inteligentne sieci (smart grid) -...

Concept of Rural Intelligent Grid Interactive planning methodology 1

Inteligentne sieci (Smart Grid)

Concept of Rural Intelligent Grid interactive planning methodology

Bartlomiej Arendarski, Pio Lombardi, Nicole Mencke, Przemyslaw Komarnicki

Process and Plant Engineering Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation, IFF

Magdeburg, Germany

Miroslaw Parol, Michal Polecki, Lukasz Rokicki

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Institute of Electrical Power Engineering

Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland

Marta Popławska, Mariusz Luto, Mariusz Piotrowski

Electrum Ltd Bialystok, Poland

Michał Ramczykowski

European Copper Institute Wroclaw, Poland

Nr ref EIM: EIM03020


Abstract

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are becoming the backbone of the electric power infrastructure. Its role will

be more dominant in the coming years since the European Union aims to generate by RES up to 80% of the

total electric demand by 2050. However, the planners of the RES based power plants are receiving more and

more opposition from the local population to install new power plants. The main reason lies mainly on their

non-engagement in the planning and decision making processes. As shown in the smart grid project in

Dardesheim (Germany), the development of smart grid rural areas represents a good test field to realize and

test new planning design tools.

This paper presents a new concept of an interactive planning methodology to be implemented in the design

tool for planning and operating energy power infrastructure within rural areas. The main characteristic of the

developed design tool lies on the used multi criteria approach which considers technical, social and economic

aspects. This research is carried out by the project ‘RIGRID – Rural Intelligent Grid’ in the framework of the

initiative ERA-Net Smart Grids Plus.


Introduction

According the new typology agreed by the European Union for classifying the rural and urban areas, most of

the European areas are rural (see Fig. 1). Such areas are characterized by a population density lower than

300 inhabitants per km² and a total population lesser than 5000 inhabitants. Although in the last years the

average European Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for the rural areas has not changed too much, in

many European countries like Slovakia, Poland and Romania, the rural areas have had a high improvement of

the GDP per capita. In other countries such as Ireland and United Kingdom the rural areas have registered a

significant impoverishment (see Table I). The green-economy may be a driving force for the economy of the

rural areas. Indeed the European Union aims to generate up to 80% of its electric demand by Renewable

Energy Sources (RES) by 2050. Many of these energy resources, such as wind and biomass, are better gen-

erable in rural areas. A good example of green-economy in rural region is the smart grid project in

Dardesheim [2] in Germany. Indeed the realization of this project with integration of wind and photovoltaic

power has brought not only ecological benefits, but also economic one. However, the creation of such projects

may be difficult if the population is not satisfactorily involved.

Urban-rural typology [1]

The aim of the project RIGRID is to design and demonstrate an innovative tool for the planning and the opera-

tion of energy power infrastructures in rural areas. The main goal lies on the use of a multi criteria approach

which considers technical, social and economic aspects. As technical criteria the maximization of electricity

generated by the RES will be considered. The social criteria will be based on the degree of project ac-

ceptance, while for the economic criteria the typical economic factors such as the Net Present Value (NPV)

and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) will be used. The developed tool will be tested for the realization of a

smart grid project within a Polish rural area of Puńsk and for further planning of the smart grid rural area in

Dardesheim.


Table I. Economic indicator: DGP per capita [1]

Economic development Change in economic development

GDP (PPS)/capita

(EU-27=100) ‘2009’

Change in index of GDP (PPS)/

capita (EU-27=100) ‘2006’ to‘2009’

Country Rural Interme-

diate

Urban MS Rural Interme-

diate

Urban MS

Belgium 75 95 131 117 0,1 1,4 -0,9 -0,3

Bulgaria 28 35 103 44 0,9 2,7 21,4 6,0

Czech Rep. 67 69 123 81 -1,2 0,5 0,5 0,4

Denmark 104 109 171 125 1,1 2,5 3,6 1,8

Germany 97 102 138 116 -0,2 -0,3 2,3 0,9

Estonia 43 41 99 65 -0,8 1,8 -2,6 -0,4

Ireland 106 - 193 131 -16,1 - -12,8 -14,8

Greece 73 77 111 91 -0,6 -3,6 1,7 0,1

Spain 90 94 107 101 0,8 -1,1 -2,8 -2,3

France 82 92 145 108 -3,5 -2,0 3,2 -0,6

Italy n.a. n.a. n.a. 103 n.a. n.a. n.a. -1,6

Cyprus - 98 - 98 - 5,1 - 5,1

Latvia 33 44 75 55 3,7 1,0 0,2 2,1

Lithuania 43 61 90 61 2,2 3,5 2,4 3,1

Luxembourg - 261 - 259 - -4,6 - -7,1

Hungary 47 50 143 64 0,8 0,0 8,8 2,1

Malta - - 83 84 - - 4,8 5,2

Netherlands 148 121 134 132 -3,6 4,4 -0,3 0,9

Austria 98 146 148 125 1,9 -0,7 -0,7 0,5

Poland 43 54 88 60 5,0 6,1 11,2 7,3

Portugal 65 63 95 80 0,6 -0,1 0,3 0,5

Romania 33 45 113 49 4,9 7,2 28,2 10,2

Slovenia 72 98 - 87 -0,7 -1,2 - -0,9

Slovakia 58 62 173 73 6,6 7,3 21,6 9,0

Finland 96 103 156 115 0,8 -3,7 3,0 0,3

Sweden 109 109 169 122 -0,4 -1,8 0,2 -0,8

United King. 73 93 115 112 -7,3 -7,5 -8,6 -8,6

EU-27 70 87 123 24400pps 0,4 0,2 -0,4 -

EU-15 88 99 126 110 -2,0 -1,6 -2,0 -1,9

EU-N12 44 54 102 61 3,5 4,7 11,4 6,3


Rural grid structures and components

Typical structures and configurations of MV and LV electric power grids

Electric power distribution grids are important part of the whole electric power subsystem constituted by differ-

ent kinds of electric power grids [3].

From the point of view of rated voltage level, distribution grids can be divided into: medium voltage grids (MV)

and low voltage grids (LV). In Poland, within the area of medium voltage grids, the voltages of 15 kV and 20

kV dominate. As for low voltage grids, the 3x400/230 V voltage level is the most common one in Poland.

Rural MV and LV grids supply different kinds of consumers in the area of countries and small towns. These

are most often households, farms, public utility buildings, department stores and industry plants. Required

supply security for all these loads can be different. Because of the lower density of housing than in the cities,

the grids in rural areas are more often constructed as overhead lines and less often as cable ones. Cable lines

can appear in rural grids, but rather in the ones of a more urban nature.

The loads in MV rural grids include LV grids in villages and in small towns. Furthermore, industry plants and

food processing enterprises are also the consumers in this grid. In MV rural grids in Poland the following ar-

rangements are most often used [3]: branched radial arrangement of a tree type, bus network with laterals,

bus network with taps, half-looped arrangement, independent meshes arrangement, single-mesh arrange-

ment.

In Fig. 2 MV bus network with laterals is presented. This grid works in open configuration. It is supplied with

several 110 kV/MV substations and is constructed as overhead grid. The cross-sections of bus network lines,

lateral lines and tap lines are most often different. In order to provide a possibility of creating cuts and perform-

ing switching-over operations in post-failure states, bus network lines (cores) should be divided into sections

by means of section disconnectors. Within the normal states of operation section disconnectors need to be

opened in the places, which allow to minimize power and electrical energy losses and not to exceed admissi-

ble voltage deviations.

Fig. 2. MV rural grid in the form of bus network with laterals (1 - bus network line (core), 2 - lateral line, 3 - tap

line, 4 - disconnector, 5 - MV/LV transformer substation, CB - circuit breaker with auto-reclosing automatics,

SS - 110 kV/MV substation); based on [3]

MV rural grids are most often constructed as overhead grids. The older MV overhead lines are usually com-

posed of steel-cored aluminum conductors of AFL type. In new MV lines the following conductors can be used

according to the guidelines [4]: aluminum-alloy not fully insulated conductors, fully insulated conductors, uni-

versal cables.

As for cross-sections in MV overhead lines, following [4]:

for bus network lines the cross-sections should be adjusted in such a way, their current-carrying capacity

is not smaller than the one for AFL-6 70 mm2 phase conductors,


for laterals the cross-sections should be adjusted in such a way, their current-carrying capacity is not

smaller than the one for AFL-6 35 mm2 phase conductors.

In MV/LV substations (indoor and outdoor ones) oil-immersed hermetic transformers of a power from 40 to

630 kVA are to be used (for 21/0,42 kV and 15,75/0,42 kV voltage levels) [5].

LV rural grid is typically constructed as overhead grid - with bare conductors or insulated ones. Usually such

grid takes form of a radial tree-type structure, supplied by a single MV/LV substation. In some case (small

towns, holiday resorts etc.) such grid is constructed as a cable one of a structure of throughway loop (ring)

arrangement with cuts or throughway loop arrangement with cuts and laterals, supplied in a two-side manner.

These grids work in open configuration.

The typical structure of rural overhead LV grids is presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. The example of rural overhead LV grid arrangement; based on [3]

Such grid has an open structure - radial one with laterals (Fig. 3). It is most often supplied by the MV/LV trans-

former substation - the pole-mounted one or the kiosk one. Both bare conductors and self-supporting cables

(in more and more cases) are used within the grid. The possible cross-sections of conductors and cables

(bare and insulated ones) are: 16, 25, 35, 50, 70 mm2. However, the cross-sections of 16 mm2 and 25 mm2

are used only in service lines [3].

According to the guidelines [6] of DSO, the standard solution of the rural LV grid is the 4-conductor system

with self-supporting cables. The main lines chains of overhead insulated lines need to be constructed with the

use of conductors of the AsXSn type (or the equivalent one) of a cross-section of not less than 70 mm2 with

the cross-linked polyethylene insulation. In the case of street lighting construction separated circuits should be

applied.

The overhead LV service lines should be constructed with the use of AsXSn conductors (or equivalent ones)

of a cross-section of not less than 16 mm2.

In Fig. 4 rural LV grid with installed distributed generation sources have been presented. Such energy sources

can be connected directly or via lines to substation busbars or to the nodes located within the grid.


Fig. 4. The key diagram of rural LV distribution grid with installed distributed generation sources (photovoltaic

power plant - PVPP, battery energy storage - BES, small wind power plant - SWPP, gas microturbine - GMT);

based on [7]

Distributed generation sources

Distributed generation units (sources) can be considered as energy converters. On the input of these convert-

ers energy carriers, like fossil fuels, as well as the renewable carriers (wind, sun, water, biomass, biofuels and

energy of the Earth) appear. In turn, on the output the electrical energy and in some cases also the heat or

cool are received [8].

Taking into account the installed powers of the distributed generation sources (DGS), they can be considered

as [9]:

distributed microgeneration units, of power value within the range between 1 W and 5 kW,

small distributed generation units, of power value within the range between 5 kW and 5 MW,

medium distributed generation units, of power value within the range between 5 MW and 50 MW,

big distributed generation units, of power value within the range between 50 MW and 150 MW.

However, most often generation units belonging to the first two classes are the ones connected to MV and LV

electric power distribution grids.

Distributed generation sources can be also classified from the point of view of their possible operation in co-

generation. The following possibilities can be distinguished [8]:

monogeneration systems, generating only the electrical energy,

cogeneration systems, generating at the same time both electrical energy and heat,

trigeneration systems, generating at the same time electrical energy, heat and cool,

polygeneration systems, generating at the same time electrical energy, heat, cool and process steam.

Generation units can be also classified, from the point of view of used energy carriers, as renewable energy

sources (RES) and non-renewable energy sources.

In distributed generation units the following technologies of energy generation can be used [9]: reciprocating

engines (piston engines) with internal combustion, Stirling engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells,

small hydro power plants, small wind turbine-generator (TG) sets (power plants), photovoltaic panels (power

plants), geothermal power plants, biomass or waste-to-energy power plants, biogas power plants, biofuel

power plants, energy storages.

The following kinds of electrical energy storages, which can be applied in electric power distribution grids, can

be distinguished [9]: kinetic energy storages (flywheel energy storages), compressed air energy storages, fuel

cells, supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storages, battery energy storages.


Protection systems

Any source of electrical power which is connected to the distribution grid is obligated to fulfill the requirements

of a local distribution system operator (DSO). Every technical issue and operating conditions are described in

distribution code [10] in detail. Installations of distributed generation sources (DGS) and renewable energy

sources (RES), so as any other generating facilities, has to (amongst other requirements) be equipped with

power system protections.

Protection devices of some DGS or RES installations are integrated with the inverters, typically located in

point of common coupling (PCC). According to [10] the manufacturer is obligated to equip inverters with sys-

tems to ensure the safety of DSO service and grid facilities. Thus anti-islanding algorithms as one of the pro-

tection systems must be implemented in mentioned inverters.

Anti-islanding protection system can be distinguished to passive and active methods. The passive anti-

islanding methods are regarded to be the one that bases on voltage and frequency measurement in PCC.

Protection functions, such as under/over-voltage and under/over-frequency, verify if power quality is in the

correct range of values.

The other group of protection functions of inverters are active methods. For mentioned methods inverters do

not just measure the quality of electrical power, but firstly try to change the quality by injecting small signals

into the power line and check the response of the grid. The most common means of active anti-islanding func-

tions are measuring the impedance of the grid at a higher harmonic and current injection voltage response.

According to [10] the manufacturer is not obligated to apply active anti-islanding methods.

Socio-economical and legal aspects of rural grids in Poland

Social, market and legal aspects of rural grids have a large and direct impact on the investors’ decision pro-

cess. Due to the fact that the energy policy has changed this year by enacting a series of new regulations, the

investments in building new sources of green energy became, in opinion of some investors, highly unattractive

as unprofitable. Apart from that, it must be mentioned, that the Polish Government has been supporting con-

ventional energy sources through providing the financial subsidies for coal mines. Furthermore, lack of local

spatial development plans in the rural areas is another issue limiting RES investments. Administrative proce-

dures simply take too long time to proceed the successful investment process.

The problems listed above effectively deter potential investors. Moreover, it is to be regretted that the deci-

sion-makers do not consider the fact that building of new grids/electrical stations would provide larger stream

of tax revenue for municipalities, and consequently – this would bring more funds for the local society and

subsequently would increase the overall standard of living conditions. Additionally, it would also decrease an

unemployment rate, since the investors employ mainly the local companies as the best specialists in their

area, and as a result it would boost the local economy through receiving not only orders for construction work,

but also for operation and maintenance services. It leads to the same outcome - increasing local residents’

incomes.

The electrification of rural communities through new grids constructions requires interference in possession of

the residents (e.g. easements), and as a result it always raises their environmental watchfulness. Many resi-

dents do not accept a high voltage lines next to their place of living. They think it spoils the landscape, and

they strictly believe that it would have a negative impact on health and the environment. It could be considered

as a good side of this aspect, but – on the other hand – it has to be noticed, that very often, rural residents are

reluctant to any changes. As a result, protests of local society delay new construction projects, blocking new

investments in a given area even more effectively.

Electric power networks of medium and low voltage in Poland are largely dated back to the 70s and 80s of the

last century [11]. Thus, maintenance costs are high, and the quality of electricity supply to customers contin-

ues to deviate from the European average [12]. The distribution network operators (DNOs) attach more atten-

tion to the possibility of building the network in general, than to its optimum shape, taking into account at the

same time the qualitative indicators (SAIDI -System Average Interruption Duration Index and SAIFI -System

Average Interruption Frequency Index) and the need for development operational and investment plans.


This state of affairs stems from the fact that the Polish networks, especially in the rural areas, are owned by

the DNOs. Introducing a system of municipalisation of electricity networks in the rural areas will force munici-

palities to increase the responsibility of local governments to improve the qualitative indicators of energy sup-

ply. This would be the natural way to increase the reliability of independent sources of energy (including re-

newables) located in the areas of these municipalities. Such energy mix could be managed not only in terms

of reliability of supply, but also taking into account economic aspects of energy purchase. However, it will re-

quire further changes in legislation.

Economical and business aspects are highly connected to legal and social ones, in fact, they are determined

by those conditions. The investments cannot be conducted, when it is still very difficult to evaluate the poten-

tial return of an investment.

Multi criteria interactive design tool

A multi criteria approach, based on three main criteria, will be considered for developing the interactive design

tool. The criteria will consider the technical, the social and economic aspects. As technical aspect the maximi-

zation of the power generable from the RES will be considered. It entails then the problem on the optimal siz-

ing and siting (both for the power plants and for the energy storage plants). The backbone of the technical

criteria lies on the meteorological data, on the statistical data and on the data depicting future scenarios. The

meteorological data are necessary both to estimate the power generable from RES as well as to depict the

load profiles (electric and thermal) of the residential and tertiary consumers. Besides the meteorological data,

the statistical data are essential to find correlation between the loads and other social and economic factors

describing the consumers´ typology. The estimation of the pattern consumption for the coming years is crucial

for not overestimate or not underestimate the size of the power plants and energy storage systems.

The social criteria will evaluate how the proposed projects are well accepted by the habitant living in the rural

area. The criteria approach will be based on that used in the smart grid project of Dardesheim. However, it will

be improved by using new communication tools such as the virtual reality and the augmented reality.

The economic criteria will evaluate the project according to the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate

of Return (IRR) parameters. These parameters will depict the economic goodness of the project and estimate

the potential investor´s attractiveness.

Fig. 5. General scheme of RIGRID concept

The values obtained from the evaluation of the three criteria will be used in the decision making process,

which will be based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. In this way the developing tool will

be able to support the planners in designing the most attractive project from the technical, social and econom-

ic point of view. Fig. 5 summarizes the main phases of the planning methodology used within the RIGRID

project.

Electrical infrastructure planning

1) Modeling and simulation of electric power grids

The modeling and simulation of electrical power grids is applied in planning and operation process of the

power system. It helps in analysis of actual system state and assessment of impacts of future scenarios e.g.

integration of RES.


The professional power simulator tools are available to model and determine network parameters. Depending

on the required analyzes, the real grid has to be represented in the mathematical model. Therefore, model of

each element has to be created in detailed or reduced way. To determine network parameters various calcula-

tions should be performed which includes according to [13]:

power flow calculations, AC three-phase symmetrical and asymmetrical power flow,

identification of resource utilization, node voltages, limits violation, power losses,

(n-1) analysis,

short-circuit current calculations,

simulation of single, multiple or follow failures of equipment,

protection calculations,

reliability calculation, indices, failure costs vs. investment costs assessment.

2) Optimal planing of newly designed microgrids structures

In RIGRID project algorithms to support the design of optimal structures of newly planned microgrids (selec-

tion of microsources, energy storage units, LV power lines and defining a set of possible configurations of

microgrid) will be developed. Microgrid structures will be designed primarily for synchronous mode of opera-

tion with external distribution grid. In case of failure or disturbance in distribution grid it is allowed to reconfig-

ure microgrid and switch into island mode of operation to cover the demand of customers sensitive to interrup-

tions in the supply of electricity. The design process of optimal microgrid structure will be based on data about

particular components of microgrid and customers demand profiles. During the optimal structure design pro-

cess it should be assumed that all installed microsources and energy storage units are fully operational and

capable of satisfying 100% demand of customers. The task of optimal microgrid structure design will be

solved by using AI optimization methods.

3) Virtual Reality for interactive area and infrastructure planning

Integrated methods of planning, which facilitate intensive stakeholder networking and early involvement of

residents affected by a project, hold crucial potential for improvement. Virtual reality (VR) enhances forms of

interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, thus responding to the steadily growing complexity of pro-

jects. VR technologies efficiently support the phases of planning and development and are even being effec-

tively employed to subsequent operation and maintenance [14][15]. Photorealistic 3-D models paired with VR

work and analysis systems facilitate discussion of plans for infrastructure actions, long before their actual im-

plementation (see Fig. 6). Only well communicated project will be understood holistically by the stakeholders

and broadly accepted by residents affected by it.

Fig. 6. Virtual planning and visibility analysis of electrical infrastructure application

Future energy infrastructure development will grow in complexity and reflect the increasingly varied basic con-

ditions and the need for interdisciplinary and sustainable solutions. This will affect the intensified and early

involvement of all stakeholders (e.g. affected citizens, environmental protection agencies, governments, etc.)

in the development processes as well as the establishment of broad acceptance of projects among the public.

VR solutions render work methods more effective and generate value added in infrastructure planning, par-

ticularly in area of power system.


Electrical infrastructure optimal operation

The task of optimal operation of microgrid will be based on the set of possible configurations defined in the

optimal structure design process. In this task an optimal microgrid control algorithm will be created. The algo-

rithm will aim to maximize the usage of renewable energy sources potential and either to reduce the costs

associated with power losses in power lines and the costs of production and storage of electricity and heat or

to minimize the vertical energy exchange. The control algorithm should also take into consideration controlla-

ble loads, i.e. farms. To fully exploit the potential of renewable energy sources, the control algorithm will be

based on the forecasts of demand for electricity, generation capacities of microsources and weather forecasts.

The task of optimal operation of microgrid will be solved by using AI optimization methods.

Demonstrator

As a result of the RIGRID project, the demonstration installation will be performed in the rural commune of

Puńsk in Poland. Developed algorithms, methods and telemetry system will be integrated in one interactive

energy and infrastructure design tool for the optimal planning and operation of emerging energy infrastruc-

tures in rural areas. In order to realize optimal operation strategies modern communication components, data

server, services server, alarm, report and visualization modules for centralized and distributed monitoring and

control will be integrated.

The system will be implemented using two operating methods. The first one involves making regulatory deci-

sions by the central controller, and afterwards sending control signals to local controllers located in micro

sources, energy storage devices and controllable loads using cellular network. The other method of distributed

control assumes that the individual local controllers has implemented several algorithms and communicate

with each other, and on this basis take regulatory actions by themselves. In both situations system holds su-

pervisory role providing feedback in the form of reports and trends for further analysis and gives for operator

the ability to change algorithms parameters.

Likewise, the developed algorithms and tools will be used to test and demonstrate their application in town of

Dardesheim in Germany. In this rural area there are already 32 windmills supplying fully the Dardesheim and

further region of whole county of Halberstadt with approx. 130.000.000 kWh together with 330.000 kWh from

photovoltaic (PV) cells of green energy yearly [2]. Further planning of smart grid rural area and optimal opera-

tion of local electrical network with high share of RES will be tested. Prospects of RES participation in ancillary

services like: reactive power and voltage control will be analyzed. Furthermore, the business models attracting

investors and active participation of local communities can be improved, transferred and demonstrated in the

selected rural region of Poland.

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding of this research from the ERA-Net Smart Grids Plus initiative, with

support from the EU’s H2020.


References

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[12] http://bip.ure.gov.pl/download/3/6434/REGULACJAJAKOSCIOWAOSD.pdf.

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[15] K. Lipiec, M. Geske, A. Naumann, P. Komarnicki: Virtual Technologies for Power Grid State Monitor-

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