integrating theory-driven and empirically-derived models of personality development and...

8/2/2019 Integrating theory-driven and empirically-derived models of personality development and psychopathology: A prop

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Gjròvkrgjo rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr

b`q`lmxe`jr kjb xyidmxkrdmlmo> K xvmxmykl amv BYE Q

Xkrvgic Lpr`j k,, Ygbj` N* Flkrr f

k B`xkvre`jr ma Xyidmlmo, Pjgq`vygr ma L`pq`j $F`logpe', kjb Wkl` Idglb Yrpb I`jr`v, J`w Dkq`j, IR, PYKf B`xkvre`jry ma Xyidgkrv kjb Xyidmlmo, Wkl` Pjgq`vygr, J`w Dkq`j, IR, PYK

k f y r v k i rk v r g i l ` g j a m

Kvrgil` dgyrmv>

Vì`gq`b ;7 A`fvpkv 68;8V`qgy`b 61 Kpopyr 68;8

Kii`xr`b ;8 Y`xrèf`v 68;8

C`wmvby>

Ilkyygikrgmj

X`vymjklgr

B`q`lmxe jrkl xyidmxkrdmlmo

Xyidmxkrdmlmo

Kyy`yye`jr

Klrdmpod rd`v` gy ovmwgjo imjy`jypy rdkr rd` ard `bgrgmj ma rd` Bgkojmyrgi kjb Yrkrgyrgikl Ekjpkl ma E`jrkl

Bgymvb`vy $BYE' ydmplb v`xlki` rd` ikròmvgikl qg`w ma e`jrkl bgymvb`vy wgrd k bge`jygmjkl kxxvmkid vmmr`b

gj x`vymjklgr rd`mv, jm imjy`jypy dky è`vo`b kfmpr rd` bge`jygmjy rdkr ydmplb f` rd` fkygy ma rd` j`w

ilkyygikrgmj yyrè* Emv mq`v, vì`jr krrèxry rm fvgbo rd` okx f`rw``j xyidgkrvgi jmymlmo kjb

x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y dkq` xvgekvgl v`lg`b mj exgvgikll%b`vgq`b bge`jygmjkl x`vymjklgr emb`ly* _dgl` rdgy

amipy mj èxgvgikll%b`vgq b x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y ek v`yplr gj k xyidme`rvgikll qklgb ilkyygikrgmj yyrè,

gr ek iv`kr` k ilkyygikrgmj yyrè rdkr lkicy rd`mv`rgikl kjb èxgvgikl imexv`d`jygq`j`yy kjb dky lgegr`b

ilgjgikl prglgr* Gj rdgy xkx`v, w` vyr kvop` rdkr v`y`kvid jbgjoy gjiv`kygjol ypoo`yr rdkr kj gjròvkrgmj ma

rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr gy jmr mjl xmyygfl`, fpr klym dky

rd` xmr`jrgkl rm xvmqgb` k emv` imexv`d`jygq` kjb ilgjgikll%v`l qkjr kxxvmkid rm ilkyygikrgmj kjb

bgkojmygy rdkj `grd`v kxxvmkid klmj`* J`tr, w` xvmxmy` k imexv`d`jygq` emb`l ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr

kjb xyidmxkrdmlmo fky`b mj kj gjròvkrgmjma imjr exmvkv rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b vgq`bemb`ly

ma x`vymjklgr* Agjkll, w` mprlgj` rd` gexlgikrgmjy ma rdgy kxxvmkid amv rd` aprpv` b`q`lmxe`jr ma BYE, kjb

`yxìgkll gry xmr`jrgkl amv b`q`lmxgjo v`y`kvid rdkr kbbv`yy`y rd` gjr`vkirgmjy f`rw``j xyidmymigkl kjb

j`pvmfgmlmogikl xvmi`yy`y gexlgikr`b gj x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjb xyidmxkrdmlmo*

68;8 @ly`qg`v Lrb* Kll vgodry v`y`vq`b*

Imjr`jry

;* Gjrvmbpirgmj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 09

6* Rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b vgq`b emb ly gj xyidgkrvgi ilkyygikrgmj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 09

9* V lkr bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj gj x vymjklgr b`q lmxe`jr, xyidmxkrdmlmo, kjb rd` rd`vkx`prgi xvmi`yy* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 02

9*;* Imjr exmvkv rd`mvg y ma v`lkr bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 02

9*6* Rwm xmlkvgrg`y gj jmvekl x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 00

9*6*;* Flkrr/y rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`l * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 00

9*6*6* Fìc/y imojgrgq`%f`dkqgmvkl emb`l ma x`vymjklgr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 00

9*6*9* Imjrèxmvkv gjr`vx`vymjkl rd`mvg`y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 00

9*6*2* Krrkide`jr rd`mv * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 01

9*6*0* Y`la%b`r`vegjkrgmj rd`mv * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0?

9*9* Rwm xmlkvgrg`y gj xyidmxkrdmlmo * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0?9*2* Rd j`pvmfgmlmogikl kjb `qmlprgmjkv fkygy ma rwm xmlkvgr g y emb ly * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 04

2* Gjr ovkrgjo rd mv%bvgq`j kjb exgvgikll%b vgq b kxxvmkid`y rm x`vymjklgr* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 07

2*;* Gjrvmbpirgmj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 07

2*6* Rd` gjr`vjklg~gjo qy* `tr`vjklg~gjo yxìrvpe emb`l * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 07

2*9* Rd` q` akirmv emb`l* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18

2*2* Ilkvc kjb _krymj/y Rvgxkvrgr` Emb l kjb Lgq yl /y Bge`jygmjkl X vymjklgr Emb l * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1;

0* Rmwkvby k dg`vkvidgikl qg w ma rd` b`q`lmxe`jr kjb jkrpv` ma xyidmxkrdmlmo> xvmrmrx y ky kj klr vjkrgq` rm bgkojmyrgi ikròmvg`y * * * * * 16

0*;* K igvipexl t emb l ma x vymjklgr b q`lmxe`jr kjb xyidmxkrdmlmo * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16

0*6* K xvmrmrx` kxxvmkid * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 19

Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w 9; $68;;' 0614

Imvv`yxmjbgjo kprdmv* B`xkvre`jr ma Xyidmlmo, Pjgq`vygr ma L`pq`j, Rg`jy`yrvkkr ;86, 9888 L`pq`j, F`logpe*

@%ekgl kbbv`yy> xkrvgic*lpr`jHxy*cpl`pq`j*f`$X* Lpr`j'*

86?6%?904-" y`` avmjr ekrr`v 68;8 @ly`qg`v Lrb* Kll vgodry v`y`vq`b*

bmg>;8*;8;1-n*ixv*68;8*87*889

Imjr`jry lgyry kqkglkfl` kr Yig`ji`Bgvìr

Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003mailto:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727358http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727358http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003mailto:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003


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0*9* K b`q lmxe`jrkl x`vyxìrgq`> `{pgjklgr kjb eplrgjklgr ky i`jrvkl xvgjigxl y gj x vymjklgr b`q lmxe`jr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 19

1* Gexlgikrgmjy amv aprpv` v`y`kvid kjb ilgjgikl xvkirgi` * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12

?* Imjilpygmjy * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10

Và`v`ji`y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10

;* Gjrvmbpirgmj

_grd xlkjy pjb`vwk amvrd` ard`bgrgmj ma rd`BYE, kj gjiv`kygjo

jpef`v ma ivgrgikl kyy`yye`jry ma rd` ipvv`jr BYE ilkyygikrgmj

yyrè dky f``j xpflgyd`b $Flkrr ! L`q, ;7743 Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;83

Lgq yl , 688;3 Egllmj, 68883 Xkvc v, 68803 _`yr`j, Yd`bl v, !

Fvkbl`, 68813 _gbgo`v, Ygemjy`j, Ygvmqkrck, ! Vòg`v, 68813 _gbgo`v

! Rvpll, 688?'* Rd`y` kyy`yye`jry il`kvl gjbgikr` rdkr w` kv` mj rd`

fvgjc ma k j`w `vk gj xyidgkrvgi bgkojmygy wdgid ek l`kb rm k vkbgikl

ydgar gj rd` imji`xrpklg~krgmj, ilkyygikrgmj, kjb rv`kre`jr ma e`jrkl

bgymvb`vy $Fvmwj ! Fkvlmw, 68803 Lpr`j ! Flkrr, 688?'* Gj xkvrgiplkv,

y`q`vkl kprdmvy dkq` xmgjr`b mpr rdkr k jpef`v ma rd` gexlgigr kjb

`txlgigr kyypexrgmjy pjb`vlgjo BYE%GGG kjb gry ypii`yymvy dky jmr

f``j qklgbkr`b f èxgvgikl v`y`kvid $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;83 Lpr`j !

Flkrr, 688?3 _`yr`j, Jmqmrj ! Rdmexymj%Fv`jj`v, 6882'* Emyr ma

rd`y` ivgrgigyey i`jr`v mj rd` ikròmvgikl kxxvmkid ma BYE, kvopgjo

rdkr aprpv` `bgrgmjy ma rd` BYE ydmplb èfvki k bge`jygmjkl qg`w ma

xyidmxkrdmlmo $Yxgr~`v, Agvyr, Yd`bl`v, _`yr`j, ! Ycmbml, 68843

_gbgo`v `r kl*, 6881'*

B`yxgr` rd` ovmwgjo imjy`jypy rdkr aprpv` `bgrgmjy ma rd` BYE

ydmplb kbmxr k bge`jygmjkl x`vyxìrgq`, imjygb`vkfl` bgykov`è`jr

`tgyry imji`vjgjo rd` bge`jygmjy rdkr ydmplb amve rd` fkygy ma k j`w

ilkyygikrgmj yyrè* W`r, rd`v` gy gjiv`kygjo imjy`jypy rdkr rd`y`

bge`jygmjy ydmplb f` fky`b mj imjrèxmvkv rd`mvg`y ma x`vymjklgr

b`q lmxe jr kjb x`vymjklgr mvokjg~krgmj $Ilkvc, 68803 Cvpò`v,

Ekvcmj, Xkrvgic, F`jjgjo, ! Cvke`v, 688?3 _krymj, 6880'* Fvmkbl

yx`kcgjo, rd`y` x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y akll gjrm rwm ikròmvg`y, g*`*, rd`

kv` `grd`v emv` èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b mv emv` rd`mv%bvgq`j x`vymj%

klgr rd`mvg`y* Kemjo rd` emv` èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly, v`y`kvid

dky vì`jrl imji`jrvkr`b ekgjl mj rd` Gjr`vjklg~krgmj@tr`vjklg~k%

rgmj emb`l $G-@3 Kid`jfkid, Cvpcmwycg, Bpe`jig ! Gqkjmqk, 6880',rd` Agq` Akirmv Emb`l $AAE3 EiIvk` ! Imyrk, ;777', rd` Rvgxkvrgr`

Emb`l $Ilkvc, 68803 _krymj, 6880', kjb Lgq yl`/y bge`jygmjkl

x`vymjklgr emb`l $Lgq`yl`, ;774, 6884'* Kemjo rd` emv` rd`mv%

bvgq j x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y, Flkrr/y rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb l ma v`lkr`bj yy

kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj $Flkrr, 68843 Flkrr ! Ydgidekj, ;749' kjb Fìc/y

Ymigmrvmx%Kprmjme emb`l $Fìc, ;749, ;777', imjrèxmvkv

gjr`vx`vymjkl emb`ly $`*o*, Xgjipy, 68803 _googjy, ;77;', krrkide`jr

kxxvmkid`y $`*o*, Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?', kjb y`la%b`r`vegjkrgmj

rd`mv $Bìg ! Vkj, 68883 Vkj, Bìg, Ovmljgic ! Lk Opkvbgk, 6881'

dkq` vì`gq`b epid v`y`kvid krr`jrgmj*

W`r, pjamvrpjkr l, èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kjb rd`mv%bvgq`j rd`mvg`y

ma x`vymjklgr xkrdmlmo dkq` xvmov`yy`b v`lkrgq`l gjb`x`jb`jrl,

v`yplrgjo gj k ekvc`b bgqgygmj f`rw``j rd`y` bge`jygmjkl emb`ly ma

x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr* Emv`mq`v, vì`jr krrèxry rm fvgbo` rdòkx f`rw``j xyidgkrvgi jmymlmo kjb x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y dkq`

xvgekvgl v`lg`b mj èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b bge`jygmjkl emb`ly $Flkrr !

Lpr`j, 68;83 Xgjipy, 6880'* _dgl` rdgy amipy mj èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b

x`vymjklgr rd`mvg`y ek v`yplr gj k xyidme`rvgikll qklgb ilkyygik%

rgmj yyrè, kj `tilpygq` amipy mj xpv`l èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly

ek iv`kr` k ilkyygikrgmj yyrè rdkr dky lgrrl` ilgjgikl prglgr kjb

ek jmr f` rd` f`yr emb`l rm yrpb rd` jkrpv` kjb xvmi`yy`y gjqmlq b

gj rd` rv`kre`jr ma e`jrkl bgymvb`vy $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;83 Amjko,

6884'*

Gj rdgy xkx`v, w` kvop` rdkr v`y`kvid jbgjoy gjiv`kygjol ypoo`yr

rdkr kj gjròvkrgmj ma rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly

ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjb mvokjg~krgmj gy jmr mjl xmyygfl`, fpr

rdkr gr klym ek xvmqgb` k emv imexv`d`jygq` kjb ilgjgikll%v l qkjr

kxxvmkid rm ilkyygikrgmj kjb bgkojmygy rdkj `grd`v kxxvmkid klmj`*

Agvyr, w` bgyipyy rd` ipvv`jr bgqgb` f`rw``j èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kjb

rd`mv%bvgq`j bge`jygmjkl emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjbxyidmxkrdmlmo, wdgid gy vmmr`b gj k dgyrmvgikl bgqgb` f`rw``j fmrd

kxxvmkid`y* _` rd`j v`qg`w v`y`kvid jbgjoy gjbgikrgjo k ovmwgjo

èxgvgikl imjq`vo`ji` kemjo rd`mv%bvgq`j emb`ly gj ypoo`yrgjo

rdkr gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj kv` i`jrvkl immvbg%

jkr`y amv pjb`vyrkjbgjo x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjb amv mvokjg~gjo,

ilkyygagjo kjb rv`krgjo xyidmlmogikl bgymvb`vy* J`tr, w` bgyipyy

v`y`kvid jbgjoy bèmjyrvkrgjo rd` ovmwgjo imjq vo`ji` kemjo

èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b rd`mvg`y ma x`vymjklgr b`q lmxe jr wgrd rd`mv%

bvgq j emb ly ma x`vymjklgr* Agjkll, w` xvmxmy` kj gjròvkrgq`,

dg`vkvidgikll mvokjg~`b emb`l ma rd` b`q`lmxe`jr kjb jkrpv ma

xyidmxkrdmlmo, kjb bgyipyy rd` gexlgikrgmjy ma rdgy emb`l amv

v`y`kvid kjb ilgjgikl xvkirgi`*

6* Rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly gj

xyidgkrvgi ilkyygikrgmj

Avme k dgyrmvgikl x`vyxìrgq`, xyidgkrvgi ilkyygikrgmj dky klwky

f``j idkvkir`vg~`b f rwm imex`rgjo kxxvmkid`y $Lpr`j ! Flkrr,

688?3 Xgjipy, 6880'* Mj rd` mj` dkjb, rd`mv%bvgq`j kxxvmkid`y

èxdkyg~` rdkr ilkyygikrgmj ydmplb f` fky`b mj rd`mv`rgikl imji`x%

rgmjy kfmpr rd` jkrpv` ma xyidmxkrdmlmo* Rdgy mar j gjqmlq`y

yxìgagjo rd` jkrpv` ma k jpef`v ma bge`jygmjy rdkr idkvkir`vg~`

xyidmxkrdmlmo, ky gj Fìc/y $Fìc, ;749' imojgrgq` kxxvmkid rm

x`vymjklgr bgymvb`vy* Avme rdgy x`vyxìrgq`, rd`mv dky xvgeki kjb

bvgq`y v`y`kvid àamvry* @exgvgikl v`y`kvid pypkll dky k vml` wgrdgj k

rd`mv%bvgq`j avke`wmvc, fpr v`y`kvidjbgjoy kv` gjr vxv`r b gj rd`

imjr`tr ma rd`mv rgikl xvgjigxl`y* Emv mq v, rd`y` emb`ly mar j

èxdkyg~` rdkr ilkyygikrgmj epyr gjamve rv`kre`jr, v`stìrgjo rd`gv

mvgogj gj ilgjgikl xvkirgi` kjb xyidmrd`vkx v`y`kvid*@exgvgikll%b`vgq`b kxxvmkid`y, gj imjrvkyr, kv` ekgjl imji`vj`b

wgrd yyrèkrgikll gb`jrgagjo bge`jygmjy mv ikròmvg`y pjb`vlgjo

e`jrkl bgymvb`vy, gjb`x`jb`jr ma rd`mv* Gj mrd`vy wmvby, e`rdmby

kjb v`y kvidjbgjoydkq` xvgeki* Mq v rd` lkyr y`q vkl bìkb y, rdgy

kxxvmkid vì`gq`b epid gex`rpy avme rd` b`q`lmxe`jr ma ymxdgyrg%

ikr`b eplrgqkvgkr` e`rdmby ky `tèxlg`b f lkvo`%yikl` `xgbègm%

lmogikl kjb f`dkqgmvkl%o`j`rgi yrpbg`y rdkr dkq` èxlm`b

eplrgqkvgkr` rìdjg{p y rm gb`jrga bge`jygmjy pjb`vlgjo e`jrkl

bgymvb`vy$`*o*,Nkjo, Rklmv, ! Lgq yl`, 68813 Cvpò`v ! Ekvcmj,6884'*

Lgc`wgy`, gj fgmlmogikl yig`ji`, o`j`rgi yrpbg`y, amv gjyrkji`, dkq` py`b

j`w o`jme`%wgb` yikjjgjo rìdjg{p`y rm gb`jrga èxgvgikll

kyymigkrgmjy f`rw``j xkvrgiplkv xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy kjb o`j`y

$Xlmegj ! Bkqgy, 6887'* Rd`mv dky k vml` gj emyr ma rd`y` yrpbg`y f

xvmqgbgjo rd`mv`rgikl avke`wmvcy kjb e`kypvè`jr gjyrvpe`jry, fprrd`y` yrpbg`y dkq` jm yxìgi imeegre`jr rm kj xkvrgiplkv

rd`mv`rgikl avke`wmvc kjb ekc` a`w ga kj kyypexrgmjy kfmpr dmw

ekj bge jygmjy mv ikròmvg y ma xyidmxkrdmlmo `tgyr* Rd`mv,

rd`vàmv`, gy yìmjbkv rm èxgvgikll gb`jrgagjo pjb`vlgjo bge`j%

ygmjy mv ikròmvg`y, xlkigjo kll ikjbgbkr` `lè`jry, mv aki`ry, mj rd`

yke`l`q`l xlkgjo`lb, rd`v f kllmwgjo bkrk rm b`r vegj dmw rd`y

`lè`jry kv` mvokjg~`b $Cvpò`v `r kl*, 688?, x*12?'* Emv`mq`v, l`yy

èxdkygy rxgikll miipvy gj èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kxxvmkid`y mj rd`

v`l qkji ma ilkyygikrgmj yyr ey rm gjamve xv`q jrgmj kjb rv`kre`jr,

klrdmpod, plrgekr`l, gr gy ma impvy` dmx`b rdkr k ilkyygikrgmj yyrè

wgll gjamve ilgjgikl xvkirgi`*

Rd` bgyrgjirgmj f`rw``j rd`mv%bvgq`j q`vypy èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b

kxxvmkid y v`stìry, gj ekj v`yx iry, k emv rmx%bmwj q`vypy

fmrrme%px kxxvmkid rmwkvby rd` ilkyygikrgmj ma xyidmxkrdmlmo*

09X* Lpr`j, Y*N* Flkrr - Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w 9; $68;;' 0614


3/17

W`r, fmrd kxxvmkid`y kv` jmr eprpkll `tilpygq`kjb yme` kxxvmkid y

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rgmjy ma x`vymjklgr, dky gjqmlq`b xmyr%dmi krrèxry rm lgjc èxgvg%

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gj xv`yy3 _gbgo`v ! Rvpll, 688?'*

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! Ovmyyekj, 688;'* Mj rd` mrd`v dkjb, xpv`l èxgvgikl kxxvmkid`y

ek f` e`rdmbmlmogikll ympjb, fpr ek lkic ilgjgikl prglgr fìkpy`

rd` akgl rm xvmqgb` ilgjgigkjy wgrd k rd`mv`rgikll imd`v`jr qg`w ma

xyidmxkrdmlmo $Agvyr, 68803 Amjko, 68843 Egllmj `r kl*, 688;'*

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xgraklly gj ikròmvg~gjo xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy, ky gllpyrvkr`b f rd` akir

rdkr xyidgkrvgi jmymlmo imjyrkjrl dky ydgar`b f`rw``j rd`y` rwm

kxxvmkid`y* BYE%GG $KXK, ;714', amv gjyrkji`, wky gj lkvo` xkvr k

rd`mv%bvgq`j kxxvmkid fky`b mj xyidmbjkegi kjb fgmlmogikl

yxìplkrgmjy kfmpr rd` jkrpv` ma xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy* Gj akir, mj` ma

rd` ekgj v`kymjy BYE%GGG $KXK, ;748' kbmxr`b k b`yivgxrgq ,

krd`mv`rgikl ilkyygikrgmj yyrè wky rm igvipeq`jr rd` xvmflèy

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rdkr implb gjamve k j`w ilkyygikrgmj yyrè* Kr rd` rge` ma rd`

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mlmogikl vgomv kjb rd` j`pvmyig ji y w`v yrgll gj rd gv gjakji,

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ilkyygikrgmj yyrè $Lpr`j ! Flkrr, 688?'* Ipvv jrl, dmw`q`v,

ekj f`lg`q` rdkr rd` krd`mv`rgikl kxxvmkid dky mprlgq`b gry

pyàplj`yy kjb rdkr rd`mv rgikl, èxgvgikl, kjb e`rdmbmlmogikl

b`q`lmxe`jry gj fmrd xyidmymigkl v`y`kvid kjb rd` j`pvmyig`ji`y

jmw ekc` a`kygfl rd` b`q lmxe`jr ma kj `rgmlmogikll%fky`b

bgkojmyrgi yyrè ma xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy $`*o*, Ilkvc, 68803 Gjy`l !

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ma e`jrkl bgymvb`vy, fmrd gj r`vey ma `rgmxkrdmo`j`ygy ky w`ll ky rd`gv

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bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kxxvmkid`y*Mj` wk mpr ma rdgy imjpjbvpe gy rd`vàmv` rm imjygb`v rd`mv%

bvgq j kjb èxgvgikll%b vgq b kxxvmkid y ky imexlè`jrkv* Gj

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imv` b`jgjo a`krpv y ma xyidmxkrdmlmo, fmrd kr rd` èxgvgikl-

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gjyrkji`, dky kvop`b x`vypkygq`l wgrd v`yxìr rm x`vymjklgr

bgymvb`vy rdkr rwm eknmv byapjirgmjy idkvkir`vg~` rd`y` bgymvb`vy

avme k b`yivgxrgq` xmgjr ma qg`w, g*`*, xvmflèy wgrd v`lkr`bj`yy $mv

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kjb gb`jrgr' mj rd` mrd`v* Vì`jrl, rd` X`vymjklgr kjb X`vymjklgr

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yìrgmj dky kbqkji`b k ygeglkv kvope`jr kjb dky xvmxmy`b rdkr

bgkojmygy ma x`vymjklgr xkrdmlmo ydmplb vyr `jrkgl k vkrgjo ma rd`y`q`vgr ma gexkgve`jry gj l`q`ly ma y`la kjb gjr`vx`vymjkl apjirgmjgjo

$Ycmbml, 68873 Ycmbml ! F`jb v, 68873 y`` klym www*bye0*mvo'*

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jbgjoy ypxxmvr rd` kyypexrgmj rdkr gexkgve`jry gj gyyp`y ma

v`lkr`bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj kv` rd` i`jrvkl b`jgjo b`yivgxrgq`

a`krpv`y ma fmrd Ktgy G $yexrme%fky`b' kjb Ktgy GG $x`vymjklgr'

bgymvb`vy* Emv`mq`v, mj k rd`mv`rgikl l`q l,w` kvop` rdkr rèxmvkv mv

idvmjgi gexkgve`jry gj rd` ikxkigr amv v`lkr`bj yy kjb y`la%

b`jgrgmj $kjb kyymigkr`b gexkgve`jry gj rd` e`jrkl v`xv`y`jrkrgmjy

mv imojgrgq %kaa irgq` yidèky ma y`la kjb mrd vy', pjb`vlg` rd`y`

b`yivgxrgq` a`krpv`y ma xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy kjb rd`vàmv` xvmqgb`

i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy rm mvokjg~` fmrd rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%

b`vgq`b kxxvmkid`y rm xyidmxkrdmlmo* Emv`mq`v, w` v`qg w

`tr`jygq` èxgvgikl v`y`kvid ydmwgjo rdkr rd`y` i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy

gj xyidmxkrdmlmo kv` gj rd`mv`rgikll e`kjgjoapl wky v`lkr`b rm

rd` i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy gj ipvv jrl bmegjkjr èxgvgikll%b vgq b

emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q lmxe`jr* D`ji`, w` kvop` rdkr kj

gjròvkrgmj ma ipvv`jr bmegjkjr rd`mv%bvgq j kjb èxgvgikll%

b`vgq b emb ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjb xyidmxkrdmlmo

ek xvmqgb` rd` fkygy amv k emv` `jimexkyygjo ilkyygikrgmj yyrè

ma xyidmxkrdmlmo rdkr ikj gjamve fmrd apjbke`jrkl v`y`kvid ky

w`ll ky ilgjgikl xvkirgi`* Ypid kj gjròvkrgmj mq`vime`y k jpef`v ma

gexmvrkjr lgegrkrgmjy ma k ilkyyg

ikrgmj yyr e fky`b mj rd`mv%bvgq`j mv èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly klmj` kjb ek dkq` ov`kr`v

`txlkjkrmv xmw`v rdkj `grd`v yyrè klmj`*

9* V`lkr`bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj gj x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr,

xyidmxkrdmlmo, kjb rd` rd`vkx`prgi xvmi`yy

9*;* Imjrèxmvkv rd`mvg`y ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b jgrgmj

K vèkvckfl` imjq`vo`ji` kemjo k jpef`v ma bmegjkjr rd`mv%

bvgq`j kxxvmkid`y rm xyidmxkrdmlmo ypoo`yry rdkr v`lkr`bj`yy kjb

y`la%b jgrgmj kv` rwm apjbke`jrkl xyidmlmogikl bge`jygmjy rdkr

xvmqgb` k rd`mv`rgikl ekrvgt amv rd` ilkyygikrgmj ma xyidmxkrdmlmo

lgjcgjo imji xry ma xyidmxkrdmlmo rm xvmi yy`y ma x`vymjklgr

b`q`lmxe`jr, qkvgkrgmjy gj jmvekl x`vymjklgr mvokjg~krgmj, ky w`ll ky

rm eìdkjgyey ma rd`vkx`prgi kirgmj $Flkrr, 68843 Lgq yl`, ;774,

688;3 Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?3 Xgjipy, 68803 Ycmbml ! F`jb`v,

68873 _googjy, ;77;'*

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ymjkl v`lkrgmjydgxy $v`lkr`bj yy' kjb k bgaa v`jrgkr b, gjròvkr`b,

v`klgyrgi, `yy`jrgkll xmygrgq` y`jy` ma y`la $y`la%b`jgrgmj', dkq` f``j

vìmojg~`b gj fmrd rd`mv rgikl imji`xrpklg~krgmjy kjb èxgvgikl

v`y`kvid ky i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy gj x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kivmyy k

wgb` qkvg r ma bgyigxlgj y, vkjogjo avme xdglmymxd, `qmlprgmjkv kjb

ivmyy%iplrpvkl xyidmlmo, rm x`vymjklgr kjb ymigkl xyidmlmo, kjb

xyidmkjklygy $amv kj `tr`jygq` v`qg`w, y`` Flkrr, 6884'* Rd`y` rwm

fkygi embklgrg y ma dpekj `tgyr`ji`dkq` f``j và vv b rm gj bgaa v`jr

rd`mvg`y ky kprmjme kjb ypvv jb`v $Kjokl, ;70;', ko ji kjb

imeepjgmj $Fkckj, ;711', kidg`q e`jrmv xmw`v q`vypykalgkrgmj mv

gjrgeki $EiKbkey, ;7403 EiIl`llkjb, ;7403 _gjr`v, ;7?93 y`` klymAv`pb, ;798-;71;', bmegjkji` q`vypy wkverd $Xgjipy, 6880',

kprmjme-imex`r`ji` q`vypy v`lkr`bj`yy $Vkj `r kl*, 6881', kjb,

emv` vì`jrl, ky krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` q`vypy krrkide`jr kjtg`r

$Egcplgji v ! Ydkq v, 688?3 Ygfl , 688?' kjb kprmjme q`vypy

ymigmrvmx $Fìc, ;749, ;777'*

Klrdmpod rd` lkf`ly rdkr và`v rm rd`y` i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy bgaa`v

kivmyy qkvgmpy rd`mvg y, rd`y` ym%ikll`b rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly ma

x`vymjklgr ydkv` k jpef`vma kyypexrgmjy kfmpr rd` jkrpv` ma jmvekl

kjb xkrdmlmogikl x`vymjklgr b`q lmxe`jr wdgid dkq`f``j ypxxmvr`b

f k fvmkb vkjo` ma v`y`kvid xvmovkey pygjo bgaa`v`jr kyy`yye`jr

yrvkr og y wgrdbgaa`v`jr xmxplkrgmjy $Flkrr! Lpr`j, 68873 Egcplgji v

! Ydkq`v, 688?'* Gj xkvrgiplkv, rd`y` emb`ly imjq`vo` rm ypoo`yr rdkr

bgaa v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo kv` f`yr imji xrpklg~ b gj r`vey ma

bgyrmvr`b emb`y ma kbkxrkrgmj rdkr b`vgq`, kr bgaa`v`jr b`q`lmxe`jrkll`q`ly, avme qkvgkrgmjy kjb bgyvpxrgmjy ma rd` b`q`lmxe`jrkl gjr`vki%

rgmj f`rw``j gyyp`y imji vjgjo v`lkr bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj gj

jmvekl xyidmlmogikl b`q`lmxe`jr $Flkrr, 68843 Flkrr ! Ydgidekj,

;749'* D`ji`, bgaa`v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo kv` rd`vàmv` f`yr

qg`w`b ky bgyrmvr b krrèxry rm ekgjrkgj k fklkji` f`rw``j

v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;83 Egcplgji`v !

Ydkq v, 688?'* Emv mq`v, rdgy èxdkygy mj v`lkr bj yy kjb y`la%

b`jgrgmj ky i`jrvkl immvbgjkr`y gj jmvekl kjb bgyvpxr`b x`vymjklgr

b`q`lmxe`jr dky klym kllmw`b v`y`kvid`vy rm gjq`yrgokr` rd` vml` ma

rd`y` bge`jygmjy gj pjb`vyrkjbgjo rd` rd`vkx`prgi xvmi`yy $Flkrr,

68843Bkjg`l,6881', rdpylgjcgjorv`kre`jr v`y kvidrm amveplkrgmjyma

jmvekl kjb bgyvpxr`b x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr*

Gj rd` j`tr yìrgmjy, w` bgyipyy rd` rd`mv rgikl kjb èxgvgikl

imjq`vo`ji` kemjo rd` ipvv`jrl q` emyr xvmegj`jr rd`mv%bvgq`j

02 X* Lpr`j, Y*N* Flkrr - Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w 9; $68;;' 0614
http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/DSMRevisionActivities/DSM-V-Work-Group-Reports/Personality-and-Personality-Disorders-Work-Group-Report.aspxhttp://www.dsm5.org/http://www.dsm5.org/http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/DSMRevisionActivities/DSM-V-Work-Group-Reports/Personality-and-Personality-Disorders-Work-Group-Report.aspx


4/17

rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly ma jmvekl kjb bgyvpxrgq` x`vymjklgr b`q`lmx%

e`jr, g*`*, $k' Flkrr/y rwm imjopvkrgmjy emb`l, $f' Fìc/y imojgrgq`

x`vymjklgr emb`l, $i' imjrèxmvkv gjr`vx`vymjkl amveplkrgmjy, $b'

imjrèxmvkv krrkide`jr rd`mv, kjb $`' Bìg kjb Vkj/y y la%

b`r`vegjkrgmj rd`mv*

9*6* Rwm xmlkvgrg`y gj jmvekl x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr

9*6*;* Flkrr/y rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`lAvme xyidmbjkegi kjb imojgrgq` b`q`lmxe`jrkl x`vyxìrgq`y,

Flkrr kjb imll`kop`y $Flkrr, ;7?2, 68843 Flkrr ! Flkyy, ;778, Flkrr kjb

Ydgidekj, ;749' xvmxmy`b rdkr x`vymjklgr b`q lmxe jr `qmlq y,

avme gjakji rm y`j`yi`ji`, rdvmpod k imexl`t bgklìrgi rvkjykirgmj

f`rw``j rwm apjbke`jrkl xyidmlmogikl b`q`lmxe`jrkl bge`jygmjy,

f`rw``j $k' v`lkr`bj`yyrd` b`q lmxe`jr ma gjiv kygjol ekrpv ,

gjrgekr`, eprpkll ykrgyagjo, vìgxvmikl, gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lkrgmjydgxy

kjb $f' y`la%b`jgrgmjrd` b`q`lmxe`jr ma kj gjiv`kygjol bgaa`v`j%

rgkr`b, gjr ovkr`b, v`klgyrgi, `yy`jrgkll xmygrgq` y`jy` ma y`la mv

gb`jrgr* Rd`y rwm apjbke`jrkl b`q lmxe`jrkl xvmi yy y `qmlq

rdvmpod k lga`%lmjo imexl`t yj`vogyrgi, dg`vkvidgikl, bgklìrgi rvkjy%

kirgmj ypid rdkr xvmov`yy gj fmrd rd` v`lkr`bj`yy $mv kjkilgrgi' kjb

y`la%b`jgrgmj $mv gjrvmnìrgq`' b`q`lmxe`jrkl lgj` akiglgrkr y xvmov`yy

gjrd` mrd v $y`` Ago* ;'* Kj gjiv kygjol bgaa v`jrgkr`b, gjròvkr`b, kjbekrpv` y`jy` ma y`la $gjrvmnìrgq` lgj`' è`vo`y mpr ma imjyrvpirgq`

gjr vx`vymjkl v`lkrgmjydgxy $kjkilgrgi lgj ' kjb, imjq`vy`l, rd`

imjrgjp`b b`q`lmxe`jr ma gjiv`kygjol ekrpv` gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lk%

rgmjydgxy gy imjrgjo`jr mj rd` b`q`lmxe`jr ma k emv` bgaa`v`jrgkr`b

kjb gjròvkr`b y`la%b`jgrgmj kjb gb`jrgr* Yrkr`b mrd`vwgy`, e`kj%

gjoapl kjb ykrgyagjo v`lkrgmjydgxy imjrvgfpr` rm rd` `qmlqgjo imji`xr

ma y`la, kjb k v`qgy`b y`jy` ma y`la l`kby, gj rpvj, rm emv` ekrpv` l`q`ly

ma gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lkr`bj`yy*

9*6*6* Fìc/y imojgrgq`%f`dkqgmvkl emb`l ma x`vymjklgr

Fìc $;749,;777' ygeglkvl bgyrgjopgyd b ymigmrvmx kjb kprmjme

ky i`jrvkl bge`jygmjy rdkr b`j` gjbgqgbpkl bgaa`v`ji`y gj x`vymjklgr

b`q`lmxe`jr* Ymigmrvmx $mv ymigkl b`x`jb ji', kiimvbgjo rm Fìc

$;749,x* 6?9', và`vy rm rd` x`vymj/y gjq`yre`jrgj xmygrgq` gjr`vidkjowgrd mrd`v x`mxl` *** gjilpbgjo xkyygq`%vì`xrgq` wgyd`y $kii`xrkji`,

gjrgeki, pjb`vyrkjbgjo, ypxxmvr, opgbkji`'* Ymigmrvmxgi gjbgqgbpkly

kv`xkvrgiplkvlimji vj`bkfmpr rd` xmyygfglgrma f`gjobgykxxvmq`bma

f mrd vy, kjb rd` mar j rv rm xl ky` mrd`vy kjb ekgjrkgj rd`gv

krrkide`jry $Vmfgjy ! Flmic, ;744, x* 424'* Kprmjme $mv gjbgqgbp%

klgr', kiimvbgjo rm Fìc $;749, x* 6?6', và vy rm rd` x`vymj/y

gjq`yre`jr gj xv`y`vqgjo kjb gjiv`kygjo dgy gjb`x`jb`ji`, emfglgr,

kjb x`vymjkl vgodry3 av``bme ma idmgi`, kirgmj, kjb `txv`yygmj3

xvmrìrgmj ma dgy bmekgj, *** kjb krrkgjgjo e`kjgjoapl omkly* Kprmjm%

empy, kidg`q e`jr%mvg jr`b gjbgqgbpkly kv` ekgjl imji vj`b kfmpr

rd`xmyygfglgrma x`vymjkl akglpv`kjb mar j rv rm ektgeg~` rd gv imjrvml

mq`v rd` `jqgvmje`jr gj mvb`v rm v`bpi` rd` xvmfkfglgr ma akglpv`* Lgc`

Flkrr, Fìc qg`wy k ommb fklkji` f`rw``j kprmjme kjb ymigmrvmx ky

rd` dkllekvc ma kbkxrgq` x`vymjklgr apjirgmjgjo*

@tr`jygq` v`y`kvid dky bèmjyrvkr`b qklgbgr ma rd` bgyrgjirgmj

f`rw``j kjkilgrgi-ymigmrvmxgi kjb gjrvmnìrgq`-kprmjmempy x`vymjkl%

gr bge`jygmjy gj fmrdilgjgikl kjb jmjilgjgikl ykexl`y$y`` ypeekvg y

gj Flkrr, 6882, 68843 Ilkvc ! Fìc, ;7773 Lpr`j, Imvq`l`j, ! Flkrr,

68803 ^pvmaa, Emjovkgj, ! Ykjrmv, 6882'* Gj xkvrgiplkv, èxgvgikl

gjq`yrgokrgmjy gjbgikr` imjygyr`jr bgaa`v`ji`y gj rd` ipvv`jr kjb `kvl

lga``tx`vg`ji`y $Flkrr,68843Flkrr ! Dmekjj, ;776', rxgikl v`yxmjy y

rm yrv`yy $F`yy`v, Lpr`j, Qlgò j, ! Flkrr, 68843 Lpr`j `r kl*, 6880' ky

w`ll ky fkygi idkvkir`v kjb v`lkrgmjkl yrl` $Lpr`j `r kl*, 68803 ^pvmaa`r kl*, 6882' kyymigkr b wgrd rd`y` rwm bge`jygmjy* Emv`mq v, ky

bgyipyy`b f`lmw, Flkrr/y kjb Fìc/y emb`ly dkq`klym f``jimji`xrpkll

kjb èxgvgikll lgjc`b rm imjrèxmvkv gjr vx`vymjkl kxxvmkid y

$Xgjipy, 68803 Vkqgr~, Ekpjb`v, ! EiFvgb`, 68843 _googjy, 6889',

krrkide`jr rd`mv $Ygfl`, 688?', kjb rm y`la%b`r`vegjkrgmj rd`mv

$Ydkdkv, Flkrr, ^pvmaa, ! Xglcmjgy, 68893 Ydkdkv, Ckljgr~cg, Ydplekj, !

Flkrr, 6881'*

9*6*9* Imjrèxmvkv gjr`vx`vymjkl rd`mvg`y

Imjrèxmvkv gjr`vx`vymjkl emb`ly klym imjq`vo` rm ypoo`yr rdkr

rwm mvrdmomjkl bge`jygmjy pjb`vlg` gjr`vx`vymjkl rvkgry, krrgrpb`y

kjb f`dkqgmv, g*`*, ko`ji $mv ymigkl bmegjkji`' kjb imeepjgmj $mv

jpvrpvkji mv kalgkrgmj' kjb rdkr rd`y` bge`jygmjy xvmqgb` rd`

imji`xrpkl immvbgjkr`y rm b`j` kjb pjb`vyrkjb fmrd jmvekl kjb

bgyvpxr`b b`q`lmxe`jr $F`jnkegj, 68803 Cg`yl`v, ;7713 L`kv, ;70?3

Xgjipy, 68803 _googjy, ;77;, 6889'* Ky Ago* 6 bèmjyrvkr`y, rd`y` rwm

bge`jygmjy ikj f` kvvkjo`b gj k igvipexl`t emb`l* Imji`xrpkll,

ko`ji gy il`kvl v`lkr`b rm rd` y`la%b`jgrgmj-kprmjmempy bge`jygmj

xvmxmy`b f Flkrr kjb Fìc, wd`v`ky rd` imeepjgmj bge`jygmj gy

imjovp`jr wgrd rd` v`lkr`bj yy-ymigmrvmxgi bge`jygmj* Emv`mq`v, lgc`

Flkrr kjb Fìc, gjr`vx`vymjkl emb`ly kyype` rdkr jmvekl x`vymjklgr

b`q lmxe jr gjqmlq`y k fklkji` f`rw``j rd`y rwm bge`jygmjy

$Xgjipy, 68803 _googjy, 6889'*

@exgvgikl yrpbg`y xvmqgb` yrvmjo ypxxmvr amv rd`y` dxmrd`yg~`b

v`lkrgmjydgxy f`rw``j Flkrr/y kjb Fìc/y qg`wy kjb imjrèxmvkv

gjr vx`vymjkl emb`ly* Gj xkvrgiplkv, yrpbg y dkq` ydmwj rdkr kjkilgrgi-

ymigmrvmxgi gjbgqgbpkly akll gjrm rd` ypfegyygq` {pkbvkjr, `qgb`jigjo

dgod l`q`ly ma b`x`jb`ji kjb lmw l`q`ly ma bmegjkji`, wd`v`kygjrvmn irgq`-kprmjmempy gjbgqgbpkly ydmw rd` mxxmygr` xkrr`vj,

akllgjo gjrm rd` imlb kjb qgjbgirgq` {pkbvkjr $`*o*, De`l ! Xgjipy,

68863 Xgjipy, 68803 Xgjipy ! _glymj, 688;3 Vkqgr~ `r kl*, 6884'* Rd`y`

jbgjoy dkq` f``j v`xlgikr`b kivmyy k jpef`v ma xmxplkrgmjy $`*o*,

yrpb`jry kjb imeepjgr kbplry', pygjo bgaa`v`jr kyy`yye`jr yrvkr`%

og`y $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, gj xv`yy3 Cwmj, Ikexf`ll, ! _gllgkey, 688;'*

Emv`mq`v, Xgjipy kjb Opvrekj $;770' kjb Xgjipy kjb _glymj $688;'

ampjb rdkr bgaa v`jr e`kypv y ma v`lkr`bj yy a`ll gjrm bgaa`v jr xkvry ma

rd` Avg`jbl%Ypfegyygq` {pkbvkjr ma rd` gjr`vx`vymjkl igvipexl`t,

v`stìrgjo k qkvg`r ma `txv`yygmjy ma b`x`jb`ji j``by vkjogjo avme

lmw rm kq`vko` bmegjkji` rm kq`vko` rm dgod jpvrpvkji`* Ygeglkvl,

De`l kjb Xgjipy $6886' ampjb rdkr bgaa`v jr e`kypv y ma kprmjme, ky

mx`vkrgmjklg~krgmjy ma y`la%b`jgrgmjkl gyyp`y, w`v lmikr`b gj rd`

dmyrgl %ypfegyygq , dmyrgl %bmegjkjr kjb avg`jbl%bmegjkjr {pkbvkjry

Ago* ;* K bgklìrgi emb`l ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr* $V`xvgjr`b wgrd x`vegyygmj avme Pjgq`vygr ma Vmid`yr`v Xv`yy x`vegyygmj rm v`xvgjr dky f``j kyc`b, kwkgrgjo v`yxmjy`'*



5/17

ma rd` gjr`vx`vymjkl igvipexl`t* Rdpy, rd`y` yrpbg`y jmr mjl ydmw rd`

èxgvgikl imjq`vo`ji` f`rw``j fmrd kxxvmkid`y, fpr klym dmw rd`y`

rwm kxxvmkid`yikj `jvgid `kid mrd v f apvrd v ilkvgagjo rd` `tr jr rm

wdgid `trkjr e`kypv y kyy yybgaa`v jrrx`y $g* *, emv kbkxrgq q`vypy

eklkbkxrgq ' kjb b`q`lmxe`jrkl l`q`ly ma v`lkr bj`yy kjb y`la%

b`jgrgmj $y`` klym f`lmw' $Opvrekj, gj xv`yy'*

9*6*2* Krrkide`jr rd`mv

@exdkygy mj v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj ky rwm i`jrvkl kt`y gj

dpekj b`q`lmxe`jr gy klym imjovp`jr wgrd imjrèxmvkv krrkide`jr

rd`mv* Yrpbg`y pygjo gjr`vqg`w%fky`b kjb {p`yrgmjjkgv %fky b

kxxvmkid`y wgrd ilgjgikl kjb jmjilgjgikl ykexl y ypoo`yr rdkr rwm

bge`jygmjy pjb`vlg` krrkide`jr yrl`y krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` kjb

krrkide`jrkjtg`r $E` v ! Xglcmjgy, 68803Egcplgji v ! Ydkq`v, 688?3

Vmgyekj`r kl*, 688?' $y`` Ago* 9'* Rd` krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` bge`jygmj,b`j`b gj r`vey ma bgyimeamvr wgrd ilmy`j`yy kjb wgrd bgyimeamvr

b`x`jbgjo mj mrd`vy $Egcplgji v ! Ydkq`v, 688?, x* 4?', gy imji`xrpkll

v`lkr`b rm rd` y`la%b`jgrgmj-kprmjme-bmegjkji` bge`jygmj* Krrkid%

e`jr kjtg`r, gj imjrvkyr, b`j`b gj r`vey ma a`kv ma v`nìrgmj kjb

kfkjbmje`jr $Egcplgji v ! Ydkq`v, 688?, x*7;', gy imji`xrpkll

v`lkr`b rm rd` v`lkr`bj`yy-ymigmrvmx-wkverd bge`jygmj* Rd` kqmgb%

kji` kjb kjtg`r bge`jygmjy g`lby ampv {pkbvkjry rdkr v`xv`y`jr ampv

bgaa`v jr krrkide`jr ikr omvg`y $k' yìpv , $f' xv`miipxg b, $i' a`kvapl%

kqmgbkjr, kjb $b' bgyegyygq` krrkide`jr $Fkvrdmlme`w ! Dmvmwgr~,

;77;' $y`` Ago* 9'* Emv mq`v, imjygyr`jr wgrd rd` èxdkygy mj

gexkgve`jry gj rd` v`xv`y`jrkrgmjy ma y`la kjb mrd`vy gj mrd`v rwm

xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly, krrkide`jr kjtg r kjb kqmgbkji` kv` kyymigkr`b

wgrd bgaa v`ji`y gj gjr vjkl wmvcgjo emb`ly ma y`la kjb ma mrd v

$Fkvrdmlme`w ! Dmvmwgr~, ;77;'*

Lgc` mrd v rwm xmlkvgrg y emb ly, imjrèxmvkv krrkide`jr

amveplkrgmjy èxdkyg~` rdkr kbkxrgq` x`vymjklgr apjirgmjgjo

gjqmlq`y k fklkji` f`rw``j v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj txv`yy`b

gj lmw rm emb`vkr` l`q lyma krrkide`jr kjtg`r kjb kqmgbkji` rxgikl

ma yìpv` krrkide`jr $Egcplgji v ! Ydkq v, 688?'* Eklkbkxrgq`

x`vymjklgr apjirgmjgjo, gj imjrvkyr, rxgikl ma gjyìpv` krrkide`jr,

v`yplry avme kj mq`vèxdkygy ma v`lkr`bj`yy-krrkide`jr kjtg`r mvy`la%b`jgrgmj-krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` mv fmrd> Krrkide`jr%kjtgmpy

x`mxl mq`v exdkyg~ rd` j``b amv xvmr irgmj kjb gjrgeki, kjb

kqmgbkjr x`mxl` mq`vèxdkyg~` rd` j``b rd` j``b amv kprmjme kjb

gjr`vx`vymjkl bgyrkji` $Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?, x* 602', wd`v`ky

yìpv` x`mxl` bm jmr qg`w ilmy`j`yy kjb kprmjme ky kjrkomjgyrgi

omkly* $' Yìpv` gjbgqgbpkly ikj st`tgfl emq` klmjo rd` ilmy`j`yy%

bgyrkji` bge`jygmj ma rd` igvipexl`t wgrdmpr f`gjo kavkgb ma lmygjo

kprmjme mv k xkvrj`v/y lmq`* Gj imjrvkyr, gjyìpv`l krrkid`b x`mxl`

kv` l`yy kfl rm fklkji mv immvbgjkr ilmy`j`yy kjb kprmjme

$Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?, x* 600'*

K fvmkb vkjo` ma gjb`x`jb`jr v`y`kvid xvmovkey xvmqgb`y yrvmjo

èxgvgikl ypxxmvr amv rd` v`lkrgmjydgxy f`rw` j rd` krrkide`jr

kqmgbkji` kjb kjtg`r bge`jygmjy kjb v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj

bge`jygmjy ky èxdkyg~`b f Flkrr, Fìc, kjb imjrèxmvkv gjr`vx`v%

ymjkl emb`ly* Ygfl $688?', amv gjyrkji , dkyxvmqgb`b k imji`xrpklkjb

èxgvgikl gjròvkrgmj ma Flkrr/y kjb Fìc/y emb`ly wgrd krrkide`jr

rd`mv gj ydmwgjo rdkr gjrvmnìrgq`-kprmjmempy rvkgry kv` v`lkr`b rm

krrkide`jr kqmgbkji`,wdgl`kjkilgrgi-ymigmrvmxgi rvkgrykv` emyr ilmy l

v`lkr`b rm krrkide`jr kjtg`r* Amv gjyrkji , fky b mj k e`rk%kjklygy ma

`tgyrgjo yrpbg`y, Ygfl` $688?' ampjb emb`vkr` rm yrvmjo imvv`lkrgmjy

$v5*0; kjb v5*26' f`rw` j kprmjme kjb krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` kjb

ymigmrvmx kjb krrkide`jr kjtg`r v`yxìrgq l, kjb lmw rm ~`vm

imvv`lkrgmjy f`rw` j rd` mxxmygr xkgvy ma rd`y imjyrvpiry $`*o*,

f`rw``j ymigmrvmx kjb krrkide`jr kqmgbkji`'*

Emv`mq`v, yrpbg`y ypoo yr rdkr emv` eklkbkxrgq` l`q ly ma

v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj kv` `txv`yy`b gj bgaa`v`jr imefgjk%

rgmjy ma krrkide`jr kjtg`r kjb kqmgbkji` gj xv`miipxg`b, a`kvapl%

kqmgbkjr kjb bgyegyygq` krrkide`jr yrl`y $Lpr`j `r kl*, 6880'* Emv`

eklkbkxrgq` `txv`yygmjy ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj kv` emvìlmy`l v`lkr`b rm rd` 20 vmrkr`b bge`jygmjy ma kjtg`r kjb

kqmgbkji`, v`stìrgjo yìpv` q`vypy a`kvapl%kqmgbkjr kjb xv`miipxg`b

q`vypy bgyegyygq` r`jb jig y* Amv gjyrkji , ^pvmaa kjb Agr~xkrvgic

$;770' kjb Epvxd kjb Fkr`y $;77?' ampjb rdkr kjkilgrgi-ymigmrvmxgi

rvkgry a`ll gjrm rd` xv`miipxg`b krrkide`jr {pkbvkjr, idkvkir`vg~`b f

k imefgjkrgmj ma k b`ygv` amv lmq`, fpr klym a`kv amv lmyy ma lmq`*

Eklkbkxrgq` `txv`yygmjy ma gjrvmnìrgq` rvkgry, gj rpvj, a`ll gjrm rd`

a`kvapl%kqmgbkjr krrkide`jr {pkbvkjr, kjb rdpy kv` idkvkir`vg~`b f k

b`ygv` amv kxxvmqkl, rmo`rd`v wgrd k a`kv ma b`x`jb ji kjb ilmy`j`yy,

kjb bgyykrgyakirgmj wgrd kjb bgyrvpyr ma mrd vy $amv k v`qg w, y``

Lpr`j `r kl*, 6880'* Rdpy, dgodl gjrvmnìrgq` gjbgqgbpkly ydmw kj

kxxvmkid%kqmgbkji imjstgir gj v`lkrgmjydgxy, ekridgjo emyr ilmy`l k

imefgjkrgmj ma krrkide`jr kjtg r kjb kqmgbkji` $Egcplgji v !

Ydkq v, 688?'* Fìc/y $;749' kprmjme imji`xr, dmw`q v, wkyygrpkr`b yme`wdkr j`kv`v rd` bgyegyygq` {pkbvkjr imexkv`b rm

Flkrr/y gjrvmnìrgq` x`vymjklgr bge`jygmj, imjygyr`jr wgrd Fìc/y

b`yivgxrgmj ma kprmjme ky idkvkir`vg~`b f rd` $bà`jygq`' kqmgb%

kji` ma v`lkrgmjydgxy kjb yrvmjo j``by amv gjb`x`jb`ji , ymlgrpb`, kjb

imjrvml $Fìc, ;749' v`yplrgjo gj k bà`jygq` y`xkvkrgmj avme mrd`vy

$Ilkvc, Yr``v, Fìc, ! Vmyy, ;770'* Emv`mq`v, ky bgyipyy`b gj emv`

b`rkgl f`lmw, gj k y`vg`y ma yrpbg y, Ygfl` kjb imll`kop y dkq

imjqgjigjol bèmjyrvkr`b rdkr e`kypv`y ma kprmjme-ymigmrvmx

kyy`yy fvmkb imojgrgq`%kaaìrgq` yidèky wgrd vòkvb rm v`lkr`bj`yy

kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, wdgl` krrkide`jr kqmgbkji` kjb kjtg`r kyy`yy

rd` `txv yygmj ma rd`y r`jb jig y emv` yxìgikll gj ilmy` kjb

vmekjrgi v`lkrgmjydgxy $Ygfl`, 688?, Ygfl` ! Mq`vkll, 688?, 6884,

68;8'* Rd y` jbgjoy kokgj gllpyrvkr` dmw rd y` bgaa`v jr rwm

xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly ek apvrd`v `jlgodr`j kjb `jvgid `kid mrd`v*

Ago* 6* Rd` gjr`vx`vymjkl igvipexl`t*

Ago* 9* Rwm%bge`jygmjkl yxki` b`j`b f krrkide`jr kjtg`r kjb kqmgbkji` $Fky`b mj

Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?3 Fkvrdmlme`w ! Dmvmwgr~, ;77;'*

http://image%20of%20fig.xn--1rc/


6/17

Agjkll, krrkide`jr bge`jygmjy ma kqmgbkji kjb kjtg r dkq` klym

f``j v`lkr`b gj rd`mv`rgikll imjygyr`jr wky rm gjr`vx`vymjkl emb`ly

kivmyy fmrd ilgjgikl kjb jmjilgjgikl ykexl`y $amv k v`qg`w, y``

Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?'* Krrkide`jr kqmgbkji`, imjovp`jr wgrd

rd`mv`rgikl `txìrkrgmjy, dky f``j v`lkr`b rm lmw jpvrpvkji` $`*o*,

f`gjo imlb, bmegjkjr kjb qgjbgirgq ' gj ilmy v`lkrgmjydgxy, wdgl

krrkide`jr kjtg`r dky f``j v`lkr`b rm f`gjo mq`vl `txv`yygq` gj

ilmy v`lkrgmjydgxy $Fkvrdmlme`w ! Dmvmwgr~, ;77;3 Dkoo`vr,

Dgly`jvmrd, ! Qklk%Yr`wkvr, 6887'*

9*6*0* Y`la%b`r`vegjkrgmj rd`mv

Rd` amveplkrgmjy ma Bìg kjb Vkj $68883 Vkj `r kl*, 6881'

imji`vjgjo rd` jkrpv` ma gjrvgjygi emrgqkrgmj avme rd` x`vyxìrgq` ma

y`la%b`r`vegjkrgmj rd`mv l`kb rm ygeglkv imjilpygmjy* Gj xkvrgiplkv,

Bìg kjb Vkj $`*o*, ;77;', imjovp`jr wgrd mrd`v rwm xmlkvgrg y

emb ly, qg`w gjrvgjygi mv kprmjmempy emrgqkrgmj, ky mxxmy b rm

imjrvmll b emrgqkrgmj, ky gjqmlqgjo kprmjme kjb imex r`ji mj rd`

mj` dkjb kjb v`lkr`bj`yy mj rd` mrd`v* Kprmjme kjb imex`r`ji`

và v rm yrvgqgjoy rm imjrvml rd` gjgrgkrgmj kjb mprime` ma mj /y

kirgqgrg y, wdgl v`lkr`bj yy b`yivgf y rd` j``b rm a``l v`lkr`b rm

mrd`vy kjb rdkr mrd`vy kv` kprd`jrgikll v`lkr`b rm rd` y`la* Rdmpod

Bìg kjb Vkj xvgekvgl amipy mj rd` pjb`vlgjo emrgqkrgmjy ma rd`

j``by amv kprmjme-imex r`ji kjb v`lkr`bj yy, rd`gv qg`wy kv`

imjovp`jr wgrd rd` mrd`v rd`mv`rgikl emb`ly bgyipyy`b kfmq` gj rd`gv

èxdkygy mj kprmjme kjb v`lkr bj yy ky i`jrvkl immvbgjkr`y gj

dpekj b`q`lmxe`jr $Ydkdkv `r kl*, 6889, 6881'*

Rkc`j rmo`rd`v, rd`y jbgjoy ypoo yr rdkr, klrdmpod bgaa v`jr

rd`mv rgikl lkf`ly kv` py`b gj rd y` qkvgmpy rd`mvg y, rd v` gy

vèkvckfl` rd`mv`rgikl ky w`ll ky èxgvgikl mq`vlkx f`rw``j rd`y`

kxxvmkid`y* Emv`mq`v, è`vogjo `qgb`ji` gjbgikr`y rdkr rd`y`

rd`mvg`y kjb rd` e`kypv`y rdkr dkq` f``j b`q`lmx`b wgrdgj `kid ma

rd`y` bgaa`v`jr rd`mv`rgikl kxxvmkid`y kyy`yy kyxìry ma rd` apjbk%

e`jrkl bge`jygmjy ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj kr bgaa v`jr

l`q`ly ma kfyrvkirgmj, l`kbgjo rm k dg`vkvidgikl mvokjg~krgmj ma `trkjr

rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb ly kjb rd`gv v`yxìrgq` e`kypv`y b`xgir`b

yidèkrgikll gj Ago* 2 $y`` Ygfl , 688?3 Ygfl ! Mq`vkll, 68;83

Lpr`j ! Flkrr, ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj'* @ly wd`v , w` dkq

xvmxmy`b, amv v`kymjy ma rd`mv`rgikl ilkvgr kjb xkvygemj, rm py`

rd` jmrgmjy mav`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b jgrgmj rm b`jmr , mj k rd`mv rgikl

l`q`l, rd`y` rwm apjbke`jrkl bge`jygmjy gj x`vymjklgr mvokjg~krgmj

kjb b`q`lmxe`jr $Lpr`j ! Flkrr, ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj' $y``

Ago* 2'* J`tr, gj r`vey ma rd` mx vkrgmjklg~krgmj ma rd y` imjyrvpiry, w`

dkq` xvmxmy`b, gj lgj` wgrd Ygfl` kjb Mq`vkll $688?, 6884, 68;8', rm

bgyrgjopgyd k jpef`v ma fvmkb fkjbwgbrd e`kypv`y rdkr rkx fvmkb

x`vymjklgr a`krpv`y mv imojgrgq`%kaaìrgq` yidèky wgrd vòkvb rmv`lkr bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, ky w`ll ky e`kypv y kyy yygjo

emrgqkrgmjkl yrvpirpv`y mv omkly kyymigkr`b wgrd rd`y` fvmkb x`vymj%

klgr bge`jygmjy* Mj rd` j`tr l`q`l, emv` jkvvmw%fkjbwgbrd e`kypv`y

kxx`kv rm kyy`yy emv` bmekgj% kjb v`lkrgmjydgxy%yxìgi txv`yygmjy

ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb rd` v`xv`y`jrkrgmjy ma y`la kjb

mrd`v pjb`vlgjo rd`y` emv` imjr`tr%yxìgi r`jb`jig`y $y`` Ago* 2,

y`` klym Lmic`, gj xv`yy3 Xgjipy, 68803 Xgjipy ! _glymj, 688;3 Ygfl` !

Mq`vkll, 688?, 68;83 amv k b`rkgl b v`qg w, y`` Lpr`j ! Flkrr,

ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj'* Klrdmpod rd`y` bgyrgjirgmjy f`rw``j rd`

bgaa`v jr l`q`ly kv` yme`wdkr kvfgrvkv kjb mx`j rm èxgvgikl

yivprgj, rd` j`q`vrd`l`yy apvrd`v ilkvga rd` v`lkrgmjydgx f`rw``j

rd`y` bgaa`v`jr rd`mv`rgikl kxxvmkid`y kjb rd`gv v`yxìrgq` kyy`yy%

e`jr kxxvmkid`y*

9*9* Rwm xmlkvgrg`y gj xyidmxkrdmlmo

Ky jmr`b, rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly apvrd`vemv` xvmqgb` k xmw`vapl

rd`mv`rgikl emb`l ma xyidmxkrdmlmo rdkr ypoo`yry rdkr ekj Ktgy G

kjb Ktgy GG bgymvb`vy $k' ikj f` lmiklg~`b gj k rwm%bge`jygmjkl yxki`

b`j`b f v`lkr`bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb $f' ikj f` mvokjg~`b gj

rwm ilpyr`vy mv imjopvkrgmjy ma xyidmxkrdmlmo, fky`b mj rd` qg`w

rdkr bgaa`v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo gjqmlq` `tkoo`vkr`b bgyrmv%

rgmjy ma mj` b`q`lmxe`jrkl lgj` rm rd` jòlìr ma rd` mrd`v ky k v`yplr ma

imex jykrmv mv bà`jygq` ekj`pq`vy gj v`yxmjy` rm b`q`lmxe`jrkl

bgyvpxrgmjy $Fìc, ;7493 Flkrr, 68843 Flkrr ! Ydgidekj, ;7493 E``v !

Xglcmjgy, 68803 Egcplgji v ! Ydkq v, 688?3 Xgjipy, 6880'* D`ji`,rd`y`

amveplkrgmjy èxdkyg~` rdkr bgaa`v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo kv`

Ago* 2* Dg`vkvidgikl mvokjg~krgmj ma `txv`yygmjy ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj $Fky`b mj Ygfl`, 688?3 Lpr`j ! Flkrr, ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj'*

0?X* Lpr`j, Y*N* Flkrr - Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w 9; $68;;' 0614


7/17

jmr yrkrgi `jrgrg`y v`yplrgjo avme b`q`lmxe`jrkl bìgry, fpr bjkegi,

imjstgir%b a`jy` imjyr llkrgmjy rdkr krr exr rm ekgjrkgj k fklkji ,

dmw`q`v bgyrpvf`b, f`rw``j v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b jgrgmj*

Rd`y` qg`wy klym kyype` rdkr bgymvb`vy wgrdgj rd`y` rwm

imjopvkrgmjy kv` gjr`v%v`lkr`b* Gj xkvrgiplkv, Flkrr $Flkrr, 6884, Flkrr

! Ydgidekj, ;749' dky kvop`b rdkr bgaa`v`jr rx`y ma xyidmxkrdml%

mo gj fmrd Ktgy G kjb GG ma rd` BYE kv` `tkoo`vkr`b kjb bgyrmvr`b

xv`miipxkrgmjy, kr bgaa`v`jr b`q`lmxe`jrkl l`q`ly, wgrd mj` mv rd`

mrd`v ma rd` rwm apjbke`jrkl x`vymjklgr bge`jygmjy ma gjr vx`vymjklv`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj* Gj rdgy qg`w, kjkilgrgi xyidmxkrdmlmo

gy xvgekvgl idkvkir`vg~`b f bgyrmvr`b kjb `tkoo`vkr`b krrèxry, kr

bgaa`v`jr b`q`lmxe`jrkl l`q`ly, rm ekgjrkgj ykrgyagjo gjr`vx`vymjkl

`tx vg`ji`y kr rd` `tx`jy` ma y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb rdpy xvgekvgl

v`stìry kj `tkoo vkr b mv bgyrmvr`b amipy mj v`lkr bj yy gyyp`y*

Gjrvmnìrgq` xyidmxkrdmlmo, gj imjrvkyr, v`stìry bgyrmvr`b krrèxry rm

`yrkflgyd kjb ekgjrkgj k y`jy` ma y`la kr rd` `tx`jy` ma gjr`vx`vymjkl

v`lkr`bj yy, kr bgaa v`jr b`q`lmxe`jrkl l`q ly, kjb rdpy xvgekvgl

v`stìry `tkoo`vkr`b mv bgyrmvr`b xv`miipxkrgmjy wgrd gyyp`y vòkvb%

gjo kprmjme, imjrvml, y`la%wmvrd kjb gb`jrgr* Gj kbbgrgmj, vòv yygmj

kjb xvmov`yygmj kivmyy b`q lmxe`jrkl l`q`ly mj `kid ma rd`y`

b`q`lmxe`jrkl lgj`y kv` xmyygfl`, wdgid ek gj xkvr `txlkgj dgod

imemvfgbgr kjb ikpykl v`lkrgmjydgxy f`rw``j bgaa`v`jr bgymvb`vy gj

rd` rwm imjopvkrgmjy ma xyidmxkrdmlmo $Fìc, ;7493 Flkrr, 68843

Flkrr ! Ydgidekj, ;749'*

Rd` qklp`ma rd`y bgyrgjirgmjy gj imji xrpklg~gjo xyidmxkrdmlmo

dky f``j `tr`jygq`l bèmjyrvkr`b $y`` v`qg`wy gj Flkrr, 68823 68843

Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 6887, 68;83 Ilkvc ! Fìc, ;777'* Amv gjyrkji ,

bgaa`v`jrgkrgmj ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb ma y`la%b`jgrgmj ky rwm apjbke`j%

rkl xyidmlmogikl bge`jygmjy dky `jkfl`b gjq`yrgokrmvy avme bgaa`v`jr

rd`mv`rgikl mvg`jrkrgmjy rm gb`jrga rwm apjbke`jrkl bge`jygmjy gj

b`xv`yygmj kj kjkilgrgi-ymigmrvmxgi bge`jygmj i`jr`v`b mj a``lgjoy

ma lmj`lgj`yy, kfkjbmje`jr, kjb jòlìr kjb kj gjrvmnìrgq`-kprmjm%

empy bge`jygmjamipy b mj gyyp`yma y`la%wmvrd kjb a` lgjoy ma akglpv

kjb opglr* @tr`jygq` èxgvgikl gjq`yrgokrgmjy $amv v`qg`wy, y`` F`yy`v,

Qlg o j, Lpr`j, ! Flkrr,68843Flkrr, 68823 Flkrr ! ^pvmaa, ;7763 Ilkvc !

Fìc, ;7773 Lpr`j `r kl*, 68803 ^pvmaa, Emjovkgj, ! Ykjrmv, 6882 '

gjbgikr` imjygyr`jr bgaa`v`ji`y gj rd` ipvv`jr kjb `kvl lga` `tx`vg%

`ji`y ma rd`y` rwm rx`y ma b`xv`yy`b gjbgqgbpkly $Flkrr ! Dmekjj,;776' ky w`ll ky eknmv bgaa`v`ji`y gj rd`gv fkygi idkvkir`v yrl`, rd`gv

v`lkrgmjkl kjb krrkide`jr yrl` $Lpr`j, Imvq`l`j, ! Flkrr, 6880',

rd`gv ilgjgikl `txv`yygmj ma b`xv`yygmj $Flkrr, 68823 Flkrr ! ^pvmaa,

6880' kjb gj rd`gv rd`vkx`prgi v`yxmjy` $Flkrr ! ^pvmaa, 68803 Flkrr,

^pvmaa, Dkwl`, ! Kp`vfkid, 68;8'*

Rdgy bgyrgjirgmj dky klym `jkfl`b gjq`yrgokrmvy rm gb`jrga kjb

v`xlgikr` k rktmjme amv rd` bgq`vy` x`vymjklgr bgymvb`vy b`yivgf`b

gj Ktgy GG ma rd` BYE* Yyr ekrgi èxgvgikl gjq yrgokrgmj ma fmrd

gjxkrg`jry kjb mprxkrg`jry, pygjo bgaa`v`jr kyy`yye`jr xvmi`bpv`y,

dkq` ampjb rdkr qkvgmpy Ktgy GG x`vymjklgr bgymvb`vy kv` e`kjgjoapll,

gj rd`mv`rgikll `txìr`b wky, mvokjg~`b gjrm rwm xvgekv imjo%

pvkrgmjy mj` mvokjg~`b kvmpjb gyyp`y ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb rd` mrd`v

kvmpjb gyyp`y ma y`la%b`jgrgmj $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;83 Dmvmwgr~ `r kl*,

68813 E` v ! Xglcmjgy, 6880'* Imjovp`jr wgrd rwm xmlkvgrg y emb`ly,yrpbg`y dkq` o`j`vkll ampjb rdkr gjbgqgbpkly wgrd b`x`jb`jr,

dgyrvgmjgi mv fmvb vlgj` x`vymjklgr bgymvb`v dkq` ygojgikjrl ov`kr v

imji`vj wgrd gyyp`y ma gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lkr`bj`yy rdkj wgrd gyyp`y ma

y`la%b`jgrgmj, wdgl` gjbgqgbpkly wgrd k xkvkjmgb, yidg~mgb, yidg~m%

rxgi, kjrgymigkl, jkvigyygyrgi, kqmgbkjr, mfy yygq imexplygq` kjb y`la%

bà`krgjo x`vymjklgr bgymvb`v pypkll dkq` ygojgikjrl ov`kr v

xv`miipxkrgmj wgrd gyyp`y ma y`la%b`jgrgmj rdkj wgrd gyyp`y ma

gjr`vx`vymjkl v`lkr`bj`yy*

Imjrèxmvkv krrkide`jr v`y`kvid dky apvrd`v tr`jb`b rd` qg`w

rdkr bgaa`v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo kv` bjkegi imjstgir%bà`jy`

imjyr`llkrgmjy rdkr v`stìr bgaa v`jr krrèxry rm jb k fklkji f`rw` j

v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb dkq` emv`mq`v ydmwj rdkr rd`y`

q`vxvmi`yy y kv` klymi`jrvkl gyyp`y gj jmvekl gjbgqgbpkly$Egcplgji`v

! Ydkq`v, 688?3 Ygfl`, 688?'* Kiimvbgjo rm imjrèxmvkv krrkide`jr

amveplkrgmjy, yìmjbkv krrkide`jr yrvkròg y ikj f` y``j ky krrèxry

rm imx` wgrd rd` pjkqkglkfglgr, `grd`v gekogj b mv v`kl, ma yìpv`

krrkide`jr opv`y* Emv` yxìgikll, yrpbg`y dkq` xvmqgb`b `qgb`ji`

rdkr rd` x`vi gq b pjkqkglkfglgr ma yìpv` krrkide`jr opv y gj

gjyìpv l krrkid`b gjbgqgbpkly l`kby rm `grd`v b`kirgqkrgmj mv

dx`vkirgqkrgmj krrkide jr yrvkr og y, mv k imefgjkrgmj ma fmrd

$Bm~g`v ! Cmfkc, ;7763 Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?3 Vmgyekj, 688?'*

Rd` b`kirgqkrgjo yrvkrò gy rxgikll mfy vq`b gj gjbgqgbpkly wgrd

kqmgbkjr krrkide`jr, rd` dx`vkirgqkrgjo yrvkrò gy rxgikl gjgjbgqgbpkly wgrd kjtgmpy krrkide`jr* Dx`vkirgqkrgjo yrvkròg`y l`kb

rm mar j avkjrgi àamvry rm jb ypxxmvr kjb v`lgà, `txv`yy`b gj

bèkjbgjo, ilgjogjo kjb ilkgegjo f`dkqgmv* Fìkpy` ma rd`gv kxxv`%

d`jygmj rdkr mrd`vy wgll jmr xvmqgb` rdgy lmjo`b amv ypxxmvr kjb ikv`,

impxl`b wgrd rd`gv bèkjbgjo yrl , gjbgqgbpkly pygjo dx vkirgqkrgjo

yrvkròg y kv` mar`j mjl rèxmvkvgl kfl` rm àa irgq l vòplkr`

bgyrv yy* Gjbgqgbpkly pygjo krrkide`jr b`kirgqkrgmj yrvkròg y, gj

imjrvkyr, r`jb rm vòplkr` bgyrv`yy f b`jgjo krrkide`jr j``by,

kyy`vrgjo rd`gv kprmjme, gjb`x`jb`ji` kjb yrv`jord rm kqmgb apvrd`v

bgyrv`yy* Klrdmpod krrkide`jr dx`vkirgqkrgjo kjb b`kirgqkrgjo yrvkr%

òg y mar`j rèxmvkvgl ypii `b gj àa irgq l vòplkrgjo bgyrv`yy, gj rd`

lmjo%vpj rd` v`yplr gj a``lgjoy ma gymlkrgmj avme mrd`vy $ Egcplgji`v !

Ydkq`v, 688?' kjb gjiv`ky`b qplj`vkfglgr* Gj kbbgrgmj, yrpbg`y dkq`

ydmwj rdkr pjb`v gjiv`kygjo l`q`ly ma yrv yy, rd`y` b`kirgqkrgjo

yrvkròg`y r`jb rm akgl, l`kbgjo rm k yrvmjo v`kirgqkrgmj ma a``lgjoy ma

gjyìpvgr, d`godr`j b v`kirgqkrgmj ma jòkrgq` y`la%v`xv`y`jrkrgmjy,

kjb rdpy gjiv`ky`bl`q ly ma yrv yy $Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?'* D`ji`,

lgc` dx vkirgqkrgjo yrvkròg y, b`kirgqkrgmj yrvkròg y ek dkq` ydmvr%

r`ve kbkxrgq` imjy`{p`ji`y, fpr gj rd` lmjo%vpj ek f` eklkbkxrgq`

amv fmrd xdygikl kjb e`jrkl d`klrd $Dgll%Ymb`vlpjb `r kl*, 68843

Lpr j, Ek y, Amjko, ! Qkj Dmpb jdmq , ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj'*

Gj ype, k c` a`krpv` ma rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly gy rd`gv èxdkygy mj

rd` gexmvrkji` ma rd` bjkegiy kjb emrgqkrgmjkl akirmvy gjqmlq`b gj

xyidmxkrdmlmo rdkr qkvgmpy bgymvb`vy v`stìr bgaa v`jr krrèxry rm

`yrkflgyd k fklkji`, dmw`q`v bgyrmvr`b, f`rw``j v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%

b`jgrgmj, kjb rdpy rdkr bgaa`v`jr amvey ma xyidmxkrdmlmo kv` jmr

yrkrgi `jb yrkr`y, fpr bjkegi imjstgir%bà`jy` imjyr`llkrgmjy*

9*2* Rd` j`pvmfgmlmogikl kjb `qmlprgmjkv fkygy ma rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly

Vì`jr yrpbg`y dkq` fòpj rm `txlmv` rd` o`j`rgi, xdygmlmogikl,

j`pvmfgmlmogikl kjb j`pvkl imvv`lkr`y, ky w`ll ky `qmlprgmjkv pjb`v%

xgjjgjoy ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj* Ky amv v`lkr`bj`yy, yrpbg`y

mj rd`j`pvmfgmlmo ma krrkide`jr,kjb gryvml` gj vòplkrgjo kaa irkjb

yrv`yy, kv` xlkgjo k c` vml` gj pjb`vyrkjbgjo rd` i`jrvklgr ma rd`y`

rwm bge`jygmjy ma xyidmlmogikl b`q`lmxe`jr $Opjjkv ! [p`q`bm,

688?3 Lpr`j `r kl*, ypfegrr`b amv xpflgikrgmj'* Fmrd kjgekl $Ikvr`v,

Ovgxxm, Xmpvjknk%Jk~kvlmm, Vpyigm, ! Xmvo y, 68843 J`pekjj, 6884'

kjb dpekj $Omvbmj `r kl*, 68843 D`gjvgidy ! Bme`y, 68843 L`qgj`,

^kommv%Ydkvmj,A`lbekj, ! _`ll v, 688?' v`y kvidbèmjyrvkr`yrdkr

rd` j`pvmx`xrgb`y mtrmigj kjb qkymxv`yygj xlk k i`jrvkl vml` gj rd`

j`pvkl yyr ey pjb`vlgjo krrkide`jr v`lkrgmjydgxy ypid ky rd`

keobklk kjb rd` dxmrdklkegi xkvkq jrvgiplkv jpil py $Gjy`l !Wmpjo, 688;3 J`pekjj, 6884'* Gj xkvrgiplkv, mtrmigj gy jmr mjl

gjqmlq`b gj kalgkrgq` f`dkqgmv ypid ky xkgv fmjbgjo, ekr`vjkl ikv`,

kjb y`tpkl f`dkqgmv, fpr gy klym gjqmlq`b gj ymigkl eèmv kjb ymigkl

ypxxmvr $A`lbekj, _`ll`v, ^kommv%Ydkvmj, ! L`qgj`, 688?3 L`qgj` `r

kl*, 688?', kjb gj rd` v`bpirgmj ma f`dkqgmvkl kjb j`pvm`jbmivgjmlmo%

gikl v`yxmjy`y rm $ymigkl' yrv`yy $J`pekjj, 6884'* Fmrd mtrmigj kjb

qkymxv`yygj kv` gjqmlq`b gj kalgkrgq` f`dkqgmv, kjb dkq` kjtgmlrgi

kjb kjrg%yrv yy àa iry f bgv irl kirgjo pxmj rd` Dxmrdklkegi

Xgrpgrkv Kbv`jkl $DXK'ktgy yyrè kjb gjbgvìrl f `jdkjigjoymigkl

imojgrgmj kjb rvpyr gj xkvrgiplkv $Bmjklbymj ! Wmpjo, 6884'*

Rmo`rd`v, rd`y` jbgjoy ypoo`yr rdkr rd` krrkide`jr yyrè gy kj

`qmlprgmjkv b`q`lmx`b yyrè rdkr gy ilmy`l kyymigkr`b wgrd rd`

v`wkvb yyrè gj rd` fvkgj wdgid v`gjamvi`y kalgkrgq` f`dkqgmv, kjb

gy klym ilmy`l kyymigkr`b wgrd yrv`yy vòplkrgmj kjb gjiv`ky`b rvpyr gj



8/17

mrd`vy* Rd` krrkide`jr yyrè gy klym kyymigkr`b wgrd rd` ikxkigr amv

e`rk%imojgrgmj kjb e`jrklg~krgmj, l`kbgjo rm fvmkb`j kjb fpglb

$Av`bvgicymj, 688;3 Okvlkjb `r kl*, gj xv`yy' iil`y kyymigkr`b wgrd

krrkide`jr yìpvgr $Amjko ! Lpr`j, 68873 Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v,

688?'* Emv`mq`v, imjovp`jr wgrd rd` xvmxmy`b fvmkb`j kjb fpglb

àa iry kyymigkr`b wgrd yìpv` krrkide`jr yrvkròg y, mtrmigj gy

gjqmlq`b gj amyr`vgjo xmygrgq` a``lgjoy kjb `txlmvkrgq` f`dkqgmv $Gjy`l

! Wmpjo,688;3J`pekjj, 6884', lgjcgjo `tx vg`ji`y ma v`lkr`bj yy rm

mxxmvrpjgrg`y rm b`q lmx a``lgjoy ma kprmjme, imex`r`ji`, kjbgb`jrgr, ky `txv`yy`b gj f`rr`v kaaìr vòplkrgmj, py` ma emv` kbkxrgq`

imxgjo yrvkròg`y, kjb dgod`v l`q`ly ma àamvrapl imjrvml $Amjko !

Lpr`j, 68873 Av`bvgicymj, 688;3 Okvlkjb `r kl*, gj xv`yy3 Egcplgji`v !

Ydkq`v, 688?'*

Ygeglkvl, wgrd vòkvb rm y`la%b`jgrgmj, v`y`kvid dky amipy`b mq`v

rd` lkyr bìkb` mj rd` j`pvkl igvipgry gjqmlq`b gj a``lgjoy ma y`la kjb

gb`jrgr* Rd`y` yrpbg`y dkq` dgodlgodr`b rd` vml` ma imvrgikl egblgj`

yrvpirpv y, gjilpbgjo rd` e`bgkl xvàvmjrkl imvr`t, xmyr vgmv igjoplkr ,

xv ipj`py, kjb rd` rèxmvkl xkvg`rkl npjirgmj kivmyy k qkvg`r ma rkycy

kjb bmekgjy $`*o*, èmrgmjkl, emrmv, q`vfkl, yxkrgkl, akigkl' $`*o*,

Bgekoogm, Lykc`v, Ikvigmj`, Jgimlm, ! Yè`vkvg, 68843 Lg`f`vekj,

688?3 Lmefkvbm, Fkvj y, _d` lwvgodr, ! Fkvmj%Imd`j, 688?3

Lmefkvbm `r kl*, 68;83 Pbbgj, Gkimfmjg, Lkjo`, ! C``jkj, 688?3 amv k

e`rk%kjklygy, y`` Jmvrdmaa `r kl*, 6881'* Gexmvrkjrl, rd`y` fvkgj

kv`ky dkq` klym f``j gexlgikr`b gj ymigkl imojgrgmj wgrd vòkvb rm

mrd`vy, kjb rd`mv ma egjb kjb e`jrklg~krgmj emv yx igikll

$Amjko ! Lpr`j, 68873 Lg`f`vekj, 688?3 Pbbgj `r kl*, 688? '* D`ji`,

imjovp`jr wgrd rd` èxdkygy gj rwm xmlkvgrg y emb`ly mj rd` bgklìrgi

gjr vkirgmj f`rw` j gyyp`y ma v`lkr bj yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb rdpy

rd` gjr vrwgjgjo ma rd` b`q lmxe jr ma k y`jy` ma y`la kjb mrd`v, rd y`

yrpbg`y dkq` ampjb k ekvc`b mq`vlkx f`rw``j kv`ky gjqmlq`b gj y`la%

v`stìrgmjkjb ymigklimojgrgmj wgrd vòkvbrm mrd`vy* Mj`vì`jr yrpb,

amv gjyrkji`, ampjb rdkr gjbgqgbpkly vìvpgr rd` yke` j`pvkl j`rwmvc

amv fmrd emrd`v%và`v jrgkl kjb y`la%và`v jrgkl xvmi`yygjo, gjbgikrgjo

k yrvmjol gjr ovkr`b j`rwmvc amv rd` rwm $Qkjb`vwkl, Dpjkbg,

Ovpx , Imjjmvy, ! Yidplr~, 6887', k jbgjo wdgid gy yrvgcgjol

imjygyr`jr wgrd rd` ypoo`yrgmj rdkr rd` b`q`lmxe`jr ma k y`jy` ma y`la

kjb mrd`vy kv` ilmy`l gjr`vrwgj`b*

Agjbgjoy ypid ky rd`y` xvmegy` rm gjiv`ky` mpv pjb`vyrkjbgjo mard` `qmlprgmjkv kjb fgmlmogikl fky`y ma rd` b`q`lmxe`jrkl bgklìrgi

gjr`vkirgmj ma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kjb rd` xkrdmxdygml%

mo pjb`vlgjo gexkgve`jry gj rd` gjròvkrgmj ma rd`y` rwm i`jrvkl

b`q lmxe jrkl xvmi yy y gj xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy* Mj` gexmvrkjr

gexlgikrgmj ma rdgy qg`w, bgyipyy`b gj emv` b`rkgl f`lmw, ek f` rdkr

aprpv` v`y`kvid ydmplb emq` f`mjb rd` pjavpgrapl y`kvid amv rd`

v`lkrgq`l pjg{p` `rgmlmo kjb xkrdmo`j`ygy ma yxìgi xyidgkrvgi

bgymvb`vy $Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 68;8'* Imjovp`jr wgrd xvgjigxl`y ma

`{pgjklgr kjb eplrgjklgr, rd`y` jbgjoy ypoo`yr rdkr gr ek f`

emv àa irgq` rm gjq yrgokr` dmw fvmkb fgmlmogikl akirmvy kjb

yyrèy, ypid ky fvmkb`v j`pvkl yyrèy mv igvipgry pjb`vlgjo rd`

ikxkigr amv v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj, kv` gexlgikr`b gj fmrd rd`

b`q lmxe`jr kjb rv kre`jr ma yx irvk ma bgymvb`vy $Igiid`rrg !

Vmomyid, ;7713 Lpr`j, Qlgò`j, Qkj Dmpb`jdmq`, ! Flkrr, 6884'*

2* Gjròvkrgjo rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kxxvmkid`y

rm x`vymjklgr

2*;* Gjrvmbpirgmj

Npyr lgc` wgrd rd`mv%bvgq`j emb`ly, rd`v` gy k ovmwgjo imjy`jypy

kemjo ipvv`jrl bmegjkjr exgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr

ypoo`yrgjo rdkr, b`x`jbgjo mj rd` l`q`l ma kfyrvkirgmj, 2 rm ? eknmv

x`vymjklgr bge`jygmjy pjb vlg` fmrd jmvekl kjb xkrdmlmogikl

x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr $g*`* jòkrgq` èmrgmjklgr mv j`pvmrgigye,

xmygrgq` èmrgmjklgr mv `trvkq`vygmj, imjyig`jrgmpyj`yy, kov``kfl`%

j`yy, mx`jj`yy rm `tx vg`ji , kjb xmyygfl imexplygq`j`yy kjb

yidg~mrx' $B` Il`vi{, B` Avpr, Qkj L``pw`j, ! E`vqg`lb`, 68813

Dpb~gkc, Kid`jfkid, Klrdmaa, ! Xgj , 688?3 Cvpò`v `r kl*, 688?3

Ykplyekj ! Xko`, 68823 _krymj, Ilkvc, ! Ideg`l wycg, 6884'*

Emv`mq`v, gjiv`kygjo `qgb`ji` gjbgikr`y rdkr rd`y` bge`jygmjy kv`

v`lkrgq`l yrkfl` avme gjakji rm kbplrdmmb, kjb kv` dg`vkvidgikll

mvokjg~`b gj r`vey ma kj gjr`vjklg~gjo q`vypy `tr`vjklg~gjo yxìrvpe

$B` Il`vi{ `r kl*, 68813 Cvpò`v, Ekvcmj, Xkrvgic, ! Gkimjm, 68803

Cvpò`v, _krymj, ! Fkvlmw, 68803 Cvpò`v, `r kl*, 688?'*

Gj rdgy yìrgmj, w` `tkegj` rd` imji`xrpkl kjb èxgvgikl v`lkrgmj%

ydgxy ky w`ll ky imexlè`jrkvgrg y f`rw``j rd`mv%bvgq`j rwmxmlkvgrg y emb ly bgyipyy`b kfmq` kjb xvmegj`jr èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b

emb`ly v`xv`y`jrkrgq` ma $k' rd` idglb-kbml`yi`jr kjb kbplr lgr`vkrpv`

$`*o*, rd` G-@ emb`l, rd` rvgxkvrgr` emb`l', $f' xpv`l èxgvgikl q`vypy

egt`b emb`ly $`*o*, rd` G-@ emb`l q`vypy rd` AAE emb`l', kjb $i'

emb`lyb`vgq b avme rd` yrpb ma jmveklq`vypy kfjmvekl x`vymjklgr

b`q`lmxe`jr $`*o*, rd` AAE q`vypy Lgq`yl`/y BKXX%F[ emb`l'* Rdgy

`tkegjkrgmj amvey rd` fkygy amv mpv gjròvkrgmj ma rd`mv%bvgq`j kjb

èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr gj kj mq`vkvidgjo dg`vkv%

idgikll mvokjg~`b bge`jygmjkl emb`l ma xyidmxkrdmlmo*

2*6* Rd` gjr`vjklg~gjo qy* `tr`vjklg~gjo yxìrvpe emb`l

Rd` G-@ yxìrvpe emb l, b`vgq`b avme Kid`jfkid/y yègjkl

imjrvgfprgmjy $Kid`jfkid `r kl*, 6880', gy mj` ma rd` emyr gjstp`jrgkl

emb`ly gj rd` b`q`lmxe`jr ma aprpv` ilkyygikrgmj yyrèy, xkvrgip%

lkvl amv idglbdmmb kjb kbml`yi`jr bgymvb`vy $B` Il`vi{ `r kl*, 68813

Dpb~gkc `r kl*, 688?'* Rdgy kxx`klgjo èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb`l dky

ekj kbqkjrko`y mq`v rd` ipvv`jr BYE kxxvmkid $Cvpò`v, Ekvcmj,

`r kl*, 68803 Cvpò`v, _krymj, `r kl*, 6880, 688?' ky w`ll ky ekj

ygeglkvgrg`y wgrd rwm xmlkvgrg y emb`ly> $k' imjovp`jr wgrd rwm

xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly, rd` G-@ emb`l xvmqgb`y kexl` `qgb`ji` rdkr ekj

xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy kv` gjr`vv`lkr`b, vkrd`v rdkj gymlkr`b, bgymvb`vy

$Cvpò`v `r kl*, 688?' kjb $f', rd` G-@ emb`l dky ympodr rm `txlkgj

rd`y gjr`vv`lkrgmjydgxy kemjo bgymvb`vy f và vvgjo rm o`j rgi,

`jqgvmje`jrkl kjb `yx igkll x`vymjklgr akirmvy $Cvpò v `r kl*,

688?'* D`ji`, lgc` rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly, rd` G-@ emb`l èxdkyg~`y

imjrgjpgr f`rw``j jmvekl kjb bgyvpxr`b x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr,

rvkjyi`jbgjo rd` xprkrgq` bgyrgjirgmjy f`rw``j Ktgy G kjb GG bgymvb`vy

kjb f`rw` j yexrmeykjb x`vymjklgr $Cvpò v `r kl*, 688?'* Yrpbg yfky`b mj rd` G-@ emb`l, amv `tkexl`, xvmqgb` il`kv `qgb`ji` rdkr

`tr vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy ypid ky kjrgymigkl f`dkqgmv, ypfyrkji kjb

bvpo kfpy` kv` jmr mjl dgodl imemvfgb, fpr kv` v`lkr`b rm ygeglkv

x`vymjklgr akirmvy ypid ky gexplygq` kjb koov`yygq` x`vymjklgr rvkgry

$Cvpò`v `r kl*, 688?'* Lgc`wgy`, gjr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy, yxìgikll

O`j`vklg~`b Kjtg`r Bgymvb`v $OKB' kjb Eknmv B`xv`yygq` Bgymvb`v

$EBB' kv` jmr mjl dgodl imemvfgb, fpr dkq f` j lgjc`b rm

j`pvmrgigye kjb dgod l`q`ly ma vpegjkrgmj $Cvke`v, Cvpò`v, ! Dgicy,

6884'* Gj kbbgrgmj, rd` G-@ emb`l gy gjiv`kygjol xvmqgbgjo `qgb`ji`

rdkr rd` yrvpirpv ma xyidmxkrdmlmo gy ygeglkv gj idglbv`j,

kbml`yi`jry, kjb kbplry, rdpy gjrvmbpigjo k b`q`lmxe`jrkl x`vyxì%

rgq` gj xyidgkrvgi ilkyygikrgmj $B` Il`vi{ `r kl*, 6881'* Emv`mq`v, rd`

G-@ dky ilgjgikl kxx kl, kjb dky f``j py`b rm b`j` bgaa`v jr

gjr`vq`jrgmj kjb rv`kre`jr kxxvmkid`y amv gjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr`v%jklg~gjo bgymvb`vy $`*o*, Amjko, Emvkj, @boipef`, C`jj`b, ! Rkvo r,

;7793 Xkvc%Dgoo`vymj, X`vpe`kj%Idkj`, Fkvrmlpiig, Ovgel , !

Ygjod, 6884'* Agjkll, rd` G-@ emb`l ek klym ilkvga jbgjoy

imji vjgjo o`jb`v bgaa v`ji`y gj qplj`vkfglgr amv gjr vjklg~gjo q`vypy

`tr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy $Cvke`v `r kl*, 6884'*

Rd` G-@ emb l, dmw`q v, klym dky k jpef`v ma lgegrkrgmjy* Mj` ma rd`

emyr q`tgjo xvmfl ey ma rd` G-@ emb`l gy rd` dgod im%miipvv ji

$imemvfgbgr' ma gjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy $Cvpò`v,

Ekvcmj, `r kl*, 68803 Cvpò`v, _krymj, `r kl*, 6880, 688?3 Lkd` `r kl*,

68843 EiOlgjid` ! ^gee`vekj, 688?'* Amv gjyrkji`, gj k vì`jr rwgj

yrpb, imvv lkrgmjy f`rw` j gjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb vy ky

ov kr ky v5*02 w`v ampjb gjemjm~omrgi rwgjykjb v5*2; gjbg~morgi

rwgjy ky e`kypv`b wgrd rd` Idglbdmmb F`dkqgmv Idìclgyr $X`y`jrg%

Ovgrrg `r kl*, 6884'* Lkd` `r kl*$6884', ygeglkvl, gj k lkvo` v`xv`y jrkrgq`



9/17

ykexl` ma 2,827 idglbv j, ampjb q`v dgod imvv lkrgmjy f`rw``j

gjr vjklg~gjo kjb `tr vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy* Amv gjyrkji`, ikv`rkc`v

v`xmvr`b EBB-OKB imvv`lkr`b v5 *2? rdvmpod v5*?8 wgrd mrd v

gjr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy, fpr klym v5*01 rm v5*1? wgrd `tr`vjklg~gjo

bgymvb`vy* Emv`mq`v, yrpbg`y dkq` ydmwj rdkr idglbdmmb Mxxmygrgmjkl

B`kjr Bgymvb`v $MBB' kjb Imjbpir Bgymvb`v $IB', fmrd `tr`vjklg~gjo

bgymvb`vy, xv`bgir kbml`yi`jr EBB, kj gjr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`v, kjb rdkr

`kv%rm%`kv stpirpkrgmjy gj l`q`ly ma IB yexrmey xkvkll`l`b stpirpk%

rgmjy gj EBB yexrmey kivmyy idglbdmmb kjb kbml yi`ji $Lkd`,Lm f`v, Fpvc , Vkrdmp~, ! EiFpvj`rr, 6886'* Apvrd vemv , yrpbg y

ypoo`yr rdkr rdgy imemvfgbgr gy lkvo`l b`r`vegj b f o`j`rgi kjb

imeemj, jmr pjg{p`, `jqgvmje`jrkl akirmvy $Dpb~gkc `r kl*, 688?'*

Gr gy gexmvrkjrrm jmr rdkr rd y`jbgjoy bm jmrikll gjrm {p`yrgmjrd`

qklgbgr ma rd` G-@ bgyrgjirgmj ky ypid, fpr {p yrgmj rd` rvkbgrgmjkl

pjb`vyrkjbgjo ma rdgy bgyrgjirgmj kjb ypoo`yr rd` j``b rm vìmji`xrp%

klg~` rd` jkrpv` ma rd y` dgod`v%mvb v bge`jygmjy $Lkd` `r kl*, 6884, x*

;4?'* Gj akir,rd` dgodimvv lkrgmjy kemjo gjr vjklg~gjokjb `tr vjklg~gjo

bgymvb vy ekgj xkvr v`stìrk o`j vkl xyidmxkrdmlmoakirmv*Emv`mq v,

gr implb f` kvop b rdkrrd` dgodim%miipvv`ji f`rw``jgjr vjklg~gjo kjb

`tr vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy gy `q`j l`yy xvmflèkrgi fìkpy` gr xvmfkfl

v`stìry rvp` imqkvgkji` kemjogjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy*

Rd` ekgj xvmflè ma rd` G-@ bgyrgjirgmj, rd`vàmv`, kxx`kvy rm f` v`lkr`b

rm gry b`yivgxrgq`, kjb lkvo`l yexrme%fky`b kxxvmkid rdkr l`kby rm

ygeglkv xvmfl ey $`*o*, `tr jygq imemvfgbgr' `tx vg`ji`b wgrd rd`

ipvv`jr yexrme%fky`b BYE kxxvmkid*

Gjb``b, wdgl` jbgjoy imji`vjgjo dgod imemvfgbgr kv` bgaiplr rm

kiimeembkr` wgrdgj rd` G-@ emb`l, gr gy k i`jrvkl kyypexrgmj ma rwm

xmlkvgrg y emb ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q lmxe`jr rdkr b`q lmxe`jrkl

gexkgve`jry mv imjstgiry kvmpjb v`lkr bj`yy kjb y`la%b jgrgmj ikj f`

`txv`yy`b gj fmrd gjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr`vjklg~gjo amve, b`x`jbgjo

pxmj mrd`v $bjkegi' akirmvy* Yrpbg`y xvmqgb` `qgb`ji`, amv gjyrkji`,

rdkr kjrgymigkl $`tr`vjklg~gjo' f`dkqgmvy kv` mar`j k bà`jy` kokgjyr

pjb`vlgjo $gjr`vjklg~gjo' a``lgjoy ma b`xv`yygmj kjb d`ji` ikj f`

`txìr b rm ydmw ypfyrkjrgkl imemvfgbgr $Flkrr, 68823 Flkrr !

Ydgidekj, ;74;'* Emvò`j`vkll,gr gy w`ll%cjmwj rdkrrd` `txv`yygmj

ma xyidmxkrdmlmo gj idglbv`j mar`j idkjo`y gj fmrd ekojgrpb` kjb

idkvkir`v ky b`q`lmxe`jr xvmov`yy`y $Dpb~gkc `r kl*, 688?, x* ;?'*

D`ji`, rd` yke` gyyp`y wgrd v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj ek f``txv yy b gj bgaa v`jr wky kr bgaa v`jr ko`ykjb gj bgaa v`jr imjr try, k

xd`jme jmj imjygyr`jr wgrd rd` b`q`lmxe`jrkl xvgjigxl`y ma `{pgj%

klgr kjb eplrgjklgr $Igiid`rrg ! Vmomyid, ;771'* Imjovp`jr wgrd

rd`y xvgjigxl`y, v`y kvid dky ydmwj rdkr gjrvmnìrgq` x`vymjklgr

bge`jygmjy, amv gjyrkji`, kv` v`lkr`b rm fmrd gjr vjklg~gjo kjb

`tr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy fmrd ivmyy%yìrgmjkll $L`kbf`kr`v ! Lgjkv`y,

;776' ky w`ll ky lmjogrpbgjkll $L`kbf`kr`v, Cpx`vegji, Flkrr, !

D`vr~mo,;777'* Rd`y jbgjoy kv`klym imjovp`jr wgrdyrpbg y ydmwgjo

rdkr bgymvb vy ma rd` gjr vjklg~gjo yxìrvpekv` lgjc`b rm rèx`vke`jr

kjb x`vymjklgr akirmvy ypid ky koov`yygmj, gexplygqgr, lmw àamvrapl

imjrvml kjb bgygjdgfgrgmj $Cvp o v `r kl*, 688?' wdgidkv` klym gjqmlq b

gj `tr`vjklg~gjo bgymvb`vy, kjb gj gjrvmnìrgq` bgymvb`vy gj xkvrgiplkv

$Flkrr ! Lpr`j, 6887'* Rdpy, b`x jbgjo mj rd` wk koov`yygmj gy b`klr

wgrd gj r`vey ma yìmjbkv krrkide`jr mv imxgjo yrvkròg`y, gr ikj f`gjr`vjklg~`b $b`jgjo kj gjr`vjklg~gjo dmyrgl`-koov`yygq` ypfrx` ma

b`xv`yygmj3 Lpr`j `r kl*, 688?', mv `tr`vjklg~`b $l`kbgjo rm `tr`vjkl%

g~gjo bgymvb`vy3 L`kbf`kr`v `r kl*, ;777'*

Rd`y` jbgjoy ypoo`yr rdkr kj ilkyygikrgmj yyrè rdkr gy

`tilpygq`l fky`b mj yexrmekrgi `txv`yygmjy ek l`kb rm imexk%

vkfl` xvmflèy `tx`vg`ji`b wgrd rd` ipvv`jr BYE kxxvmkid, kjb rdkr

k ypx vmvbgjkr` rd`mv%bvgq`j kxxvmkid ek kqmgb rd`y` xvmfl ey f

xvmqgbgjo k apll v kvrgiplkrgmj ma rd` bjkegi kjb emrgqkrgmjkl akirmvy

gjd`v`jr gj gjr`vjklg~gjo kjb `tr`vjklg~gjo f`dkqgmv xkrr`vjy*

2*9* Rd` q` akirmv emb`l

Rd` AAE dky okgj`b epid xmxplkvgr mq`v vì`jr bìkb`y gj rd`

y`kvid amv k emv` xvmbpirgq` ilkyygikrgmj ma xyidmxkrdmlmo $B`

Il vi{ `r kl*, 68813 _gbgo v ! Rvpll, 688?'* Rd` AAE, k egt`b

èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kjb rd`mv%bvgq`j emb`l $Imyrk ! EiIvk`, gj

xv`yy3 EiIvk` ! Imyrk, ;777', gy fky`b mj rd` eplrgqkvgkr` yrpb ma

rvkgry gj jmvekl imeepjgr ykexl`y* V`y`kvid`vy ypfy`{p`jrl

b`q`lmx`b k imexv`d`jygq` x`vymjklgr rd`mv fky`b mj yrpbg`y ma

rd` ivmyy%iplrpvkl, o`j`rgi, kjb b`q`lmxe`jrkl kjrì`b`jry ky w`ll ky

rd` yrkfglgr ma rd`y rvkgry kivmyy b`q`lmxe`jr* Rd`y` yrpbg`y

imjq`vo` mj k q` akirmv emb`l ma x`vymjklgr, imjygyrgjo ma

j`pvmrgigye, `trvkq`vygmj, kov``kfl j`yy, mx`jj yy kjb imjyig`j%rgmpyj`yy* Rd` yrv jordy ma rd` AAE emb`l kv` gry ampjbkrgmj gj

eplrgqkvgkr` v`y`kvid, gry ivmyy%iplrpvkl yrkfglgr kjb gry v`lkrgmj rm

o`j`rgi kjb fgmlmogikl fky`y ma dpekj f`dkqgmv $_gbgo`v ! Rvpll,

688?'* Rd` il`kv kjb bèmjyrvkfl` v`lkrgmjydgx ma rd` AAE emb`l rm

mrd`v èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b emb ly ma x`vymjklgr, gjilpbgjo rd` G-@

emb`l $B` Il vi{`r kl*, 6881', kjbrèx vke`jr emb`ly$Ilkvc, 68803

B` Il`vi{ `r kl*, 6881', dky apvrd`v gjiv`ky`b gry kxx`kl*

Rd` AAE klym dky rd`mv`rgikll imjygyr`jr v`lkrgmjydgxy wgrd rwm

xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly* Yrpbg`y, amv `tkexl`, dkq` ampjb rdkr Flkrr/y kjb

Fìc/y bge`jygmjy ma B`x`jb`ji-Ymigmrvmx ikj f` b`yivgf`b ky kj

`trvkq`vr, kov``kfl` amve ma j`pvmrgigye, wdgl` Y`la%Ivgrgigye-Kprmj%

me v`stìry k emv` gjrvmq`vr b, bgykov` kfl` j`pvmrgi x`vymjklgr

yrl` $`*o*, Fkof ! Vìrmv, ;7743 Bpjcl`, Flkjcyr`gj, ! Al`rr, ;77?3

Bpjcl , Ykjgylmw, Ovglm, ! EiOlkydkj, 68813 @jjy ! Imt, ;7773

Emjovkgj, ;7793 Emmv` ! Flkicfpvj, ;7713 ^pvmaa, ;772'* Yrpbg y

dkq` klym ydmwj rdkr B`x`jb`ji-Ymigmrvmx kjb Y`la%Ivgrgigye-

Kprmjme ikjjmr f` ygexl v`bpi`b rm rd` AAE $ Imt, Ei_gllgkey,

@jjy, ! Ilkvk, 6882'* Amv gjyrkji`, B`x`jb`ji-Ymigmrvmx kjb Y`la%

Ivgrgigye-Kprmjme xv`bgir y`q vgr ma b`xv yygmj gj fmrd ilgjgikl kjb

jmjilgjgikl ykexl`y `q`j kar`v imjrvmllgjo amv rd` AAE x`vymjklgr

bge`jygmjy $Ilkvk, Imt, ! @jjy, 68893 Ilkvc ! Fìc, ;77;3 Bpjcl` `r

kl*, ;77?3 @jjy ! Imt, ;777'*

Lgc`wgy`, yrpbg`y dkq` v`xmvr`b rd`mv`rgikll imjygyr`jr v`lkrgmj%

ydgxy f`rw``j krrkide`jr yrl`y kjb rd` AAE $amv k v`qg w, y``

Egcplgji`v ! Ydkq`v, 688?'* Krrkide`jr kqmgbkji dky f``j

imjygyr`jrl kyymigkr`b wgrd lmw yimv`y mj `trvkq`vygmj kjb kov``%

kfl`j`yy,jbgjoy imjovp`jr wgrd v`y kvid mj rd` v`lkrgmjydgx ma y`la%

ivgrgigye-kprmjme wgrd rd` AAE* Agjbgjoy imji`vjgjo krrkide`jr

kjtg`r kv` yme`wdkr emv` egt`b, kjb ypoo`yr xmr`jrgkl bgaa`v`ji`yf`rw``j rd` AAE kjb kj krrkide`jr x`vyxìrgq` $`*o*, y`` Jmarl` !

Ydkq v, 6881'* B`yxgr ypid gjimjygyr ji, k vì jr f`dkqgmvkl%

o`j`rgi yrpb ypoo`yry rdkr epid ma rd` mq vlkx f rw``j kbplr

krrkide`jr kjb rd` AAE rvkgry gy bp` rm ydkv`b o`j`rgi gjstp`ji`y

$Bmj`llkj, Fpvr, L`q`jbmyc, ! Clpex, 6884'* Agjkll, v`y`kvid avme

rd` x`vyxìrgq` ma gjr`vx`vymjkl rd`mv dky ydmwj rdkr, ky `txìr`b,

`trvkq`vygmj gy v`lkr`b rm rd` avg`jbl-bmegjkjr {pkbvkjr kjb

kov``kfl`j`yy rm rd` avg`jbl ypfegyygq` {pkbvkjr $EiIvk` ! Imyrk,

;778' gj rd` gjr`vx`vymjkl igvipexl`t, wdgid dky l`b rm kj

gjr`vx`vymjkl emb`l ma rd` AAE $_googjy, ;77;'*

Gj ype, rd` AAE gy il`kvl v`lkr`b rm fmrd èxgvgikll%b`vgq`b kjb

rd`mv%bvgq`j emb`ly ma x`vymjklgr b`q`lmxe`jr kjb ilkyygikrgmj*

Gj rdgy imjr`tr, gr dky f``j ypoo yr`b rdkr rd` Fgo Agq akirmvy

imjyrgrpr` dgod`v%mvb`v akirmvy amv rd` lmw`v mvb`v x`vymjklgr akirmvyma v`lkr`bj`yy kjb y`la%b`jgrgmj $`*o*, Imt `r kl*, 6882'* Gr `q`j dky

f``j ypoo`yr`b rdkr rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb`ly mjl kyy`yy rwm bge`j%

ygmjy ma rd` AAE emb`l $g*`*, `trvkq`vygmj kjb kov``kfl`j`yy', kjb

rdpy rd` AAE gy k emv` `jimexkyygjo, dgod`v%mvb`v emb`l* Dmw`q`v,

v`y`kvid jbgjoy y`è vkrd`v rm ypxxmvr rd` mxxmygr` qg`w, jke`l

rdkr rwm xmlkvgrg`y emb ly ek xvmqgb` rd` dgod`v%mvb`v yrvpirpv` amv

rd` emv fkygi x`vymjklgr akirmvy ma rd` AAE* Rd` v`kymj amv rdgy qg`w

gy vyr kjb amvèmyr rdkr rd` AAE akirmvy kv` ym ilmy`l v`lkr`b rm

rèx`vke`jr akirmvy rdkr rd` kv` f`rr`v imjyrvp`b ky fkygi

rèx`vke`jr akirmvy rdkr imjyrgrpr` rd` apjbke`jrkl fpglbgjo flmicy

ma x`vymjklgr vkrd`v rdkj ky x`vymjklgr akirmvy x`v y`* Gj xkvrgiplkv,

rd` dgod o`j`rgi lmkb kjb dgod rèxmvkl yrkfglgr ma rd` AAE akirmvy

kivmyy rd` lga yxkj ky w ll ky rd` ygeglkvgr f`rw` j rd` akirmv

yrvpirpv` ma ipvv jr emb`ly ma rèx vke`jr kjb rd` AAE akirmvy



10/17

yrvmjol ypxxmvr ypid k v`%imji`xrpklg~krgmj $Ikyxg, Vmf`vry, !

Ydgj`v, 68803 B` Xkpw, E`vqg`lb`, ! Qkj L``pw`j, 68873 Vmrdfkvr

! Fkr`y, 6881'* Gjb``b, ogq`j rd` mq`vlkx wgrd rèx`vke`jr, gr dky

f``j kvop`b rdkr rèx`vke`jr kjb rd` AAE x`vymjklgr akirmvy kv`

emv` klgc` rdkj bgaa`v`jr $Ikyxg `r kl*, 6880, x* 202'* Yìmjb, ky wgrd

rd` G-@ emb`l, k eknmv lgegrkrgmj ma rd` AAE gj imji`xrpklg~gjo

xyidmxkrdmlmo gy rd` kyypexrgmj, ky gj emyr rvkgr emb`ly, rdkr

gjbgqgbpkly kv` `grd`v dgod mv lmw mj k xkvrgiplkv rvkgr, fpr jmr fmrd*

W`r, emyr xyidgkrvgi bgymvb`vy, kjb x`vymjklgr bgymvb`vy gj xkvrgi%plkv, y`è rm f` idkvkir vg~ b f ypid kxxkv jr imjrvkbgirgmjy

wdgid gj akir ek f` k c` b`jgjo a`krpv` ma xyidmxkrdmlmo* Amv

`tkexl`, èxgvgikl yrpbg`y avme k qkvg`r ma x`vyxìrgq`y, pygjo k

qkvg r ma kyy yye`jr e`rdmby vkjogjo avme ilgjgigkj%v`xmvr rm

`tx vge jrkl yrpbg y, dkq` ydmwj rdkr xkrg`jry wgrd jkvigyygyrgi

x`vymjklgr bgymvb`v rxgikll xv`y jr wgrd dgod y`la%`yr è ky k

bà`jy` kokgjyr pjb vlgjo a``lgjoy ma gja vgmvgr kjb èxrgj`yy $Vpyy,

Yd`bl`v, Fvkbl`, ! _`yr`j, 6884'* D`ji`, rd`y` gjbgqgbpkly kxx`kv rm

ygeplrkj`mpyl dkq` dgod kjb lmw l`q`ly ma y`la%`yr`è, wdgid gy

bgaiplr rm `txlkgj gj k rvkgr emb`l rdkr qg`wy rvkgry ky v`lkrgq`l yrkfl`

bge`jygmjy* Ygeglkvl, ekj xkrg`jry wgrd b`x`jb`jr x`vymjklgr

a`krpv`y ydmw q`v lmw yimv`y mj ekjga`yr gjbgikrmvy ma koov`yygmj

$g* *,mj y`la%v xmvr e`kypv`y', fpr mj k emv lkr jrl`q`ldkvfmv yrvmjo

koov yygq` a``lgjoy, wdgid kv` mjl gjbgvìrl ekjga`yr b $`*o*, gj

xkyygq`koov`yygq`j yy' $Fmvjyr`gj, ;776'* Fmvb vlgj` xkrg`jry, gj

rpvj, ydmw yrvmjo stpirpkrgmjy gj l`q`ly ma koov`yygmj $g*`*, fmrd dgod

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Fkvlmw, 6880'*

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kjb gb`klg~krgmj ma kjkilgrgi gjbgqgbpkly $Flkrr, ;7?2' ek iv`kr` rd`

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1;X* Lpr`j, Y*N* Flkrr - Ilgjgikl Xyidmlmo V`qg`w 9; $68;;' 0614


11/17

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$Emjovkgj ! ^pvmaa, ;772, x*201'*

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v`lkr`bj yy kjb y`la%b`

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kjb x`vymjklgr akirmvy* Ago* 0 xv`y`jry k yidèkrgi b`xgirgmj ma rd`

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ma rdgy emb`l*

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_krymj, 6880'*

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12/17

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integrating theory-driven and empirically-derived models of personality development and...

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