Interest GrabberPlants Make the World Go Round

•Life as we know it today could not exist without plants. Plants provide us with many essential

items other than food.

•1.With your partner, list five items you usedaily that are byproducts of plants. – Should have included Oxygen, food, fruit, wood,

and water.

•2.With your partner, list three items that plants must get from animals—either directly or indirectly.

– should include some of the following items: water, carbon dioxide, nutrients (from decaying animals), soil.

Plants

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. That carries out photosynthesis using green pigment chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Plant life cycle

• Has two alternating phases a diploid (2N) and a haploid (N) known as alternation of generation.

• Diploid phase is known as a sporophyte (meoisis) or spore producing plant.

• Haploid phase is know as gametophyte (mitosis) or gamete-producing plant

HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS

Spores(N)

Sporophyte Plant (2N)

Gametophyte Plant (N)

FERTILIZATION

Sperm(N)

Eggs(N)

Section 22-1

Generalized Plant Life Generalized Plant Life CycleCycle

Looking at figure 22-2 Answer the question below.

1. Which generation of a plant is diploid and which is haploid?

2. Which generation produces gametes?

3. What does the sporophyte produce?

4. What process produces spores?

The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid

The gametophyte

Spores

Meoisis

What Plants Need To Survive

1. Water and minerals for the survival of their cells2. Gas exchange to support cellular respiration3. Movement of water and nutrients to carry upward from the

soil to the leaves.4. Sunlight for photosynthesis

Early plantsEarly plants• The first plants evolved from algae

Algae Plants• Study the picture above how are green algae and

plants alike?Both have chlorophyll, stores carbohydrates, and have cell walls.

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

What do mosses and their relative lack that all other plants have?

Figure 22–6 (Pg. 554) Plant GroupsWhat are the four

Main groups of plants?

Mosses, Ferns,Cone-bearing, andFlower-bearing plants

What do mossesand their relatives lack that all otherplants have?

Vascular Tissue

How do the seeds of floweringplants differ from the seeds of cone-bearing plants?

Flowering plants have seeds enclosed in fruit

BryophytesBryophytes• Are non-vascular plants-lacking vascular tissue that does not

conduct water or nutrients.• Depends on water for reproduction producing sperm that must

swim in the water to fertilize a egg• Absorbs water

by osmosis• Includes mosses,

liverworts, andhornworts

MossesMosses• Most common bryophytes• Grown in areas that are

abundant in water• Can survive in polar

regions• Contain rhizoids-are long,

thin cells that anchor them intothe ground and absorb water and minerals from surrounding soil.

• Water moves from cell to cell by the rhizoids.

Capsule

StalkSporophyte

Gametophyte

Stemlikestructure

Leaflikestructure

Rhizoids

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Maturesporophyte

(2N)

Gametophyte(N)

Gametophyte(N)

Youngsporophyte(2N)

Zygote(2N)

Sperm(N)

Sperm(N)

Egg(N)

Spores(N)

Capsule(sporangium)

Protonema(young gametophyte)(N)

Malegametophyte

Femalegametophyte

Antheridia

Archegonia

Section 22-2Figure 22–11 Figure 22–11

The Life Cycle of a Moss The Life Cycle of a Moss

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

• Established a evolutionary transport system• Tracheids is a new type of cell specialized to conduct

water.• These tracheids was the key cell in xylem a transport

subsystem that carries water upwards from the roots to every part of the plants.

• Phloem transports nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

• Both of vascular tissue the xylem and the phloem can move fluids through the plant body even against gravity.

Seedless Vascular plantSeedless Vascular plant• Club mosses• Horsetails• Ferns-have true vascular tissue, strong roots, and

creeping underground stems called rhizomes and large leaves called fronds-can live in areas with little light and are mostly wet or seasonally wet.

Horsetail and Fern

• Eat Your Seeds!• A seed contains both the embryo of a plant and a food supply for that

plant. If you have eaten corn, you’ve eaten a seed. Do you like hamburger buns with sesame seeds on them? That’s another kind of seed you’ve eaten.

• After you answer the following questions, exchange papers with a partner to see how many of the same seeds you listed.

Interest GrabberInterest Grabber

1. In addition to sesame seeds, what are some other seeds that are found in or on top of loaves of bread?Most students will list poppy seeds and caraway seeds. In addition, some “multi-grain” breads contain millet and flax seeds.

2. In addition to corn, what are some other seeds that are eaten as “vegetables”?Peas and all types of beans, such as lima beans, black beans, kidney beans, and so on

3. What are some seeds that you have eaten as snack foods?Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, peanuts

4. What types of nutrients are found in seeds?Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

5. Do seeds have the same nutritional value for plants as they do for animals? Explain your answer. Yes. Plants and animals use the same nutrients to live.

Countdown to TAKSCountdown to TAKS

Choose the best answer.

Leon tosses two number cubes without looking at them. A friend tells Leo that the total came out to be an odd number. What is the probability that the total is 7?

F. 1/6 G. 2/9 H. 1/3 J. 1/2

Countdown to TAKSCountdown to TAKS

• F Incorrect– The probability of rolling a 7 is 1/6 without taking into

account whether the number is odd or even.• G Incorrect; How many ways can you come up with a 7?• J Incorrect; make a chart showing the results for each

die. Count up how many ways come up 7.• H CorrectH Correct There are 6 combinations of numbers that

equal 7: (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (6,1), (5,2), (4,3). There are 6 X 6 = 36 possible combinations but only 18 are odd. The probability of the odd total being 7 is 6/18=1/3.

Seed PlantsSeed Plants• Are divided into two groups gymnosperms and

angiosperms.• Gymnosperms bear their seed directly on the

surface of cones• Angiosperms called flowering plants, bear their

seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

Bean SeedBean Seed

Comparing Features of Seed PlantsComparing Features of Seed Plants

Feature

Seeds

Reproduction

Examples

Feature

Seeds

Reproduction

Examples

Section 22-4Compare/Contrast Table

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Bear their seeds on cones

Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination

Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes

Bear their seeds within flowers

Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination

Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers

Seeded Plants ReproductionSeeded Plants Reproduction• Seeded plants have adaptations allowing

them to reproduce without water.1. Seeds2. Pollen3. Cones and Flowers

Seed coat

Embryo

Storedfood supply

Seed

Wing

B

Section 22-4

1. SeedsFigure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed

The Structure of a Seed is the embryo (in its early stages of development) of a plant that is encased in seed coat that is its protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

2. Pollen• Pollen is the male gametophyte contained in tiny

structures called a pollen grain. Pollen is then carried by the wind to a female reproductive structure known as pollination.

3. Cones and Flowers• The gametophytes of seed plants grow and

mature within sporophyte structures called cones. Which are the seed bearing structures of gymnosperms, and flowers.

Cone BearersGymnosperms meaning “naked seed”; plants that

reproduce with seeds that are exposed.

4 Main types of cone bearers• Gnetophytes found in desert environments• Cycads palm like plants the produce large

cones• Ginkgoes common when dinosaurs existed• Conifers mainly your Christmas trees

Gnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgoes

Conifers

Flowering PlantsAngiosperms (meaning enclosed seed) develop a unique reproductive organs known as flowers containing ovaries, which surround and protect the seed

• How to classify Angiosperms1.Monocots and Dicots2.Woody and Herbaceous3.Annuals, Biennials, and

Perennials (life span).

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot

Section 22-5

1. Monocots and Dicots comparison-Monocots have one seed leaf

-Dicots have two seed leafs-Resulting in a cotyledon which is the first leaf

produces from the embryo of a seed plant.

2.Woody and Herbaceous

• Divided into two groups according to their stems1. Woodiness –are primarily made of plants with

cells having thick walls that support the plant body (examples include grapes and ivys).

2. Herbaceous- are stems that are smooth and nonwoody (examples include roses and blueberries).

are categorized as

that completetheir life cycle in

that completetheir life cycle in

that completetheir life cycle in

Section 22-5

Classifying angiospermsClassifying angiosperms3. Life Span

Plants

Annuals Biennials Perennials

1 growingseason 2 years

More than2 years

Seed Plants

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot