INTERESTED READERS

INTERESTED READERS

ESSAYS ON THE HEBREW BIBLE

IN HONOR OF DAVID J. A. CLINES

Edited by

James K. Aitken, Jeremy M. S. Clines, and Christl M. Maier

Society of Biblical LiteratureAtlanta

Copyright © 2013 by the Society of Biblical Literature

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit-ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Offi ce, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Interested readers : essays on the Hebrew Bible in honor of David J. A. Clines / edited by James K. Aitken, Jeremy M. S. Clines and Christl M. Maier.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58983-924-3 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983-925-0 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-926-7 (hardcover binding : alk. paper)1. Bible. Old Testament—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Clines, David J. A. II.

Aitken, J. K. (James K.) III. Clines, Jeremy M. S. IV. Maier, Christl, 1962–BS1225.52.I58 2013221.6—dc23 2013035946

Printed on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994

standards for paper permanence.

Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................ixAbbreviations ...................................................................................................xv

Part 1: Literary/Exegetical Readings

Th e Encounter with the Courtesan in the Gilgameš Epic and with Rahab in Joshua 2Daniel Bodi .................................................................................................3

(Divine) Silence Is Golden: A New Reading of the Prologue of JobMarc Zvi Brettler ......................................................................................19

Memories, Myths, and Historical Monuments: Yahweh’s Developing Character in the PsalmsCraig C. Broyles ........................................................................................27

“A Psalm of David, When…”: Refl ections on Some Psalm Titles in the Hebrew BibleAdrian H. W. Curtis .................................................................................49

“Moab Is My Washpot” (Ps 60:8 [MT 10]): Another Look at the MLF (Moabite Liberation Front)Susan E. Gillingham .................................................................................61

Solomon: Wisdom’s Most Famous AspirantSusanne Gillmayr-Bucher .......................................................................73

Th e Unexpected Visitor: Th e Elihu Speeches in Personal Voice PerspectiveMayer I. Gruber ........................................................................................87

vi CONTENTS

Reading as an Earth Being: Rereading Genesis 2–3—AgainNorman C. Habel .....................................................................................95

Self-Defense and Identity Formation in the Depiction of Battles in Joshua and EstherPaul J. Kissling ........................................................................................105

Egypt-Watching: Orientalism in the Hebrew BibleDiana Lipton ...........................................................................................121

Reading Back and Forth: Gender Trouble in Jeremiah 2–3Christl M. Maier .....................................................................................137

Dreams: Had, Recounted, and Interpreted—Power Plays in the Joseph Story?Heather A. McKay ..................................................................................151

“What You See Is What You Get”: Th e Passion of a Literary Character?Eep Talstra ...............................................................................................169

Desperately Seeking Yhwh: Finding God in Esther’s “Acrostics”Laurence A. Turner ................................................................................183

Part 2: Ideological-Critical Readings

Th e Bible in the Presidential Elections of 2012, 2008, and 2004, and the Collapse of American SecularismJacques Berlinerblau ..............................................................................197

Th ree Questions on Economics for G. E. M. de Ste. CroixRoland Boer ............................................................................................219

Reading as a Canaanite: Paradoxes in JoshuaMark G. Brett ..........................................................................................231

Occupy Central: Scribal Resistance in Daniel, the Long Road to Universal Suff ragePhilip P. Chia ...........................................................................................247

Voice and Ideology in Ecclesiastes: Reading “Cross the Grains”Barbara M. Leung Lai ............................................................................265

Possibilities and Prospects of Postcolonial Biblical Interpretation: A South African PerspectiveJeremy Punt .............................................................................................279

Deploying the Literary Detail of a Biblical Text (2 Samuel 13:1–22) in Search of Redemptive MasculinitiesGerald O. West ........................................................................................297

Part 3: Language and Lexicography

Neologisms: A Septuagint ProblemJames K. Aitken ......................................................................................315

Th e Invention of Language in the Poetry of JobEdward L. Greenstein ............................................................................331

Linguistic Clues as to the Date of the Book of Job: A Mediating PositionJan Joosten ...............................................................................................347

Speaker, Addressee, and Positioning: Dialogue Structure and Pragmatics in Biblical NarrativeFrank H. Polak ........................................................................................359

Notes on Some Hebrew Words in EcclesiastesStuart Weeks ...........................................................................................373

Patterns of Linguistic Forms in the Masoretic Text: Th e Preposition מן, “From”Ian Young.................................................................................................385

Part 4: Reception History

Th e Bible in the Twenty-First Century—Where and How?Athalya Brenner ......................................................................................403

CONTENTS vii

viii CONTENTS

Nineteenth-Century British Job OratoriosKatharine J. Dell .....................................................................................415

Judging Judges ScholarshipAlan J. Hauser .........................................................................................431

Boaz Reawakened: Modeling Masculinity in the Book of RuthHugh S. Pyper .........................................................................................445

From London to Amsterdam: Handel’s Esther ReincarnatedDeborah W. Rooke .................................................................................459

Bibliography of David J. A. Clines 2003–2013 ..........................................475

Contributors ...................................................................................................483

Preface

There are so many explanations as to why a seventy-fifth birthday Fest-schrift for David J. A. Clines makes sense as a follow-up to the sixty-fifth birthday volume, Reading from Right to Left.1 There is one primary land-mark that places beyond reason any need to justify this volume, which is that David’s contribution to the international development of the disci-pline of biblical studies is now understood to be of such significance that in 2009 he was elected president of the Society of Biblical Literature—the first person from outside North America to serve the society in that role.

The title of this volume, Interested Readers, intentionally alludes to David’s volume of collected essays, Interested Parties: The Ideology of Writ-ers and Readers of the Hebrew Bible.2 David dared to pronounce that both writers and readers have interests, in other words that “the biblical text is an ideological production, that the interpreter is reading the text from within a particular ideological formation.”3 David poignantly argues that all writing and reading is done in a certain cultural and sociopolitical con-text and thus entails a set of ideas of which the author or recipient may or may not be aware. Biblical scholars are “informed” readers, knowledgeable and highly educated, but readers with interests nevertheless. Moreover, the scholars who contributed to this volume are ardent readers of David’s work, which they find inspiring and thought-provoking. All of their read-ings are related in one way or another to a question, topic, or methodologi-cal insight that David raised, either in one of his articles or in conversation.

The honors paid to David in the previous Festschrift by J. Cheryl Exum and H. G. M. Williamson—documenting his contributions to the

1. Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honour of David J. A. Clines (ed. J. Cheryl Exum and H. G. M. Williamson; JSOTSup 373; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003).

2. David J. A. Clines, Interested Parties: The Ideology of Writers and Readers of the Hebrew Bible (JSOTSup 205; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995).

3. Ibid., 19.

-ix -

x PREFACE

discipline and his wide-ranging interests—do not need repeating at length here. David’s own assessment of his contributions, in On the Way to the Postmodern, lists the following areas as his specialisms, “Method, Lit-erature, History, Theology, Language, Psalms and Job,”4 which are aptly discussed in Exum and Williamson’s preface of ten years ago. What it is harder to honor is the influence all this work has had on so many who have intersected with David’s scholarship.

One way to begin to measure the scale of David’s influence in the last ten years is to list his four most significant accomplishments.

1. The completing of the eight-volume Dictionary of Classical Hebrew has been a remarkable achievement in the history of biblical scholar-ship.5 Too often dictionary projects falter and remain incomplete; only with a dedicated and energetic editor like David can such a major work be achieved, and in a relatively brief time span. Its contribution lies in the comprehensive analysis and presentation of the syntactic data for each word, its inclusion for the first time of the complete data from Ben Sira, the Dead Sea Scrolls, inscriptions, and papyri, and its bibliographic review. This makes it the first complete dictionary of ancient Hebrew as opposed to the corpus-limited Biblical Hebrew. The dictionary has already estab-lished itself as an essential resource for any scholar in the field. Now the concise edition of the dictionary6 has opened up his approach to Classi-cal Hebrew and collaborative scholarship to students and beginners in the language as well.

2. With the publication of his three-volume commentary on Job, David has set another major landmark in the history of biblical interpretation.7 It is the longest and most detailed commentary on the book of Job ever pub-lished (not excluding the famous sixth-century Moralia in Job of Gregory the Great), and demonstrates all his skills as text critic, philologist, exegete, and theologian. All three volumes have already found a varied group of enthusiastic readers. With his interpretation of the book of Job, David also underscores his exegetical rigor and demonstrates that it is, indeed, still

4. David J. A. Clines, On the Way to the Postmodern: Old Testament Essays, 1967–1998 (2 vols.; JSOTSup 292, 293; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998), 1:xx.

5. David J. A. Clines, ed., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (8 vols.; Sheffield: Shef-field Academic Press, 1993–2011).

6. David J. A. Clines, with David Stec and Jacqueline C. R. de Roo, The Concise Dic-tionary of Classical Hebrew (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2009).

7. David J. A Clines, Job (3 vols.; WBC 17, 18A–B; Dallas: Word Books; Nashville: Nelson, 1989–2011).

PREFACE xi

possible for a single scholar to finish within his lifetime a commentary on a major Hebrew writing.

3. The contribution he has made to establishing and directing Shef-field Phoenix Press is an extraordinary case within the publication busi-ness. After Sheffield Academic Press was sold to a larger publisher, David realized that through his first publication venue, Sheffield had become a brand name for excellent, up-to-date, and cutting-edge research. Work-ing together with two other colleagues, J. Cheryl Exum and Keith W. Whitelam, he founded Sheffield Phoenix Press, housed within the Depart-ment of Biblical Studies in Sheffield, dedicated to scholarly publishing of international research in the field. By the end of 2012 it had published more than two hundred titles, helping to maintain Sheffield as a significant source of new research for the scholarly community. Through David’s and his colleagues’ reputation as scholars and publishers, scholars around the world are given an opportunity to publish their innovative work.

4. Being made president of the Society of Biblical Literature in 2009–2010 was remarkable recognition of his status internationally and a reflec-tion of his concern to support colleagues all around the globe. The rea-sons for this appointment may be multiple but some of them are obvious: David’s dedication to the society could be felt earlier when he not only attended the annual meetings in the United States but almost every inter-national meeting held around the world. Yet to say that David “attended” a meeting is pure understatement since he always delivered at least one thought-provoking paper and/or a refreshing statement on a panel, often received by a packed auditorium. Beyond his presence as a speaker, David regularly invited younger international scholars to a gathering to inquire of their research and their own assessment of the position of scholars in their home countries. Was it curiosity or his keen interest for novel and cutting-edge scholarship? For the recipients of his invitations, among them one of the editors of this volume, the conversations with him were rewarding and challenging at the same time. As his own review of the soci-ety’s work demonstrates, he has also been reflecting on its goals and fur-ther development.8 As president, the commitment David gave to the role was noteworthy, including regular trans-Atlantic travel to participate in an array of meetings across a three-year period.

8. Cf. David J. A. Clines, “From Salamanca to Cracow: What Has (and Has Not) Hap-pened at SBL International Meetings,” in On the Way to the Postmodern, 1:158–93.

xii PREFACE

As to David the person, it is worth mentioning just a few biographical details that were not covered in the 65th birthday Festschrift. David was born in Sydney, Australia, on November 21, 1938. He has lived in England since 1961, but remains an Australian citizen. His first degree, at the Uni-versity of Sydney, was in Greek and Latin (BA 1960). He won a traveling scholarship to continue his studies at St John’s College, Cambridge, where he read for the Oriental Tripos in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac (BA 1963, MA 1967). In 1964 he was appointed assistant lecturer in the Department of Biblical Studies at the University of Sheffield, where he has spent the whole of his academic career (apart from a temporary appointment in California in 1976–1977), becoming in turn Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, and Reader. In 1985 he was appointed Professor of Biblical Studies.

It is David’s special combination of academic learning with an open-ness to supporting scholars young and old that explains the contributors to this volume. In many ways they serve as a helpful navigation point for charting the breadth of David’s influence. Those who wrote for David’s earlier Festschrift in 2003 were on the whole his elders or his contempo-raries in age. The contributors to this volume, on the other hand, are for the most part younger scholars who belong to various circles of friends David has made over the years.

Since Sheffield remains the center of his universe, we should begin with those of his Sheffield research students represented here: Craig Broyles, Philip Chia, Paul Kissling, Barbara Leung Lai, and Laurence Turner. Their position here is a token of his commitment over four decades to the nearly fifty research students that he supervised, from the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India, The Netherlands, as well as the United Kingdom.

There are two other Sheffield stalwarts here as well who remember him from the research seminars that began each week in the department (Mark Brett and Gerald West), together with one of his colleagues from the present department who was not in Sheffield when the previous Festschrift was published (Hugh Pyper). Jeremy Clines, David’s son, has also joined the editors of this volume, representing both Sheffield, where he still lives and works at the university, and the family, a connection so important in David’s life.

Moving outward, but still in the United Kingdom, his friends and col-leagues from the Society for Old Testament Study include Adrian Curtis, Katharine Dell, Sue Gillingham, Diana Lipton, Deborah Rooke, and Stuart Weeks, as well as James Aitken, one of the editors.

PREFACE xiii

Then there are his European friends, whom he has always looked for-ward to seeing at the annual SBL International Meetings in the summer or the triennial congresses of the International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: Daniel Bodi, Athalya Brenner, Susanne Gillmayr-Bucher, Jan Joosten, Frank Polak, and Eep Talstra, as well as Christl Maier, one of the editors.

The widest circle geographically are other members of the Society of Biblical Literature (almost all the foregoing names are members as well), not just friends from North America like Jacques Berlinerblau, Marc Brettler, and Alan Hauser, but one from South Africa (Jeremy Punt), and others from Israel like Edward Greenstein and Mayer Gruber, and from Australia like Roland Boer, Norman Habel, and Ian Young. They also serve as a reminder of David’s cherished roots.

Unclassifiable, however, is one name, that of Heather McKay; people are usually surprised and delighted when they learn that David and Heather are husband and wife. She belongs to all the circles mentioned above, and is as ubiquitous as he is on the international conference circuit. She also is a scholar in her own right and a great mentor of younger col-leagues from around the world.

In order to cover David’s broad range of approaches, the editors of this Festschrift sought to classify the contributions in this volume under four different rubrics: Literary/Exegetical Readings, Ideological-Critical Read-ings, Language and Lexicography, and Reception History.

Among the literary/exegetical readings are some that follow David’s idea of “reading from left to right,” that is reading the biblical text in the author’s own cultural context. Some others closely explore the narrative intricacies of a biblical passage or book, or the implications of a biblical character, including the character of God. One may perceive an emphasis on the Psalms, Job, and other wisdom texts, most of which engage with David’s contributions to these areas.

Some of the ideological-critical readings disclose what David called the “ideology” of biblical writers, namely their outspoken or hidden agenda. For David, such explorations deconstruct the ideology of a given passage: “Recognizing that discourse in general, and our biblical texts in particular, are open to deconstruction, which means to say that they never wholly succeed in maintaining the fundamental sets of oppositions on which they rely, is another way in which I can bring to the surface as a practical exegete the effect of a postmodern approach to biblical

xiv PREFACE

interpretation.”9 As some essays collected under this rubric also demon-strate, postmodern perspectives of reading, such as postcolonial theory or African contextual theology, reveal the ideologies of biblical texts.

The third section assembles articles that deal with lexical issues, including studies on Hebrew semantics or syntax. While the contrast between rigorous philological studies and new perspectives of reading appears to be deep, David has genuinely employed both approaches. In an article on the postmodern adventure in biblical studies, David com-pared the modern to a pyramid and the postmodern to a net, which nei-ther threatens nor sabotages the project of modernity, but is “the quizzical re-evaluation of the standards and assumptions of traditional intellectual enquiry and scholarship.”10 Moreover, David sees the relation between the pyramid and the net as “a perpetual source of interesting conflicts.”11

Last, but not least, our volume includes essays that deal with the recep-tion of biblical texts either within the scholarly guild or in art and music. In biblical studies, exploring the Bible’s reception is a new and burgeoning field. David would not be David if he had not anticipated this intriguing trend. Actually, he has already founded the publication Biblical Reception, an annual volume covering all kinds of use of the Bible, which he coedits with Cheryl Exum and the help of an international editorial board.12

We hope that this Festschrift may stimulate the conversation with David and the discourse of interested readers around the globe. The endeavor would not have been possible without the encouragement and sustained support of the Society of Biblical Literature, especially its execu-tive director, John Kutsko, and its editorial director, Bob Buller, who from the beginning was enthusiastic about this publishing project. The editors are deeply grateful to both individuals and to the society that they repre-sent. It is a pleasure for us to congratulate you, David, on your seventy-fifth birthday and to honor you with this volume.

James K. Aitken, Jeremy M. S. Clines, and Christl M. Maier

9. “Introduction,” in On the Way to the Postmodern, 1:xvi.10. “The Pyramid and the Net: The Postmodern Adventure,” in On the Way to the

Postmodern, 1:144.11. Ibid., 142.12. Cf. J. Cheryl Exum and David J. A. Clines, eds., Biblical Reception (Sheffield: Shef-

field Phoenix Press); the first volume was published in 2012, and the second in 2013.

Abbreviations

AB Anchor BibleAEL Ancient Egyptian Literature. M. Lichtheim. 3 vols. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1973–1980.AHw Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. W. von Soden. 3 vols. Wies-

baden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and LiteraturesAOAT Alter Orient und Altes TestamentASV American Standard VersionATD Das Alte Testament DeutschATANT Abhandlungen zur Th eologie des Alten und Neuen Testa-

mentsATh R Anglican Th eological ReviewBBB Bonner biblische BeiträgeBDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and Eng-

lish Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907.BE Babylonian Expedition of the University of PennsylvaniaBEATAJ Beiträge zur Erforschung des Alten Testaments und des

antiken JudentumBETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensiumBHK Biblia Hebraica. Edited by R. Kittel. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Würt-

tembergische Bibelanstalt, 1937.BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Edited by K. Elliger and W.

Rudolph. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstift ung, 1983.BibInt Biblical InterpretationBibS(F) Biblische Studien (Freiburg)BIOSCS Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and

Cognate StudiesBIS Biblical Interpretation SeriesBKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes TestamentBMW Bible in the Modern World

-xv -

xvi ABBREVIATIONS

BN Biblische NotizenBRev Bible ReviewBWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen TestamentBZAW Beiheft e zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CAD Th e Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Uni-

versity of Chicago. Edited by I. J. Gelb et al. 21 vols. in 26. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1956–2011.

CAT Commentaire de l’Ancien TestamentCAT Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani

and Other Places. Edited by M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartín. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995.

CBC Cambridge Bible CommentaryCBQ Catholic Biblical QuarterlyCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Continental CommentariesConBOT Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament SeriesCTM Concordia Th eological MonthlyCV Communio viatorumDBSup Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplément. Edited by L. Pirot and

A. Robert. Paris: Letouzey & Ané, 1928–.DCH Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Edited by David J. A. Clines.

8 vols. Sheffi eld: Sheffi eld Phoenix, 1993–2011.EA El-Amarna tablets. According to the edition of J. A.

Knutzdon, Die el-Amarna Tafeln. 2 vols. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1908–1915. Continued in A. F. Rainey, El-Amarna Tablets 359–379. 2nd rev. ed. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1978.

EncJud Encyclopaedia Judaica. Edited by C. Roth and G. Wigoder. 16 vols. Jerusalem: Keter, 1971–1972.

ESV English Standard VersionEvQ Evangelical QuarterlyFAT Forschungen zum Alten TestamentFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und

Neuen TestamentsGKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Trans-

lated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910HALOT L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. Hebrew and

Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited by M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–2000.

HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament

ABBREVIATIONS xvii

HBM Hebrew Bible MonographsHBT Horizons in Biblical Th eologyHKAT Handkommentar zum Alten TestamentHS Hebrew StudiesHSM Harvard Semitic MonographsHSS Harvard Semitic StudiesHUCA Hebrew Union College AnnualIBC Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and

PreachingICC International Critical CommentaryIG Inscriptiones graecae. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1924–.Int InterpretationJANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia Uni-

versityJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJastrow M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli

and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. 2nd ed. 1903. Repr., New York: Judaic Press, 1975.

JBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJBQ Jewish Bible QuarterlyJESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJJS Journal of Jewish StudiesJNES Journal of Near Eastern StudiesJNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic LanguagesJoüon P. Joüon, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and

revised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. Subsidia biblica 14/1–2. Rome: Pontifi cal Biblical Institute, 1991.

JSJ Journal for the Study of JudaismJSOT Journal for the Study of the Old TestamentJSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement

SeriesJSS Journal of Semitic StudiesJTS Journal of Th eological StudiesKAT Kommentar zum Alten TestamentKJV King James (Authorized) VersionKTU Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. Edited by M. Diet-

rich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartín. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1976.

xviii ABBREVIATIONS

LAPO Littératures anciennes du Proche-OrientLB Linguistica BiblicaLHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament StudiesLSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lex-

icon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

MB Middle BabylonianNAC New American CommentaryNCBC New Century Bible CommentaryNeot NeotestamenticaNETS New English Translation of the Septuagint. Edited by A. Piet-

ersma and B. G. Wright. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

NIB New Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck. 12 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 1994–2004.

NIBCOT New International Bible Commentary on the Old TestamentNICOT New International Commentary on the Old TestamentNIDB New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by K. D.

Sakenfeld. 5 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 2006–2009.NIV New International VersionNJPS New Jewish Publication Society VersionNKJV New King James VersionNovT Novum TestamentumNRSV New Revised Standard VersionOB Old BabylonianOBO Orbis biblicus et orientalisOIP Oriental Institute PublicationsOLA Orientalia lovaniensia analectaOr OrientaliaOTL Old Testament LibraryOtSt Oudtestamentische StudiënPSB Princeton Seminary BulletinRB Revue bibliqueRHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieusesSB Standard BabylonianSBH G. A. Reisner, Sumerisch-babylonische Hymnen nach Th on-

tafeln griechischer Zeit. Berlin: Spemann, 1896.SBL Society of Biblical LiteratureSBLANEM SBL Ancient Near Eastern Monographs

ABBREVIATIONS xix

SBLBSNA SBL Biblical Scholarship in North America SBLDS SBL Dissertation SeriesSBLEJL SBL Early Judaism and Its LiteratureSBLSCS SBL Septuagint and Cognate StudiesSBLSymS SBL Symposium SeriesSBLWAW SBL Writings from the Ancient WorldSemeiaSt Semeia StudiesST Studia theologicaSTDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahTDOT Th eological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J.

Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H.-J. Fabry. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–.

TOTC Tyndale Old Testament CommentaryTynBul Tyndale BulletinUBL Ugaritisch-biblische LiteraturUF Ugarit-ForschungenUNP Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Translated by M. S. Smith et al.

Edited by S. B. Parker. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.VT Vetus TestamentumVTSup Vetus Testamentum SupplementsWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWTJ Westminster Th eological JournalWUNT Wissenschaft liche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-VereinsZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik