integrating multiple texts how to properly attribute multiple sources both narratively and...
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Integrating Multiple Texts
How to properly attribute multiple sources both narratively and parenthetically
First Step: Create Works CitedCreate works cited (see OWL website)So you know what the first word/s of
the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation
Bird, Big. “The Fluffy Feathers.” Sunny Skies 49.2 (2007): 45-54.
Bird is the key for the in-text citation
Citing Periodicals (print first)Typically they are articles in a
scholarly journal
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.
Works Cited From Our BookA Work in an Anthology, Reference, or
CollectionWorks may include an essay in an edited
collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:
Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication.
Russell, Cristine. “Climate Change: Now What?” The Rhetoric of Green. Ed. CSU Composition Program. US: Fountainhead Press, 2009.
118- 127. Print.
When to Cite SourcesWhenever you quote from a
source.
When borrowing ideas/images from a source, even when you use your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing.
When you borrow factual information from a source that is not common knowledge.
The Basics of In-text CitationsAs close as possible to the borrowed
material (end-of-sentence)Need two pieces of info: what
source from (which will match the works cited) and page number (if available)
Two ways to achieve the transmission of this info:◦Narrative in-text citation◦Parenthetical in-text citation
Narrative in-text citationsCite this way the first time you introduce
a sourceAttribution is done at the sentence level
rather than in parenthesisPage numbers must still appear in
parenthesis“One thing is clear,” writes Thomas
Mallon, “plagiarism didn’t become a truly sore point with writers until they thought of writing as their trade […] Suddenly his capital and identity were at stake” (3-4).
Example ExplicatedAuthor’s last name omitted in
parenthesis because it appeared in the narrative.
Page numbers still in parenthetical
Ellipsis […] used when parts of the original quotation are left out.
First introduction to a sourceuse a narrative lead-in
◦Give the author’s full name and credentials
◦Current title/position, level of expertise, background
◦Boosts ethos◦Once established, the last-name only
is sufficient
List of Active Lead-in PhrasesAcceptsAcknowledgesAddsAffirmsAgreesArguesAssertsBelievesCautionsChallengesClaims
CommentsConfirmsContendsContradictsConcedesDeclaresDeniesDescribesDisagreesDiscussesDisputesEmphasizesEndorsesExplains
List of Active Lead-in PhrasesGrantsHighlightsImpliesInsistsMaintainsNegatesNotesObservesOutlinesProposesRefutes
RejectsReportsRespondsShowsSuggestsThinksUrgesVerifiesWrites
Parenthetical In-text CitationsShort-hand publication info in
parenthesisThe first word/s on works cited
will appear in the parenthesis along with page number (exceptions will apply)
Ya ya ya ya “ya ya ya ya” ya ya (Bird 48).
Notice: no comma between author and page number.
Notice: period comes at end
ExampleFrom the very beginning of Sesame Street in 1969, kindergarten teachers discovered that incoming students who had watched the program already knew their ABCs (Chira 13).
Example ExplicatedThe parenthetical tells readers two
things:◦The info about Sesame Street came
from somewhere other than the writer…in this case Chira.
◦The ideas came from page 13 in Chira’s work
The full bibliographic information appears on the Works Cited page at the end of the essay◦Chira, Susan. “Sesame Street At 20:
Taking Stock.” New York Times 15 Nov. 1989:
13.
When there is No AuthorSome sources are anonymousCite the first word/words that
appear on the Works Cited…typically the article title
Truncate the title if it is long to the first few key words
Include page number
Example of No Author (parenthetical)The Works Cited entry is as
follows:◦“Getting Yours: A Publicity and
Funding Primer for Nonprofit
Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.
Example: Simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (“Getting Yours” 3).
Example of No Author (narratively)The Works Cited entry is as
follows:◦“Getting Yours: A Publicity and
Funding Primer for Nonprofit
Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.
Example: (assume the article has been previously introduced)
According to “Getting Yours,” simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (3).
Multiple AuthorsIf source has more than one
author, list them in the same order that appears on Works Cited
Ex: Herman, Brown, and Martel predict dramatic changes in the earth’s climate in the next 200 years.
No Page NumbersMany internet cites don’t have
page numbers; DO NOT NUMBER PAGES YOURSELF.
PDF files often have them, but HTML files don’t
Just list the author or title in the parenthetical.
Example without Page NumbersIt is now theoretically possible to
recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell (Thomas).
It is now theoretically possible, poses Thomas, to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell.
Final ThoughtsBalance the number of narrative
citations and the number of parenthetical citations
Don’t sound like a broken record (ie: According to Bird…start of each sentence)
Be sure to cite everything borrowed
Be sure to cite correctlyStart with a works cited!