interesting things about alcohol and other drugs - march 2017
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Interesting things about alcohol and other drugsMarch 2017ANDREW BROWN@ANDREWBROWN365
Numbers of adults receiving treatment for drug and alcohol use disorders in prisons and other secure settings in England in 2015-16
Opiate Non-opiate only Non-opiate and alcohol
Alcohol only0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
29,146
10,25912,298
8,551
Source: Adults and young people in secure settings in England: data for 2015-16 (PHE, 2017)
In all, 60,254 adults were in contact with drug and alcohol treatment services within secure settings during 2015-16, and most (56,803) of these were within a prison setting, with 3,124 within YOIs and 327 within IRCs [Immigration Removal Centres]. Just under half (48%) of those in contact with treatment in adult settings presented with problematic use of opiates, a further 37% presented with problems with other drugs (non-opiates) and 14% presented with alcohol as their only problem substance.
Proportion of the population supporting or opposing more treatment for dependent drinkers in England and Scotland
Strongly Oppose
Oppose Neither Support Strongly support
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
4%5%
14%
43%
33%
Focus group findings:
“Participants were more divided on increased funding for treatment services for dependent drinkers. Some felt it was a good idea, ‘I think if someone has got a problem then help’ (E4), but there was also a perception that services were often a waste of public resources and money, with those receiving treatment frequently relapsing. Underlying some of these comments was a feeling that it was the individual who was to blame for their problem; ‘I know people say that it’s an illness, but they get themselves into that state in the first place’ (S3), as well as concern over where the additional funding would come from. This lack of consensus contrasts with the more favourable support within the survey and indicates that though some may believe treatment in principle is beneficial, others may be unconvinced of its overall effectiveness and less sympathetic towards dependent drinkers.”
Li, Jessica, et al. "Public attitudes towards alcohol control policies in Scotland and England: Results from a mixed-methods study." Social Science & Medicine (2017).
It is estimated that the following proportion of a GP’s practice (with 2,000 patients) will have…
Common mental health problems
Psychosis Below diagnositic threshold for
psychosis
Alcohol dependency Drug dependency Personality disorder0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%17.6%
0.4%
6.0% 6.0%
3.0%
8.8%
Source: Mental health in the West Midlands Combined Authority (Centre for Mental Health and University of Birmingham 2017)
Annual public spending for those with three severe and multiple disadvantage profiles, per person 2016-17 prices
Physical health Criminal justice Mental health Prison Rough sleeping Hostels Benefits Substance use treatment
£-
£1,000
£2,000
£3,000
£4,000
£5,000
£6,000
£7,000
£1,916
£6,047
£1,957
£1,235
£5,075
£3,108
£325
£3,108
Source: Faulty by design. The state of public-service commissioning (Reform, 2017)
Proportion of rough sleepers with an assessed need for alcohol, drugs, and/or mental health support in London
Alcohol Drugs Mental health No alcohol, drugs or mental health support needs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
42%
33%
46%
28%
48%
39%
48%
19%
Q1 2014/15 Q2 2014/15 Q3 2014/15 Q4 2014/15 Q1 2015/16 Q2 2015/16 Q3 2015/16 Q4 2015/16 Q1 2016/17 Q2 2016/17 Q3 2016/17
Source: Combined Homelessness and Information Network (CHAIN) quarterly reports (GLA)
Rough Sleeping Statistics Autumn 2016, England
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
England London Rest of England Rough sleeping counts and estimates are single night snapshots of the number of people sleeping rough in local authority areas. Local authorities decide whether to carry out a count or an estimate. They are encouraged to gain intelligence for street counts and estimates from local agencies such as outreach workers, the police, the voluntary sector and faith groups who have contact with rough sleepers on the street
Source: Rough sleeping in England: autumn 2016 (DCLG, 2017)
Positive drug tests carried out by Liverpool police on arrest, by drug type (2014-15 vs 2015-16
2014-15 2015-160
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Cocaine only
Opiates only
Both cocaine & opiates
The number of attempted drug tests conducted in Liverpool’s custody suites halved between 2014-15 and 2015-16, while the number of individuals testing positive decreased by around two-fifths (41%). The rationale for targeted testing was to reduce the number of negative tests in order to reduce police time. Although the positive drug test rate has increased, it is only by a small proportion (6%). There are substantially lower numbers of offenders being imposed with an RA and therefore lower numbers of drug using offenders coming into treatment. This is where there is considerable concern by treatment services, commissioners and the Police themselves. This concern is greater still for opiate drug users in Liverpool who are not coming into the treatment system.
Source: Criminal Justice Project: Impact of targeted drug testing on drug using offenders coming into treatment in Liverpool (PHI, 2017)
Number of arrest occasions for high end offenders who were arrested and tested five or more times in 2014- 15, and arrested and tested again in 2015-16
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight -
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 15
11
3
9
5
3
1 2
High end offenders (those who presented five or more times) in the May 2014 to April 2015 cohort were matched to successful drug tests across all of Merseyside between May 2015 and April 2016. Of the 59 offenders arrested and tested five times or more in the May 2014 to April 2015 cohort, 49 were tested in Merseyside between May 2015 and April 2016 (83%).
Just under seven in ten (69%) of these offenders presented more than once (n=34), with 11 offenders arrested five times or more. Figures suggest the majority of high end offenders arrested and tested under the Test on Arrest scheme during 2014-15 are being tested through targeted testing, and their number of arrest occasions are reducing.
Source: Criminal Justice Project: Impact of targeted drug testing on drug using offenders coming into treatment in Liverpool (PHI, 2017)
Proportion of violent crime that is perceived by victims to be alcohol-related, combined data from 2013/2014, 2014/15 and 2015/16 CSEW
Morning Afternoon During early evening
(6pm - 10pm)
During late evening (10pm
-midnight)
During night (midnight -
6am)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Time of day
Source: Appendix Tables - focus on violent crime and sexual offences (ONS 2017)
Around the home
Around work Street Pub or club Other location0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Location
Number of homicides in licensed premises
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-160
10
20
30
40
50
60
52
35 35
27
21
31
1923
27
Source: Appendix Tables - focus on violent crime and sexual offences (ONS 2017)
Age-standardised rates of alcohol-related deaths for males, by region
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.01995 2005 2015 With the exception of London, alcohol-
related death rates have increased in regions of England since the mid-1990s and have tended to be higher in the north of England relative to the south of England. Since the mid-2000s, the alcohol-related death rate has declined in London, which now has one of the lowest alcohol-related death rates, whereas the rate has remained comparatively high in the north of England.
Source: Alcohol-related deaths in the UK: registered in 2015 (ONS, 2017)
Prevalence of self-reported non-prescription medicine (NPM) misuse in a UK population
Yes - past month Yes - more than a month ago
No - never0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
4.6%
13.9%
77.1%n = 393 The lifetime prevalence of any type of
self-reported NPM misuse was 19.3% (n = 76): 11.9% (n = 47) for using a higher dose than recommended, 10.6% (n = 42) for using more often than recommended and 10.6% (n = 42) for using for a longer time than recommended.
Analgesics, with and without codeine, were the most frequently misused products.
Niamh A. Fingleton, Margaret C. Watson, Eilidh M. Duncan, Catriona Matheson; Non-prescription medicine misuse, abuse and dependence: a cross-sectional survey of the UK general population. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 38 (4): 722-730. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv204
Does taking drugs (or NPS) predict misuse of non-prescription medicine
Used drugs or 'legal highs' Never used drugs / 'legal highs'0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%Ever misused or abused NCM Never misused or abused NCM
Niamh A. Fingleton, Margaret C. Watson, Eilidh M. Duncan, Catriona Matheson; Non-prescription medicine misuse, abuse and dependence: a cross-sectional survey of the UK general population. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 38 (4): 722-730. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv204
Years of life lost due to alcohol-related conditions – rate per 100,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20150
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Persons Male Female In 2015 there were an estimated 294,000 years of life lost in England up to the age of 75 ( a rate of 552.3 years lost per 100,000 population). The rate of years of life lost fell by 1.3% in the latest year and has fallen most years since the beginning of the time series (2008). Again the rate for men (797.1 years lost per 100,000 population) is more than double the rate for women (311.3 years lost per 100,000 population).
Source: Local Alcohol Profile for England
Rate of alcohol-related mortality by gender and deprivation decile, England, 2015
1 - most 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - least0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Female Male PersonsThe alcohol-related mortality rate for the most deprived 10% of the population was 56.2 per 100,000 population, which is significantly higher than that of the least deprived 10% of the population (35.2 per 100,000 population).
Source: Local Alcohol Profile for England
Numbers of adults in secure settings (prisons, Youth Offending Institutions, and Immigration Removal Centres) in England being treated for use of NPS by type
Predominantly cannabinoid
Other
Predominantly stimulant
Predominantly hallucinogenic
Predominantly sedative/opioid
Predominantly dissociative
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Six percent of all adults in treatment cited New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) as one of their problem substances, or their only problem substance. This figure represents the number of adults presenting for treatment with problem NPS use and not necessarily a reflection of overall NPS prevalence in adult secure settings.
Source: Adults and young people in secure settings in England: data for 2015-16 (PHE, 2017)
Substance use of all young people in treatment in secure settings, in England in 2015-16
Cannabis
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
NPS
Ecstasy
Other
Opiates
Solvents
Crack
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
There were 1,541 young people in specialist substance misuse treatment in a secure setting in 2015-16. The majority (69%) of young people in treatment in secure settings reside in YOIs, with a further 16% residing in Secure Children’s Homes (SCHs), 12% in Secure Training Centres (STCs) and 3% in Welfare Only Homes (WOHs).
Cannabis was the most commonly cited problem substance amongst young people in treatment in secure settings (91% of all in treatment). Around half cited problematic alcohol use (51%). Other substances reported by young people included nicotine (19%), cocaine (19%), amphetamines (9%), ecstasy (8%) and NPS (8%). Two percent of young people cited problematic opiate use.
n = 1,541
Source: Adults and young people in secure settings in England: data for 2015-16 (PHE, 2017)
Vulnerabilities of young people in treatment for substance use in secure settings in England in 2015-16
Poly substance use
High risk alcohol user
Pregnant / parent
Injecting - currently or previously
Opiate and/or crack use
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
n = 1,172 Young people in custody report a disproportionately higher level of substance misuse than in the young population in general3 and substance misuse is a factor that may exacerbate the additional vulnerabilities experienced by children and young people within the secure estate.
The majority reported poly substance use (72%). Lower proportions reported high-risk alcohol use (4%), pregnant / parent (3%), current or previous injecting (2%), and opiate and/or crack use (2%). Two or more vulnerabilities were identified in 9% of young people starting treatment.
Source: Adults and young people in secure settings in England: data for 2015-16 (PHE, 2017)
The 20 local authorities with the highest rate of rough sleeping per 1,000 households in England
City of L
ondon
Westminste
r
Brighton and Hove
Isles o
f Scill
yLu
ton
Bedford
Cambrid
ge
Canterb
uryExe
ter
King's Ly
nn and West
Norfolk
Hastings
Mansfi
eld
Southend-on-Se
a
Oxford
Harlow
Redbridge
Norwich
Thanet
Maidstone
Steve
nage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Source: Rough sleeping in England: autumn 2016 (DCLG, 2017)
Population mean consumption (units per week) as measured by General Lifestyle Survey of Great Britain
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Beer Wine Fortified wine Spirit
Robin C. Purshouse, Alan Brennan, Daniel Moyo, James Nicholls, Paul Norman; Typology and Dynamics of Heavier Drinking Styles in Great Britain: 1978–2010. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2017 1-10. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw105
Prevalence of heavier drinking as measured by General Lifestyle Survey of Great Britain
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
13% 13% 13% 13% 14% 14% 14% 15% 16% 16% 17% 18% 18% 16%
20%18% 18%
5% 5% 4% 4%4% 4% 4% 4%
4%4% 4%
5% 5%4%
7%
6%5%
Increasing risk (%) Higher risk (%) ‘Increasing risk’ (>21–50 units per week for males; >14–35 units per week for females) and ‘higher risk’ (>50 units per week for males; >35 units per week for females) levels are defined according to the weekly equivalent UK Government guidelines on safe drinking levels 1987–2016.
Robin C. Purshouse, Alan Brennan, Daniel Moyo, James Nicholls, Paul Norman; Typology and Dynamics of Heavier Drinking Styles in Great Britain: 1978–2010. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2017 1-10. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw105
Proportion of patients treated in general hospitals with serious mental illness identified as having coexisting drug and alcohol misuse problems
Schizophrenia Otherpsychosis
Bipolaraffectivedisorder
Personalitydisorder
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
15%12%
8%
26%
17%
11% 11%
30%
Drug misuse Alcohol misuse
n = 204 n = 57 n = 142 n = 43
Source: Mental Health in General Hospitals: Treat as One (NCEPOD, 2017)
Estimated tax gap (£ million) caused by the illicit sale of beer in the UK
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15£0
£200,000,000
£400,000,000
£600,000,000
£800,000,000
£1,000,000,000
£1,200,000,000
£1,400,000,000
£1,600,000,000Upper estimate
Implied central estimate
Lower estimate
“The beer illicit market share was estimated at 15% in 2014-15. This resulted in estimated losses of £650 million in duty and a further £300 million in Value Added Tax (VAT) giving a total loss of £950 million.
“The illicit market share in beer has increased from 9% in 2007-08 to 15% in 2014-15.
“HMRC uses two different methods to estimate the beer tax gap. These methods provide an upper estimate and lower estimate. The true tax gap could be anywhere between these two estimates. The implied central estimate is intended to be an indicator of long-term trends.”
Source: Measuring tax gaps 2016 edition (HMRC, 2016)
Estimated tax gap (£ million) caused by the illicit sale of spirits in the UK
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15£0
£200,000,000
£400,000,000
£600,000,000
£800,000,000
£1,000,000,000
£1,200,000,000
£1,400,000,000
Upper estimate Implied central estimate
Lower estimate
The estimated illicit market share for spirits was 12% in 2014-15, with a total tax gap of £650 million. This is broken down into a loss of £240 million in VAT and £410 million in duty.
The estimates of the spirits tax gap are quite volatile. The confidence intervals for the spirits tax gap are wide and year-on-year changes should be interpreted in the context of this statistical uncertainty.
Source: Measuring tax gaps 2016 edition (HMRC, 2016)
Estimated tax gap (£ million) caused by the illicit sale of wine in the UK
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15£0
£200,000,000
£400,000,000
£600,000,000
£800,000,000
£1,000,000,000
£1,200,000,000Upper estimate Central estimate Lower estimate It has not been possible to estimate the
illicit market share for wine, due to a change in one of the underlying commercial data sources previously used to estimate the wine tax gap. An illustrative estimate of 3% is provided for 2013-14 and 2014-15 by taking the average illicit market share of 2011-12 and 2012-13. This would indicate a total wine tax gap of around £200 million in 2013-14 and 2014-15. HMRC is exploring alternative data sources in order to develop a new method to estimate the wine tax gap in the future.
Source: Measuring tax gaps 2016 edition (HMRC, 2016)