integrating quality systems in construction projects
TRANSCRIPT
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Internationa.Journa.o.Projec.Managemen.Vol.17.
No.5.pp.317322.199..199.Elsevie.Scienc.Lt.an.IPMA.
Al.right.reserve.Printe.i.Grea.Britai.0263-7863/9.$20.0..0.0.
PII.S0263-7863(98)00048-.
Integratin.qualit.system.i.constructio.projects.th.Chilea.
Alfred.Serpel.
Departmen.o.Constructio.Engineerin.an.Management.Pontici.
Universida.Catolic.d.
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Chile.Casill.306.Corre.22.Santiago.Chil.
.summar.o.th.principa.characteristics.problems.limitation.an.benet.
o.th.integratio.o.qualit.system.base.o.th.IS.900.i.Chilea.
constructio.projects.i.presented.Thes.implementatio.processe.wer.carrie.ou.b.di.eren.constructio.companie.wit.n.previou.experienc.o.qualit.system.o.IS.9000.a.
th.requiremen.o.
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on.owner.Th.particula.an.genera.characteristic.
o.th.processe.an.th.lesson.learne.ar.analyse.accordin.t.th.
appraisa.o.th.di.eren.participants.Specia.focu.i.give.t.th.impac.tha.
qualit.system.ha.o.th.relationshi.betwee.th.owne.an.it.contractors.Finally.som.recommendation.ar.propose.fo..successfu.integratio.o.qualit.system.i.
constructio.projects.a.
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wel.a.fo.futur.implementation.i.countrie.
wit.limite.experienc.o.thi.regard..199.Elsevie.Scienc.Lt.an.
IPMA.Al.right.reserve.
Keywords.qualit.systems.IS.9000.constructio.projects.
owners.requirements.constructio.procuremen.
Introductio.
Durin.th.las.decade.th.activitie.o.qualit.assur.anc.i.mos.o.Chilea.constructio.companie.
hav.bee.limite.
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onl.t.mee.th.technica.specication.o.
na.products.wit..stron.dependenc.o.th.owner'.inspection..However.thi.
approac.i.chan.gin.rapidl.an.severa.owner.ar.no.transferrin.th.responsibilit.
fo.qualit.assuranc.t.contractors.Thi.situatio.ha.impelle.constructio.companie.t.mak.e.ort.t.implemen.qualit.system.i.thei.pro.jects.I.i.importan.
t.not.tha.
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i.Chile.mos.o.th.constructio.project.
ar.contracte.usin.th.tra.ditiona.approac.an.tha.othe.approache.lik.
th.design-constructio.o.turn-ke.contract.ar.seldo.used.
Qualit.assuranc.an.
qualit.managemen.ar.topic.tha.hav.receive.hig.leve.o.attentio.durin.th.las.decad.i.man.countrie.an.industria.sec.tors.A.state.b.
Hirao,.company-wid.qualit.
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man.agemen.ha.becom..seriou.concer.
fo.businesse.al.ove.th.world.However.i.th.constructio.indus.tr.
th.applicatio.o.qualit.managemen.concept.an.tool.ha.bee.mor.dicul.du.
t.it.reactiv.natur.an.th.complexitie.o.th.constructio.pro.cess.A.reporte.b.Bade.Hellard3.i..stud.o.ex.perience.i.1.
countries.th.constructio.
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industr.ha.lagge.behin.othe.industria.sector.
i.thes.countries.Thi.ha.als.bee.th.cas.i.Chil.an.
mos.o.th.Lati.America.countries.4..
Researc.wa.carrie.ou.
t.understan.th.pro.blems.limitation.an.benet.expecte.fro.th.inte.gratio.o.qualit.system.(QS.i.a.environmen.wit.limite.knowledg.an.experienc.
i.thi.topic.
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an.ho.th.relationshi.betwee.a.owne.
an.it.contractor.ca.b.a.ecte.b.thi.situation.A.ad.ditiona.
focu.o.thi.stud.wa.t.observ.ho.i.poss.ibl.a.ect.th.
procuremen.o.constructio.services.I.th.case.studied.Q.wa..procuremen.obligatio.an.th.longe.ter.issu.her.i.whethe.i.shoul.alway.b.
on.o.whethe.
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Q.become.`secon.nature'.
T.
achiev.th.previou.objectives.thre.construc.tio.companie.whic.wer.runnin.v.
constructio.project.betwee.Novembe.199.an.Apri.199.wer.observe.an.interview.applie.
t.projects.personnel.Th.contractor.wer.contractuall.require.b.th.owne.t.appl.qualit.system.base.o.IS.900.serie.durin.th.executio.o.minin.
projects.Th.descriptio.
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o.th.project.observe.i.th.stud.
i.show.i.Tabl.1.alon.wit.th.tim.a.whic.th.
ob.servatio.o.sit.wa.carrie.out.
Th.interview.wer.carrie.
ou.throug.al.th.level.o.personne.involve.i.th.Q.implementatio.processes..tota.o.3.person.wer.interviewed.a.show.i.Tabl.2.
Figur.
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.show.th.relationshi.betwee.th.di.eren.
participant.involve.i.th.Q.implementatio.pro.cesses.Regardin.th.project.include.
i.th.study.th.followin.aspect.ar.interestin.t.not.fo.clari.catio.
purposes.
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Qualit.system.i.constructio.projectsth.Chilea.
case..Serpel.
Tabl..Descriptio.o.project.studie.(adapte.
fro.Crovetto6.
Contractor'.Previou.Q.Projec.Typ.Completio.ter.(months.Experienc.
Dat.o.study.(months.
.Civi.work.an.stee.structure.1.N.2...Civi.works.pipin.an.stee.structure..N..
.Civi.works.
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pipin.an.stee.structure..N..
.Civi.works.pipin.an.stee.structure..N.1...Civi.
works.pipin.an.stee.structure.1.YE.1.
*Tim.fro.th.
beginnin.o.th.projec.Tabl..Projec.Descriptio.o.interviewe.personne.(adapte.fro.Crovetto6.To.compan.managemen.Sit.Professional.QA/Q.Oc.Cre.Foreme.Sit.Administrative.
Owner'.Representative.
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.22322..01210..02220.
.11010..01110.Totals......
Figure1Relationshipbetweenprojects'participants
.Tw.o.th.thre.companie.involve.di.no.hav.
previou.experienc.i.th.applicatio.o.qualit.sys.tem.i.thei.projects.neithe.di.the.posses.an.knowledg.o.th.IS.900.series.
.Th.tim.
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betwee.th.adjudicatio.o.contract.an.th.
beginnin.o.project.wa.4.day.an.thi.wa.use.fo.th.
preparatio.an.developmen.phase.o.th.Q.fo.eac.project.
.
Th.tw.contracto.companie.withou.experienc.i.QS.require.th.service.o..consultin.compan.whic.ha.acte.a.th.owner'.inspectio.i..pre.
viou.contract.
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.Th.contro.o.th.qualit.
syste.wa.exercise.b.th.owne.itsel.throug.qualit.auditor.a.th.
sit.tha.wer.traine.durin..previou.contract.
Th.structur.o.
th.implementatio.processe.wa.simila.fo.al.th.project.an.i.include.thre.sequentia.phases.preparation.developmen.an.im.plementation.a.describe.i.Figur.2.
Eac.phas.wa.
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Figur..Descriptio.o.
th.phase.o.th.implementatio.proces.
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Qualit.system.i.constructio.projectsth.Chilea.
case..Serpel.
considere.conclude.whe.speci.planne.objective.wer.
reached.The.i.wa.possibl.t.continu.wit.th.developmen.o.th.nex.
phase.
Characteristic.o.th.implementatio.proces.
Th.Q.implementatio.introduce.change.i.di.er.en.aspect.o.th.organisation.involve.i.th.
pro.cess.Interview.
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serve.t.analys.th.impac.o.thi.
change.an.t.identif.idea.fo.improvin.futur.im.plementations.I.th.
nex.section.o.thi.paper.th.mai.issue.observe.ar.discussed.
Characteristic.associate.wit.th.organisationa.structur.o.th.wor.
Concernin.thei.organisationa.structur.o.site.con.tractor.ha.t.incorporat..Qualit.Assuranc.
an.Contro.Oc.
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(QA/QC).whic.wa.directl.unde.th.contro.
o.Projec.Management.Contractors.sit.or.ganisation.wer.quit.similar.bu.di.erence.
wer.foun.i.thei.suppor.toward.th.QA/Q.oc.whic.depende.o.th.
magnitud.o.th.projec.an.o.eac.contractor'.commitmen.t.th.QS.
Th.principa.novelt.fo.th.owner'.organisation.wa.th.inclusio.o.
sit.qualit.auditor.
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i.charg.o.assurin.th.e.ectivenes.o.
th.contractors.qualit.systems.Du.t.th.lac.o.experienc.o.contractor.
an.indee.o.thei.own.the.ha.t.b.ver.exibl.an.appea.
t.th.goo.fait.o.contractor.t.achiev.thi.purpose.
Characteristic.relate.t.incentive.
I.orde.t.motivat.an.achiev.th.
workers.commit.men.
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t.th.system.th.contractor.too.som.
o.th.followin.actions.
.Ke.implementatio.processe.personne.receive.
monetar.an.non-monetar.incentives..Ther.wa..permanen.presenc.o.
managemen.o.
sit.t.sho.commitmen.t.th.qualit.system..Supervisor.wer.consulte.abou.operatin.pro.
cedure.an.the.participate.
i.th.elaboratio.
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o.
procedure.associate.wit.thei.
jobs..Objective.pursue.throug.th.implementatio.o.
Q.wer.
communicate.i..clea.an.precis.wa.
t.sit.personnel..
Personne.wer.convince.tha.trainin.o.Q.woul.
provid.the.wit.bette.qualication.fo.futur.
jobs.
Th.mai.incentiv.
give.b.th.
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owne.t.contrac.tors.wa.th.promis.
t.incorporat.the.int..`shor.list.fo.futur.projects.I.spit.
o.thi.incentive.con.tractor.wer.no.ver.convince.o.th.benet.o.
Q.an.th.syste.wa.onl.see.a.a.owner'.contrac.tua.requirement.A..direc.consequenc.o.this.non.o.th.constructio.companie.wa.
abl.t.maintai.
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th.applicatio.o.th.syste.beyon.th.
tim.specie.b.th.contract.
Characteristic.relate.t.trainin.
Th.contractor.too.severa.action.t.confron.th.trainin.need.o.personnel.
a.follows.
.A.intensiv.all-leve.trainin.progra.a.wor.wa.developed.wit.th.objectiv.o.reducin.th.lac.o.knowledg.an.experienc.
i.th.us.
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o.th.concept.an.technique.tha.sustai.
th.applicatio.o..QS.
.
.permanen.evaluatio.o.
th.learnin.an.progres.o.participant.wa.performed.an..periodica.evaluatio.o.
th.trainin.progra.wa.carrie.out.
.Knowledg.matrixe.wer.developed.i.whic.eac.membe.o.th.organisatio.wa.associate.t.th.neede.
qualit.knowledg.an.
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abilities.
I.i.als.importan.
t.underlin.tha.th.result.obtaine.b.on.contracto.tha.extende.th.
trainin.program.t.direc.labou.level.wer.no.bette.tha.thos.whic.onl.
traine.dow.t.foreme.level.Thi.situatio.wa.basicall.du.t.th.lac.o.workers.interest.t.th.wor.pressur.produce.b.th.shor.constructio.
tim.allowed.an.
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t.th.lac.o.appropri.at.incentives.
Barrier.o.limitation.
A.th.beginnin.o.th.
Q.implementatio.processes.bot.cultura.an.operationa.barrier.wer.observed.som.o.whic.
coul.no.b.surpasse.an.notabl.a.ecte.th.succes.o.th.processes.Th.mos.import.an.face.b.th.contractor.wer.a.follows.
.Lac.o.
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knowledg.o.th.concept.an.tool.o.
Q.
systems..Decien.communicatio.o.objective.t.personnel..
Unlinke.implementatio.processe.betwee.th.
mai.oc.an.th.site..
Imprope.organisatio.o.th.company.no.ade.quat.fo.th.implementatio.process..Lac.o.rea.commitment.leadershi.an.interes.o.th.company'.to.management.
.Problem.wit.
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th.denitio.o.th.Q.projec.scop.
du.t.inexperienc.i.th.topic..Lac.o.interes.an.commitmen.
o.sit.personnel.
Furthermore.particula.barrier.face.b.projec.manager.a.
th.constructio.site.wer.a.follows.
.Lac.o.knowledg.abou.th.company'.qualit.
manua.an.procedures..Shor.projec.completio.
times..Lac.
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o.participatio.i.th.elaboratio.o.oper.
ationa.an.administrativ.procedures.
.Insucien.knowledg.o.
projec.documents..fac.tha.produce.a.inadequat.handlin.o.change.an.supplie.
a.wel.a.lat.detectio.o.desig.qual.it.problems.
.Ba.attitude.i.fron.o.th.system'.application.
.Lac.
o.knowledg.an.
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expertis.i.th.constructio.market.i.orde.
t.involv.designers.supplier.an.subcontractor.i.th.process.
.
Natura.rejectio.o.th.syste.du.t.th.extr.e.ort.tha.it.implementatio.
implied..Lac.o.qualie.personne.o.qualit.an.qualit.system.i.th.constructio.marke.a.al.levels.
Th.owner'.sta.als.face.
severa.importan.bar.
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rier.whic.ar.mentione.below.
.Rejectio.o.th.Q.b.owne.personnel..Insucien.managemen.o.
change.an.supplie.tha.a.ecte.th.owner/contracto.relationship.
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Qualit.system.i.constructio.projectsth.Chilea.
case..Serpel.
Tabl..Problem.mentione.b.contractors.personne.
(adapte.fro.Crovetto6.
Project.Problem......Lac.
o.knowledg.an.expertis.o.sit.personne......Lac.o.performanc.parameter.t.evaluat.th.implementatio.proces.....
.Rejectio.t.
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th.syste.b.sit.personne...
.
.
.Dicultie.associate.wit.syste.document.....
.Rotatio.o.sit.personne.(foreme.an.workers....Dicultie.i.
th.desig.an.implementatio.o.th.le.require.b.th.syste....Objective.conict.betwee.productio.are.an.th.Q....
Dicultie.i.managemen.
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an.consolidatio.o.th.QA/Q.oc.a.
wor....Lac.o.presenc.an.motivatio.i.sit.o.
companies.to.managemen....Mistake.an.dicultie.i.th.trainin.progra.
.
.
.Dicultie.i.th.integratio.o.professional.t.th.implementatio.proces....N.prio.knowledg.abou.th.syste....
.
.Negativ.
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reactio.an.ba.initia.attitud...
.
.
.Dicultie.associate.wit.trainin.an.communicatio.o.th.syste.
a.th.sit......Lac.o.relationshi.betwee.th.
ne.syste.an.benet.tha.worker.coul.receiv...
.Imprope.trainin.o.th.contrac.administratio.team..Insucien.contro.o.th.
mai.parameter.o.
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pro.
jec.management.quality.tim.
an.cost..Divergenc.o.objective.insid.th.owner'.team..Weaknesse.
i.th.creatio.o.owner/contracto.
teams.
Particula.problem.o.
th.implementatio.processe.
Th.principa.problem.a.identie.b.contractors.personne.ar.show.i.detai.i.Tabl.3.Th.answer.hav.bee.individualise.
b.eac.project.
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Accordin.t.th.owner'.personnel.
th.followin.problem.wer.associate.wit.th.contractors.per.formance.
.Dicult.fo.generatin.commitmen.o.sit.person.ne.t.th.system.
.Contractor.demonstrate.sever.dicultie.i.th.managemen.o.syste.documentatio.an.i.th.maintenanc.o.th.syste.les.
.Lac.o.
initiativ.o.contractor.
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t.begi.wit.th.implementatio.process.tha.
amplie.th.impac.o.th.shor.constructio.completio.time.
Benet.
o.th.syste.
Th.mos.relevan.benet.a.perceive.b.contractors.
professional.ar.show.i.Tabl.4.Foreme.als.adde.th.followin.benets.
.Onc.th.syste.wa.pu.unde.wa.an.accepted.i.
increase.th.orde.
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an.th.spee.i.th.project.progress.
.Trus.betwee.th.hierarchi.level.o.sit.increase.considerably.
..re-evaluatio.o.workers.responsibility.image.an.ethic.b.professional.wa.achieved.
.Th.disappearanc.o.th.classi.antagonisti.poin.o.vie.abou.wor.inspectio.fo.worker.an.fore.me.wa.encouraged.
Benet.
perceive.b.th.
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owner'.sta.fro.th.im.plementatio.o.
QS'.ar.mentione.below.
.Th.relationshi.owner/contracto.shifte.t.
a.issu.o.mutua.trust.
.Th.combinatio.o.th.Q.
wit.th.organisationa.structur.o.th.owne.reduce.th.`wor.dea.times'.du.t.bette.decisio.makin.o.site.
.Re-wor.wa.reduce.
du.t.th.
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b.succes.factor.o.positiv.aspect.foun.
i.th.cultura.characteristic.o.th.member.o.th.constructio.companies.whic.
shoul.b.takin.int.accoun.fo.futur.Q.implemen.
Tabl..
Benet.mentione.b.contractors.professional.(adapte.fro.Crovetto6.
Project.Benet......Relationshi.wit.th.owne.improve.ostensibl...
.
.
.
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Syste.provide.order.contro.an.plannin.t.
sit.work....Syste.favoure.quic.treatmen.o.doubt.and/o.
wor.modication....Syste.increase.th.participatio.an.communicatio.a.sit.
.
.
.Syste.improve.tea.workin.o.personne...Implementatio.processe.allowe.t.sprea.companie.an.project.objective...Implementatio.processe.improve.
th.leadershi.condition.
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Qualit.system.i.constructio.projectsth.Chilea.
case..Serpel.
tatio.processes.Amon.th.mos.importan.factor.
mentione.ar.th.following.
.Loca.companie.showe.hig.level.o.
persona.involvemen.i.thei.huma.relationships.Thei.re.lationship.wit.owners.suppliers.an.personne.wer.base.o.seriousnes.an.honesty.
.Ther.wer.
adequat.level.o.
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self-examinatio.betwee.th.professiona.an.managemen.levels.
.Man.worker.fel.ver.identie.wit.thei.compa.nies.
.fac.tha.wa.use.fo.motivatio.purposes.
Recommendation.
Th.analysi.o.th.researc.result.provide.severa.recommendation.fo.futur.improvemen.o.Q.im.plementatio.processes.Thes.ar.discusse.i.th.nex.section.o.
thi.paper.
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Regardin.th.contractors.organisatio.o.th.
wor.
.T.assur.tha.compan.an.projec.organisationa.structure.
ar.tte.t.th.propose.project.objec.tives.
.T.adequatel.
structur.an.suppor.th.QA/Q.oc.a.th.site.accordin.t.th.task.tha.i.mus.full.
.T.reduc.th.hierarchie.an.
delegat.decisio.mak.
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in.a.sit.level.i.orde.t.
achiev..greate.exi.bilit.an.decreas.`wor.dea.times'.
.T.provid.th.necessar.trainin.an.abilitie.t.QA/Q.oce.members.
.T.establis.mean.fo.improvin.communicatio.amon.di.eren.levels.
.T.assur.th.us.o..clea.an.commo.languag.t.
avoi.distortio.o.
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Q.concept.an.terminology.speciall.a.th.
lowe.organisationa.levels.
Fo.owner.
.T.introduc.
th.contractor.a.earl.stage.o.th.projec.i.orde.tha.the.ca.
bette.understan.owner'.requirements.
.T.conside.th.possibilit.o.`partnering.wit.pro.ject.participants.
Regardin.incentive.
Contractor.ca.
us.th.followin.
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recommendations.
.T.develo.statistica.
tool.t.measur.th.achieve.result.an.communicat.the.i.orde.t.
increas.th.commitmen.to.an.trus.i.th.system.
.T.
stipulat.adequat.incentiv.plan.fo.critica.im.plementatio.personnel.
Owner.ca.als.pla.a.importan.role.
.T.establis.action.fo.
increasin.Q.knowledg.
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an.expertis.i.th.constructio.market.b.
requir.in.thei.us.withi.thei.procuremen.processes.
.T.
promot.b.incentive.IS.certicatio.o.sup.plier.an.servic.companies.a.wel.
a.th.involve.men.o.designer.an.subcontractors.
Relate.t.trainin.
Contractor.develope.severa.trainin.activities.
.T.increas.
th.qualit.o.
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person.i.charg.o.th.
trainin.program..T.continu.wit.trainin.a.al.levels.give.th.
fac.
tha.th.fundamenta.limitation.fo.th.implemen.
tatio.
processe.wer.th.lac.o.knowledg.an.
expertis.o.sit.engineer.an.personne.o.th.
topic..Constructio.companie.shoul.kee.
applyin.
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qualit.system.i.thei.project.eve.i.
i.i.no..
contractua.requirement.t.lear.an.acquir.
exper.
tis.o.it..T.us.qualit.circle.a..
bette.an.quicke.wa.t.
acquir.knowledge.expertis.an.searc.o.sol.
utions.
Owner.shoul.forese.realisti.period.betwee.
contrac.adjudicatio.an.
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lac.o.knowledg.an.experienc.creat.particula.
limitation.o.barrier.t.implementatio.processes.
Thi.explorator.stud.allowe.
u.t.kno.th.limi.tation.an.th.mos.importan.characteristic.whic.wer.
presen.i.di.eren.Q.implementatio.processes.Als.som.benet.produce.b..Q.wer.identied.Furthermore.a.e.or.wa.mad.t.transfor.th.in.formatio.
obtaine.int.usefu.
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recommendations.Thes.recommendation.ar.directe.t.preven.
foreig.an.loca.companie.whic.wan.t.implemen..Q.basin.i.
o.externa.experience.withou.takin.int.accoun.th.particula.characteristic.o.th.loca.
con.structio.market.
I.i.stressed.nally.th.nee.o.creatin..`domin.e.ect.i.th.marke.toward.qualit.systems.i.orde.t.
convinc.constructio.companie.
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abou.th.advan.tage.o.it.applicatio.
an.i.thi.wa.t.induc.thei.us.b.thei.ow.initiativ.
an.no.a.a.owner'.con.tractua.requirement.Also.thi.initiativ.shoul.b.
extende.t.suppliers.designers.subcontractor.an.othe.organisation.i.th.constructio.industry.
Regardin.constructio.procurement.th.mai.con.clusio.i.tha.qualit.system.
ca.provid..
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suitabl.mechanis.t.improv.th.relationship.betwee.
a.owne.an.it.contractors.Th.mai.advantage.o.ere.b.thi.approac.
ar.a.follows.
.I.establishe..commo.goa.fo.al.
partie.
involved..I.performanc.depend.o.th.creatio.o..tea.
spiri.betwee.th.contracto.an.th.owner.an.i.
favour.
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partnering.
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Qualit.system.i.constructio.projectsth.Chilea.
case..Serpel.
.I.create.communicatio.channel.betwee.owne.
an.contractors.a.require.b.th.QS.
.I.require..
forma.an.rigorou.handlin.o.docu.mentatio.an.th.creatio.o.record.tha.hel.t.solv.problems.
.Becaus.o.it.nature..
Q.require.th.
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attendanc.t.problem.an.conict.i.th.
short-term.
Howeve.al.thes.advantage.ca.als.b.source.o.
problem.i.th.Q.i.no.wel.applie.an.i.ther.i..
hig.leve.o.distrus.betwee.th.parties.Thi.fac.make.i.necessar.t.teac.contractor.an.owner.t.wor.unde.thi.scheme.
Acknowledgement.
Th.
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autho.expresse.hi.gratefulnes.t.Corporacio..
d.Investigacio..d.l.Construccio..an.t.FONDECYT.fo.th.
nancia.suppor.grante.tha.mad.possibl.thi.researc.throug.th.Projec.1940609.
Reference.
1.Serpel.A..Alarco..L.F.Inspectio.o.Constructio.Project.i.Chile.Rea.Behavioura.Analysis.Researc.Repor.ICC-II-1.Pontici.Universida.
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Sjoholt.editor.Qualit.Managemen.i.Buildin.an.
Construction.Norwegia.Buildin.Researc.Institute.1994.4148.
4.D.Solminihac.
H..Serpell.A.an.Figari.C..Qualit.i.th.Chilea.constructio.industry..
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Engineerin.an.Management.Pontici.Universida.Cato.lic.d.Chile.1995.
AlfredoSerpellisAssociateProfessorofConstructionEngin-eeringandManagementatthePonticiaUniversidadCatolicadeChile.Heteachesprojectmanage-ment,constructionproductivityimprovement,constructionqualitymanagementandconstructionpro-curement.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludequalitymanage-ment,productivityimprovement,leanconstructionandconstructionprocurementpracticesinChile.
Since1990hehasdirectedandmanagedaconsultinggroupthatprovidesservicestotheChilean
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