Interaktionsdesign

Session 2

Designerprocessen

1. Tími

• Designerens nye rolle – Thomas Dickson– Debat om design – hvad er design?– Nytænkning i design – forskning og

redefinering (innovation – solutions)– Brugeren først

• Eames:

”Design is the solution to a problem”

Nye metoder i design

• Stammer fra:– Etnologi– Antropology– Sociology– Kognitiv psykologi

– Research af brugernes behov/syn på løsninger• Problemstillinger• Kortlægning af promblems karakter og omfang• Visioner for løsninger• Design/redesign

Löwgren & Stolterman

• The design process – complex and diverse – difficult to describe in a

universal or general way– Still, a need for descriptions, models or

theories– The designer has to be critical to what he

uses – thus thoughtful design stance– Focus on early stages/parts of design work

From vision to specification

• Beginning of design process:– Background material– Problem statement– List of requirements– Task description

• Design of the design process– Often the most important design work in a typical

project– Conditions for the subsequent process– Requires thoughtful design

Thoughtful design

• Reflection on the larger picture• The overall role of the design work• Approach to be used• Need for skills and competence

• Fundamental aspects of the design of design process– Recurring leaping between details and whole /

concrete and abstract– Dilemmas – make creativity fundamental

Three levels of abstraction

• Vision • Operative image

• Specification

• Influence each other constantly

• A fully dynamic dialectical process• Not linear or iterative

Vision

• First organizing principle

• idea, thought, image

• Emerges in early in design process

• Elusive and contradictory

• Simultaneously diffiuse/detailed, abstract/concrete

• Influences decicions and choices in all the design process

Operative image

– Most important part of the design process– First externalization of the vision– Diffuse image, simple sketches– Becomes a solid foundation for design work– Bridges abstract and elusive vision to the concrete and complex

situation– Relations between vision, situations and operative image force

creativity

• Operative image is operational– Explicit form: – enables manipulation, simulation and visualisation– enables communication

Specification

• Version of an operative image that is chosen for final design

• Beginning of the construction process

• Producion of a final artifact

The problem and the solution

• Problem– Designer´s current understanding of a design

situation

• Solution– Designer´s idea on shaping intervention in the

situation

• No right or wrong answers only actions & consequenses

Schön 1987

• Outline for idealized design process:– Actor applies concepts, strategies and interpretations

to situations, and formulates what he is going to do / tacit-acted on

– Action leeds to a surprising result– Surprise leeds to reflection and relation to other

similarities– Reflections question familiar assumptions, rethinking

calls for new actions/interpertations/ideas– New ideas are a basis for experimentations – which

create new surprises

Schön 1987

• “Conversation” between designer and situation

• Designer asks questions through actions or design moves

• Listens to replies and adapts further actions accordingly

• Reflection in action• Reflection on action

Questions

• Questions are asked to learn more about the preconditions and gain understanding of the existing situation

• Why? questions are important• Challenge old ideas and open up for new

• Make design a creative and innovative process

Freedom/restrictions

• External forces– Budget, time limits, available resources

• External representations– Sketches, drafts, models– Basic purposes:

• Form ideas• Communicate with oneself• Communicate with others

Convergence – divergence

• Two basic approaches in design thinking

• Divergence– Broader issues, more alternatives & opportunities– Creates more information & options– Considering several ideas in paralell

• Convergence– Specific solutions– Synthesis of several ideas– Deeper understanding– Detailed & narrowly focused proposal

Design context

• Designer needs to have knowledge and insight about the context where the design will end up – “the world around it”

• Ontology – our understanding of the world around us• Influences what we consider to be important aspects and

and dimenshions of reality

• Epistemology – our belief of what is possible to know about reality

• Determines in what way we belive it is possible to aquire knowledge about reality

Designers approach to reality

• Designer has to be intentional and careful in choices of how to approach reality

• Many choices– Decide what dimenshions to examine– How much information is needed– What techniques and methods are suitable– How much time is awailable

• How much knowledge is needed about the present situation in order to have a good foundation for the design work.

Example of practical main questions in IT ID

• How much do we need to know about:

– Existing work practices and procedures?– The IT system presently in use?– The users competence and knowledge?– The information content being manipulated?– Existing technology infrastructure?– Surrounding organization?– Management?– Exetera exetera exetera

The final composition

• The present and the idea of the future combined into a single design

• The design process always results in a composition:– Aspects– Dimensions– Ideas– Limitations– opportunities

» Molded into one DESIGN

Wholeness of design

• The whole of the artifact and the use of context

• The design has to create a meaningful whole together with the existing reality

Design as a social process

• Design is a social process– Often many persons parttake in the design process– Has to be managed and organized

• Three layered structure– Core: designer, users and clients directly involved in

actual work– Perphery: users and clients not directly involved in

actual work– Context: surrounding environment and society at

large

• Vantar síðustu blaðsíðurnar

• 32 – 41