica ad iativ ada i may
coutri ad i ao a topic of cotiud
pubic dbat at th itratioa v.Whi thi dbat ha ctrd ithr o
th prcivd cha pod by mira-
tio, or o it cotributio to dvopmt
ad povrty aviatio, th ixtricab
coctio btw miratio, dvop-
mt ad huma riht ha b iuf-
city xpord.
Th cor pricip of th itratioahuma riht rim i that huma riht
ar uivra, idiviib, iaiab, ad
itrdpdt. A t forth i th Uivr-
a Dcaratio of Huma Riht, mirat
ar rt ad formot huma bi,
icudd i th vryo of Artic 2:
evryo i titd to a th riht ad
frdom t forth i thi Dcaratio,without ditictio of ay kid, uch a
rac, coour, x, aua, riio, poiti-
ca or othr opiio, atioa or ocia ori-
i, proprty, birth or othr tatu.6 Th
pricip of uivraity impi that stat
of orii, trait, ad dtiatio ar a
rpoib for th protctio of mirat
huma riht.
Thi yar, th Uitd natio i com-
mmorati th 60th Aivrary of th
Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht.
Th Dcaratio mbodi th fudam-
ta uivrait ida that a huma bi
hav riht.
Th Covtio Rati to th statuof Rfu wa o of th rt trati
cocudd aftr th Uivra Dcaratio
of Huma Riht wa adoptd. It i th ky
a documt di th tatu of rfu-
, thir riht ad th a obiatioof stat. Th 1967 Protoco7 rmovd
oraphica ad tmpora rtrictio
from th Covtio.8
I 1990, th gra Amby adoptd
th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-
tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Work-
r ad Mmbr of thir Famii. Th
Covtio opd a w chaptr i thhitory of ffort to tabih th riht of
mirat workr ad to ur that tho
riht ar protctd ad rpctd.9
I 2000, th Uitd natio gra
Amby adoptd th Protoco to Pr-
vt, suppr ad Puih Trafcki i
Pro, epciay Wom ad Chidr10
ad th Protoco aait th smui
of Mirat by lad, sa ad Air,11 which
trd ito forc i 2003 ad 2004,
rpctivy. Th Protoco uppmtd
th Covtio aait Traatioa
Oraizd Crim12 to prvt ad com-
bat trafcki i pro ad mui
of mirat, protct ad ait th victim
of huma trafcki, ad trth th
coopratio amo stat.
Th importac of miratio wa furthr-
mor raid at variou Uitd natio
cofrc. I 1994, th Itratioa
Cofrc o Popuatio ad Dvop-
mt (ICPD) i Cairo13 poitd to th
d to addr a root cau of mira-tio, pciay tho ratd to povrty. It
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4 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
t a it objctiv th couramt of
mor coopratio ad diaou btw
coutri of orii ad dtiatio i ordr
to maximiz th bt of miratio totho cocrd ad icra th iki-
hood that miratio ha poitiv co-
quc for th dvopmt of both
di ad rcivi coutri.
I 2001, th Word Cofrc aait
Racim, Racia Dicrimiatio, Xophobia
ad Ratd Itorac14 hd i Durba,
wa a admark i th tru to radicata form of racim. Th Cofrc rco-
izd that miratio icrad a a rut
of obaizatio, particuary from th south
to th north, ad trd that poici
toward miratio houd ot b bad o
racim, racia dicrimiatio, xophobia
ad ratd itorac. Furthrmor, th
Durba Cofrc cad for a rviw, adwhr cary, rviio of ay immira-
tio poicy icoitt with itratioa
huma riht itrumt, with a focu o
th imiatio of a dicrimiatory poici
ad practic aait mirat.
Th dprivatio of th huma riht to
dvopmt i o of th cau of
miratio itf. Th Uivra Dcaratio
of Huma Riht tat that vryo
a a mmbr of ocity, ha th riht to
ocia curity ad i titd to raizatio,
throuh atioa ffort ad itratioa
coopratio ad i accordac with th
oraizatio ad rourc of ach stat,
of th coomic, ocia ad cutura riht
idipab for hi diity ad th frdvopmt of hi proaity.15
Th city to itrat th aayi
of miratio ad dvopmt poici
i upportd by th idiviib, uivra
ad itrdpdt charactr of humariht a huma bi hav huma
riht vrywhr for mirat, i thir
coutri of orii, coutri of trait ad
coutri of dtiatio. A huma riht
approach which mphaiz stat rpo-
ibiity for th promotio of coomic,
ocia, cutura, civi ad poitica riht
ab initio may rcat dvopmt poici
i a way that woud rduc miratiocaud by th iabiity of stat to ur
th xrci of atioa of thir riht to
dvopmt.
Mor work i dd to impmt th
oa of th 1986 Uitd natio Dcara-
tio o th Riht to Dvopmt, stat
hav th riht ad th duty to formuatappropriat atioa dvopmt poici
that aim at th cotat improvmt of
th w-bi of th tir popuatio ad
of a idividua.16
Th d to trat miratio ad dvop-
mt poici tothr ha ow b iv
oba promic by th goba Forum o
Miratio ad Dvopmt (gFMD). Th
goba Forum i a iitiativ of th itra-
tioa commuity to addr th ratio
btw miratio ad dvopmt i
a practica ad actio-oritd way. Th
gFMD wa propod by th Un scrtary-
gra ad hi spcia Rprtativ o
Itratioa Miratio ad Dvopmt
at th Hih lv Diaou o Itra-tioa Miratio ad Dvopmt17 o
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 5
14-15 sptmbr 2006 withi th fram-
work of th gra Amby of th
Uitd natio. It iauura mti wa
hd i Bru i Juy 2007 udr thchairmahip of th govrmt of B-
ium. Thi yar th goba Forum i bi
hotd i Maia by govrmt of th
Phiippi.18
Itratioa miratio ha tdd to b
primariy i dvopmt trm, a
a rpo to dipariti i icom v
ad a a ma to crat mpoymtopportuiti. Umpoymt ad povrty
ar oft th puh factor which imp
idividua to av thir hom coutri,
whi cro bordr diffrc i wa
v ad abour dmad ar th pu fac-
tor which dirct thm to mor dvopd
coomi.19 Mirat cotribut to dv-
opmt i thir hom coutri throuhrmittac, ad to thir hot coutri
throuh thir work ad cutura divrity,
ad i om coutri to popuatio
rowth ad cha i a tructur.
Howvr, ot ouh atttio ha b
paid to th ro of huma riht duri th
miratio proc or to th way i which
a ack of rpct for th huma riht
of mirat i th coutri of dtia-
tio rduc thir abiity to cotribut to
dvopmt. Wh miratio i ot ao
approachd from thi prpctiv, two dif-
cuti ari: rt ad f vidty th
protctio of mirat i ot iv priority
ad cody, whr miratio i oy
i coomic trm, mirat may com tob rardd mor a commoditi, rathr
tha a idividua titd to th fu
joymt of thir huma riht.20
Traditioay, both i coutri of orii adi rcipit stat, uch a approach ha
b ary udrpid by cot-bt
aay. For itac, rmittac hav
bcom a importat ourc of icom
for may coutri of orii, whi may
idutri ad rvic providr i hot
ociti bt from a mirat-bad
abour forc. Thr i ra armt
that th bcia ffct of miratio itrm of povrty rductio, dvopmt
ad wath cratio i hihr tha th
huma rourc ad acia cot pt
by stat to ivt i w tchooi to
protct thir bordr ad for th proviio
of ocia rvic.
Whi thi typ of aayi i cary, iti icompt bcau it fai to tak ito
accout th riht to huma diity of a
mirat. It i oft vioc, ocia ad
coomic xcuio, povrty, ack of acc
to baic rvic, iquaity of opportui-
ti, ad mutip apct of dicrimiatio
that forc pop to av thir commui-
ti ad ivihood. Huma diity i ao
at tak i coutri of dtiatio wh
mirat ar ubjct to vioc, abu
ad dicrimiatio.. If coutri of orii
ad dtiatio ar to rap th fu dv-
opmt bt of miratio ot jut
coutd i trm of voum of rmittac
ad chap abour, rpctivy, but ao i
trm of th iuitic ad cutura vau
that mirat may bri it i tiato addr th ocia ad huma riht
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6 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
apct of miratio a w a th mor
obviou coomic ai.
International Migration and Human Rights.Challenges and Opportunities on the Thresh-
old of the 60th Anniversary of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights coidr th
huma riht framwork ovri mira-
tio, arui that mirat ar ot impy
at of dvopmt, but huma bi
with riht which stat, xrcii thir
ovri riht to dtrmi who tr
ad rmai i thir trritory, hav a obi-atio to protct. Idd, rpcti ad
protcti th huma riht of mirat
ab thm to cotribut to dvop-
mt ad har i it bt; thi icud
th dvopmt of mirat, thir cou-
tri of orii ad thir hot coutri. Th
rport k to provid stat with uid-
ac i ordr to promot awfu coditioof miratio ad maa it ui a huma
riht-bad approach.
It i rt ad formot th rpoibi-
ity of ovrmt to protct th huma
riht of mirat. Itratioa huma
riht proviio ca ao b forcd i
itratioa ad domtic court i ca
brouht by idividua ad pubic ititu-
tio (pubic df, ombudpro,
tc.). Howvr, o itratioa huma
riht proviio, or ay othr aw i f-
forci. It i pricipay throuh th
viiac of civi ocity that vioatio of
huma riht ar brouht to iht. Civi
ocity oraizatio, icudi o-ov-
rmta oraizatio, abour uio,
mirat aociatio, ad riiou bod-
i hav a importat ro to pay i th
ffort to protct th huma riht of a
catori of mirat.
Th work of 14 mmbr aci of th
goba Miratio group, thi pubicatio i
dividd ito v chaptr. Th itroduc-
tio hihiht th maitud ad compx-
ity of currt miratio ow ad poit
out th importat ro of huma riht i
th miratio ad dvopmt dicour.
Chaptr II dcrib th variou cato-ri of mirat, ad provid a rioa
ovrviw of miratio. Chaptr III provid
th a framwork udrpii th
iu of huma riht, pciay a thy
rat to mirat. Chaptr IV dcrib
th major cha i th protctio of
th huma riht of mirat. Chaptr
V hihiht miratio ad dvopmtika ad focu o maki miratio
work for dvopmt. Chaptr VI poit
out th importac of a ad x-dia-
ratd miratio data to moitor ad
a th ffctiv of maur to
afuard th huma riht of mirat.
Th cocudi chaptr prt th ky
ma rardi th protctio of th
huma riht of mirat. Th rport ao
icud thr appdic: Appdix A a
brif ummary of th activiti of th 14
aci comprii th goba Miratio
group; Appdix B rvat miratio
ad huma riht itrumt ad App-
dix C th umbr of coutri that hav
adoptd ky Uitd natio a itru-
mt o itratioa miratio.
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 7
II. Denitions
Thr i a ack of uivray accptd
ditio i th ara of itratioa
miratio. Ditio i thi ara ar oft
vau, cotrovria or cotradictory. Thi
tm to om xtt from th fact that
miratio i a phomo which ha tra-
ditioay b addrd at th atioav. Thrfor th ua of miratio
trm diffr from coutry to coutry. Fur-
thrmor, withi a coutry, trm ca vary
i mai or impicatio. Ditio may
ao vary accordi to a iv prpctiv
or approach.21
A. International Migrant
1. IrregularMigrant
A irruar mirat i vry pro who,
owi to udocumtd try or th
xpiry of hi or hr via, ack a ta-
tu i a trait or hot coutry. Th trm
appi to mirat who ifri a cou-
try admiio ru ad ay othr pr-
o ot authorizd to rmai i th hot
coutry (ao cad cadti/ ia/
udocumtd mirat or mirat i a
irruar ituatio).22
2. FemaleMigrant
Wom ad ir who mov from thir
coutry of orii i vr icraiumbr mak up th rak of fma
miratio. Idd, ovr th at v
dcad thr ha b a tady icra
of fma miratio. Wom ow mov
aroud mor idpdty ad o or
oy i ratio to thir famiy poitio or
udr a ma authority.
3. MigrantChild
Th catory of mirat chid rfr to th
pro who i accordi to th aw of th
rvat coutry, bow th a of ih-
t yar u udr th aw appicab
to th chid, majority i attaid arir.23
Uaccompaid mirat chidr ca b
dd a mirat chidr who miratacro atioa bordr paraty (thouh
ot cariy divorcd) from thir fami-
i, ad icud withi thi ditio four
broad catori dd by th primary
purpo of trav: (a) Chidr who trav
i arch of opportuiti, whthr duca-
tioa or mpoymt ratd (b) Chidr
who trav to urviv to cap prcu-
tio or war, famiy abu, dir povrty (c)
Chidr who trav for famiy ruio to
joi documtd or udocumtd fam-
iy mmbr who hav arady miratd24
(d) Chidr who trav i th cotxt of
xpoitatio (icudi trafcki).25
4. MigrantWorker
A documtd mirat workr i a prowho tr a stat, to tay ad to a
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8 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
i a rmuratd activity i th stat of
mpoymt puruat to th aw of that
stat ad to itratioa armt to
which that stat i a party.
26
Th trm mirat workr rfr
to a pro who i to b ad,
i ad or ha b ad i
a rmuratd activity i a stat of
which h or h i ot a atioa.27
Th trm frotir workr rfr to
a mirat workr who rtai hi orhr habitua ridc i a ihbour-
i stat to which h or h ormay
rtur vry day or at at oc a
wk;
Th trm aoa workr rfr to
a mirat workr who work by it
charactr i dpdt o aoacoditio ad i prformd oy dur-
i part of th yar;
Th trm afarr, which icud a
hrma, rfr to a mirat workr
mpoyd o board a v ritrd
i a stat of which h or h i ot a
atioa;
Th trm workr o a offhor
itaatio rfr to a mirat workr
mpoyd o a offhor itaatio
that i udr th juridictio of a stat
of which h or h i ot a atioa;
Th trm itirat workr rfr to a
mirat workr who, havi hi or hrhabitua ridc i o stat, ha
to trav to aothr stat or stat for
hort priod, owi to th atur of
hi or hr occupatio;
Th trm projct-tid workr rfr
to a mirat workr admittd to a stat
of mpoymt for a dd priod to
work oy o a pcic projct bi
carrid out i that stat by hi or hr
mpoyr;
Th trm pcid-mpoymt
workr rfr to a mirat workr: who ha b t by hi or hr
mpoyr for a rtrictd ad
dd priod of tim to a stat of
mpoymt to udrtak a p-
cic aimt or duty; or
who a for a rtrictd ad
dd priod of tim i work that
rquir profioa, commrcia,tchica or othr hihy pcia-
izd ki; or
who, upo th rqut of hi or hr
mpoyr i th stat of mpoy-
mt, a for a rtrictd ad
dd priod of tim i work
who atur i traitory or brif;
who i rquird to dpart from th
stat of mpoymt ithr at th
xpiratio of hi or hr authorizd
priod of tay, or arir if h or h
o or udrtak that pcic
aimt or duty or a i
that work.
Th trm f-mpoyd workr rfr
to a mirat workr who i ad ia rmuratd activity othrwi tha
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 9
udr a cotract of mpoymt ad
who ar hi or hr ivi throuh
thi activity ormay worki ao
or tothr with mmbr of hi orhr famiy, ad to ay othr mirat
workr rcoizd a f-mpoyd
by appicab iatio of th stat of
mpoymt or biatra or mutiatra
armt.28
5. EnvironmentalMigrant
A viromta mirat i charactrizd
a a pro who, for compi rao ofudd or proriv cha i th vi-
romt that advry affct hi/hr if
or ivi coditio, i forcd to av hi/
hr habitua hom ad cro a atioa
bordr, or choo to do o, ithr tm-
porariy or prmaty. eviromta
mirat may b ditiuihd btw
two catori:
eviromtay motivatd mirat
ar dd a tho pro who
pr-mpt th wort by avi bfor
viromta dradatio rut i
dvatatio of thir ivihood ad
commuiti. Th idividua may
av a dtriorati viromt that
coud b rhabiitatd with propr po-
icy ad ffort.29 Thir movmt may
b tmporary or prmat.
eviromta forcd mirat ar
dd a tho pro who ar
avoidi th wort. Th idividu-
a hav to av du to a o of
ivihood, ad thir dipacmt imaiy prmat. examp icud
dipacmt or miratio du to a
v ri or o of topoi.30
B. Refugee and Asylum Seeker
1. Refugee
Th trm rfu ha appy to ay pr-
o who: 1) ha b coidrd a rfu
udr th Arramt of 12 May 1926
ad 30 Ju 1928 or udr th Cov-
tio of 28 Octobr 1933 ad 10 Fbruary
1938, th Protoco of 14 sptmbr 1939 orth Cotitutio of th Itratioa Rfu-
Oraizatio; Dciio of o-ii-
biity tak by th Itratioa Rfu
Oraizatio duri th priod of it activi-
ti ha ot prvt th tatu of rfu
bi accordd to pro who fu th
coditio of pararaph 2 of thi ctio;
2) a a rut of vt occurri bfor 1Jauary 195131 ad owi to w-foudd
far of bi prcutd for rao of
rac, riio, atioaity, mmbrhip of a
particuar ocia roup or poitica opiio,
i outid th coutry of hi atioaity ad
i uab or, owi to uch far, i uwi-
i to avai himf of th protctio of that
coutry; or who, ot havi a atioaity
ad bi outid th coutry of hi for-
mr habitua ridc a a rut of uch
vt, i uab or, owi to uch far, i
uwii to rtur to it. I th ca of a pr-
o who ha mor tha o atioaity, th
trm th coutry of hi atioaity ha
ma ach of th coutri of which h i a
atioa, ad a pro ha ot b dmd
to b acki th protctio of th cou-try of hi atioaity if, without ay vaid
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10 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
rao bad o w-foudd far, h ha
ot avaid himf of th protctio of o
of th coutri of which h i a atioa.32
Itratioa rfu aw ad, mor -ray, th itratioa rfu protctio
ytm provid for a pcic rim of
huma riht protctio for a pcic cat-
ory of pro: tho who ca o or
ry o thir coutry of atioaity or habit-
ua ridc for rpct, protctio ad
fumt of thir huma riht ad fuda-
mta frdom.33 Th worki ditio
of who ha uffrd prcutio ar ft toadjudicatio by atioa a ytm ad
ca vary from coutry to coutry.
2. AsylumSeeker
A ayum kr i a pro ki to b
admittd ito a coutry a a rfu ad
awaiti dciio o hi/hr appicatio
for rfu tatu udr rvat itra-tioa ad atioa itrumt. Pro
ki ayum prcutio bad o
rac, riio, atioaity, mmbrhip of
a particuar ocia roup or poitica opi-
io, or poitica rao, icudi coict
ad war. I ca of a ativ dciio,
thy mut av th coutry ad may b
xpd, a may ay ai i a irru-
ar ituatio, u prmiio to tay i
providd o humaitaria or othr ratd
roud.34
C. Types of Migration
1. ForcedMigration
Forcd miratio i a ra trm todcrib a miratory movmt i which
a mt of corcio xit, icud-
i thrat to if ad ivihood, arii
from atura or ma-mad cau, uch
a movmt of rfu ad itraydipacd pro a w a pop di-
pacd by poitica itabiity, coict, at-
ura or viromta diatr, chmica
or ucar diatr, fami, or dvop-
mt projct.35
2. TransitMigration
Trait miratio rfr to th ruar or
irruar movmt of a pro throuhay stat o ay joury to th stat of
mpoymt or from th stat of mpoy-
mt to th stat of orii or th stat of
habitua ridc.36
3. ReturnMigration
Rtur miratio rfr to th movmt
of a pro rturi to hi/hr cou-try of orii or habitua ridc uuay
aftr pdi at at o yar i aothr
coutry. Thi rtur may or may ot b
voutary. Rtur miratio icud vo-
utary rpatriatio.37
D. Trafcking and Smuggling
Whi thr ar oft ovrap of mira-
tio mthod btw huma trafcki
ad mirat mui, th ky diffrc
btw th mui of mirat ad
huma trafcki i th mt of xpoi-
tatio. Thi diffrc i carid by th
itratioa ditio of trafcki38 ad
mui39 providd udr th rpc-tiv Uitd natio Protoco. Tho who
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 11
ar mud ar ft to thir ow dvic
at th poit of dtiatio whra tho
who ar trafckd rmai udr th co-
tro of thir trafckr who cotiu toxpoit thm at th poit of dtiatio.
Trafcki i pro ad mui of
mirat ar ditict, but thy rprt
ovrappi iu. Thir a ditio
cotai commo mt. Actua ca
may ivov mt of both crim
or thy may hift from o to th othr.
May victim of huma trafcki bi
thir joury by coti to b mu-d from o stat to aothr. smud
mirat may atr b trickd or corcd
ito xpoitiv ituatio ad thu bcom
victim of huma trafcki.40
1. TrafckinginPersons
Trafcki i pro i a crim aait
a pro that ivov th abu of hi/hr huma riht throuh xpoitatio.
Huma trafcki ca ao ivov a
miratio mthod btw stat. It ca
occur itray withi coutri ad do
ot cariy hav to b traatioa
i atur. Atrativy, huma trafck-
i ca ivov th kidappi or abduc-
tio of a pro who i th coquty
ubjctd to forcd miratio. Huma
trafcki oft ivov a umbr of
additioa offc aait th trafckd
pro that ar ao i vioatio of huma
riht, for xamp, rap, phyica abu
or uawfu comt.
Th Uitd natio Protoco to Prvt,
suppr ad Puih Trafcki i Pr-o, epciay Wom ad Chidr
d huma trafcki udr Artic
3 (a) a foow: Trafcki i pro
ha ma th rcruitmt, traportatio,
trafr, harbouri or rcipt of pro,by ma of th thrat or u of forc or
othr form of corcio, of abductio, of
fraud, of dcptio, of th abu of powr
or of a poitio of vurabiity or of th
ivi or rcivi of paymt or bt
to achiv th cot of a pro hav-
i cotro ovr aothr pro, for th
purpo of xpoitatio. expoitatio ha
icud, at a miimum, th xpoitatio ofth protitutio of othr or othr form of
xua xpoitatio, forcd abour or r-
vic, avry or practic imiar to av-
ry, rvitud or th rmova of ora.41
2. SmugglingofMigrants
smui of mirat rfr to aiti a
pro who i ot a atioa or prmatridt to tr ad rmai i a stat with-
out compyi with th cary rquir-
mt for ay tri ad rmaii i
th stat. I additio to mui per se,
th smui of Mirat Protoco ao
covr th offc of abi ia ri-
dc. Th ittio i tabihi thi
offc i to icud ca whr th try
of mirat i throuh a ma, uch
a viitor prmit or via, but th tay
i throuh rorti to ia ma. I
rpo to improvd bordr cotro ma-
ur, th umbr of irruar mirat
who tur to th rvic of mur to
mirat ha ri iicaty. I ordr to
maximiz thir prot, it i icraiy
th ca that mur kowiy offrmiratio rvic that ar mor riky i
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12 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
ordr to owr traport ad faciitatio of
try cot ad icra th cot of mu-
i. smui of mirat i away
traatioa i atur.
42
Th Uitd natio Protoco o th smu-
i of Mirat by lad, sa ad Air
d mirat mui udr Artic 3
(a) a foow: smui of mirat ha
ma th procurmt, i ordr to obtai,
dircty or idircty, a acia or othr
matria bt, of th ia try of a pr-
o ito a stat Party of which th pro iot a atioa or a prmat ridt.43
E. Key Migration-Related Terms
1. Immigrant
A immirat i a pro boi to,
or owi a aiac to, o stat admovi ito aothr stat for th purpo
of ttmt.
2. National
Th trm atioa qua th trm citiz
ad rfr to a pro, who, ithr by birth
or aturaizatio, i a mmbr of a poitica
commuity, owi aiac to th com-
muity ad bi titd to joy a it
civi ad poitica riht ad protctio; a
mmbr of th stat, titd to a it priv-
i; a pro joyi a atioaity of a
iv stat.44 Th trm o-atioa (ao
rfrrd to a ai) icud tmporary
fori workr, rfu, uccfu ad
uuccfu ayum-kr, trafckd
pro ad udocumtd idividua.Th catory ao compa tat
pro, tho pop who hav vr
acquird citizhip of th coutry of thir
birth, hav ot thir citizhip ad hav
o caim to citizhip of aothr stat,chidr bor i stat that rcoiz oy
thjus sanguinis pricip of citizhip; ad
chidr bor i a stat to o-atioa
who ihrit thir part tat.
3. Non-Refoulement
Th 1951 Covtio Rati to th sta-
tu of Rfu aid dow th pricip of
o-rfoumt accordi to which oCotracti stat ha xp or rtur
(refouler) a rfu i ay mar what-
ovr to th frotir of trritori whr
hi if or frdom woud b thratd o
accout of hi rac, riio, atioaity,
mmbrhip of a particuar ocia roup or
poitica opiio. Thi pricip caot b
caimd by a rfu, whom thr ar ra-oab roud for rardi a a dar
to th curity of th coutry i which h
i, or who, havi b covictd by a a
judmt of a particuary riou crim,
cotitut a dar to th commuity
of that coutry.45 Th cocpt of o-
rfoumt ao icud th prohibitio
of ay form of forcib rmova, whthr
dirct or idirct, to a thrat to tortur,
cru, ihuma or dradi tratmt or
puihmt.46
4. DetentionofMigrants
I thi rport th trm dttio i ud to
idicat both admiitrativ dprivatio of
ibrty, or rmad cutody, ad icarcra-
tio or impriomt ruti from crimi-a char or tci.47
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 13
III. The Legal Framework
Rpct for th huma riht of a mirat
i a fudamta duty of a stat ad
mut udry a poici ad practic
with rpct to thir tratmt by pubic
authoriti i a ituatio. law, poici
ad practic i th coutry of orii, tra-
it ad dtiatio a impact o th pro-tctio of th huma riht of mirat.
Th protctio of mirat i a ky iu
i th currt ra of obaizatio. Idd,
a it i bcomi icraiy obviou
that coomic obaizatio ao impi
icrad huma mobiity, th protctio
of pop o th mov d to b rvi-itd to addr w cha. Mirat
abour i ow vita to may dvopd a
w a dvopd coomi, whi
mirat rmittac hav bcom th
ifi for umrou houhod i cou-
tri of orii. Th coomic importac
of miratio ca for appropriat ma-
ur to addr it huma dimio,
icudi otaby mirat riht ad
rpoibiiti.
A ra of huma riht itrumt
xit at th itratioa v promoti
th huma riht of a mirat, icudi
pcic itrumt o th protctio of
wom ad chidr that appy quay to
mirat wom ad chidr. Whi ov-rmt hav broad ovri powr i
dtrmii atioaity, admiio, codi-
tio of tay ad rmova of o-atioa,
oc a o-atioa i i th trritory of a
stat, th stat mut rpct ad ur
th huma riht of a idividua withi
it trritory ad ubjct to it juridictio
without ditictio of ay kid, uch arac, coor, x, aua, riio, poiti-
ca or othr opiio, atioa or ocia ori-
i, proprty, birth or othr tatu. Prima
facie, thrfor, th riht cotaid i
th itrumt ar uaratd to a
pro prt i a stat: atioa ad
o-atioa aik, rard of a ta-
tu, dr or a.
Itratioa huma riht itrumt
cotitut a a framwork for th pro-
tctio of a mirat. Th tatu of irr-
uar mirat houd ot b ud a juti-
catio for th vioatio of thir riht.48
Ovr th at fw dcad, a mor stat
hav ard to bidi itratioa
huma riht trati, a major cha ha
tak pac i th way i which th riht
of o-atioa ar protctd. Thi ha
ivovd a hift byod th caic ytm
of dipomatic ad couar protctio by
th mirat stat of atioaity, toward
th dirct protctio of th idividua udr
itratioa huma riht orm. Whistat may xp or rmov mirat who
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14 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
ar iay o thir trritory, itratioa
huma riht aw i car i it rquir-
mt that th stat houd ray pro-
tct thir riht without dicrimiatiofor a o a thy rmai o it trritory,
irrpctiv of thir immiratio tatu.
expuio mut ot brach itratioa
aw ad huma riht may b rvat i
th dtrmiatio of th awfu of a
xpuio.49
At th ctr of a huma riht trati
i th prohibitio of dicrimiatio, whichprcrib qua protctio to atioa
ad o-atioa aik. Th fudam-
ta riht protctio cotaid i th
two Itratioa Covat; th Itr-
atioa Covat o Civi ad Poitica
Riht (ICCPR)50 ad th Itratioa
Covat o ecoomic, socia ad Cu-
tura Riht (ICesCR),51
ad i th co-vtio prohibiti racia dicrimiatio
(Itratioa Covtio o th eimia-
tio of A Form of Racia Dicrimiatio,
ICeRD),52 protcti th riht of chidr
(Covtio o th Riht of th Chid,
CRC),53 prohibiti dicrimiatio aait
wom (Covtio o th eimiatio
of A Form of Dicrimiatio aait
Wom, CeDAW),54 prohibiti tortur
(Covtio aait Tortur, CAT),55 ad
prohibiti dicrimiatio aait diabd
pro (Covtio o th Riht of Pr-
o with Diabiiti, CRPD),56 appy ui-
vray to atioa ad to a mirat,
rard of thir immiratio tatu.
Thu th Itratioa Covat o Civi
ad Poitica Riht (ICCPR) protct thriht of a idividua withi it trritory
ad ubjct to it juridictio without di-
tictio; it uarat to a pro qua-
ity bfor th aw ad qua protctio by
th aw without ay dicrimiatio.
Th Huma Riht Committ ha t
out th ra ru with arrow xcp-
tio57 that ach of th riht udr th
Covat mut b uaratd without
dicrimiatio btw atioa ad o-
atioa (rfrrd to a ai). It ha
otd that th Covat do ot rco-
iz th riht of o-atioa to tr orrid i a stat trritory; that cot for
try may b iv ubjct to coditio
rati, for xamp, to movmt, ri-
dc ad mpoymt; ad that a stat
may ao impo ra coditio upo
a o-atioa who i i trait. Howvr,
oc withi th trritory of a stat, o-
atioa ar titd to th riht t outi th Covat.
Th Committ ha b xpicit that
joymt of th riht i ot imitd
to atioa: but mut ao b avaiab
to a idividua, rard of atioaity
or tat, uch a ayum kr,
rfu, mirat workr ad othr pr-
o, who may d thmv i th tr-
ritory or ubjct to th juridictio of th
stat Party.58
simiary, i it 2004 gra Rcomm-
datio o Dicrimiatio aait no-Cit-
iz, th Committ o th eimiatio
of Racia Dicrimiatio (CeRD) urd
stat to ur that iativ uara-t aait racia dicrimiatio appy to
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 15
o-citiz rard of thir immira-
tio tatu.59
Th Itratioa Covtio for th Pro-tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr
ad Mmbr of thir Famii (ICRMW)60
appi th huma riht cotaid i th
ra huma riht itrumt to th
pcic ituatio of mirat workr ad
mmbr of thir famii ad i additio
rquir stat to coaborat i combati
irruar miratio. Udr th Covtio,
stat ar rquird to 1) tak mauraait th dimiatio of miadi
iformatio, 2) dtct ad radicat irr-
uar movmt of mirat, ad 3) impo
ffctiv actio o tho who oraiz
ad oprat uch movmt.
Th cratio of th pot of th sp-
cia Rapportur o th Huma Riht ofMirat by th Uitd natio wa a
ffort to xami way ad ma to
ovrcom th obtac xiti to th
fu ad ffctiv protctio of th huma
riht of mirat, icudi obtac
ad difcuti for th rtur of mirat
who ar udocumtd or i a irruar
ituatio.61 Th madat of th spcia
Rapportur wa cratd i 1999 by th
Commiio o Huma Riht, puruat
to Routio 1999/44. Amo th mai
fuctio of th spcia Rapportur ar
to tak ito accout a dr prpctivwh rquti ad aayzi iforma-
tio, a w a to iv pcia atttio to
th occurrc of mutip dicrimiatio
ad vioc aait mirat wom. M.
gabria Rodruz Pizarro from Cota Rica
rvd a spcia Rapportur from 1999
to 2005. sic 2005 Mr. Jor A. Buta-
mat from Mxico hod thi poitio.
Th spcia Rapportur of th subcom-
miio o th Promotio ad Protctio
of Huma Riht, Mr. David Wibrodt,
prpard a a rport o th riht of
o-citiz,62 which provid a ythi
of th ra pricip of ad pcic
xcptio to th riht of o-citiz
udr itratioa huma riht awtothr with a brif idticatio of om
of th ara i which th riht ar ot
bi rpctd. Th rport cocud
that thr i a ar ap btw th riht
that itratioa huma riht aw uar-
at to o-atioa ad th raiti
thy mut fac. I may coutri thr
ar ititutioa ad dmic probm
cofroti o-atioa.
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16 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
Th International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights umrat th civi ad poitica rihtwhich a pro withi th stat trritory or
withi it juridictio houd joy. It forbid
th dicrimiatio btw atioa ad o-
atioa, with arrow xcptio for poitica
riht that ar xpicity uaratd to atio-
a, ad frdom of movmt.
Th International Covenant on Economic, Social,
and Cultural Rights tabih that stat ha
protct th riht of a idividuarard
of citizhipto work, jut ad favourab
coditio, a adquat tadard of ivi,
ood hath, ad othr coomic, ocia ad
cutura riht.
Th International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibit
a dicrimiatio o th bai of rac, coour,
dct or atioa or thic orii. It aowditictio to b mad btw atioa ad
o-atioa, providd that uch ditictio
do ot rut i dicrimiatio aait ay par-
ticuar roup ad that thy do ot affct th
qua joymt of riht uaratd to a
pro udr th rvat itratioa huma
riht itrumt.
Th International Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Membersof their Families d th riht of mirat
i vry coutry rard of thir a tatu,
itr aia, uarati qua tratmt ad
worki coditio o par with atioa. It ao
provid additioa riht for mirat workr
ad mmbr of thir famiy who rid i th
coutry awfuy.
Th Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traf-
cking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
rquir stat to prvt th trafcki i
pro ad to protct ad ait pro whobcom victim of huma trafcki. Th
Protoco ca for ratr coopratio amo
stat ad diffrt takhodr i ordr to
achiv th objctiv.
Th Convention on the Rights of the Child tab-
ih that a chidr withi th juridictio of
a stat Party ha hav th riht to a am ad
to acquir a atioaity; th Covtio ao
provid that stat Parti ha ur th
impmtatio of th riht, i particuar
wh th chid woud othrwi b tat.
Th CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Chil-
dren provid a a framwork to prvt ad
puih a of chidr, chid protitutio ad
chid pororaphy. Thi Protoco ao da
with th iu of protctio of chid victim of
th crim both wh thy tr i cotactwith th crimia jutic ytm a victim or
wit ad mor ray with rpct to
thir rcovry ad ritratio.
Th CRC Optional Protocol on the Involvement of
Children in Armed Con ict tabih th obia-
tio to tak a faib maur to prvt th
participatio i hotiiti by pro udr th
a of 18 yar, otaby by uri that thr
i o compuory rcruitmt ito th armdforc udr thi a ad by crimiaizi th
rcruitmt by armd roup. Th Protoco
t forth a duty to provid victim of uch act
with rcovry ad ritratio maur.
Th Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women d what
cotitut dicrimiatio aait wom ad
t up a ada for atioa actio to d
uch dicrimiatio.
Overview of the Key Treaties Concerning Migrants and Human Rights
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 17
A rviw of itratioa miratio aw
rva a impriv machiry of itru-
mt di ad protcti th huma
riht of mirat. Thr i o d for
furthr itrumt, but thr i a d toitify ffort acro th board to ur
that th huma riht commitmt stat
hav trd ito at th itratioa v
ar ffctivy put ito practic.
I th muti-factd miratio ad dv-
opmt quatio, it i vita to trth
th ro ad actio of huma riht itru-
mt ad mchaim i protcti th
huma riht of mirat ad i addr-
i thir vurabiity, pciay i coid-
ratio of th mot vurab roup of
mirat icudi chidr, wom ad
irruar mirat. Thi houd procd i
para with ducati duty barr about
thir obiatio ad rpoibiiti to
protct mirat.
A. Promotion of LawfulConditions of Migration
Th hard rpoibiity of stat to
protct th huma riht of mirat irctd i Part VI of th Itratioa
Covtio o th Protctio of th Riht
of A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of
thir Famii (ICRMW), titd Pro-
motio of oud, quitab, huma ad
awfu coditio i coctio with itr-
atioa miratio of workr ad mm-
br of thir famii. It provid cocrt
uidac for th coutatio ad coop-
ratio amo stat i ordr to dvop
miratio poici that ar coitt with
huma riht orm.
It i tia that stat maitai appro-
priat rvic to da with iu of itr-
atioa miratio.63 such rvic houd
formuat ad impmt miratio poi-ci a w a xcha iformatio,
Th Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment
prohibit a form of tortur ad i-tratmt.
It ao prohibit th rfoumt of ay proto aothr stat whr thr ar ubtatia
roud for bivi that h or h woud b i
dar of bi ubjctd to tortur.
Th Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
and the Convention on Status of Stateless People
rfr to tat pro who ar ot rfu
ad thrfor tabih th riht of pro
who do ot fa withi th cop of th Cov-
tio Rati to th statu of Rfu.
Th Protocol Against Smuggling of Migrants
by Land, Sea and Air ha a it objctiv th
rductio of oraizd crim roup abui
mirat. It ca for ratr coopratio adth xcha of iformatio ad othr appro-
priat maur, icudi ocio-coomic
maur, at th atioa, rioa ad itra-
tioa v, to achiv thi objctiv.
Th Convention on the Status of Refugees tab-
ih th riht of idividua of ayum ad
th rpoibiity of stat rati ayum.
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18 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
cout ad cooprat with th comptt
authoriti of othr stat. Thy houd
ao b rpoib for providi appropri-
at iformatio o poici, aw ad ru-atio rati to miratio ad mpoy-
mt ad o armt with othr stat
i thi d. Fiay, th rvic houd
b i char of providi aitac to
mirat rardi authorizatio ad
formaiti i prparatio for thir ordry
miratio. Th proviio of iformatio i
pciay importat i th ca of pro-
pctiv fma mirat who hav acc to adquat iformatio about a
cha of miratio. Bi quippd
with iufcit iformatio iv wom
chac of mirati ay ad thr-
for forc thm to mirat cadtiy.
Wh a cha ar ot avaiab,
may wom trafcki or mui
a th oy optio to cro th bordr. Thipac thm at icrad rik of xpoita-
tio ad abu. Wom ar amo th
mot vurab throuhout th miratio
proc.
Th proviio of riab iformatio i
crucia for th promotio of awfu codi-
tio of miratio. I fact, ack of iforma-
tio may oft cau mirat to uwit-
tiy brak aw ad ruatio, or may
ad thm to av thir coutry of orii
without propr prparatio, rdri
thir if i th coutry of dtiatio mor
difcut.
Proviio of iformatio about awfu co-
ditio of miratio houd o had i hadwith appropriat maur aait th
dimiatio of miadi iformatio,64
uch a that providd by mur ad
trafckr. Coutri of orii, trait ad
dtiatio houd icra thir ffortto radicat mui ad trafcki of
mirat that cau th dath of hudrd
of pop vry yar ad trauma for thou-
ad mor. Thi phomo ca oy
b combatd throuh co coopratio
of a coutri cocrd. effctiv ac-
tio houd b impod o pro ad
roup which oraiz th mui ad
trafcki of mirat, whi rcoizith d for protctio of th victim of
th crim. Victim of trafcki houd
b dat with i fu compiac with th
Ofc of th Hih Commiior for
Huma Riht (OHCHR) Rcommdd
Pricip ad guidi o Huma
Riht ad Huma Trafcki.65
stat mut ao tak th rquiit ma-
ur, iativ or othrwi, to rduc
to th fut xtt poib th umbr
of workr outid th forma coomy,
workr who a a rut of that ituatio
hav o protctio.66 Mirat i a irr-
uar ituatio ar amo th mot vur-
ab pro i ay ocity ad ar ot i
a poitio to dfd thmv aait
xpoitatio by thir mpoyr. May
fma mirat ar foud i th iforma
ctor of th coomy, which poit to a
traatioa abour markt compod of
twork of wom who work a hou-
kpr, proa cartakr, trt v-
dor, waitr ad bartdr, amo
othr activiti. Worki without adquatprotctio mak wom mor vurab
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 19
to xpoitatio ad huma riht abu,
icudi ow wa, ia withhodi of
wa, ad ia ad prmatur trmi-
atio of mpoymt. Wom ar oftfoud i dr-ratd ad uru-
atd ctor of th coomy which ar
typicay uprotctd by oca abour -
iatio.67 Th piht of mirat domtic
workr mrit pcia atttio, a thir
huma riht ar at protctd. Cou-
tri of dtiatio houd thrfor mak
it thir priority to ur that th baic
riht of irruar mirat or tho i thiforma coomy ar protctd, icud-
i thir riht to qua tratmt with
rpct to rmuratio ad coditio of
work. A rctd i th pramb of th
Mirat Workr Covtio (ICRMW),
th forcmt of quaity of tratmt of
irruar mirat workr wi rmov th
ictiv for mpoyr to hav rcourto thir rvic.
Mirat arch for work i coutri
whr th abour markt i i d of thir
rvic. effort to d mpoymt of
workr i a irruar ituatio houd
thu o had i had with opi up
cha for awfu miratio i ordr to
mt th oca abour dmad. Coopra-
tio amo coutri of orii ad cou-
tri of dtiatio ca prov vry hp-
fu i thi rpct, both for dicourai
irruar miratio ad for courai
appicatio for awfu miratio.
strict uprviio of rcruitmt opra-
tio i coutri of orii i ao aimportat too i prvti uawfu
practic, icudi trafcki. guidac
ca b foud i Artic 66 of th Mirat
Workr Covtio (ICRMW), which
rtrict th riht to udrtak opratiofor th rcruitmt of mirat workr to
th pubic rvic of th coutry of orii,
or, if a biatra armt xit, th pub-
ic rvic of th coutry of mpoymt.
A pubic rcruitmt body may ao b
tabihd by virtu of a biatra or mu-
tiatra armt btw coutri. A
far a privat aci or mpoyr ar
cocrd, thy houd oy b aowdto rcruit mirat workr if thy hav
obtaid th rquiit authorizatio by th
pubic authoriti of th coutri co-
crd ad udr thir uprviio.
B. Female Migrants
Athouh diffrc xit rardi th
x ditributio amo th variou rio
i th word, wom compri ary haf
of a mirat today, approximaty 94.5
miio or 49.6 pr ct of th 190.6 mi-
io pro wordwid ivi outid
thir coutri of orii i 2005. Fma
mirat accout for 52.2 pr ct of a
mirat i th dvopd coutri ad
cotitut 45.7 pr ct of a itratioa
mirat i dvopi coutri.
A umbr of huma riht itrumt
xit to protct th riht of wom ad
ir who mirat. Th Covtio o th
eimiatio of a Form of Dicrimiatio
aait Wom (CeDAW)68 d whatcotitut dicrimiatio aait wom
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20 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
ad t up a ada for atioa actio to
d uch dicrimiatio.69 Th Itratioa
Covtio o th Protctio of th Riht of
A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of thirFamii (ICRMW) addr th riht of
mirat workr ad thir famiy mmbr
i both ruar ad irruar ituatio dur-
i th tir miratio proc: dpartur,
trait, dtiatio ad rtur, ad provid
ufu uidac for stat o how to ur
that miratio i maad humay. Th
compmtary IlO Covtio 97 o
Miratio for empoymt70 provid p-cic tadard rardi fma mirat
workr mpoymt ad occupatio. Th
Covtio for supprio of th Trafc
i Wom ad Chidr71 provid protc-
tio for wom ki mpoymt i
aothr coutry.72 Ruatio rquir th
protctio of mirat wom ot oy at
th poit of dpartur ad arriva, but aoduri th joury.73
Amo othr itratioa mchaim
rvat to fma mirat i th Protoco
of Parmo icudi th Protoco to Pr-
vt, suppr ad Puih Trafcki i
Pro pciay Wom ad Chidr,
uppmti th Uitd natio Co-
vtio aait Traatioa Oraizd
Crim74 rquiri stat to tak maur
to promot th riht of fma mirat.75
stadard for protcti fma mirat
riht ar ao foud i th Proramm of
Actio of th Itratioa Cofrc o
Popuatio ad Dvopmt (ICPD Pro-
ramm of Actio),76 th Biji Dcara-
tio ad Patform for Actio,77 ad graAmby Routio 58/14378 o Vioc
aait Wom Mirat Workr. A um-
br of protctio mchaim drivi
from th Uitd natio Chartr79 ar r-
vat to promoti th riht of miratwom a w. Th madat of th sp-
cia Rapportur, tabihd by th Huma
Riht Couci, i o uch mchaim. Of
particuar rvac for fma mirat
ar th spcia Rapportur o a) Vioc
aait Wom; b) Trafcki i Pro,
pciay Wom ad Chidr; ad c)
th Huma Riht of Mirat.80 Th
spcia Rapportur o th Huma Rihtof Mirat, Jor Butamat, ritratd
th d for a comprhiv approach to
fma mirat huma riht i ordr to
ur that wom ad ir who mirat
had a framwork for protctio ad joyd
riht appropriat ad adquat to thir
particuar vurab ituatio.81
Th ICPD Proramm of Actio pci-
cay rfrrd to th objctiv of imiat-
i dicrimiatory practic aait doc-
umtd mirat, pciay wom,
chidr ad th dry.82 It tatd that
wom ad chidr who mirat a fam-
iy mmbr houd b protctd from
abu ad dia of thir huma riht by
thir poor, ad urd ovrmt to
coidr xtdi thir tay, withi imit
of atioa iatio, houd th famiy
ratiohip diov.83
Th Biji Patform for Actio cad for,
inter alia, th proviio of dr-i-
tiv huma riht ducatio ad traii
for pubic ofcia, icudi poic admiitary pro, corrctio ofcr,
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 21
hath ad mdica pro, ad ocia
workr, icudi pop who da with
miratio ad rfu iu.84 It urd
ovrmt to promot a activ adviib poicy of maitrami a dr
prpctiv i a poici ad proramm
ratd to vioc aait wom ad
activy coura, upport ad imp-
mt maur ad proramm aimd
at icrai th kowd ad udr-
tadi of th cau, coquc ad
mchaim of vioc aait wom
amo tho rpoib for impmt-i th poici, uch a aw forc-
mt ofcr, poic pro ad judi-
cia, mdica ad ocia workr, a w a
tho who da with miority, miratio
ad rfu iu, ad dvop trat-
i to ur that th rvictimizatio of
wom victim of vioc do ot occur
bcau of dr-iitiv aw or judi-cia or forcmt practic.85
C. Migrant Children
Th Covtio o th Riht of th Chid
(CRC) d a chid a vry huma bi
bow th a of iht yar u,
udr th aw appicab to th chid, major-
ity i attaid arir (Artic 1). Whthr
o thir ow or i compay with adut
(famiy or o-famiy), chidr a mirat
mov acro bordr i arch of urviva,
curity, ducatio, improvd tadard of
ivi ad protctio from abu.
Th CRC ad it Optioa Protoco ar affctiv poit of rfrc for a chidr
affctd by miratio, rard of thir
miratio tatu.86 Itratioa huma
riht itrumt o miratio, uch a
th Itratioa Covtio o th Rihtof A Mirat Workr ad Mmbr of
thir Famii ad th IlO Covtio,
ao provid comprhiv uidac o
uri th riht of mirat chidr (
Appdix B). Th ICRMW provid for th
riht of mirat chidr, rard of
thir immiratio tatu, to hav a am,
to ritratio of birth ad to a atioaity.
It ao provid th baic riht of accto ducatio o th bai of quaity of
tratmt with atioa of th stat co-
crd ad provid xpry that uch
acc ha ot b rfud or imitd by
rao of th irruarity of th chid tay
i th coutry.
Th Committ o th Riht of th Chid,87
a body of idpdt xprt that moi-
tor th impmtatio of th Covtio
o th Riht of th Chid, advi that a
stat which rati th Covtio o th
Riht of th Chid, tak o obiatio
udr itratioa aw to ur th
raizatio of a riht i th Covtio
for a chidr i thir juridictio.88 I it
ra commt no. 6, th Committ
tatd: th joymt of riht tipuatd
i th Covtio i ot imitd to chidr
who ar atioa of a stat Party ad
mut thrfor, if ot xpicity tatd oth-
rwi i th Covtio, ao b avaiab
to a chidr icudi ayum-ki,
rfu ad mirat chidr irrpc-
tiv of thir atioaity, immiratio tatuor tat.89
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22 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
Four fudamta pricip of th CRC
provid a bai for a actio that stat
may tak to rpct, protct, promot ad
fu th riht of chidr:
Non-Discrimination: CRC Artic 2
tat, amo othr thi, that chi-
dr houd ot b dicrimiatd
bcau of thir atioaity, thic ori-
i or othr tatu.90
Best Interests of the Child: CRC Artic
3 tat that i a actio cocrichidr, whthr udrtak by pub-
ic or privat ocia wfar ititutio,
court of aw, admiitrativ authoriti
or iativ bodi, th bt itrt
of th chid ha b a primary coidr-
atio. Thi impi, rardi mirat
chidr, that proramm ad r-
vic (hath, ducatio, tc.) houdb providd o th bai of chidr
bt itrt with o rvac to th
tatu of thir documtatio. Th
bt itrt of th chid mut ao b
th ky cocr whvr dciio
ar mad o rpatriatio maur to
coutri of orii.
Life, Survival and Development: Th riht
to urviva i ratd to th riht to a
adquat tadard of ivi, th hih-
t attaiab tadard of hath, utri-
tiou food ad ca driki watr.
Th riht to dvopmt icud
ytm of forma ducatio a w
a commuity ad iforma tructur
which provid opportuiti for chi-dr to participat i a ra of cutura
ad ocia activiti.91 CRC Artic 27
tat that stat Parti houd tak
appropriat maur to ait part
ad othr rpoib for th chid toimpmt th riht of adquat ivi
ad to cur th rcovry of mait-
ac for th chid from th part or
othr pro havi acia rpo-
ibiity for th chid. Furthrmor, vita
to urviva ad dvopmt of th
chid i CRC Artic 19 protcti th
chid from vioc ad xpoitatio.
The Right of the Child to be Heard and
Participate: Chidr hav th fuda-
mta riht to formuat ad xpr
opiio about a mattr that affct
thm. Th CRC tabih th pri-
cip that chidr viw houd b
hard ad iv du atttio, taki
ito accout th a ad maturity ofth chid.92 Thrfor xpric of
mirat chidr houd iform dci-
io about th way i which thir
riht wi b rpctd. Thi riht to
b hard mut b fuy rpctd ad
atid i both admiitrativ ad
judicia procdur ratd to thir
miratio tatu. stat Parti hav a
car ad prci obiatio to aur
th chidr riht to a ay i itua-
tio that may affct thm.
liativ rform ca upport a compr-
hiv ad riht bad approach that
fu th ocio-coomic ad othr fu-
damta riht of a mirat chidr,
rard of thir atioaity or miratiotatu. A poicy ad a iitiativ dai
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 23
with th ffct of miratio o chidr
d to focu o drawi up w t of
ru ad ruatio to addr miratio
cocr ad to protct th bt itrtof th chid.93 I may coutri, huma
riht itrumt, icudi th CRC ad
th Covtio o th eimiatio of A
Form of Dicrimiatio aait Wom
(CeDAW) hav b uccfuy icor-
poratd ito divr a ytm. Thi
proc of aimt of atioa iatio
with huma riht itrumt, with th
CRC i particuar, i importat a it udr-i pricip uch a th idiviibiity of
riht ad th importac of partrhip
i raizi chidr riht.94 Th riht
icud th baic rquirmt for famiy
upport, acc to ocia rvic (icud-
i ducatio ad hath car), protctio
of chidr i coict with th aw ad
pcic mattr, uch a protctio fromharmfu traditioa practic, frdom to
cro bordr to ruit with part ad
acc to iformatio thy d to mak
dciio about thir ow iv. Thi pri-
cip houd b a primary coidratio i
maki choic btw diffrc pr-
td by mirat commuiti ad th
itratio of mirat ito th rcivi
cutur, uch a faciitati prrvatio
of om cutura traditio that trth
thir of idtity. Th bt itrt
of th chid houd ao iuc dciio
o dportatio of udocumtd adut
mirat or mirat who fai to compy
with rtrictio o work authorizatio.95
Th Worki group o Arbitrary Dt-tio96 i of th opiio that uaccompaid
juvi irruar mirat houd ot
b dtaid udr immiratio pow-
r (whthr for rao of tabihi
thir idtity, faciitati thir rmova tothir coutry of orii, prvti thm
from abcodi or othr uch roud
uuay put forward by stat) at a, a
uch dttio woud ot b awfu udr
th imitatio providd for by artic 37
(b) CRC, otaby bi a maur of at
rort.
A th Committ o th Riht of thChid ha artd, I appicatio of artic
37 of th Covtio ad th pricip of
th bt itrt of th chid, uaccompa-
id or paratd chidr houd ot, a a
ra ru, b dtaid. Dttio ca-
ot b jutid oy o th bai of th
chid bi uaccompaid or paratd,
or o thir miratory or ridc tatu,or ack throf.97
Furthrmor, Artic 24 of Pararaph 1 of
th Itratioa Covat o Civi ad
Poitica Riht (ICCPR) tat that vry
chid ha hav, without ay dicrimia-
tio a to rac, coor, x, aua, ri-
io, atioa or ocia orii, proprty or
birth, th riht to maur of protctio,
rquird by hi tatu of mior, o th part
of hi famiy, ocity ad th stat.98
Th Itratioa Covtio for th sup-
prio of th Trafc i Wom ad Chi-
dr provid protctio for mirat chi-
dr of both x i aothr coutry.99
Th Covtio rquir stat to providprotctio for mirat chidr duri th
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24 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
tir miratio proc i th coutry of
orii, trait ad dtiatio.100
D. Migrant Workers
1. TheFundamentalRightsofMigrantWorkers
labour riht providd for i a itr-
atioa abour covtio appy to
mirat workr. I particuar, Mm-
br stat hav a obiatio to rpct,
promot ad raiz, i ood faith ad iaccordac with th Itratioa labour
Oraizatio (IlO) Cotitutio, th pri-
cip cocri th riht tipuatd i
th fudamta covtio. Thi obi-
atio driv from mmbrhip i th
IlO ad from th dormt by Mm-
br stat of th pricip t out i th
Cotitutio ad i th Dcaratio ofPhiadphia.101 Th 1998 IlO Dcaratio
o Fudamta Pricip ad Riht at
Work ad it Foow-up i car i thi
rpct.102
Th Fudamta Pricip ad Riht at
Work103 ar roupd ito four t: fr-
dom of aociatio ad th ffctiv rc-
oitio of th riht to coctiv barai-
i; th imiatio of a form of forcd
or compuory abour; th ffctiv aboi-
tio of chid abour; ad th imiatio of
dicrimiatio i rpct of mpoymt
ad occupatio. each t corrpod to
two fudamta abour covtio. A
mirat workr, rard of thir ta-
tu, houd joy th riht.
Freedom of Association and the Effec-
tive Recognition of the Right to Collective
Bargaining104
Frdom of aociatio ad th riht
to coctiv baraii both mpowr
mirat workr ad ab thm to bt-
tr acc othr huma riht. By xrci-
i th riht, workr ca participat i
th dvopmt of atioa ad itra-
tioa coomic poici a w a poici
i th workpac. Rcoizi th riht of
mirat workr to oraiz ad partici-pat i coctiv baraii wi icra
th ffctiv of uch poici.105
The Elimination of all Forms of Forced or
Compulsory Labour106
Th aboitio of forcd abour i tia
to th protctio of fudamta fr-dom ad i ratd to icom ad huma
capita formatio, which ar iky to b
dprd by forcd abour. Trafcki of
huma bi i o of th maiftatio
of forcd abour i itratioa miratio.
Th xpoitatio it tai tur miratio
ito a ativ xpric for mirat
workr a w a for coutri of orii
ad dtiatio. Cocatio of trav
documt ao ad to forcd abour
ituatio.
The Effective Abolition of Child Labour107
A icrai umbr of uaccompa-
id108 chidr ar croi itratioa
bordr to work, which mak th imia-tio of chid abour particuary importat.
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 25
Chid abour advry affct th pr-
t ad futur iv of worki boy ad
ir by affcti thir hath ad dpriv-
i thm of ducatio. Prcudi humacapita formatio, chid abour i ao dt-
rimta to dvopmt i th chidr
coutri.
The Elimination of Discrimination in Respect
of Employment and Occupation109
equaity ad o-dicrimiatio ar baic
pricip udryi huma ad abourriht. I a word of natio-stat whr
riht driv from citizhip, th prici-
p ar of utmot importac for th pro-
tctio of workr who ar outid thir
coutri of orii.
Trati mirat workr with qua-
ity ad o-dicrimiatio ha a poitivimpact upo mirat workr coutri
of orii ad dtiatio. It ab work-
r to rach thir fu worki pottia,
hac thir ari, improv thir iv-
i coditio (ad th ivi coditio of
thir famii), cotribut to dvopmt
i thir coutri of orii ad icra
thir participatio i th coomy of th
coutri of dtiatio.
2. TheProtectionoftheSpecicRightsofMigrantWorkers
Dichari it cotitutioa obiatio to
protct th riht of workr mpoyd i
coutri othr tha thir ow, th IlO ha
adoptd two itratioa abour cov-
tio pcic to th ubjct. ev thouhfocud o protctio, th two covtio
ao icud proviio rvat to dvop-
mt i coutri of orii. Th mai pro-
viio of th covtio ar rviwd
bow. I th rviw, rfrc wi bmad to th 1990 Itratioa Covtio
o th Riht of A Mirat Workr ad
Mmbr of thir Famii, which ha buit
upo th IlO covtio. Th IlO ha
ao rcty adoptd a o-bidi txt,
th IlO Mutiatra Framwork o labour
Miratio. goi furthr tha th co-
vtio, th Framwork bri tothr
apct of protctio of mirat work-r with tho rati to th cotributio
of abour miratio to dvopmt. Th
mai proviio of th Framwork wi ao
b rviwd.
3. TheLabourRightsFramework
Th Miratio for empoymt (Rvid)
Covtio, 1949 (no. 97),110
ad thMirat Workr (suppmtary Provi-
io) Covtio, 1975 (no. 143),111 a
w a thir accompayi Rcomm-
datio,112 provid a framwork for th
baic compot of a comprhiv
abour miratio poicy, th protctio of
mirat workr, th dvopmt of thir
pottia ad maur to faciitat a
w a to cotro miratory movmt.
Thy ao provid miimum tadard of
protctio for a mirat workr.
Mor pcicay, th itrumt ca
for maur aimd at ruati th co-
ditio i which miratio for mpoymt
occur, cotroi irruar miratio ad
abour trafcki ad dtcti th ifor-ma mpoymt of mirat, with th
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26 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
aim of prvti ad imiati abu.
Th cocpt of th riht of irruar
mirat workr wa ipird ot oy by
th baic pricip of rpct for th di-ity of a huma bi, but ao by th
dir to dicoura rcour by mpoy-
r of irruar mirat, by maki uch
rcruitmt coomicay b-
cia. I additio, th two covtio ca
for maur ratd to th maitac
of fr rvic to ait mirat ad to
th proviio of iformatio, tp aait
miadi propaada ad th trafrof ari. Thy d paramtr for
rcruitmt ad cotract coditio, ad
for appa aait ujutid trmia-
tio of mpoymt or xpuio. Th two
itrumt furthr icud proviio o
th participatio of mirat i job trai-
i, o thir promotio a w a o fam-
iy ruicatio.
Mot importaty, th two itrumt
ca for th adoptio of a poicy to promot
quaity of tratmt ad opportuity
btw mirat i ruar ituatio
ad atioa i mpoymt ad occupa-
tio i th ara of acc to mpoymt,
rmuratio, ocia curity, trad uio
riht, cutura riht ad idividua fr-
dom, mpoymt tax ad acc to
a procdi.113
Artic 6 of Covtio no. 97 o Mira-
tio for empoymt provid for quaity
of tratmt i rpct, inter alia, of:
1. Rmuratio, icudi famiy aow-
ac whr th form part of rmu-ratio, hour of work, ovrtim
arramt, hoiday with pay,
rtrictio o hom work, miimum
a for mpoymt, apprtichip
ad traii;2. Accommodatio;
3. socia curity (a proviio i
rpct of mpoymt ijury, matr-
ity, ick, ivaidity, od a, dath,
umpoymt ad famiy rpoi-
biiti, ad ay othr coticy,
which i covrd by a ocia curity
chm), ubjct to pcic imitatio
providd for by appropriat arra-mt, atioa aw or ruatio,
ad
4. empoymt tax, du or cotribu-
tio payab i rpct of th pro
mpoyd.
Part II of Covtio no. 143 appi to
ruar mirat workr ad provid forquaity of opportuity ad tratmt
with atioa workr. Whi Covtio
no. 97 ao provid for quaity of trat-
mt, oy Covtio no. 143, cocr-
i Miratio i Abuiv Coditio ad
th Promotio of equaity of Opportu-
ity ad Tratmt of Mirat Workr,
xpad thi to icud qua opportuity.
I ratio to acc to mpoymt, Part
II of thi Covtio prmit stat to
rtrict th pricip of quaity of trat-
mt i crtai circumtac. stat
ca, for xamp, rtrict acc to imitd
catori of mpoymt or fuctio
whr thi i cary i th itrt
of th stat (Art. 14c), ad ca ao mak
th fr choic of mpoymt ubjct totmporary rtrictio duri a prcribd
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 27
priod, which may ot xcd two yar
(Art. 14a). nithr Covtio no. 97
or 143 xtd quaity of tratmt to
mirat workr i irruar tatu.
It i otworthy that th two cov-
tio, pciay Covtio no. 143, hav
icorporatd th pricip of th fuda-
mta Dicrimiatio (empoymt ad
Occupatio) Covtio, 1958 (no. 111),114
prohibiti dicrimiatio aait mirat
workr o th bai of rac, coour, x,
riio, atioa xtractio, poitica opi-io ad ocia orii.
Th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-
tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr
ad Mmbr of thir Famii (ICRMW)115
i a fudamta mt for th protctio
of th huma riht of mirat ic it
appi to a apct of th if of miraticudi th mirat famiy ad th itu-
atio of wom ad chidr, ad xpic-
ity rcoiz th riht of udocumtd
mirat. Aothr poitiv mt of th
Covtio i it broad viio of riht;
athouh it i itdd to ruat th riht
of workr, it i ot imitd to th mpoy-
mt cotxt but ruat th tir pc-
trum of workr riht. Th Covtio
articuat v mor broady th pricip
of quaity of tratmt btw mirat
workr ad atioa bfor court ad
tribua, with rpct to rmuratio
ad othr worki coditio, a w a
with rard to mirat workr acc to
urt mdica aitac ad ducatio
for thir chidr. I th Mirat WorkrCovtio (ICRMW), quaity ad o-
dicrimiatio xtd to mirat workr
i irruar ituatio, i accordac with
atioa aw. Thu, th ICRMW do ot
dpart ubtativy from th fudamtariht protctd i th Itratioa Cov-
at o Civi ad Poitica Riht (ICCPR)
ad Itratioa Covat o ecoomic,
socia ad Cutura Riht (ICesCR), ad
othr uivra huma riht trati, but it
do articuat th riht i way which
tak ito accout th particuar ituatio of
mirat workr ad thir famii. It k
to tabih baic pricip for thir trat-mt ad to tabih orm which wi
cotribut to th harmoizatio of stat
attitud toward miratio throuh
accptac of th baic pricip. It
ao rquir actio by stat to prvt
ad imiat cadti movmt ad
trafcki, ad to imiat th mpoy-
mt of irruar mirat by mpoyr.
Th ICRMW rt t out th riht to b
joyd by a mirat workr, rard
of thir immiratio tatu. It tat xpic-
ity that th joymt of th riht do
ot impy ay riht to ruarizatio of th
ituatio of udocumtd mirat.
Th protctd riht icud: th riht to
av ay coutry ad to rtur to o
coutry of orii; th riht to if; prohibi-
tio of tortur; prohibitio of ihuma or
dradi tratmt; prohibitio of av-
ry ad forcd abour; frdom of opi-
io ad xprio; frdom of thouht,
cocic ad riio; riht to joi a
trad uio; prohibitio of arbitrary oruawfu itrfrc with privacy, hom,
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28 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
corrpodc ad othr commuica-
tio; prohibitio of arbitrary dprivatio
of proprty; th riht to ibrty ad cu-
rity of pro; afuard aait arbi-trary arrt ad dttio; rcoitio a
a pro bfor th aw; riht to proc-
dura uarat; prohibitio of impri-
omt, dprivatio of authorizatio of
ridc ad/or work prmit ad xpu-
io mry o th roud of faiur to
fu a cotractua obiatio; protctio
from cocatio ad/or dtructio of
idticatio card ad othr documt;protctio aait coctiv xpuio;
riht to rcour to couar or dipomatic
protctio; pricip of quaity of trat-
mt i rpct of rmuratio ad othr
coditio of work, trm of mpoymt
ad ocia curity; riht to rciv urt
mdica car; riht of a chid of a mirat
workr to a am, ritratio of birth adatioaity ad to acc to ducatio o
th bai of quaity of tratmt; rpct
for th cutura idtity of mirat work-
r ad mmbr of thir famii; riht
to trafr to th stat of orii ari,
avi ad proa boi; ad
riht to b iformd o th riht arii
from th Covtio ad dimiatio of
iformatio.
Oft th riht ar articuatd i trm
which rct th pcic circumtac of
mirat. Thu, whr a mirat workr
i dprivd of hi ibrty, th stat mut
pay atttio to th probm that may b
pod to hi famiy. Th Covtio mak
uauthorizd cocatio of documta off, ad iv mirat workr th
riht to iformatio about thir coditio
of admiio.
Th Covtio th provid additioariht to ruar mirat workr: for
xamp, to b tmporariy abt from
th stat of mpoymt without ffct
upo thir authorizatio to tay or work,
to frdom of movmt, ad to quaity
of acc to ducatio, houi, ocia ad
hath rvic. It ao provid for protc-
tio of th uity of th famii of mirat
workr ad for th faciitatio of fam-iy ruicatio ad for a riht to trafr
ari ad avi rmittac to
thir hom coutri.
I it at ubtativ part, th Cov-
tio t out a framwork for promoti
oud, quitab, huma ad awfu
coditio for th maamt of itr-atioa miratio. Thi icud couta-
tio ad coopratio btw stat; po-
icy maki ad xcha of iformatio;
th ordry rtur of mirat at th d
of thir cotract or whr thy ar irru-
ar; coaboratio to prvt ad imiat
ia or cadti movmt, ad th
mpoymt of irruar workr.
Fiay, o-dicrimiatio ad quaity of
tratmt ar corrto of th widy
ratid Itratioa Covat o Civi ad
Poitica Riht (ICCPR) ad Itratioa
Covat o ecoomic, socia ad Cu-
tura Riht (ICesCR). Tothr with itr-
atioa abour tadard, huma riht
orm, i particuar tho cotaid i thICesCR, ao protct mpoymt riht,
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 29
icudi th riht to jut ad favorab
coditio of work, o dicrimiatio, fair
wa, af ad hathy worki codi-
tio, ad raoab worki hour. Workmut b dct work, which rpct th
riht of workr i trm of coditio
of work afty ad rmuratio, ad
provid a icom aowi workr to
upport thmv ad thir famii.116
Artic 14 of th Mirat Workr (supp-
mtary Proviio) Covtio no. 143
provid for th riht of ruar mirat
workr to oraphica mobiity ad forrcoitio of occupatioa quaicatio
acquird outid th trritory of th stat
Party, icudi crticat ad dipoma.
Th IlO Mutiatra Framwork o labour
Miratio117 compri o-bidi pri-
cip ad uidi for a riht-bad
approach to abour miratio. It i a uidfor th formuatio of abour miratio po-
ici that uarat th riht of mirat
workr, riforci thir protctio ad
haci thir cotributio to dvop-
mt. Pricip 8 ad 9 ar ddicatd to
th protctio of mirat workr. Pri-
cip 8 tipuat that th huma riht of
mirat workr, rard of thir ta-
tu, houd b promotd ad protctd.
Thi pricip rfr to th IlO 1998 Dc-
aratio118 ad to th rvat huma riht
itrumt adoptd i th cotxt of th
Uitd natio. Pricip 9 tat that a
itratioa abour tadard appy to
mirat workr, that protctio rquir
a oud a foudatio bad o itr-
atioa aw ad that atioa miratioaw ad poici houd b uidd by
IlO tadard i th ara of mpoy-
mt, abour ipctio, ocia curity,
matrity protctio, protctio of wa,
occupatioa afty ad hath, a w ai uch ctor a aricutur, cotruc-
tio ad hot ad rtaurat. A pa-
rat pricip i ddicatd to prvtio
ad protctio aait abuiv miratio
practic uch a mui ad trafck-
i. Th am pricip ca o ovr-
mt to work toward prvti irru-
ar abour miratio.
4. ProtectionofMigrantWorkersfromAbusesbyPrivateEmployers
stat duti udr itratioa aw ar
ot imitd to rpcti, protcti, ad
fui huma riht throuh th act of
stat ititutio ad ofcia. stat ar
ao obid to protct idividua aaitvioatio by privat pro. Thi i of
rat importac to mirat, ic may
mirat work for privat mpoyr, i
th iforma coomy ad i domtic
work. Th who ar mpoyd i privat
houhod td to b ioatd with o up-
porti twork. Domtic work i oft
udrvaud a iforma work ad ot rc-
oizd udr abour aw or abour cod.
A a rut, mot domtic workr hav
ot b ab to joy th fudamta
riht that thy ar titd to. stat mut
tak poitiv maur to ur that pri-
vat pro or titi do ot, for xamp,
iict cru, ihuma or dradi trat-
mt or puihmt o othr withi thir
powr. Thy mut ao protct idividuafrom dicrimiatio by th privat ctor
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30 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
i ratio to work or houi. stat mut
tak maur to protct mirat wom
ad chidr from avry diuid.
a domtic or othr kid of proarvic.119 stat mut ao tak tp to
ruat worki coditio i th iforma
coomy, icudi domtic ad aricu-
tura work, ad mut moitor compiac
by privat ctor mpoyr with iatio
o worki coditio throuh a ffc-
tivy fuctioi abour ipctorat.
E. Refugees
Rfu aw i a itra part of huma
riht. Th Covtio o th statu of Rf-
u wa o of th rt trati actd
aftr th Uivra Dcaratio of Huma
Riht wa adoptd, du to th ctraity
of th rfu probm i th tir co-cpt of itratioa huma riht i th
pot-war priod. At rt iht it houd
m impicit ouh that rfu protc-
tio i fudamtay part of huma riht.
Yt, thi i a ratiohip that i ot w
udrtood. I om quartr, th vry
kihip btw th rfu protctio
rim ad that of huma riht i v
cotdd.
Rfu protctio i huma riht pro-
tctio. Th ititutio of ayum driv
dircty from th riht to k ad joy
ayum t out i Artic 14(1) of th 1948
Uivra Dcaratio of Huma Riht.120
Itratioa rfu aw ad, mor r-
ay, th itratioa rfu protctio y-tm provid for a pcic rim of huma
riht protctio for a pcic catory of
pro: tho who ca o or ry o
thir coutry of atioaity or habitua ri-
dc for rpct, protctio ad fumtof thir huma riht ad fudamta fr-
dom.121 Itratioa rfu aw i thu
mbddd withi huma riht aw.
Ctra to th raizatio of th riht to
k ayum i th pricip of non-refoule-
ment.122 Th pricip of o-rfoumt
mbodid i Artic 33 of th Cov-
tio Rati to th statu of Rfu123compa ay maur attributab
to th stat which coud hav th ffct
of rturi a ayum kr or rfu
to th frotir of trritori whr hi/
hr if or frdom woud b thratd,
or whr h or h i at rik of prcu-
tio, icudi itrcptio, rjctio at
th frotir or idirct rfoumt. Thiprohibit ay form of forcib rmova,
whthr dirct or idirct, to a thrat to if
or frdom124 or to tortur, cru, ihuma
or dradi tratmt or puihmt.125
It icud dportatio, xpuio, xtradi-
tio, rditio ad o-admiio at th
bordr. May ayum-kr ad v
rfu cotiu to b dportd a ia
mirat a part of miratio cotro ma-
ur. Ayum-kr ar particuary vu-
rab to dportatio if dtaid.
Th 1951 Covtio Rati to th sta-
tu of Rfu i th ky a documt
i di who i a rfu, hi/hr riht
ad th a obiatio of stat. Th Pr-
amb to th 1951 Covtio ummarizth objctiv of itratioa protctio:
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InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs 31
to aur rfu th widt poib
xrci offudamta huma riht
ad frdom which a huma bi
[houd] joywithout dicrimiatio ato rac, riio or coutry of orii. Th
cotracti stat ard to trat rfu
withi thir trritori at at a favour-
aby a stat trat thir atioa with
rpct to frdom to practic thir ri-
io ad frdom a rard th riiou
ducatio of thir chidr.126
Th 1967 Protoco Rati to th statu ofRfu127 rmovd oraphica ad tm-
pora rtrictio from th Covtio. By
accio to th Protoco, stat udrtak to
appy th ubtativ proviio of th 1951
Covtio to a rfu covrd by th
ditio of th attr, but without imitatio
of dat. Athouh ratd to th Covtio
i thi way, th Protoco i a idpdtitrumt, accio to which i ot im-
itd to stat Parti to th Covtio. Th
Covtio ad th Protoco ar th prici-
pa itratioa itrumt tabihd for
th protctio of rfu ad thir baic
charactr ha b widy rcoizd itr-
atioay.128 Itratioa protctio i thu
prmid o huma riht pricip. Th
diffrt huma riht itrumt, mcha-
im ad procdur compmt itra-
tioa rfu aw too.
F. Smuggled Migrants andVictims of Trafcking
Th Uitd natio Covtio aaitTraatioa Oraizd Crim129 ad it
Protoco o Trafcki i Pro ad
smui of Mirat130 ar idip-
ab itrumt for th wai of a coor-
diatd ht aait th activiti.
131
Iti tia that th diffrc btw
th mui of mirat ad trafcki
i pro ar udrtood bfor a ffc-
tiv poicy rpo to both crim ca b
dvopd ad impmtd. Whi both
huma trafcki ad mirat mui
pry o th vurabiiti of pop ad
thir dir to mirat, thy ar utimaty
two ditict crim.
Th Un Trafcki Protoco i th rt
itratioa itrumt to idtify traf-
ckd pro a victim of crim. I
doi o, it upport th impmtatio
of atioa maur that rcoi ad
rpod to thir tatu a victim of crim
icudi providi victim with ifor-matio o court procdi, protcti
thir idtity duri th crimia jutic
proc, ad providi acc to protc-
tio ad upport rvic. Th Protoco o
th smui of Mirat by lad, sa
ad Air132 k to prvt ad combat th
mui of mirat.
Athouh thr ha b icrad att-
tio ad actio o th part of may cou-
tri rardi th iu ad rpo to
trafcki i pro ad th mui
of mirat, thr rmai a coidrab
umbr of coutri whr pcic i-
atio o huma trafcki ad mirat
mui i acki, or whr oy cr-
tai mt of th Trafcki ad smu-i Protoco ar bi addrd. May
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32 InTeRnATIOnAl MIgRATIOn & HUMAn RIgHTs
stat ack th capacity ad xprti to
impmt iatio i i with th Pro-
toco. Th Trafcki Protoco ha b
ratid by may stat, iai thircommitmt to combat huma trafck-
i udr atioa iatio; howvr it
i oft th ca that th comprhiv
approach to huma trafcki mbodid
by th Protoco i ot fuy impmtd
withi atioa rpo to huma traf-
cki. Th crimiaizatio of huma traf-
cki i oft w dvopd, but uch
crimiaizatio rquir th upport ofmaur for th protctio of trafckd
victim udr atioa iatio i ordr
for it to b mot ffctiv.
Th Itratioa Covtio o th Pro-
tctio of th Riht of A Mirat Workr
ad Mmbr of thir Famii, i it part
VI, ao obi stat to coaborat withth viw to prvti ad imiati i-
a or cadti movmt of mirat,
ad to tak maur to dtct ad radi-
cat uch movmt ad to impo
ffctiv actio o pro, roup or
titi who oraiz uch movmt.133
I 2004, th Uitd natio Commiio
o Huma Riht tabihd th madat
of th spcia Rapportur o Trafcki
i Pro which focu o th huma
riht apct of th victim of trafcki
i pro, pciay wom ad chi-
dr. Th OHCHR Rcommdd Pri-
cip ad guidi o Huma Riht
ad Huma Trafcki provid practica,
riht-bad app