DongKyun PARK

Integration of SFM into REDD+

to Address Climate Change

2020. 06. 12.

Info. from Dr. S.K. Chong, KFS an /NIFoS, UNCCD, WRI, and un/published data

Content

I. Sustainable Forest Management

II. Forest Certification System

III. REDD+

IV. SFM under REDD+

V. Challenges and Opportunities

I. Sustainable Forest Management

- Concept of SFM has originally started from a German temperate

forest in 1713

(Normal Forest, Multiple Use Forestry, Ecosystem Mgt, Landscape Restoration)

- Forest Principles : forests should be sustainably managed to meet the social,

economic, ecological, cultural/spiritual human needs of present/future generation

- Forest Principles 8(d) “SFM should be carried out by formulating guidelines of

internationally agreed methodologies and criteria”

- Chapter 11(11.22b) of Agenda 21 of the UNCED “Formulating scientifically

sound criteria and guidelines for SFM”

1.1. Changes in Sustainable Forest Management

1.2. Changes in SFM Implementation

’92 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’15 ’20

UNFF

SFM C&I

Montreal

UNGASSRio+5

Forest Principle

UNCCD

IFF

WSSDRio+10

S

F

M

IPF

FSC PEFC

UNFCCC

CBD

Kyoto Protocol

Global

Effort

Criteria

&

Indicator

ISO14001

UNCED(Agenda 21)

Carbon Credit in SFM

Forest

Certification

Paris Agreement

REDD+

Post-2015

- Challenge is not just how to.. Manage our forests Responsibly

but how to Recognize and Reward

Responsible stewardship of our natural resources?

- Mgt. of forests according to the principles of sustainable development,

which use and develop forests and forest lands in a way to maintain the

biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential

to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social

functions (& cultural opportunities).

- Basically, the goal for SFM is to protect forests in healthy conditions as well

as to manage forests in profitable ways

• Balance between Environment and Economy

1.3. Changes in SFM Implementation

Environment

Social

Sustainable

Development

Economy

Economic

SocialEnvironmental

SFM

1.4. Relationship between SFM and SDG

- Sustainable forest management (SFM) is a “dynamic and evolving

concept, which aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social

and environmental values of all types of forests, for the benefit of

present and future generations”.

- Forests and trees, when sustainably managed, make vital

contributions both to people and the planet, bolstering livelihoods,

providing clean air and water, conserving biodiversity and

responding to climate change (from FAO)

by Michael Smith (Veshengro)Sustainable-Forestry-Cycle

1.5. SFM in Forestry Cycle by FAO

Multiple-use emphasis forests

Production emphasis forests

Residential value emphasis forests

Sustainable

Forest

Management

Environmental Values

Nature emphasis forests

- IPCC 1.5 degree report: immense, urgent challenges & risks related to

climate change (rise of 2.0 °C is likely)

- Forestry:

• huge expectations for emission reductions in this sector globally: Only

active sink (negative emissions)

• Bonn Challenge →350 million ha ecosystem restoration until 2030

• Korea: restored 2 million ha of forest, cost of USD 3 billion

• IPCC 1.5° report: For BECCS and afforestation together, land demand

in 2100 is around 800-1800 M ha, mainly converted from pastureland:

feasible?

→ Costs?

→What role can forestry realistically play?

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage

1.6. SFM in Climate Change

- Entered into practice under concept of ESSD is ‘1994 Amendment

Article 16 of Forest Law’ stipulates regulations defining duties

of KFS to promote sustainable forest management

- In 2001, 'Framework Act on Forest' is SFM, and assessment

criteria & indicators provided. Act on Promotion and Management

of Forest Resources enforced in 2006 to manage forest according

to criteria & indicators for SFM

1.7. Legal & Policy Framework of SFM in Korea

- In1994, KFRI developed criteria and indicators of SFM and in 2004,

KFS finally developed 7 criteria and 28 indicators and publicly

announced them in 2005

• Criteria 1 : conservation of biodiversity

• Criteria 2 : maintenance of productive capacity of forest ecosystems

• Criteria 3 : maintenance of forest ecosystem vitality and health

• Criteria 4 : conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources

• Criteria 5 : maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles

• Criteria 6 : maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-

economical benefits

• Criteria 7 : legal, institutional and economical frameworks for forest

conservation and sustainable management

1.8. Criteria and Indicators for SFM

II. Forest Certification System

- Forest certification is a mechanism for forest monitoring, tracing and

labeling timber, wood and pulp products and non-timber forest products,

where the quality of forest management is judged against a series of

agreed standards.

- Economic market-based instrument which aims to raise awareness and

provide incentives for both producers and consumers towards a more

responsible use of forests (Upton et al 1996)

- Identified by eco-labels which are on-product or on-packaging logo

indicating products comes from SFM

- Encourage to pay a “Green Premium” for certified forest products in the

Chain of Custody

2.1. Concept of Forest Certification

1993 FSC

(Forest Stewardship Council)

1996 ISO14001(International Organization

for Standardization)

1999 PEFC(Programme for the Endorsement

of Forest Certification Schemes )

1995 SFI(Sustainable Forestry Initiative)

1996 CSA(Canadian Standards Association)

2003 SGEC(Sustainable Green Ecosystem

Council, Japan)

World

Country

2017 KFCC(Korea Forest Certification Council)

2014 MTCC(Malaysian Timber Certification Council)

2.2. Forest Certification System

FM Certificates

Total certified area: 210,789,010 ha

FM/CoC certificates: 1,727

No. of Countries: 90

CoC Certificates: 42,558

(2020. 6)

2.3. Global FSC Certification

53 Membership : 47 Endorsement

FM Certificates : 325M ha

CoC Certificates : 20,000 certificates

2.4. Global PEFC Certification

Healthy Forests

Public Resource

maintenance

Evaluation

Product Labeling

Conservation

Good Management Practices

2.5. FSC Certification

Economic

Social Environmental

Forest Management Certification (FMC) works for a measure to evaluate

process of SFM in detail

2.6. Forest Mgt. Certification to Sustainability

• Principle 6.0 Environmental Impact

• Criterion 6.2 Safeguards shall exist which protect rare, threatened

and endangered species and their habitats…

• Indicator 6.2.1 Rare, threatened or endangered species or ecosystems

shall be explicitly taken into consideration during all operations

• Means of verification Locally or regionally set standards, e.g

• Management plan, annual operating plan, reference RTE species & detail

protection measures

• Field staff can recognize RTE species found in area

Principle

Criteria

Indicator

MOV

2.7. FSC Standards Structure

Principles are fundamental to sustainable forestry

Criteria are a category of conditions to assess SFM,

group of standards that together measure the principle

Indicators are measure of an aspect of the CR, provide

guidance as to whether a criterion has been met

• Principle 1: Compliance with laws and FSC Principles

• Principle 2: Tenure and use rights and responsibilities

• Principle 3: Indigenous peoples’ rights

• Principle 4: Community relations and workers’ rights

• Principle 5: Benefits from the forest

• Principle 6: Environmental impact

• Principle 7: Management plan

• Principle 8: Monitoring and assessment

• Principle 9: High Conservation Value Forests

• Principle 10: Plantations

FSC Principles

FSC Principles and CriteriaFSC

c

SmartWood Generic Standard

SmartWood Interim

Regional Standards

FSC Accredited

Regional

StandardsFSC

c

2.8. Hierarchy of FSC Certification Standards

➢ Third party verification of sustainable

forestry management practices using internationally recognized standards

➢ Labeling provides a mechanism to

make verifiable claims of products’

environmental and social impacts

➢ A tool to link Forest Product purchasing decisions with Sustainably Managed Forests (CoC Cert.)

FSC Certification

2.9. Structure and Operation of KFCC

III. REDD+

- REDD+ is reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in

developing countries, plus the role of conservation, sustainable management

of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks;

- Globally, deforestation contributes about one-fifth of all GHG emissions, and

REDD+ is central to global efforts to mitigate climate change.

- Aim to encourage developing countries to contribute to climate-change

mitigation by i) reducing GHG emissions by slowing, halting and reversing

forest loss and degradation; and ii) increasing removals of GHGs from the

atmosphere through conservation, management & expansion of forests.

- When the Paris Agreement was reached in 2015, the Green Climate Fund was

given an important role in serving the agreement and supporting the goal of

keeping climate change well below 2 degrees Celsius.

3.1. Concept of REDD+

C

Sto

ck

C st

ock

Maintenance with REDD+ activities

Compared to current activity level

In the absence of REDD+ activities

17.3%

Compared to active protection activity level

DeforestationRED

Deforestation

Forest Degradation

REDD

Conservation

Enhancing carbon stock

Sustainable Forest

management

REDD+

3.2. Diagram of REDD+

(Pendorni, 2009)

3.3. REDD and REDD+ by IPCC

3.4. Implications for FREL and FRL

3.5. REDD+ in Ethiopia

IV. SFM under REDD+

-Mitigation involves reducing the magnitude of climate change

itself emissions reductions, and offsetting the effects of

greenhouse gas emissions :

Afforestation / Reforestation / SFM / Reduce deforestation

- Adaptation involves efforts to limit our vulnerability to climate

change impacts : erosion control

4.1. Forest Mitigation and Adaptation

SFM can promote the sequestering of carbon, reduce greenhouse gas

emissions, and enhance ecological and social resilience to environmental

change.

At the same time it can ensure the sustained supply of low-carbon forest

products and services; protect biodiversity, water supplies and soils; provide

jobs for millions of people; and support the livelihoods of forest dependent

people.

Harvested trees and other forest resources are replaced through natural

regeneration or replanting, sometimes assisted by silvicultural treatment.

4.2. SFM in REDD+

- Established processes, tools, mechanisms and capacity-building for SFM

can be applied in the implementation of REDD+.

- REDD+ finance, capacity-building and technical support can help

to promote SFM in developing countries.

- REDD+ provides an opportunity to better integrate SFM into national

climate-change and development strategies and policies

4.3. REDD+ in SFM

4.4 Forest Certification

- Rainforest Alliance forest coffee certification programme in Ethiopia

Internal Inspection for Certification Audit by members Certification Audit by Rainforest Alliance

4.4. SFM in Ethiopia

V. Challenges and Opportunities

- BC 15th C: Provide wood to Egypt (record in Egypt)

- 15th C: Emperor(Zera-Yakob?) announced the law of forest(Afforestation)

- First tree planting at Menagesha Suba Park 500 years ago

(Juniperus procera from Wefwasha)

- Emperor Menelik II: Softwood for construction, Kosso for medicinal use

Eucalyptus in 90s, Mangesh Suba as 1st conservation forest

- Emperor Haile Selasie announced three forest related laws

- Proclamation No.542 0f 2007

- Forest laws in Province Oromia and SNNP

From Park, Chanhong of WFK, Yigremachew Seyoum

5.1. History of Forest Governance in Ethiopia

37Over 353 million seedlings in 12-hours: Ethiopia 'breaks' tree-planting world record

Prime Minister led tree planting campaign

https://www.africanews.com

Opportunities in Ethiopian Forest Sector

Strong political commitment to promote tree planting

Opportunities and issues of forestry sector

in Ethiopia in the context of Paris agreement

Mesele Negash / PhD, Associate professor in Forest Ecology Enhancing Capacity of Developing Countries to Address Climate Change:

Issues and Opportunities, COP-25/UNFCCC

Why we are interested in landscape restoration?

- 85% of country suffers from moderate to very serious land degradation

- + 4 million m3 short to meet economy’s demand for industrial roundwood

- Pledged to restore 22 million ha of deforested & degraded lands by 2030

- Strong political commitment to promote tree planting

- Conducive policies and strategies

- High labor availability

- Growing demand for forest products

- Optimism on carbon incentives

- Instituted MRV capacity building

- Strong collaboration with international partners

Tropical forests experienced 11.9 million hectares of tree cover loss in 2019:

Equivalent of losing a football pitch of primary forest every 6 seconds for an entire

year (GFW June 2, 2020). At least 1.8 giga tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions

5.2 Global Tropical Primary Forest Loss 02-19

5.3. Tree Cover Loss in Ethiopia

In 2010, Ethiopia had 12.4Mha of tree cover, extending over 11% of its land area.

In 2019, it lost 25.6kha of tree cover, equivalent to 8.56Mt of CO₂ of emissions.

some of the densest, wildest and most ecologically

significant forests on Earth

Primary Forest Loss

5.4. Location of Tree Cover Loss

Weak institutional

alignment / coordination

Limited engagement of

the private sector

Lack of adequate

financial resources Absence of National

Land Use Plan

Lack of skill in

product processing &

value addition

Absence of database

and information

Absence of technology

and inputs

Weak forest extensio

n and farmer linkage Climate change (insect

, diseases, fire etc.)

Hawassa U

Hawassa U

Hawassa U

Hawassa U

Hawassa U

CB Forest Mgt

5.5. Challenges

5.6. What to do

Nursery Management

Build up MRV

Institutional

Framework

Aggressive but

Systematic Watershed

Mgt and Plantation

Cost / Activities / Biodiversity

Bradshaw, 1984; Krystyna M. Urbanska et al., 1997

Stage and Type of Nature Env. Restoration

Original

Ecosystem

Bio

mas

s /P

rod

uct

ion /

Str

uct

ure

Monetize forest function to pay forest owner /community

- Replacement Approach, Hedonic Method, CVM/ TVM

PES(Payment of Ecosystem Service) - PFES

Ch 1. Introduction

Ch 2. Objective

Ch 3. Location

Ch 4. Climate

Ch 5. Topography and Soil type

Ch 6. Vegetation and Forest

6.1. Condition of past and current vegetation

6.2. Inventory of forest by tree species:

Ch 7. Mapping for Use Type

Ch 8. Activities of forest operation

8.1. Establishment of nursery

8.2. Preparation of plantation site

8.3. Planting: (A) Pine

8.4. Weeding and Tending

8.6. Pest and disease control

8.7. Rotation

8.8. Harvesting / Logging

8.9. Distribution

Ch 9. Protection(Conservation) of existing forest

9.1. Tendingbefore the follow land period

9.2. Reforestation / Forest establishment / Revegetation

9.3. Silvicultural method:

9.4. Harvesting / Logging / Distribution

Ch 10. Rules and regulations of User group

Ch 11. Financial Management

11.1. Benefit sharing among user group

(A) Benefit sharing system and sharing ratio

11.2. Reinvestment of community forest

(A) Reinvestment ratio for the CF

(B) Reinvestment ratio for community development programs

11.3. Ratio and system designated for revolving fund

11.4. Reinvestment ratio for forest product-based enterprise

Ch 12. Conclusion

Annex

1. Location map (Growing stock map (species), Management map)

2. Land allocation(LL) map and list of LL for individual user group

3. Activity list by year: Planting, Tending, Harvesting, Benefit sharing

Community-Based Forest Management Plan

Thank you very much

Q & A