interaction between biotic components

7/31/2019 Interaction Between Biotic Components

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Interaction between organisms

Symbiosis Prey-predatorSaprophytism Competition

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism


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Is an interaction between twoorganism of that livetogether

One species always benefit, otherspecies may be

one organism will live in or with

another organism called the3 categories:


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Type ofinteraction

Effect onorganism A

Effect onorganism B

(host)

Commensalism +

N

Parasitism

+ -

Mutualism + +

+ : Receive benefit

N : neither benefit nor harmed

- : is harmed


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COMMENSALISM (+, 0)

One partner benefits (commensal)while the other (host) derives neitherbenefit @ harm.

Ex:Clown fish & sea anemones

Remora fish & shark

Pigeon orchids & birds nest fern Barnacles on the body of whale


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A clown fish gains

protection frompredation by livingamongst thepoisonous tentacles

of the seaanemones & byfeeding on theremnants of the sea

anemones food.

Sea anemonesunaffected.


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A remora fish, often

found attachedunder a shark, getsfree transportation& feeds on food

scraps left behindby the shark.

The shark does notbenefit from thisrelationship.


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Epiphytes are plantswhich grow onother plants but donot obtain foodfrom the host.

Pigeon orchids &birds nest fernsgrow on the trunksof trees to obtain

sunlight forphotosynthesis.

The host plant notaffected.

Pigeon orchids

Birds nest ferns


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Epizoics: animalswhich live on the

body of otheranimals.

Barnacles whichattach themselvesto the skin of awhale @ the shell ofa crab get free ride

while looking forfood.

The whale & crabnot affected.


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MUTUALISM (+, +)

Relationship between two species ofo/m in which both benefit.

Ex:

Lichens Root nodules of a leguminous plant


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Lichen is amutualisticrelationship of analga & a fungus.

The green alga

produces food foritself & for thefungus.

The alga is also

sheltered &protected fromdrying out by thefungus.


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Plants in thelegume family (peas

& beans) play hostto mutualisticbacteria.

Rhizobiumsp. lives

inside the rootnodules of aleguminous plant.

The nitrogen fixingbacteria convertatmosphericnitrogen into

ammonium.


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PARASITISM (+, -)

Symbiotic relationship in which oneo/m benefits while the other isharmed.

The o/m which benefits is the parasitewhich derives its nourishment fromthe host, which is harmed in theprocess.

Ex:

A flea, Rafflesia sp.

A tapeworm


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Ectoparasites:

parasites that feedon the externalsurface of a host.

Ex: ticks, fleas,

mosquitoes, aphids& Rafflesiasp. they obtain food &shelter from thehost.

A flea

Rafflesiasp.


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saprophytism

Type of interaction in which living o/mobtain food from dead & decayingorganic matter.

Saprophytic bacteria & fungi are o/mthat secrete digestive enzymes todigest dead o/m before absorbing thedigested nutrients.

Ex. ofsaprophytes: mushrooms.


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PREY-PREDATOR

Interaction (+, -) occurs when an o/m,called the prey, is hunted & eaten by astronger & bigger o/m called the

predator.Predators such as tigers & lions

usually have long canine teeth, sharpvision & sharp claws to capture & killtheir prey.


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Predatory birds likeeagles have hooked

beaks to tear theflesh of the prey.

The prey relies onspeed & camouflage

to avoid beingcaught by thepredators.

The prey-predatorinteraction helps tocontrol thepopulation in an

ecosystem.

An owl hunting a rat

An owl hunting a rat


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COMPETITION (+, -)

Interaction between o/m which livetogether in a habitat & compete forthe same resources that are in the

limited supply.Plants compete for light, nutrients,

water & space.

Animals compete for food, shelter &breeding mates.


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Intraspecific competition: competitionbetween individuals of the samespecies.

Interspecific competition: competitionbetween individuals of different

species. Intraspecific competition more intense

than interspecific competition: theneeds of members of same species fornutrients, water, shelter, light & otherresources are almost identical.


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The effects of interspecificcompetition between populations oftwo species ofParamecium,Paramecium aureliaand Parameciumcaudatum.

When different species ofParameciumsp. are grown in separate culturesunder a constant condition & supply offood, each population ofParamecium

sp. exhibits a sigmoidal curve.


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When both species ofParameciumsp.are cultured together, in which thesupply of nutrients is sufficient foronly one species, Paramecium aureliagrow faster than Paramecium

caudatum. Paramecium aurelia grow faster than

Paramecium caudatum.

Paramecium aureliareproduces at afaster rate & has competitive edge inobtaining nutrients.

interaction between biotic components

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