integration of distributed generation with power ... · teknocea introduction teknocea is a...

Integration of distributed generation with power electronics on rural LV

grids to improve power quality

Ricard [email protected]

June, 2016

EMTP-RV User group Meeting, Aix en Provence

Goals

A new paradigm in electrical energy

www.teknocea.cat 2

Photovoltaic

CoGeneration

Network

WindElectrical Vehicle

Storage

Energy management

• Distributed generation• Energy storage• Electrical vehicle integration• Demand side management• Energy management

TeknoCEA introduction

teknoCEA is a spin-off company from the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC –BarcelonaTech)

More than 20 years of experience in power converters, DSP based digital control, industrial communications, and power system analysis

Founders are professors of the Electrical Engineering Department (UPC) and members of the CITCEA-UPC research centre

www.teknocea.cat 3

What do we do?

teknoCEA power electronics portfolio covers a wide range of applications, such as testing, emulation, education and research.

Components

Ready to use equipment for research, industry and utility sectors.

Power converters, Control boards, SiC drivers and interface

SystemsWe design, develop and build custom solutions by integrating our power converters, control boards and communications systems.

Programmable emulators, DSP Starter Kits, Microgrids, Custom systems

ServicesWe provide renting and leasing services of lab equipment for our customers, and engineering services.

Consulting, Electrical and Energy Engineering Analysis and studies

www.teknocea.cat 4

Modular and flexible converters

Applications and usage• AC-DC active front-end (PV inverter,

active filtering, V2G applications, microgrids …)

• DC-DC converters: half bridge, H-brige, interleaved converter

• AC motor drive

Main Features• Three phase voltage source converter• 20 kVA, 40 kVA, 60 kVA and 100 kVA• 800 VDC maximum voltage• 64 kHz max. switching frequency• Isolated drivers (UVLO, desaturation

protection)• Isolated current and voltage measurement• Isolated digital I/O for external control

functions• Fit teknoCEA control boards

www.teknocea.cat 5

C

O

M

P

O

N

E

N

T

S

Fully customized power electronics systems and cabinets

Applications and usage• Custom research testbed• Renewables grid integration• Microgrids and Smart Grids• Testing set-up• Power electronics applications

Main Features

• 10 kVA, 20 kVA, 40 kVA, 60 kVA and 100 kVA three phase converters available

• 400 VAC, 800 VDC

• Customizable output power inductor and capacitor filter, and transformer

• Protections, and EMI filtering

• Electrical schematics included

• Programing code examples

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S

Y

S

T

E

M

S

Objectives and Motivation

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• The rural distribution networks are more vulnerable than urban distributiongrids but the emergence of distributed generation can contribute to overcomethis weakness.

• Increased efficiency, power quality and network resilience must be assured.• The rural distribution networks require a new type of thinking as new options

and new technologies emerge. This need is now imminent.

• Developing an Intelligent Distribution Power Router (IDPR)• Developing a data and energy control system that manages local micro-

production units and IDPRs• Integrating all the novel features into one, single platform• Demonstrating and validating the system full-scale in two European regions to

assess the technological and economic feasibility of this new, innovativeplatform.

S.S. 010 Verger

S.S. 730Planallonga

S.S. 734Nou Piella

S.S. 928Artigues

Transformer

Smartmetertechnologies

MV Switchgears

Fuses for the LV lines

Transformer

MV Switchgear

Fuses for theLV lines

Smartmeterstechnologies

Smartmeterstechnologies

Fuses for theLV lines

Transformer

MV Switchgear

Case study

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Case study

S.S. 010 Verger

S.S. 730Planallonga

S.S. 734Nou Piella

S.S. 928Artigues

S2

S1

S3

www.teknocea.cat 9

Transf 1 Transf 2 Transf 3 Transf 4

Line 2 Line 3 Line 4Line 1

~ G

GS~ G

DGLD

BAT

Se

ctio

n 1

Se

ctio

n 2

Se

ctio

n 3

Se

ctio

n 0

S0S1 S1S2 S2S3

IDPR IDPR

~ G

DG~ G

DGLD

BAT

~ G

DGLDLD

Normal operation Emergency operation

Mode 1: Connected to the main grid

Mode 2: Isolated by planned tasks

Mode 3: When the main grid is not operative

Mode 4: When there is/are inoperative internal sections

Case study

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IDPR

Operational modes

• Grid mode:– Produce/consume active power

– Produce/consume reactive power (compensation)

– Compensate unbalanced loads

– Harmonics compensation

• Island mode:– Create an estable network

voltage

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Transformer

S1

MV grid

S0

Loads, DG

LV busbar

Secondary substation

IDPR

IDPR

• 4 branches• Dc bus midpoint conected to the

neutral• Interleaved DC/DC• Sinusoidal modulation

• Transformerless (no common mode).

• No 100 Hz oscilations from battery are transmitted

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DC+

DCN

DC-

R

S

T

N

BAT+

BAT-

ab

c

r

s

t

Main Characteristics

Power moduleLaboratory IDPR version- 34.5 kW (4x CCSPC stack)

- Size: 710x310x340mm aprox

- L ≈ 400 μH (Ø = 165 mm)

- Big, accesible but heavy and complex to assembly

IDPR pilot area unit version- 20 kW (1 x CCSPC stack)

- Size: 440 x 133 x 210 mm

- Rack mounting enclosure

- AC LC-type coupling filter included

-L ≈ 500 μH (Ø = 100 mm) + C up to 30 μF

- Optional extra DC-link

- Easy to parallelize

- Weight: ≈ -25 kg than lab version

www.teknocea.cat 13

power cell(n-1)power cell (n)

gridbatterydc/dc dc/ac

Master

measurements

Switch

power cell (2) power cell(1)

ethernet

Interleaved DC/DC

converter

Four-wire three-leg inverter

with DC-link split capacitor

Power cell

- 20 kW

- Three-legs 1200 V – 25 A

- SiC technology

- Compact LC output

- 1.35 mF per power cell

- Forced air-cooling

- High performance heat-sink

- L ≈ 500 μH + C up to 30 μF

- 440 x 133 x 210 mm

Battery

- LiFePO4 battery

- 320 V-60 Ah

- BMS RS-485

- 320 x 809 x 1178 mm

Slave control board

- Each one manages 2

power cells

- Based on DSP from TI

F28M35 (HTQFP)

- Two cores: DSP+ARM

Extra DC-link

- + 3.9 mF

- Integrated discharge circuit

- 440 x 88,9 x 210 mm

Master control board

- 1 per each IDPR

- Based on DSP from TI F28M36 (BGA)

- Two cores: DSP+ARM

14

Control

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=

r

s

t

n

+

-

IDPR

Low voltage grid

400 V – 50 Hz

Loads

Zt Zs Zr

V

V

V

IgrIgs

Igt

Sg

=

+

-

dc/dc stage

=dcn Battery

+

-

+

-

dcn

inverter stage

V+

+

+

+

Vbus+

V+

Vbus-

Vr

Vs

Vt

Il rIl s

Il t

Ic r

Ic s

Ic t

V+

Vbat

Ibat

Scheme when batteries are considered

GSI (grid-connected)

GCI (grid-disconnected)

Scheme when no batteries are

considered

GSI (grid-(dis)connected)=

r

s

t

n

+

-

IDPR

Low voltage grid

400 V – 50 Hz

Loads

Zt Zs Zr

V

V

V

IgrIgs

Igt

Sg

dcn

inverter stage

V+

+

+

+

Vbus+

V+

Vbus-

Vr

Vs

Vt

Il rIl s

Il t

Ic r

Ic s

Ic t

Control

www.teknocea.cat 16

=

r

s

t

n

+

-

IDPR

Low voltage grid

400 V – 50 Hz

Loads

Zt Zs Zr

V

V

V

IgrIgs

Igt

Sg

=

+

-

dc/dc stage

=dcn Battery

+

-

+

-

dcn

inverter stage

V+

+

+

+

Vbus+

V+

Vbus-

Vr

Vs

Vt

Il rIl s

Il t

Ic r

Ic s

Ic t

V+

Vbat

Ibat

Boost battery voltage

DC-link active balancing

Battery: 294 VDC

DC-link: 800 VDC

DC-link: 800 VDC

+ to dcn: 450 VDC

dcn to -: 350VDC

Control

www.teknocea.cat 17

Order 5

PR+HC3+HC5

HC7+HC9

Order 10

Conventional formulation New formulation

Ressonant controllers

18

SWITCHGEARPROTECTIONS

RAW Ethernet10 kHz

CENTRAL CONTROL (GAIA)

DISTRIBUTEDCONTROL

(3N1)

I/VSENSORS

USER

Analog

ModbusRS-485

BATTERY BMS

wired

RS-485

DSRFPLLVGRID

θPLL, FPLL, VD+1, VQ

+1, VD-1, VQ

-1

Active filter current setpoint

generation

en/dis

ILOAD

AC voltage FPR

controller

V*/F*

VGRID

PQ current setpoint

generation

SOC,Vmax,Vmin,T

P*/Q*

VBAT

Bus voltage control and

balance

VBUS

StateMachine/

Alarms

order

all

STATUS

+IR

*, IS*, IT

*, IA*, IB

*, IC*,

AC current FPR / DC

current PI

General architecture

www.teknocea.cat

19

+

-

fpll

Vdc+ + Vdc

-

Vdc*

fc = f ± 2 Hz

Notch adaptative Vdc

filt

PIe out

Inv. Park (direct seq.)

d

q

α

β

[Idq+1]

Inversa Clarke

α

β

r

t

s[Iαβ]

Iαdc*

iβdc*

θ

IRdc*

ISdc*

ITdc*

1/2Ia

dc*

Ibdc*

÷xx

pll.vd+1filt

Vdcfilt

2/3

modo

isla

red

Iddc*

Idcdc*

Idcdc*

-1

IRdc*

ISdc*

ITdc*Vdc

filt

isla

red

Idcdc*

1/3

Iceq*

+

-

fpll

Vdc+ - Vdc

-

Vdc*

fc = f ± 2 Hz

Notch adaptative Vdc

filt

PIe out

modo

Idcdc*

-1

DC Bus control

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Ph. shift(150 Hz)

Ph. shift(250 Hz)

Ph. shift(350 Hz)

Ph. shift(450 Hz)

LPFωc = 10 rad/s

LPFωc = 10 rad/s

iRL

fpllfc = f ± 2 Hz

Notch adaptative iR

H*

+

-

iR50

iSL

fpllfc = f ± 2 Hz

Notch adaptative iS

50

+

-

iS50

iTL

fpllfc = f ± 2 Hz

Notch adaptative iT

H*

+

-

iT50

Clarke

α

β

r

t

s [Tαβ]

Park (direct)

Park (inverse)

iq+1

id-1

iq-1

θpll

θpll

α

β

d

q

[Tdq+1]

α

β

d

q

[Tdq-1]

Inv.a Park (inverse)

θpll

d

q

α

β

[Idq-1]

Inv. Clarke

α

β

r

t

s[Iαβ]

iα-1

iβ-1

iRuB*

iSuB*

iTuB*

Inv. Park (direct)

θpll

d

q

α

β

[Idq+1]

Inv. Clarke

α

β

r

t

s[Iαβ]

iα+1

iβ+1

iRQ*

iSQ*

iTQ*

enableuB

[0, 1]

γ50

γ

γ50

γ

LPFωc = 10 rad/s

enableQ

[0, 1]

iRH*

iSH*

iTH*

enableH

[0, 1]

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

din

qin

ddes

qdes

df ilt qf ilt

θ

x = 1y = -1

id+1

din

qin

ddes

qdes

df ilt qf ilt

θ

x = 1y = -1

θpll

θ θ

θ

θpll

θ

iRfilter*

iSfilter*

iTfilter*

LPF

LPF

LPF

LPF

bpass (3,5,7..)

+ Phase shift

bpass (3,5,7..)

+ Phase shift

bpass (3,5,7..)+ Phase shift

Band-pass(150 Hz)

Band-pass(250 Hz)

Band-pass(350 Hz)

Band-pass(450 Hz)

In Out+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

20

Current loop (active filter)

www.teknocea.cat

21

Pac* LPF

τ = 200 ms

Pacf*

1/2

÷

x

pll.vd+1filt

-1Vbat

Qac* LPF

τ = 200 ms

÷

x

2/3

Inv. Park (direct seq.)

θpll

d

q

α

β

[Idq+1]

Inv. Clarke

α

β

r

t

s[Iαβ]

Iαdc*

iβdc*

θ

Idpq*

Iqpq*

Ibat*

IRpq*

ISpq*

ITpq*

Iapq*

Ibpq*

0

PIe out

Imin = f (SOC)

+

-

Vbat

Vbatmax

PIe out

0 A

+

-

Vbat

Vbatmin

AC Volatge control

FPRe out+

-

VR*

VR

IRv*

FPRe out+

-

VS*

VS

ISv*

FPRe out+

-

VT*

VT

ITv*

P/Q Setpoints

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EMTP-RV Modelling

www.teknocea.cat 22

www.teknocea.cat 23

• Reactive current compensation

• Unbalance current compensation

• Harmonics compensation

• Linear load transient

• Non linear load transient

• Over load (OL) response

Simulation Results

Reactive current compensation(grid-connected)

The master reads the load current.

It calculates the direct, inverse and zerosequence current components (Fortescuetransformation).

To compensate de unbalance, the IDPRinjects the inverse and zero sequence ofthe load.

To compensate de reactive, the IDPRinjects the quadrature (dq0 transformation)component of the direct sequence.

Test conditions

Zr 300 μF capacitor

Zs No load

Zt No load

Harmonic current compensation enabling Disabled

Unbalance compensation enabling Enabled

Reactive power compensation enabling Enabled

Active power setpoint 0 kW

Reactive power setpoint 0 kvar

Green Vr

Cyan Ilr / Igr

Magenta Ils /Igs

Black Ilt /Igt

Igr

Igs

igt

Ilr

Ils

Ilt

IctIcsicr

IDPR

Igr

Igs

igt

Ilr

Ils

Ilt

IctIcsicr

IDPR

Unbalance current compensation(grid-connected)

The master reads the load current.

It calculates the direct, inverse and zerosequence current components (Fortescuetransformation).

To compensate de unbalance, the IDPRinjects the inverse and zero sequence ofthe load.

To compensate de reactive, the IDPRinjects the quadrature (dq0 transformation)component of the direct sequence.

Test conditions

Zr 5 Ω resistor

Zs No load

Zt No load


Unbalance compensation enabling Enabled

Reactive power compensation enabling Disabled

Active power set-point 0 kW

Reactive power set-point 0 kvar

Cyan Ilr/Igr

Magenta Ils/Igs

Black Ilt/Igt

Harmonics compensation(grid-connected)

The master reads the load current andcalculates de odd harmonics up to the 15thcomponent.

The master establish as set-point the sum ofthe harmonics components from the 3rd tothe 15th.

The harmonic compensation set-point iscalculated at a 10 kHz frequency. It limits theTHD compensation.

At this frequency, the THD reduction can bemore than 30 times when some predictivecontrol lead phases are considered.

THD: 0.87 %

THD: 61.1 %

THD: 0.91%

Ig Il

Ic

idpr

Test conditions

Zr R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 22 Ω, C = 2200 μF

Zs No load

Zt No load

Harmonic current compensation enabling Enabled

Unbalance compensation enabling Disabled


Active power setpoint 0 kW

Reactive power setpoint 0 kvar

Red Igr

Green Icr

Blue Ilr

R1

R2

C

Linear load transient(grid-disconnected)

• In case of a grid fault event, the DSO is

able to use the IDPR to generate a

island to feed the local loads.

• The IDPR can generate an stable AC

voltage at the PCC (Point of Common

Coupling) while feeding any kind of load

(in this case Linear loads).

Test conditions

Zr R1 = 5 Ω resistor

Zs No load

Zt No load




Active power setpoint Disabled

Reactive power setpoint Disabled

Green Vr

Blue Vs

Red Vt

Cyan Ilr

Magenta Ils

Black Ilt

idpr

Icr

Island mode

Vrpcc/Vs

pcc/Vtpcc

PCC

Ics

Ict

R1

idpr

Icr

Island mode

Vrpcc/Vs

pcc/Vtpcc

PCC

Ics

Ict

Non-linear load transient







(in this case non-linear loads).

Test conditions

Zr R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 22 Ω, C = 2200 μF

Zs No load

Zt No load






Green Vr

Blue Vs

Red Vt

Cyan Ilr

Magenta Ils

Black Ilt

R1

R2

C

(grid-disconnected)

Over-load (OL) response (I)







(in this case over-load response fixing

the rms limit of the current at 42 A).

Test conditions


Zs No load

Zt No load






Green Vr

Blue Vs

Red Vt

Cyan Ilr

Magenta Ils

Black Ilt

idpr

Icr

Island mode

Vrpcc/Vs

pcc/Vtpcc

PCC

Ics

Ict

R1

Overload connection response

Over-load (OL) response (II)Test conditions


Zs No load

Zt No load






Green Vr

Blue Vs

Red Vt

Cyan Ilr

Magenta Ils

Black Ilt

idpr

Icr

Island mode

Vrpcc/Vs

pcc/Vtpcc

PCC

Ics

Ict

R1

Steady sate with overload limitation

(a) OL disabled (b) OL enabled

www.teknocea.cat 31

• Three different installations– Artigues

– Verger

– Planallonga

• Two with battery, one without

Final implementation

32

- Sub-station location

- Operates as CC-VSI when grid-connected- Compensates harmonic current components

- Compensate unbalance currents

- Compensate reactive currents

- Manages active power

- Operates as VC-VSI when grid-disconnected- Able to feed loads

- 4x Power cells

- 2x DC/DC

- 3x Inverter

- 1x extra DC-link modules

- 2x slave control boards

- 1x master control board

+

Pictures during FAT

(at CITEA-UPC’s facilities)

Artigues’ IDPR

- Sub-station location

- Operates as CC-VSI when grid-connected- Compensates harmonic current components

- Compensate unbalance currents


- Manages active power

- Operates as VC-VSI when grid-disconnected- Able to feed loads

- 6x Power cells

- 3x DC/DC

- 3x Inverter

- 3x extra DC-link modules

- 3x slave control boards

- 1x master control board

33

Pictures during FAT


Pictures during SAT

(at Estabanell’s pilot area)

+

Verger’s IDPR

34

- Pole location

- Only operates as CC-VSI- Compensates harmonic current components

- Compensate unbalanced currents


- Not able to feed loads : no battery

- Not able to manage active power: no battery

- 1x Power cell

- 1x extra DC-link module

- 1x slave control board

Pictures during FAT


Pictures during SAT

(at Estabanell’s pilot area)

Planallonga’s IDPR

IDPR

Auxiliary batteries

charger

RTU (LC + TC)

Industrial PC (LEMS)

Communications

Switchgear

Auxiliary batteries

Real results

www.teknocea.cat 36

Conclusions

www.teknocea.cat 37

• Explore improvements in the design in order to reduce wiring, weight,

maintenance and cost from the IDPR laboratory version

• Design, build, test & validate of functional pilot area IDPR units

• New inner controller formulation tested under real conditions, with

satisfactory performance

• Validation of the reference generator over Ethernet in a master/slave

hierarchy in order to allow harmonic + unbalance + reactive

compensation

• Physical (working pilot area prototypes and storage integration)

Goals

Achievments

Thank you for your attention

www.teknocea.cat 38

Worldwide energy challenge needssmart engineers to develop smartsolutions with a very strongknowledge and life-long learning

Ricard [email protected]

www.teknocea.catJune, 2016

EMTP-RV User group Meeting, Aix en Provence

integration of distributed generation with power ... · teknocea introduction teknocea is a...

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