intergrating oer in educational practice: practitioner stories

!

!"#$%&'#("%)*+,)(")+-./'#(0"'1)2&'/#(/$3)

2&'/#(#(0"$&)4#0&($5))

!

!

!

!

"#$%&'(!

)*$'&+$,-!.-'/+-+-0-1-!

)&2!3-$#/!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!

7*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-!

ii

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

>!!

?&:0'$@*%!!A!7*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-!BCDE!!

7*$(!F/G5$,-%$&+!8+%$%58#!!"#$%&'#("%)*+,)(")+-./'#(0"'1)2&'/#(/$3)2&'/#(#(0"$&)4#0&($5)$(!2-#8!-<-$5-G58!/+#8'!-!?'8-%$<8!?&22&+(!H%%'$G/%$&+I3&+?&228',$-5I)*-'8H5$18!EJC!>+%8'+-%$&+-5!=$,8+(8!K*%%:LMM,'8-%$<8,&22&+(J&'@M5$,8+(8(MG0I+,I(-MEJCMN!!

!! !))66)789:694;!!!>+%8@'-%$+@!9"O!$+!"#/,-%$&+-5!F'-,%$,8L!F'-,%$%$&+8'!)%&'$8(!!)*$'&+$,-!.-'/+-+-0-1-!-+#!)&2!3-$#/P!"#$%&'(!!>)Q3!RSTIRUUIBVIDUBWIT!))

)

)!

!

!

!

!

!

F'$+%8#!-+#!F/G5$(*8#!G0!

7*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-P!3-X-5-P!3/@8@&#-P!)'$!=-+1-!

iii

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

>>!!

60"#$"#5)

4&'8X&'#YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJ!!!!!!<!

F'86-,8YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY!!!!$Z!

H,1+&X58#@828+%(YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY!!!Z<!

2'&#)!3)!"#&0-./#(0")'"-)*<$&<($=)

?*-:%8'!D!"+@$+8(!&6!"#/,-%$&+L!>+%8@'-%$+@!9"O!$+!=8-'+$+@!-+#!78-,*$+@YY!!!!V)

2'&#)!!)>)2&'/#(#(0"$&)4#0&($5)

?*-:%8'!B!=8%[(!?*-+@8!9/'!\$+#(YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJ!!BU!!!

?*-:%8'!V!9:8+$+@!9/'!]&'5#!%&!),8+-'$&(P!9"O!-+#!>?7YYYYYYYYYYYY!!!ES!

?*-:%8'!E!)$5<8'!=$+8(!$+!):8,$-5!388#(!"#/,-%$&+YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJ!!!SU!

?*-:%8'!U!67'"%$!%*'&/@*!78,*+&5&@0L!H!^&/'+80YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY!!!RV!

?*-:%8'!W!7*8!F-%*X-0!%&!F-'-#$@2!)*$6%YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJJ!!!DBV!

2'&#)!!!3)60??$"#'&($5)

DJ!;+#8'(,&'$+@!%*8!O&58!&6!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+!?/''$,/5/2!O8+8X-5YYJJ!!!DER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$+!_$@*8'!"#/,-%$&+!F'&@'-228(!$+!)'$!=-+1-!

BJ!>+%8@'-%$+@!9"O!-+#!>?7!-+#!>++&<-%$<8!F8#-@&@$,-5!>+$%$-%$<8(YY!!!DUU!$+!)'$!=-+1-+!_$@*8'!"#/,-%$&+!

VJ!7'-+($%$&+$+@!%&!7'-+(6&'2-%$&+-5!?*-+@8!X$%*!9"O!-+#!>?7!YYY!!!!DUT!-+#!>++&<-%$<8!?/''$,/5/2!`8($@+!

60"#&(@.#0&5)YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJJ))))DWD)

;AA$"-(/$5!YYYYYYJJYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJJ!!!!DWT!

v

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

>>>!!

B0&$=0&-)

8(9(#7'):'"';'<<'&')

8(/$)67'"/$110&=)>7$)*?$")@"(A$&5(#;)0B)4&()C'"<')

9:8+!"#/,-%$&+!*-(!G88+!8+-G58#!-+#! $+(:$'8#!G0! %*8! >+%8'+8%! -+#! %*8!9:8+!"#/,-%$&+-5! O8(&/',8! a9"Ob! 2&<828+%J! 7*8! :'$2-'0! &Gc8,%$<8! &6! 9"O! $(! %&!-##'8((! %*8!:'&<$($&+!&6! -,,8((! %&! 58-'+$+@!&::&'%/+$%$8(! %&! %*&(8!X*&!X&/5#!+&%! &%*8'X$(8! G8! -G58! %&! &G%-$+! %*82J! \/,*! &6! %*8! 9"O! #8G-%8! ,8+%8'(! &+!#86$+$+@! %*8! 28-+$+@! &6! d9:8+eP! X*$,*! $(! :'8#&2$+-+%50! -G&/%! '82&<-5! &6!!'8(%'$,%$&+(! $+<&5<8#! $+!-,,8(($+@! 58-+$+@!'8(&/',8(P! 6'&2!,&:0'$@*%!'8@/5-%$&+(!%&!6$+-+,$-5!,&+(%'-$+%(J!

7*$(! ,&+,8:%! 828'@8#! $+! %*8! 5-%8! BC%*! ,8+%/'0!X$%*! %*8! #8<85&:28+%! &6!9:8+!-+#!`$(%-+,8! =8-'+$+@!-2$#(%! -! ,/5%/'8!&6!&:8+!1+&X58#@8P!&:8+! (&/',8P! 6'88!(*-'$+@!-+#!:88'!,&55-G&'-%$&+J!9"O!:5-0!-!<$%-5!'&58!%&#-0!$+!-,*$8<$+@!%*8!@&-5!&6!d"#/,-%$&+!6&'!H55[!82:&X8'$+@!%*8!/+#8':'$<$58@8#!$+!:-'%$,/5-'J!_$@*!f/-5$%0!9"O! ,-+! (-<8! %$28! -+#! 866&'%(! &6! %*8! %8-,*8'! ($@+$6$,-+%50! &+! '8(&/',8!#8<85&:28+%! -+#! -#<-+,8! (%/#8+%! 58-'+$+@! $+($#8! -+#! &/%($#8! %*8! ,5-(('&&2J!9"O!$+$%$-%$<8(!-(:$'8!%&!:'&<$#8!&:8+!-,,8((!%&!*$@*!f/-5$%0!8#/,-%$&+!'8(&/',8(!&+! -! @5&G-5! (,-58J! 4'&2! 5-'@8! $+(%$%/%$&+IG-(8#! $+$%$-%$<8(! %&! +/28'&/(! (2-55!(,-58!-,%$<$%$8(P!%*8!+/2G8'!&6!9"OI'85-%8#!:'&@'-228(!-+#!:'&c8,%(!*-(!G88+!@'&X$+@!'-:$#50!X$%*$+!%*8!:-(%!68X!08-'(J!

7&! -,*$8<8! %*8! 2-$+! &Gc8,%$<8! &6! 9:8+! -+#! `$(%-+,8! =8-'+$+@! a9`=b! $%! $(!8((8+%$-5! %&! 8(%-G5$(*! -+! &+5$+8! 58-'+$+@! 8+<$'&+28+%! %&! 2-%,*! X$%*! %*8! 9`=!#85$<8'0!28,*-+$(2J! >+!@8+8'-5P! %*8! >+%8'+8%!-<-$5-G$5$%0!-+#!,&2:/%8'! 5$%8'-,0!-'8!:'8,&+#$%$&+(!6&'!%*8!(/,,8((6/5!&:8'-%$&+!&6!%*8!9`=!$+!-!(&,$8%0!%&!:'&<$#8!8#/,-%$&+-5!&::&'%/+$%$8(!6&'!-55J!!7*8!\$+$(%'0!&6!_$@*8'!"#/,-%$&+!a\&_"b!*-(!%-18+!-!+/2G8'!&6!(%8:(!%&!#8<85&:!&+5$+8!8#/,-%$&+!8+<$'&+28+%J!7*8!3-%$&+-5!9+5$+8! `$(%-+,8! "#/,-%$&+! )8'<$,8! a39`")b! $2:5828+%8#! /+#8'! %*8! \&_"! $(!&+8!&6!%*8!$+$%$-%$<8(P!X*$,*!$(!+&X!G8$+@!&:8'-%8#!G0!%*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-!a9;)=bJ!>%!,&+(%$%/%8(!BW!3&#8(!H,,8((!?8+%'8(!a3H?(b!-55!&<8'!%*8!$(5-+#J!!

]*-%! -'8! %*8! G8+86$%(! %&! (%/#8+%(P! %8-,*8'(! -+#! %*8! @8+8'-5! :/G5$,g! ! >%! $(!&G<$&/(!%*-%!%*8!9"O!2&<828+%!$(!-%!%*8!$+$%$-5!(%-@8!$+!)'$!=-+1-!-+#!$+8<$%-G50!:'&G582(! (/,*! -(! %'-#$%$&+-5! 2$+#(8%P! :&&'! $+6'-(%'/,%/'8! 6&'! &+5$+8! 58-+$+@P!

vi

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

>h!!

:&&'!>7!1+&X58#@8P!5-,1!&6!%'-$+8#!(%-66!$+!9"OP!+8@-%$<8!%*$+1$+@!&6!-,-#82$,(P!5-,1!&6!2-%8'$-5!'8(&/',8(!-+#!$+-#8f/-%8!@&<8'+28+%!(/::&'%!8%,J!*-<8!,&28!%&!%*8!(/'6-,8J!

7*8!9;)=!$(!%*8!6$'(%!-+#!%*8!&+50!8#/,-%$&+-5!$+(%$%/%8!%&!#8,5-'8!$%(!$+%8+%$&+!%&!-#-:%!9"O!-(!-!:&5$,0!-+#!*-(!%-18+!(%8:(!%&!$2:5828+%!$%J!!

7*8! 9;)=! $+$%$-%8#! #8<85&:$+@! &:8+! ,&/'(8X-'8! ,&+(8f/8+%! %&! -! :'&c8,%!$2:5828+%8#! 6&'! G/$5#$+@! %*8! ,-:-,$%0! &6! %*8! -,-#82$,! (%-66! &6! %*8! 4-,/5%0! &6!"#/,-%$&+! $+! BCDV!X$%*! -! <$8X! %&! $+%8@'-%$+@! >+6&'2-%$&+! -+#!?&22/+$,-%$&+!78,*+&5&@0! a>?7b! -+#! 9"O! $+! $%(! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! :'&@'-228(J! 7*8! 8+%$'8!:'&,8((! &6! ,-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! ,&2:'$(8#! X&'1(*&:(! &+! 9"O! -+#! >?7P! ,/''$,/5-!'8<$8X! -+#! ,&/'(8! '8#8($@+! X&'1(*&:(P! #8($@+! -+#! #8<85&:28+%! &6! &+5$+8!,&/'(8(!X$%*! 9"O!2$Z$+@P! $2:5828+%-%$&+! &6! %*8! :$5&%! ,&/'(8(! -+#! 8<-5/-%$+@!%*8!$2:-,%!&6!>?7!-+#!9"O!,&2G$+-%$&+!$+!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-228(J!7*$(!X-(! -! /+$f/8! &::&'%/+$%0! 6&'! %*8! -,-#82$,! (%-66! %&! 8+*-+,8! %*8$'! &X+!:'&68(($&+-5!#8<85&:28+%!-(!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(J!

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

]*$58!%*8!9;)=!*-(!%-18+!:&($%$<8! $+$%$-%$<8(!-+#! 5-$#!2&(%!&6!%*8!@'&/+#X&'1!+8,8((-'0!6&'!%*8!/%$5$i-%$&+!&6!9"OP!2/,*!2&'8!+88#(!%&!G8!#&+8!%&!8+(/'8!$%(!(/,,8((6/5!-+#!8668,%$<8!#8:5&028+%J!7$2850!:'&,/'828+%!&6!'8f/$'8#!(8'<$,8(P!#8<85&:$+@! %*8! +8,8((-'0! (1$558#! :8'(&++85! G0! &+@&$+@! %'-$+$+@! -+#! %$2850!$2:5828+%-%$&+! &6! +8,8((-'0! $+6'-(%'/,%/'8P! :'&,8#/'8(! 8%,J! -'8! 2-%%8'(! %*-%!+88#! %&! G8! -%%8+#8#! %&! X$%*&/%! #85-0J! 7*8! 9"O! *-(! 2-#8! *$@*8'! 8#/,-%$&+!G&'#8'58((! -+#!&%*8'! $+(%$%/%$&+(! -'8! :&($+@! -! %*'8-%! %&! $%(! (/'<$<-5! G0!2-1$+@!&:%$2/2!/(8!&6!$%(!G8+86$%(J!7*$(!$(!-!(8'$&/(!,*-558+@8!6&'!%*8!9;)=J!H(!$%!(%-+#(!+&XP! %*8!9;)=[(! &X+! $+$%$-%$<8(! -'8! G85&X! %*8! '8f/$'8#! 58<85(! -+#! -'8! 08%! %&!G8-'! 6'/$%! 8+-G5$+@! 8668,%$<8! :8+8%'-%$&+! &6! %*8! 2-'18%J! 7*8! (:88#! &6! @'&X%*!

vii

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

h!!

-+#!2&28+%/2!-'8!X855! G85&X! %*8! 58<85(! +8,8((-'0! %&! '82-$+! ,&2:8%$%$<8! $+!%*8! _$@*8'! "#/,-%$&+! 2-'18%I:5-,8! X*$,*! $(! ,*-+@$+@! -%! -! :*8+&28+-5! :-,8J!7*8! %$28! *-(! ,&28! 6&'! 9;)=! %&! '8,&+($#8'! $%(! 58<85! &6! ,&22$%28+%! %&! 9"O!$+$%$-%$<8(J!\&'8!#0+-2$,!-,%$&+!X$55!*-<8!%&!G8!%-18+!G0!%*8!9;)=!6&55&X$+@!-!X855I,&+($#8'8#!#8,$($&+!%&!'82-$+!6/550!,&22$%%8#!%&!%*8!9`=!28%*&#&5&@0J!

7*$(! :/G5$,-%$&+! $(! G-(8#! &+! %*8! :'&,8((! -+#! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! @-$+8#! G0! %*8!282G8'(! &6! %*8! -,-#82$,! (%-66! $+! %*8! ,&/'(8! &6! ,&2:58%$+@! %*8! :'&c8,%! &+!#8<85&:$+@!9"O!-+#! >?7! $+! %8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(J!7*8!G&&1!82:*-($i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

>! %-18! %*$(! &::&'%/+$%0! %&! %*-+1! `'J! )*$'&+$,-! .-'/+-+-0-1-P! %*8! `8-+! &6! %*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!6&'!*8'!8+%*/($-(2!$+!%*8!9"O!:'&c8,%!-+#!*85:$+@!%&!2-18!%*$(! :/G5$,-%$&+! -! '8-5$%0J! >! -5(&! %*-+1! -55! %*8! ,&+%'$G/%&'(! %&! %*8! :/G5$,-%$&+P!-,-#82$,! -+#! (/::&'%! (%-66! &6! %*8! 4-,/5%0! &6! "#/,-%$&+! 6&'! 8Z%8+#$+@! %*8$'!,&&:8'-%$&+!%&!'858-(8!%*$(!:/G5$,-%$&+!X$%*$+!-!(*&'%!:8'$&#!&6!%$28J!

viii

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

h>!!

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ix

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

h>>!!

2&$C'/$))

;)D$/'-$910"%)2'&#"$&5E(A)@$#=$$")6*F)'"-)#E$)*G4F))(")H$'/E$&)+-./'#(0")

D07'")D$"0")

E$?.#;)8(/$F67'"/$110&)GH/'-$I(/J=)K'L'5'")*?$")@"(A$&5(#;=)D'1';5('=))

M0&I$&)>$'/7$&)+-./'#(0")4?$/('1(5#N6*C!)

7*8! ?&22&+X8-5%*! &6! =8-'+$+@! a?9=b! ($+,8! $%(! $+,8:%$&+! $+! %*8! 5-%8! +$+8%88+!8$@*%$8(!*-(!G88+!(/::&'%$+@!/+$<8'($%$8(!-+#!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+! $+(%$%/%$&+(!%&!#8<85&:! (&/+#! $+(%'/,%$&+-5! #8($@+(! -+#! %'-$+$+@!2-%8'$-5(! 6&'!:'8I(8'<$,8! -+#!$+I(8'<$,8! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! :'&@'-228(J! >%! X&'18#! X$%*! 8Z:8'%(! 6'&2!?&22&+X8-5%*! ,&/+%'$8(! %&! ,'8-%8! ,&55-G&'-%$<850P! %'-$+$+@! 2-%8'$-5(! X*$,*!,&/5#! G8! /(8#! G0! %*8! :-'%$,$:-%$+@! ,&/+%'$8(! a8J@JP! )7H\F! BCCCjP! BCCCbP! &'!:-'%+8'8#! X$%*! (858,%8#! $+(%$%/%$&+(! -+#! /+$<8'($%$8(! $+! #8<85&:$+@! $++&<-%$<8!58-'+$+@!#8($@+(!-+#!2-%8'$-5(!%*'&/@*!5&+@!8+@-@828+%(J!7*8!2&#85!&6!5&+@8'!-+#! (/(%-$+8#! 8+@-@828+%(!X$%*! $+(%$%/%$&+(! 6&'! 8668,%$<8! ,-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! $+!%*&(8!$+(%$%/%$&+(!X-(!,&+($#8'8#!-(!-!@&&#!2&#85!G0!?9=[(!8<-5/-%&'(J!

>!X-(!%*8!"#/,-%$&+!):8,$-5$(%!6&'!78-,*8'!"#/,-%$&+!$+!?9=!6'&2!BCCD!%&!BCCT!-+#! $%! X-(! #/'$+@! %*$(! :8'$&#! %*-%! %X&! <8'0! (/,,8((6/5! :'&c8,%(! $+! %8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!&6!?9=!X8'8!$+$%$-%8#J!7*8(8!X8'8!%*8!O&$$")>$'/7$&)2&09$/#)L(#7)#7$)6$"#&$) 0B) +"A(&0"I$"#) +-./'#(0"! $+! >+#$-! -+#! DH) >$'/7$&) +-./'#(0") P)!"#$&"'#(0"'1)L(#7) #7$)M'/.1#;)0B)+-./'#(0"=)*?$")@"(A$&5(#;)0B)4&() C'"<'J!Q&%*!%*8(8!8+@-@828+%(!*-#!%X&!2-c&'!&Gc8,%$<8(J!9+8!X-(P!%&!#8<85&:!-!,/''$,/5/2!#8($@+! -+#! (/$%-G58! 58-'+$+@M%'-$+$+@! 2-%8'$-5(! 6&'! $+I(8'<$,8! %'-$+$+@! %*'&/@*!#$(%-+,8!8#/,-%$&+P!-+#!%X&!%&!G/$5#!,-:-,$%0!-2&+@!%*8!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(! $+!%*8!:'&,8((!%&!(/(%-$+!%*$(!866&'%!-(!X855!-(!8Z%8+#!$%!%&!&%*8'!:'&@'-228(J!

7*8!,&&:8'-%$&+!G8%X88+!?9=!-+#!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+P!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$! =-+1-! (%-'%8#! X*8+! 9;)=! %*'&/@*! %*8! \$+$(%'0! &6! "#/,-%$&+P! )'$! =-+1-!-::'&-,*8#! ?9=! 6&'! /:@'-#$+@! 9;)=[(! %*8+! 8Z$(%$+@! \H! 78-,*8'! "#/,-%$&+!F'&@'-228! %&! :'&<$#8! $+I(8'<$,8! :'&68(($&+-5! #8<85&:28+%! &6! %8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(! $+! %*8! ,&/+%'0! %*'&/@*!#$(%-+,8!2&#8J! ?9=! :'&2:%50! '8(:&+#8#! %&!%*$(!'8f/8(%!X*$,*!58#!%&!%*8!$+$%$-%$&+!&6!%*$(!:'&c8,%!$+!8-'50!BCCVJ!

x

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

h>>>!!

?9=! -+#!9;)=! c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

7*8!X&'1(*&:!-5%*&/@*!X-(!-!@&&#!G8@$++$+@!6&'!$#8+%$60$+@!%*8!$((/8(!-+#!%*8!+88#!6&'!-!,*-+@8#!:-'-#$@2!#$#!+&%!:'&<$#8!2/,*!,5-'$%0!X$%*!'8@-'#!%&!*&X!%&!:'&,88#!6/'%*8'!$+!%*8!:'&c8,%J!

4(#.'#$-)1$'&"("%)-$5(%"9@'5$-)A&0C$55(0"'1)-$<$10A?$"#)0C)$-./'#0&5)

7'-#$%$&+-550!2&(%!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!,/''$,/5-!%8+#!%&!-#&:%!-!%*8&'0I&'$8+%8#!-::'&-,*!X$%*! %*8!-((/2:%$&+! %*-%! -+!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&6! %*8! 6&/+#-%$&+-5! -+#!:8#-@&@$,-5!%*8&'0!-+#!%*8$'!-::5$,-%$&+(!$+!-!68X!(,*&&5!&'!,5-((!($%/-%$&+(!X$55!8f/$:!%*8!%8-,*8'(!%&!#8-5!X$%*!%*8!,&2:58Z$%$8(!&6!%*8!'8-5!($%/-%$&+J!7*80!2-0!$+$%$-550!6&'2/5-%8!%*8!,/''$,/5/2!&Gc8,%$<8(!G-(8#!&+!%*8!'&58(!&6!%8-,*8'(!-+#!%*8!,&2:8%8+,$8(!'8f/$'8#! $+!%*8!'8-5!(,*&&5M,5-(('&&2!($%/-%$&+(!G/%!X*8+! $%!,&28(!%&!,/''$,/5/2!6'-28X&'1!-+#!%'-+(-,%$&+P!%*80!X&/5#!%-18!-!%*8&'8%$,-5!#$(,$:5$+8IG-(8#!-::'&-,*J!;+6&'%/+-%850!%*8!(-28!-::'&-,*!$(!5-'@850!6&55&X8#!$+!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!,&/'(8(!G0!#$(%-+,8!2&#8!%&&J!_8+,8P!8<8+!%*8!(&!,-558#!k@&&#e!,&/'(8(!&6!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!G0!9`=!$+!2-+0!,&/+%'$8(!'82-$+8#!*$@*50!%*8&'8%$,-5!#8'$<8#!6'&2!-!%*8&'0IG-(8#!,/''$,/5/2!#8<85&:28+%!:'&,8((J!!

>(! $%! :&(($G58! %&! -#&:%! -! 6$85#! -+#! ($%/-%$&+IG-(8#! ,/''$,/5-'! &'@-+$i-%$&+! -+#!%'-+(-,%$&+!$+(%8-#!&6!-!%*8&'0IG-(8#!-::'&-,*g!?-+!%*8!%'-$+$+@!$+%8'<8+%$&+(!%-18!$+%&!-,,&/+%!-+#!/%$5$i8!(/,*!8:$(&#8(!-+#!8Z:8'$8+,8(!6&'!#$(,/(($&+!-+#!'8658,%$&+g! ?-+! ,-(8! (%/#$8(! -+#! ($2/5-%$&+(! G8! #8<85&:8#! G-(8#! &+! %*8(8!8Z:8'$8+,8(g! H,,&'#$+@! %&! %*8! ,&+(%'/,%$<$(%! -::'&-,*! %&! 58-'+$+@P! $+#$<$#/-5(!#8<85&:! %*8$'! &X+! /+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! %*8! +-%/'8! &6! %*8!X&'5#P! 6'&2! %*8$'! &X+!:8',8:%$&+(!-+#!8Z:8'$8+,8(!&6!$%J!7*$(!<$8X!$(!@'&/+#8#!$+!%*8!$#8-!%*-%!k:8&:58!58-'+!G0! -,%$<850! ,&+(%'/,%$+@!+8X!1+&X58#@8P! '-%*8'! %*-+!*-<$+@! $+6&'2-%$&+!:&/'8#! $+%&! %*8$'! *8-#(eJ!\-+0! -'@/8! a(88! Q-%8(P! DRRRl! ^&+-((8+P! BCCCb! %*-%!58-'+$+@! X$%*$+! %*8! ,&+(%'/,%$<$(%! 8+<$'&+28+%! :'&2&%8(! 28-+$+@6/5! 58-'+8'!8+@-@828+%!-+#!,'$%$,-5P!,'8-%$<8!-+#!,&2:58Z!%*$+1$+@!G0!58-'+8'(J!_8+,8P!$%!$(!

xi

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

>m!!

$2:&'%-+%! %*-%! &::&'%/+$%$8(! 6&'! (/,*! 28-+$+@6/5! 58-'+8'I8+@-@828+%! -'8!:'&<$#8#!$+!-+0!8668,%$<8!$+(%'/,%$&+-5!&'!%'-$+$+@!,&+%8Z%J!

Q-(8#!&+!%*8!:'&,8((8(!$+<&5<8#!$+!,&55-G&'-%$<8!'8658,%$<8!:'-,%$,8!$%!$(!:&(($G58!%&! ,&+,8:%/-5$i8! -! :'&68(($&+-5! #8<85&:28+%! ,/''$,/5/2! 6&'! -+! 9`=IG-(8#!:'&@'-228!&'!,&/'(8J!7*8!'8-#$+@!2-%8'$-5(P! $+,5/#$+@!28#$-IG-(8#!2-%8'$-5(P!'8(&/',8! 2-%8'$-5(P! $+%8'-,%$<8! (8(($&+(! $+,5/#$+@! 6-,8I%&I6-,8! ,&+%-,%! ,5-((8(!-+#! %8,*+&5&@0! G-(8#! $+%8'-,%$&+P! -(($@+28+%(! -+#! :'&c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f/$'8#!6&'!:8'6&'2$+@!%*8!:'8I(:8,$6$8#!'&58(!a\8+&+P!BCCTbJ!

H0='&-5)!"#$%&'#("%)*+,J)!6H)'"-)5(#.'#$-)1$'&"("%)-$5(%"5!

7*8!?&22&+X8-5%*!&6! =8-'+$+@! a?9=b!X*$,*!X-(! '8(:&+($G58! 6&'! $#8+%$60$+@! -!(/$%-G58! $+%8'+-%$&+-5! ,&+(/5%-+%! %&! :'&<$#8! 8Z:8'%! (/::&'%! %&! 9;)=! $+! %*8!:'&c8,%! (,&/%8#!-'&/+#! %*8!?&22&+X8-5%*!-+#! 6$+-550!#8,$#8#! %&!8+%'/(%! %*$(!'8(:&+($G$5$%0!%&!`'J!)&2!3-$#/!a%*8+!-%!%*8!;+$<8'($%0!&6!\85G&/'+8bP!X*&!*-#!-+!8Z,8558+%!'8(8-',*!-+#!(,*&5-'50!G-,1@'&/+#!$+!%*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6!($%/-%8#!58-'+$+@! #8($@+(! -+#! 8(:8,$-550! (,8+-'$&IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@! 6&'! :'&68(($&+-5!#8<85&:28+%!&6! %8-,*8'(!-+#!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(J! >+! %*8! $+$%$-5!#$(,/(($&+(!X$%*!`'J!3-$#/!$+!h-+,&/<8'!$+!%*8!2$##58!&6!BCCVP!>!,&/5#!<$(/-5$i8!%*-%!%*$(!X-(!%*8!:8'(&+! X*&! ,&/5#! (*&X! /(! %*8! 5$@*%! -+#! (/,,8((6/550! (%88'! /(! %*'&/@*! %*8!:'&c8,%P! -+#! (/G(8f/8+%! 8<8+%(! (*&X8#! %*-%!X8!*-#!2-#8! %*8! '$@*%!#8,$($&+J!7*8!X&'1!'8:&'%8#!$+!%*$(!G&&1!$(!-!,&+,'8%8!8Z-2:58!&6!%*8!$2:-,%!&6!*$(!X&'1!&+!$+#$<$#/-5(P!X*&58!@'&/:(P!&'@-+$i-%$&+(P!-(!X855!-(!8#/,-%$&+-5!:'&,8((8(J!

xii

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

m!!

7*8!,&&:8'-%$&+!G8%X88+!?9=!-+#!9;)=!$+!'8#8($@+$+@!%*8!\H7"!:'&@'-228!$(!'8:&'%8#! $+! .-'/+-+-0-1-P! =81-2@8P! n/+-X-'#8+-P! 3-$#/P! o! \8+&+! aBCCUbJ!O8,&@+$i$+@! %*8! +88#! %&! $2:'&<8! %*8! f/-5$%0! &6! %*8! :'&@'-228! %*8! 8Z$(%$+@!\H7"! :'&@'-228! X-(! (/G(%-+%$-550! '8<$(8#! -+#! %'-+(6&'28#! $+%&! -! /+$f/8!:'-,%$%$&+8'I&'$8+%8#! :'&@'-228P! X$%*! %*8! -(($(%-+,8! &6! %*8! ?9=J! 7*8!:'&@'-228! -#&:%8#! -+! $+(%'/,%$&+-5! #8($@+! -::'&-,*! X*8'8! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(!-'8!($%/-%8#!$+!-/%*8+%$,!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!%*-%!-'8!28-+$+@6/5!6&'!%*8!(%/#8+%(J!7*8!6&,/(!&6!(/,*!-!58-'+$+@!#8($@+!$(!&+!$2:'&<$+@!%*8!f/-5$%0!&6!%*8!(%/#8+%!58-'+$+@J!H!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!a)Q=b!#8($@+!(/$%8#!6&'!:'-,%$,8IG-(8#!#$(,$:5$+8(!(/,*!-(!8#/,-%$&+!X-(!-#&:%8#!6&'!-(!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@!$+!%*8(8! -'8-(! *-<8! %&! G8! ,5&(850! -5$@+8#! %&! :'-,%$,8! a(88! 3-$#/P! \8+&+P!n/+-X-'#8+-P!=81-2@8!o!.-'/+-+-0-1-P!BCCSbJ!

7*8! 9:8+! "#/,-%$&+-5! O8(&/',8(! a9"Ob! 2&<828+%! X*$,*! *-(! G88+! (%8-#$50!:$,1$+@!/:!2&28+%/2!$+!%*8!5-(%!#8,-#8!*-(!&:8+8#!/:!$++&<-%$<8!:&(($G$5$%$8(!6&'! ,&/'(8! #8<85&:28+%! -+#! 58-'+8'! (/::&'%! $+! 9:8+! -+#! `$(%-+,8! =8-'+$+@J!9"O!$+,5/#8!-!<-'$8%0!&6!58-'+$+@!,&+%8+%P!%&&5(!-+#!:'-,%$,8(!%*-%!-'8!-<-$5-G58!2&(%50! #$@$%$i8#! &+! %*8! X8G! X$%*! -+! &:8+! -,,8((! -+#! '85-Z8#! ,&:0'$@*%! -+#!5$,8+($+@! 6'-28X&'1P! 8+-G5$+@! 6'88! /(8! &6! (/,*! '8(&/',8(J! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+!:'&<$#8(! 8-(0! -,,8((! %&! 5-%8(%! #$@$%-5! ,&+%8+%! &6! 1+&X+! f/-5$%0! #'-X+! 6'&2! -!<-'$8%0! &6! @5&G-5! (&/',8(! X$%*! %*8! 6'88#&2! %&! '8/(8! -+#! '8:/':&(8! %*8(8!'8(&/',8(!%&!(/$%!%*8!,&+%8Z%!-+#!58-'+$+@!+88#(!&6!/(8'(J!>%!6-,$5$%-%8(!8-,*!/(8'!&'! $+(%$%/%$&+! %&! *-<8! 5&,-550! #8($@+8#! (%/#0! :'&@'-228! -+#! 58-'+8'! (/::&'%!'858<-+%! %&! %*8! 5&,-5! ,&+%8Z%! -+#! 5&,-5! 58-'+8'! +88#(!X*$58! G-($+@! &+! @5&G-550!,'8-%8#!9"O!,&+%8+%! 6&'!:'&<$#$+@! 6&'! %*8&'0! '85-%8#! %&! %*8!#$(,$:58!-(!X855!-(!,-(8(!-+#!8Z:8'$8+,8(!6'&2!&%*8'!,&+%8Z%(J!

7*$(!:/G5$,-%$&+!'8:&'%(!%*8!(%&'0!&6!$+%8@'-%$+@!(/$%-G58!9"O!$+!,'8-%$+@!,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(! 6&'! -! +/2G8'! &6! ,&/'(8(! $+! #$668'8+%! F'&@'-228(! $+! %*8! 4-,/5%0! &6!"#/,-%$&+P!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0! &6! )'$! =-+1-J! >+! %*$(! F'&c8,%! &6!9;)=! (/::&'%8#! G0!%*8! ?&22&+X8-5%*! &6! =8-'+$+@! (/$%-G58! 9"O! 2-%8'$-5(! *-<8! G88+! (8-',*8#!6'&2! %*8!X8G!-+#!28%$,/5&/(50! $+%8@'-%8#!X$%*! -! <-'$8%0!&6! -,%$<$%$8(!X$%*$+! -!($%/-%8#!58-'+$+@!#8($@+!:8#-@&@0J!

7*$(! :'&c8,%! $(! -+! 8Z%8+($&+! &6! -+! 8-'5$8'! :'&c8,%! X*8'8! %*8! GH) >$'/7$&)+-./'#(0")MGH>+N!"#$&"'#(0"'1O)2&0%&'FF$!X-(!#8<85&:8#!-+#!5-/+,*8#!/($+@!-!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!#8($@+J!7*8!$+$%$-5!:'&c8,%!6&,/(8#!&+!*&X!)Q=!#8($@+!,&/5#! G8! /(8#! $+! #8<85&:$+@! ,&/'(8! 2-%8'$-5(! $+! -! :'&68(($&+-5! #8<85&:28+%!

xiii

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

m>!!

:'&@'-228J! 7*8! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! $+! 8-,*! 2&#/58! X-(! #8<85&:8#! -+#!&'@-+$i8#! X$%*$+! -! 58-'+$+@! (,8+-'$&! :'&<$#$+@! &::&'%/+$%0! 6&'! 58-'+8'(! %&!,&+#/,%!-!<-'$8%0!&6!-,%$<$%$8(!-+#!/+#8'@&!'8658,%$<8!:'-,%$,8J!7*8!G-,1@'&/+#!,&+%8+%! '85-%8#! %&! %*8!2&#/58!X-(!,'8-%8#!-+#!@$<8+!-(!-! '8(&/',8!:-,1J!7*8!58-'+8'!$(!#$'8,%8#!%&!(%/#0!%*8!,&+%8+%!$+!%*8!'8(&/',8!:-,1!X*$58!8Z:8'$8+,$+@!%*8!-,%$<$%$8(!@$<8+!$+!%*8!),8+-'$&J!

7*8!2-$+!&Gc8,%$<8!&6!%*8!$+$%$-5!:'&c8,%!X-(!%&!#8<85&:!58-'+$+@!2-%8'$-5(!X$%*!-!)Q=!#8($@+!-+#!%*'&/@*!%*$(!:'&,8((!&6!#8<85&:28+%!G/$5#!,-:-,$%0!-2&+@!%*8!:-'%$,$:-+%(! $+!#8<85&:$+@! (/,*!2-%8'$-5(J! 7*8!:'8(8+%!:'&c8,%!X*$,*!-%%82:%(!%&! /+#8'(,&'8! %*8! :'&,8((! &6! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+! $+! -! ($%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@! #8($@+! $(!,58-'50!-! 5&@$,-5!8Z%8+($&+!&6! %*8! $+$%$-5!:'&c8,%J!Q&%*!:'&c8,%(!/(8#!-! '8(&/',8IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@!2&#85!G/%! %*8! $+$%$-5!\H7"I>!:'&c8,%!#$#!+&%!/(8!9"O!-+#! %*/(!,&/5#! +&%! 8Z:5&$%! %*8! 6'88#&2! &6! '8/($+@! -+#! '8:/':&($+@! %*8! '8(&/',8!2-%8'$-5(J! >+!&+50!&+8!\&#/58!&6!%*8!>+$%$-5!\H7"!:'&c8,%P!-+!8Z$(%$+@!'8(&/',8!2-%8'$-5!a%*8!FO")7!2-%8'$-5(!#8<85&:8#!G0!?9=!G/%!+&%!#8,5-'8#!-(!9"O!%*8+b!X-(! /(8#J! H55! &%*8'! 58-'+$+@! '8(&/',8(! X8'8! +8X50! ,'8-%8#! ,&+%8+%! (:8,$-550!#8<85&:8#!6&'!%*8!O8(&/',8!F-,1!&6!%*8!:'&@'-228J!

7*8! ,&22&+! @&-5! &6! G&%*! :'&c8,%(! X-(! %&! G/$5#! ,-:-,$%0! -2&+@! :-'%$,$:-+%(!%*'&/@*!*-+#(I&+!8Z:8'$8+,8!&6!8+@-@$+@! $+! %*8! ,&/'(8!#8<85&:28+%!:'&,8((J!7*8! 6$'(%! :'&c8,%! X-(! ,&+6$+8#! %&! &+8! :'&@'-228! -+#! *8+,8! ,&/5#! G8!,&+($#8'8#! -(! -! :$5&%! :'&c8,%J! 7*8! :'8(8+%! :'&c8,%! $+,5/#8#! &+8! ,&/'(8! 8-,*!6'&2! 6$<8! #$668'8+%! :'&@'-228(! -+#! %*/(! 8Z%8+#$+@! %*8! ,-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@!:'&,8((! %&! &%*8'! 4-,/5%0! 282G8'(! %&&J! 9"O! $+%8@'-%8#! ($%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@!2-%8'$-5(!#8<85&:8#!6&'!&+8!,&/'(8!$+!8-,*!&6!%*8(8!6$<8!:'&@'-228(!,&/5#!G8!5-%8'!8Z%8+#8#!%&!&%*8'!,&/'(8(!&6!%*8(8!:'&@'-228J!

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

xiv

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

m>>!!

,$C$&$"/$5)

Q-%8(P!HJ!aDRRRbJ!O8(%'/,%/'$+@!%*8!;+$<8'($%0!6&'!78,*+&5&@$,-5!?*-+@8J!!")P7'#)Q("-)0B)@"(A$&5(#;R)!"#$&"'#(0"'1)2$&5?$/#(A$5)0")Q"0E1$-%$=)2'&#(/(?'#(0")'"-)D0A$&"'"/$P!8#(J!^J!Q'8++-+P!^J!48#'&X$%,*!_/G8'!-+#!7J!)*-*P!)O_"!o!9;FP!=&+#&+J!!!

^&+-((8+P! `J! aBCCCb! 60F?.#$&5) '5) G("-#0015) B0&) 4/70015=) +"%'%("%) (") 6&(#(/'1)>7("<("%P!F'8+%$,8I_-55P!38X!^8'(0J!!!

.-'/+-+-0-1-P! )JP! =81-2@8P! `JP! n/+-X-'#8+-P! ?JP! 3-$#/P! )JP! o! \8+&+P! \J!aBCCUbJ!GH>+) M!"#$&"'#(0"'1O) 2&0%&'F3) H) "0A$1) '??&0'/7) #0) -$A$10?("%)%10S'1) ?'&#"$&57(?5) (") #$'/7$&) $-./'#(0"J! F-:8'! :'8(8+%8#! -%! %*8! dH($-+!O&/+#%-G58!&+!9:8+!-+#!`$(%-+,8!=8-'+$+@!6&'!-%%-$+28+%!&6!\$558++$/2!`8<85&:28+%!n&-5([J! ):&+(&'8#! G0! %*8! ?&22&+X8-5%*! &6! =8-'+$+@! -+#!%*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-J!?&5&2G&P!\-0!BCIBB!

\8+&+P! \JQJ! aBCCTbJ! 2&0B$55(0"'1) T$A$10?F$"#) S;) *?$") T(5#'"/$) C$'&"("%3)40F$)6.&&(/.1.F)&$1'#$-)!55.$5)'"-)+K?$&($"/$5J!>+%8'+-%$&+-5!)82$+-'!&+!?&+(%'/,%$<$(%! H::'&-,*! %&! 78-,*8'! "#/,-%$&+P! O8@$&+-5! >+(%$%/%8! &6!"#/,-%$&+!a3?"O7bP!\0(&'8P!BE!

3-$#/P!)JP!\8+&+P!\JP!n/+-X-'#8+-P!?JP!=81-2@8P!`JP!o!.-'/+-+-0-1-P!)P!aBCCSbJ!_&X!,-+!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!8+@8+#8'!-+#!:'&2&%8!'8658,%$<8!:'-,%$,8!$+!&+5$+8!-+#!#$(%-+,8!8#/,-%$&+J!>+!\J!):8,%&'!a"#(JbP!J("-("%)U0.&)*"1("$)80(/$3)4#0&($5)>01-)S;)+K?$&($"/$-)*"1("$)+-./'#0&5!aUVISBbP!3^L!=-X'8+,8!"'5G-/2J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

xv

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

m>>>!!

;/J"0=1$-%$?$"#5)!

7*$(! :/G5$,-%$&+! $(! %*8! :'&#/,%! &6! %*8! (/(%-$+8#! 866&'%! &6! %*8! ,/''8+%!

282G8'(!&6!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!-%!%*8!9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-J!

7*8! ,&+%'$G/%&'(! -+#! $%(! 8#$%&'(! -'8! <8'0! @'-%86/5! 6&'! %*8! @8+8'&/(!

(/::&'%! -+#! ,&+%'$G/%$&+(! &6! 2-+0! $+! -55! -(:8,%(! &6! %*$(! X&'1J! 7*8(8!

$+,5/#8! 6&'82&(%P! %*8!h$,8!?*-+,855&'!-+#! %*8!)8+$&'!"Z8,/%$<8! %8-2!&6!

%*8! 9:8+! ;+$<8'($%0! &6! )'$! =-+1-! 6&'! %*8$'! 2&'-5P! 6$+-+,$-5! -+#!

$+(%$%/%$&+-5!(/::&'%l!?&22&+X8-5%*!&6!=8-'+$+@!6&'!%*8$'!(:&+(&'(*$:!&6!

%*8! :'&c8,%l! -55! '8<$8X8'(! &6! %*8! ,&+%8+%(! &6! %*8! G&&1l! $+<$%8#!

,&228+%-%&'(! 6&'! %*8$'! $+($@*%6/5! ,&228+%-'$8(! -(! X855! -(! %*8$'!

,&+%$+/8#!8+,&/'-@828+%!-+#!(/::&'%!&6!%*$(!X&'1l!%*8!8+%$'8!(%-66!-+#!

(%/#8+%(!&6!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+P!9;)=P!6&'!%*8$'!-,%$<8!8+@-@828+%!

X$%*! -55! :'&c8,%! -,%$<$%$8(l! -+#! -55! ,&+%'$G/%&'(! %&! %*8! :'&#/,%$&+! -+#!

:/G5$,-%$&+!&6!%*$(!G&&1J!

!

)*$'&+$,-!.-'/+-+-0-1-!-+#!)&2!3-$#/!a"#$%&'(b!

!

!

!

!

!

!

xvi

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

m>h!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

PART I

Introduction andOverview

2

Integrating OER in Educational Practice : Practitioner Stories

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

B!!

3

The Open University of Sri Lanka

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

V!!

6E'A#$&)L)

+"%("$5)0C)+-./'#(0"3)!"#$%&'#("%)*+,)(")F$'&"("%)'"-)H$'/E("%)40F):'(-.)'"-)47(&0"(/')Q'&."'"';'<')!

*A$")$-./'#(0"'1)A&'/#(/$5)

7*8'8! $(! @'&X$+@! $+%8'8(%! -%! -55! 58<85(! &6! 8#/,-%$&+! $+! %*8! -#&:%$&+! &6! &:8+!8#/,-%$&+-5! :'-,%$,8(J! 7*$(! $(! 8(:8,$-550! %*8! ,-(8! $+! #8<85&:$+@! 8#/,-%$&+-5!,&+%8Z%(! X*8'8! %*8! ,&(%(! &6! 8#/,-%$&+-5! '8(&/',8(! -'8! *$%%$+@! %*8! *-'#8(%J!)%/#8+%(P! %8-,*8'(! -+#! 8#/,-%$&+-5! &'@-+$i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i-%$&+(J!

9:8+! 8#/,-%$&+-5! '8(&/',8(! a9"Ob! -'8! k%8-,*$+@P! 58-'+$+@! -+#! '8(8-',*!2-%8'$-5(!$+!-+0!28#$/2P!#$@$%-5!&'!&%*8'X$(8P!%*-%!'8($#8!$+!%*8!:/G5$,!#&2-$+!&'!*-<8!G88+!'858-(8#!/+#8'!-+!&:8+!5$,8+(8!%*-%!:8'2$%(!+&I,&(%!-,,8((P!/(8P!-#-:%-%$&+! -+#! '8#$(%'$G/%$&+! G0! &%*8'(! X$%*! +&! &'! 5$2$%8#! '8(%'$,%$&+(e!a;3")?9P! BCDBbJ! 7*8(8! -'8! 8#/,-%$&+-5! '8(&/',8(! %*-%! -'8! '858-(8#! X$%*! -+!&:8+! 5$,8+(8! (/,*! -(! %*-%! :'&<$#8#! G0! %*8! ?'8-%$<8! ?&22&+(! =$,8+(8!4'-28X&'1! a??bJ! 7*$(! 5$,8+($+@! 6'-28X&'1! -55&X(! /(8'(! &6! 58-'+$+@! '8(&/',8(!%*8!'$@*%(!%&!&$.5$=)&$A(5$=)&$F(K)-+#)&$-(5#&(S.#$!%*8!'8(&/',8(!-%!+&!,&(%!-+#!+&! +88#! %&! 6&'2-550! (881! :8'2$(($&+! %&! #&! (&J! ;+#8'! %*$(! 1$+#! &6! -! 5$,8+(8P!,'8-%&'(! &6! 9"O! -'8! -G58! %&! '8%-$+! &X+8'(*$:! &6! %*8$'! X&'1! X*$58! -55&X$+@!&%*8'(! %&! /0?;=) -(5#&(S.#$P! -+#! F'<$! .5$! &6! %*8$'! X&'1P! %&! %*8! 8Z%8+%! &6!d&:8++8(([!@'-+%8#!a]$580P!BCCSbJ!

H,,8((!%&!9"O!$(!&+8!(%8:!$+!%*8!'$@*%!#$'8,%$&+!%&X-'#(!-,*$8<$+@!%*8!@&-5(!&6!k8#/,-%$&+!6&'!-55eP!-+#!82:&X8'$+@!&6!%*8!/+#8':'$<$58@8#J!!4&'!8#/,-%$&+P!-(!3&G85!=-/'8-%8(!H2-'%0-!)8+!-+#!^&(8:*!)%$@5$%i!*-<8!-'@/8#!$(!-!*/2-+!'$@*%P!%*8!:-%*!%&!'8-5!6'88#&2!-+#!82-+,$:-%$&+P!-+#!c/(%$,8!-+#!8f/-5$%0P!8(:8,$-550!

Chapter

1

4

Integrating OER in Educational Practice : Practitioner Stories!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

E!!

6&'! %*8! 58((!:'$<$58@8#P! 6&'!X$%*&/%! $%P! -+#!X$%*&/%!2&+80P! %*8! 58((!:'$<$58@8#!*-<8!5$%%58!%&!+&!*&:8!&6!,&2:8%$+@!8f/$%-G50!X$%*!%*8!'8(%!a)8+P!DRRRl!)$@5$%iP!BCDBbJ!!

_&X8<8'P!-,,8((!%&!9"O!$+!$%(856! $(!+&%!8+&/@*J!7&!G8!-G58!%&!G'$+@!-G&/%!%*$(!1$+#! &6! %'-+(6&'2-%$&+-5! ,*-+@8P! $+! 6-,%P! -! 5&%! 2&'8! %*-+! -,,8((! %&! 9"O! $(!'8f/$'8#J!>%!X$55!'8f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a\-(($<8!9:8+!9+5$+8! ?&/'(8(bP! -+#! ,5&/#IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@! &::&'%/+$%$8(! %*-%! ,-+! &668'!(%/#8+%(! -! X$#8! '-+@8! -+#! <-'$8%0! &6! :&(($G$5$%$8(! 6&'! 58-'+$+@! -+#! :8'(&+-5!$2:'&<828+%J!

6E'11$"%$5)#0)0A$")$-./'#(0"'1)A&'/#(/$5)

]*$58! %*8(8! -'8! 5-/#-G58! -(:$'-%$&+(P! 2&<$+@! &+! %&! -+#! -#&:%$+@! &:8+!8#/,-%$&+-5! :'-,%$,8(! 2-0! +&%! G8! 8+&/@*J! >6! $%! $(! +&%P! %*8+! X*-%! 2&'8! $(!'8f/$'8#! 6&'! #8($'-G58! 58-'+$+@! %&! %-18! :5-,8g! >(! 2&'8! &'! 58((! (%'/,%/'8! -+#!@/$#-+,8!+8,8((-'0! 6&'!8668,%$<8P!866$,$8+%!-+#!8+@-@$+@! 58-'+$+@g!n8%%$+@! %*8!2$Z%/'8!'$@*%!&+!%*8(8!f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

H%!%*8!2&(%!@8+8'-5!58<85!%8-,*$+@!,&2:'$(8(!%*8!-,%(!&6!-$B("("%)#7$)$K?$/#$-)1$'&"("%) 0.#/0F$5) B0&) 5#.-$"#5=) 5$1$/#("%) E7'#) (5) #0) S$) #'.%7#) '"-)0&/7$5#&'#("%) #7$) 1$'&"("%) $K?$&($"/$5) $BB(/($"#1;) '"-) $BB$/#(A$1;! (&! %*-%!(%/#8+%(!-'8!-G58!%&!#8<85&:!%*&(8!8Z:8,%8#!,&2:8%8+,$8(J!_&X8<8'P!%8-,*$+@!:'-,%$,8(!#$668'! -,,&'#$+@! %&! %*8! 58<85! &6! (%/#0P! +-%/'8!&6! %*8! (/Gc8,%!2-%%8'P!%*8!,*-'-,%8'$(%$,(!&6!58-'+8'(P!-+#!%*8!%8-,*$+@!:*$5&(&:*$8(!-+#!G85$86(!&6!%*8!%8-,*8'(!-+#!%*8!8#/,-%$&+-5!&'@-+$i-%$&+J!

5

The Open University of Sri Lanka))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

U!!

]8!,-+!$2:'&<8!%*$(!:'-,%$,8!X$%*!%*8!#8($@+!&6!-!2&'8!$BB$/#(A$=)$BB(/($"#)-+#)$"%'%("%) %8-,*$+@) -+#! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8! -(! X855! -(! X$%*! %*8! *85:! &6!$+6&'2-%$&+! -+#! ,&22/+$,-%$&+(! %8,*+&5&@$8(! a>?7bJ! 7*$(! 1$+#! &6! %8-,*$+@!%-18(!:5-,8!X*8+!-!%8-,*8'!,-'86/550!,*&'8&@'-:*(!%*8!58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(!&6!(%/#8+%(! $+! ,5&(8! -5$@+28+%! X$%*! %*8! 8Z:8,%8#! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(! 6&'! %*82P!-+#!X$%*!-!6$+8!G-5-+,8!&6!@/$#-+,8!-+#!(%'/,%/'8!-(!X855!-(!(/::&'%!#/'$+@!%*8!:'&,8((!%&!-55&X!6&'!$+#8:8+#8+%!%*&/@*%!-+#!,'8-%$<$%0!%&!&,,/'J!]*8+!%*$(!$(!8Z8,/%8#!X855P!%8-,*$+@!$(!@'8-%P!-+#!%*8(8!-'8!%*8!,$',/2(%-+,8(!/+#8'!X*$,*!#8($'-G58! 58-'+$+@!*-(! %*8!@'8-%8(%!,*-+,8(!&6!&,,/''$+@! a(88!3-$#/P!BCDCbJ! >+!,&+<8+%$&+-5! ,5-(('&&2IG-(8#! 8#/,-%$&+-5! ,&+%8Z%(P! %*$(! $(! G8$+@! :&:/5-'$i8#!-(!B1(??("%)#7$)/1'55&00FJ!

ME'#)-0$5)NC1(AA("%)#E$)/1'55&00?O)?$'"P)

45$::$+@!%*8!,&+<8+%$&+-5!,5-(('&&2!:'-,%$,8!$(!8((8+%$-550!-G&/%!'8(8'<$+@!%*8!6-,8I%&I6-,8!,5-(('&&2!%$28!6&'!'/#(A(#;!-+#!$"%'%$F$"#!-2&+@!(%/#8+%(!-+#!X$%*!%*8!%8-,*8'(P!-+#! 58-<$+@! 5$(%8+$+@!%&!'8,&'#8#! 58,%/'8(!-+#!(%/#0!&6!%*8!(/Gc8,%! 2-%%8'! ,&+%8+%! %&! :'$<-%8! (%/#0! %$28! &/%($#8! %*8! ,5-(('&&2J! ]*8+!-::5$8#! %&! #$(%-+,8! 8#/,-%$&+P! %*$(! 28-+(! -#&:%$+@! -! 1$55) /0"#$"#N/$"#&(/)'??&0'/7! $+! 6-<&'! &6! -! 2&'8! /0"#$K#) '"-) 1$'&"("%N/$"#&(/! -::'&-,*! %&! %*8!#8($@+!&'!58-'+$+@!2-%8'$-5(J!

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f/$'8!58-'+8'(!%&!G8!$228'(8#!$+!%*8!,/5%/'8!&6!%*8!(/Gc8,%!2-%%8'P!%-(1!&'! (1$55! %*-%! $(! G8$+@! %-/@*%P! 2/,*! 5$18! -+! -::'8+%$,8! X&/5#! G8! $228'(8#! $+!'8-5IX&'5#!:'&68(($&+-5!:'-,%$,8!a(88!3-$#/P!BCDCbJ!!

4(#.'#$-)1$'&"("%)$"<(&0"?$"#5)

)$%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@! '8f/$'8(! -! '-#$,-5! '8#86$+$%$&+! &6! 58-'+$+@P! %8-,*$+@! -+#!%*$+1$+@!-+#!%*$(! $+<&5<8(!-!(*$6%! 6'&2!-!/0"#$"#)'/W.(5(#(0"!2&#85!&6! 58-'+$+@!%&!&+8!&6!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!-+#!'??1;("%)#7$)5.S9$/#)F'##$&)/0"#$"#)#0)&$'1NE0&1-)?&0S1$F5)'"-)5(#.'#(0"5) (")'.#7$"#(/) 1$'&"("%)/0"#$K#5J!4'&2!%*$(!:8'(:8,%$<8P!1+&X58#@8!$(!+&!5&+@8'!(&28%*$+@!%*-%!$(!(%&'8#!(&28X*8'8!-+#!X*$,*!,-+!G8!

6


!

W!!

'8,-558#! -(! -+#! X*8+! +8,8((-'0J! >%! $(! %*8! '8(/5%! &6! -+! -,%$<8! '85-%$&+(*$:!G8%X88+! %*8! 58-'+8'(! -+#! %*8! 58-'+$+@! ,&+%8Z%J! 7&!G8! 8668,%$<8P! 58-'+$+@! -+#!%8-,*$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! $+! ($%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@! 8+<$'&+28+%(! +88#! %&! :&((8((! %*8!&$W.(5(#$)A'&($#;!%*-%!8Z$(%(!$+!'8-5!5$68!(8%%$+@(J!7*8!,&+,8:%!&6!'8f/$($%8!<-'$8%0!(/@@8(%(! %*-%! %*8!G8(%! 58-'+$+@!-+#! %8-,*$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(!-'8! %*&(8! %*-%!*-<8!%*8!,&2:58Z$%0!-+#!%*8!<-'$8%0!X*$,*!%*8!:'&68(($&+(!:'8(8+%!%&!%*8$'!X&'18'(!a(88!Q88'P!DRTUbJ!7*8!'$,*8'!%*8!58-'+$+@!,&+%8Z%P!%*8!G8%%8'!$(!%*8!58-'+$+@!-+#!,&@+$%$&+J! ]*8+! %*$(! $(! %*8! ,-(8! $+! %*8! ,&+%8Z%! &6! (%/#8+%([! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(P! (%/#8+%(!-'8!#8828#! %&!G8! (/$%-G50!:'8:-'8#!-+#!-(! (/,*! %*8'8!-'8! +&! (/':'$(8(! 6&'! %*82! X*8+! %*80! 8+%8'! %*8! X&'16&',8J) >+! %*$(! 2-++8'P!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@! $(!($%/-%8#!(&5$#50!X$%*$+!%*8!,&+%8Z%!-+#!,/5%/'8!&6! %*8!:'&68(($&+!6&'!X*$,*!%*8!58-'+8'(!-'8!G8$+@!:'8:-'8#J!

H! 2&#85! &6! ($%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@! $(! 5/$"'&(0NS'5$-) 1$'&"("%J! 7*$(! $(! -! 2&#85! &6!58-'+$+@!%*-%!*-(!(,8+-'$&(!-(!%*8!-+,*&'!6&'!-55!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@!-,%$<$%$8(J!7*8!G8(%!(,8+-'$&(!-'8!%*&(8!%*-%!-'8!8Z%'-,%8#!6'&2!'8-5I5$68!(8%%$+@(!-(!%*80!-'8!5$1850!%&!,&+%-$+!%*8!,&2:58Z$%0!%*-%!$(!+88#8#!%&!-##'8((!%*8!6/55!'-+@8!&6!(1$55(!-+#!1+&X58#@8!%*-%!+88#(!%&!G8!,&<8'8#J!H+!8668,%$<8! 58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&!5&&1(!5$18!-!@&&#!(%&'0J!7*8!$2:&'%-+%!%*$+@!-G&/%!-!@&&#!58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&!$(!%*-%!$%!X$55!*-<8!-!:'8,$:$%-%$+@!8<8+%!aX*$,*!$(!-!%'$@@8'!6&'!-!,*-$+!&6!8<8+%(bP!-+#!-!@&-5! 6&'!%*8! 58-'+8'!%&!:/'(/8! $+!&'#8'!%&!-##'8((!%*8!:'&G582!&'! $((/8!%'$@@8'8#!G0!%*8!:'8,$:$%-%$+@!8<8+%!a(88!3-$#/P!BCDCbJ!

O8(%!-((/'8#P!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@! $(!+&%!-G&/%!k:-(($+@!&+!%*8!G/,1e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a(88! 3-$#/P!BCDCbJ!

),8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!'8(82G58(!:'&68(($&+-5!:'-,%$,8!,5&(850P!-+#!-(!(/,*!$%!*-(! %*8! :&%8+%$-5! %&! &668'! @'-#/-%$+@! (%/#8+%(! %*8! '8f/$($%8! (1$55(! -+#!,&2:8%8+,$8(! 6&'! 8+%8'$+@! %*8! X&'16&',8J! ! "2:5&08'(! X-+%P! -+#! +88#!@'-#/-%8(! X*&! -'8! '8-#0! %&! ,&+6'&+%! %*8! ,*-558+@8(! &6! %*8! X&'16&',8P! -+#!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@! &668'(! %*8! -::'8+%$,8(*$:! -+#! 8Z:8'$8+,8! %*-%!@'-#/-%$+@!(%/#8+%(!+88#!G86&'8!%*80!8+%8'!%*8!X&'16&',8!a(88!3-$#/P!BCDCbJ!

)

7


!

S!!

D$<$10A("%)5(#.'#$-)1$'&"("%)$"<(&0"?$"#5)

4$@/'8!DJD!(%8:(!/(! %*'&/@*! %*8!#8($@+!-+#!#8<85&:28+%!:'&,8((!&6!5/$"'&(0NS'5$-)1$'&"("%!-(!-!2&#85!&6!($%/-%8#!58-'+$+@J!H%!%*8!,&'8!&6!%*$(!:'&,8((!$(!%*8!#8($@+! &6! %*8! (%/#8+%([! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8J! _&X8<8'P! G8! -((/'8#! %*-%! %*8!58-'+$+@! '8(&/',8(! -+#! %*8! (/Gc8,%!2-%%8'! ,&+%8+%! 6&/+#! $+! G&&1(! -+#!&%*8'!(%&'-@8! #8<$,8(! -'8! +&! 58((! $2:&'%-+%! %&! 58-'+$+@! -+#! %8-,*$+@! %*-+! %*8!58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8! $%(856J! 7*8! (/Gc8,%!2-%%8'! ,&+%8+%! 6&/+#! $+! %*8(8! (%&'-@8!#8<$,8(! $(! %*8! $55$"#('1) B.$1! %*-%! X$55! #'$<8! %*8! 1$'&"("%) $"%("$! X*$,*!&',*8(%'-%8(!%*8!8+%$'8!58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8J!

?-'86/5! $+%8@'-%$&+! &6! %*8! (/Gc8,%! 2-%%8'! ,&+%8+%! $+! %*8! 58-'+$+@! :'&,8((! $(!-G(&5/%850!,'/,$-5! %&! %*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6! %*8!,&2:8%8+,$8(!-+#!(1$55(!-+#! %*8!-((8((28+%!&6!%*8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(J!>+!6-,8I%&I6-,8!8#/,-%$&+-5!(8%%$+@(P!%*8!6&,/(! &6! %*$(! ,-+! G8! $+! %*8! 58,%/'8(J! H+#! $+! #$(%-+,8! 8#/,-%$&+! (8%%$+@(P! %*8!,&+%8+%!X$55!+88#!%&!G8!-#8f/-%850!8Z:5-$+8#!$+!%*8!(%/#0!@/$#8(!-+#!G&&1(!&6!'8-#$+@(J!!

_&X!-55!&6! %*$(! $(!&',*8(%'-%8#! $(!-!,'8-%$<8!:'&,8((P!G/%!2/,*!&6! $%!*-(! %&!#&!X$%*!,-'86/5!(858,%$&+!&6!8-,*!58-'+$+@!'8(&/',8!%&!(8'<8!%*8!#8($@+8#!-,%$<$%$8(!$+! %*8! (,8+-'$&J! ]*-%! *-::8+(! $+! %*8! (,8+-'$&P! #8%8'2$+8(! X*-%! 58-'+$+@!'8(&/',8!$(!'8f/$'8#!-+#!X*-%!58-'+8'(!X$55!+88#!%&!#&!X$%*!%*&(8!'8(&/',8(J!

7*8'8!-'8!<-'$&/(!58<85(!&6!$+%8@'-%$&+!$+!%*8!2&#85J!7*8(8!$+,5/#8!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6! 58-'+$+@! '8(&/',8(! X$%*! %*8! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! $+! %*8! (,8+-'$&P! -+#! -5(&!$+%8@'-%$&+! $+! '8(&/',8(! %*82(85<8(J! ?-'86/5! $+%8@'-%$&+! &6! 58-'+$+@! %*8!'8(&/',8(! X$%*! %*8! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! X$55! 8+(/'8! -! :&X8'6/5! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8! a(88! 3-$#/P! BCDCbJ! ]$%*&/%! %*$(! 1$+#! &6! $+%8@'-%$&+P! %*8! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8!X$55!5-,1!$+%8@'$%0!-+#!,&*8'8+,8J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

8


!

T!!

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

!

!

!

!

7*8!4>h"!(%8:(!$+!%*8!:'&,8((!-'8!-(!6&55&X(L!

4#$?)X3)60FF(#F$"#53)7*8(8!-'8!0&/'!,&22$%28+%(!%&!0&/'!58-'+8'(J!]*-%!#&!0&/! :'&2$(8! %&! &668'! %*82! -(! :-'%! &6! %*8! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8! %*-%! 0&/! *-<8!#8($@+8#! 6&'! %*82g! )&28! &6! %*8(8! :'&2$(8(! 2$@*%! G8! #8%8'2$+8#! G0! %*8!+-%/'8! -+#! *$(%&'0! &6! %*8! &'@-+$i-%$&+! -+#! $%(! G85$86! (0(%82(! -G&/%! 58-'+$+@P!%8-,*$+@!-+#!8#/,-%$&+!$+!@8+8'-5J!Q8!(/'8!%*-%!%*8(8!-'8!,58-'50!-'%$,/5-%8#P!-(!%*80!X$55!6&'2!%*8!G-($(!&6!%*8!,&+%'-,%!a*&X8<8'!$+6&'2-5!$%!2-0!G8b!G8%X88+!%*8!58-'+8'(P!0&/!-+#!0&/'!&'@-+$i-%$&+J!

4#$?)Y3)C$'&"("%)0.#/0F$53!7*8(8!-'8!%*8!2&'8!(:8,$6$,!&/%,&28(!0&/!8Z:8,%!%*-%! 58-'+8'(!X$55!G8!-G58!%&!-,*$8<8! $6! %*80!288%!0&/'!8Z:8,%-%$&+(!6&'!%*82P!-+#!%*80!6/56$5! %*8!'8f/$'828+%(!&6!%*8! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8!%*-%!0&/!X$55!*-<8!#8($@+8#!6&'!%*82J)

J(%.&$)XZX3)+"%("$5)0B)+-./'#(0")

!

9


!

R!!

4#$?)[3) C$'&"("%) /0"#$K#3! 7*$(! $(!X*8'8! 58-'+$+@! -+#! %8-,*$+@!X$55! %-18!:5-,8P!-+#P! $+! %*$(! #-0! -+#! -@8P! $%! ,-+! G8! -+0X*8'8! -+#! $+,5/#8! %*8! ,-2:/(P! %*8!,&22/+$%0P!%*8!X&'1:5-,8P!-+#!%*8!'8($#8+,8!&6!%*8!58-'+8'(J!

4#$?)\3)C$'&"("%)5/$"'&(053!7*8(8!-'8!%*8!($%/-%$&+(!X$%*$+!X*$,*!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@!X$55!%-18!:5-,8J!H+#!%*80!,-+!G8!'8-5!&+8(P!&'!,&+%'$<8#!%&!'8658,%!'8-5!5$68J!>6!,&+%'$<8#P!%*80!X$55!+88#!%&!G8!-/%*8+%$,!(&!%*-%!%*80!,5&(850!2$''&'!%*8!($%/-%$&+(! %*-%! 58-'+8'(!X$55! ,&+6'&+%! $+! '8-5! 5$68! -+#! $+! %*8$'!X&'1:5-,8J! 7*80!:'&<$#8!%*8!%'-$+$+@!@'&/+#!6&'!%*8!-::'8+%$,8(*$:!&6!%*8!58-'+8'J!

4#$?)]3)C$'&"("%) &$50.&/$53!7*8(8!-'8! %*8!8((8+%$-5! %&&5(P! %*8! 6&##8'P!-+#! %*8!6/85! %*-%! 58-'+8'(! X$55! +88#! %&! G8! -G58! %&! ,-''0! &/%! %*8! '8f/$'828+%(! &6! %*8!(,8+-'$&(J! ;+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! %*$(! (/Gc8,%! 2-%%8'! $(! @&$+@! %&! G8! ,'/,$-5! 6&'!#82&+(%'-%$+@!,&2:8%8+,0!$+!%*8!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!$+!%*8!(,8+-'$&J!!

D$<$10A("%)1$'&"("%)5/$"'&(05)

7*8! #8<85&:28+%! &6! 58-'+$+@! (,8+-'$&(! %&! :'&<$#8! %*8! G8(%! &::&'%/+$%$8(! 6&'!%*8!,/5%$<-%$&+!&6!%*8!#8($'8#!(1$55(!-+#!,&2:8%8+,$8(!$(!-!,&2:58Z!-+#!#$66$,/5%!%-(1J!n&&#!58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&(!X$55!&668'!%*8!G8(%!(,-66&5#(!6&'!%*8!-,*$8<828+%!&6!%*8!8Z:8,%8#!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(J!_8'8!$(!-!(/@@8(%$&+!&6!(%8:(!$+!%*8!:'&,8((!6&'!#8<85&:$+@!8668,%$<8P!866$,$8+%!-+#!8+@-@$+@!58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&(L!

4#$?)X3)!-$"#(B;)<$;)/0F?$#$"/($5Z!Q8@$+!X$%*!$#8+%$60$+@P!%*8!%0:8!-+#!58<85!&6!(1$55(! -+#! ,&2:8%8+,$8(! 0&/! 8Z:8,%! 0&/'! 58-'+8'(! X$55! G8! -G58! %&! #8<85&:! $+!%*82J!]*-%!X$55! %*80! 1+&XP! -+#! G8! -G58! %&! #&P!X*8+! %*80! *-<8! (/,,8((6/550!,&2:58%8#!-55!%*8$'!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!-+#!-((8((28+%!%-(1(g)

4#$?)Y3)!-$"#(B;)<$;)$A$"#5)(")#7$)1(B$)0B)'")$K?$&#)E70)7'5)'//0F?1(57$-)#7$5$)0.#/0F$5) '"-) -$A$10?$-) #7$5$) /0F?$#$"/($5Z! 7*8+! %*$+1! &6! %*8! 1$+#(! &6!'&/%$+8! -,%$<$%$8(P! :'&G582(P! -+#! $((/8(! -! :'-,%$%$&+8'! X$55! ,&+6'&+%! $+! %*8$'!X&'1:5-,8! -+#! &+! -! '8@/5-'! G-($(J! 7*8(8! 2$@*%! G8! %*$+@(! 5$18! -%%8+#$+@!288%$+@(P! :'&G582! (&5<$+@P! :'&c8,%! 2-+-@828+%P! %8-,*$+@P! %'8-%$+@! %*8! ($,1!8%,J! 4&'! %*$(P! 0&/!2-0!-,%/-550! 5$18! %&!<$($%! -! '858<-+%!X&'1:5-,8!-+#!,-'86/550!&G(8'<8! X*-%! -,,&2:5$(*8#! :'-,%$%$&+8'(! #&! -+#! *&X! %*80! @&! -G&/%! %*8$'!G/($+8((!&+!'8@/5-'!G-($(J!

4#$?) [3) !-$"#(B;) #7$)F'(") 5#$?5) 0&) ?&0/$55$5) #7'#) $K?$&#) ?&'/#(#(0"$&5) #'<$) #0)E0&<)#7&0.%7)#7$5$)$A$"#5Z!]*8+!0&/!*-<8!$#8+%$6$8#!-!@&&#!'8:'8(8+%-%$&+!&6!%-(1(!-+#!-,%$<$%$8(!%*-%!:'-,%$%$&+8'(!6-,8!&+!-!'8@/5-'!G-($(!$+!%*8$'!X&'1:5-,8P!%*8+! :'&,88#! %&! $#8+%$60! 2&'8! (:8,$6$,-550! %*8! 180! (%8:(! $+! %*8! :'&,8((! %*-%!8Z:8'%(! X&/5#! 6&55&X! $+! -##'8(($+@! %*&(8! <-'$&/(! %0:8(! &6! %-(1(J! 7-18! 6&'!

10


!

DC!!

$+(%-+,8!,&22&+!-,%$<$%$8(!%*-%!-!58@-5!,&/+(85P!-+!-,,&/+%-+%!&'!-!,*86!X&/5#!,-''0!&/%J!`8(,'$G8!*&X!-+!-,,&2:5$(*8#!:'-,%$%$&+8'!X&/5#!@&!-G&/%!,-''0$+@!&/%!%*&(8!%-(1(!'&/%$+850P!G8,-/(8!0&/!X-+%!%&!:'8:-'8!0&/'!+&<$,8!58-'+8'(!%&!,&:8!X$%*!-+#!2-+-@8!%*&(8!(-28!1$+#(!&6!%-(1(!-+#!-,%$<$%$8(P!X$%*!%*8!(-28!58<85!&6!(1$55!&6!%*-%!&6!-+!-,,&2:5$(*8#!:'-,%$%$&+8'P!-(!%*80!%&&!X$55!6-,8!%*82!X*8+!%*80!8+%8'!%*8!X&'1:5-,8J!

4#$?)\3)T$A$10?)5/$"'&(05)E(#7)#7$)A'&($#;)#7'#)E(11)0BB$&)5/0?$)B0&) 1$'&"$&5)#0)1$'&")#7$)5#$?5)'"-^0&)?&0/$55$5)0.#1("$-)(")4#$?5)[)'"-)\Z!7*8+!$%!$(!-!2-%%8'!&6!:$,1$+@!&/%!%*8!2&(%!$+%8'8(%$+@!-+#!,*-558+@$+@!8<8+%(!%*-%!:'-,%$%$&+8'(!6-,8!$+! %*8$'! X&'1:5-,8P! -+#! /($+@! %*82! -(! -! %'-$+$+@! @'&/+#! 6&'! 0&/'! +&<$,8!58-'+8'(J! 7*8! &/%5$+8! &6! %*8(8! 8<8+%(!X$55! G8! %*8! (-28P! G/%! %*8! -,%$<$%$8(! 6&'!0&/'! 58-'+8'(P! -+#! %*8! %&&5(! -+#! '8(&/',8(! %*80! X&/5#! +88#! %&! -##'8((! %*8!,*-558+@8(!X&/5#!G8!#$668'8+%J!

4#$?)]3)T$A$10?)#7$) 1$'&"("%)#'5<5)'"-)'55$55F$"#)'/#(A(#($5) #7'#) 1$'&"$&5)E(11)S$) &$W.(&$-) #0) /0F?1$#$) E(#7(") #7$) /0"#$K#) 0B) #7(5) 5/$"'&(0Z! )&28! &6! %*8(8!58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! ,&/5#! G8! 6&'2-%$<8! -+#! -%%'-,%! 6&'2-%$<8! 688#G-,1P! X*$58!&%*8'(!X$55!G8!(/22-%$<8!-+#!X$55!(8'<8!-(!(/22-%$<8!-((8((28+%!%-(1(J!

!?A1$?$"#'#(0")5#&'#$%($5)

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c&/'+808#! %*'&/@*! %*$(!:'&,8((J!7*80!#8(,'$G8!+&%!&+50!X*-%!*-::8+8#!%&!%*8!6$<8!'8#8($@+8#!,&/'(8(!-+#! *&X! %*80! X8'8! %'-+(6&'28#P! G/%! 2&'8! $2:&'%-+%50P! X*-%! *-::8+8#! %&!,&/'(8! %8-2(! -+#! $+#$<$#/-5(! $+! %*8! ,&/'(8! %8-2(! $+! %8'2(! &6! %*8$'! &X+!,-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! -+#! :'&68(($&+-5! #8<85&:28+%! -(! %8-,*8'(! -+#! %8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(P!-+#!8(:8,$-550!$+!'85-%$&+!%&!%*8!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6!9"O!$+!%*8$'!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@!:'&@'-2(J)

HE$)$-./'#(0"'1)/0"#$Q#)'"-)(#5)"$$-5)

7*8! 4-,/5%0! &6! "#/,-%$&+! &6! %*8! 9:8+! ;+$<8'($%0! &6! )'$! =-+1-! a9;)=b! $(! $%(!0&/+@8(%! 4-,/5%0J! >%! X-(! 8(%-G5$(*8#! $+! BCCV! -+#! ,/''8+%50! $%! &668'(! -! X$#8!

11


!

DD!!

<-'$8%0! &6! :'&@'-2(P! ,-%8'$+@! %&! %*8! :'&68(($&+-5! #8<85&:28+%! +88#(! &6!#$668'8+%! ,-%8@&'$8(! &6! :8'(&++85! $+! %*8! 6$85#! &6! "#/,-%$&+P! %*'&/@*! $%(! %*'88!`8:-'%28+%(!p!`8:-'%28+%!&6!)8,&+#-'0!-+#!78'%$-'0!"#/,-%$&+P!`8:-'%28+%!&6! "-'50! ?*$5#*&&#! -+#! F'$2-'0! "#/,-%$&+! -+#! `8:-'%28+%! &6! ):8,$-5! 388#(!"#/,-%$&+J!!"-,*!08-'P!-!5-'@8!+/2G8'!&6!(%/#8+%(!$+,5/#$+@!:'8(,*&&5P!:'$2-'0!-+#! (8,&+#-'0! %8-,*8'(P! :'$+,$:-5(! -+#! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%&'(! 6&55&X! %*8(8!:'&@'-2(P!58-#$+@!%&!%*8!-X-'#!&6!?8'%$6$,-%8(P!`$:5&2-(!-+#!`8@'88(!/:!%&!%*8!\-(%8'(!58<85(J!!

>+!188:$+@!-G'8-(%!X$%*!@5&G-5!%'8+#(P!%*8!4-,/5%0!*-(!G88+!188+!%&!$+%'&#/,8!$++&<-%$<8!(%'-%8@$8(!$+!$%(!(%/#0!:'&@'-2(!-+#!,&/'(8(J!H(!(&&+!-(!$%!G8,-28!-!4-,/5%0! $+! BCCVP! $%! 8+@-@8#! $+! -! 2-c&'! :'&c8,%! $+! :-'%+8'(*$:! X$%*! %*8!?&22&+X8-5%*! &6! =8-'+$+@! a?9=bP! X*8'8! -! +&<85! :'-,%$%$&+8'I&'$8+%8#!:'&68(($&+-5!#8<85&:28+%!:'&@'-2!6&'!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(!p!%*8!\H!$+!78-,*8'!"#/,-%$&+! a>+%8'+-%$&+-5b! :'&@'-2P! X-(! #8($@+8#! -+#! #8<85&:8#J! 7*$(! $(! -!/+$f/8! :'&@'-2! X*$,*! -#&:%8#! -! (,8+-'$&IG-(8#! -::'&-,*! %&! :8#-@&@$,-5!#8($@+J!F8'$&#$,!,/''$,/5/2!'8+8X-5P!G0!'8<$8X$+@P!/:#-%$+@!-+#!/:@'-#$+@!%*8!8Z$(%$+@! ,/''$,/5-! -+#! ,&/'(8! 2-%8'$-5(! $(! -! '8f/$'828+%! 6&'! -55! %*8! (%/#0!:'&@'-2(!-%! %*8!9;)=J!H+&%*8'! $++&<-%$&+!*-(!G88+! %*8! $+%8@'-%$&+!&6!9:8+!"#/,-%$&+-5!O8(&/',8(!$+!$%(!:'&@'-2(P!#/'$+@!BCDVJ!

7*$(! :'&c8,%!X-(! -G&/%! G/$5#$+@! %*8! ,-:-,$%0! &6! %*8! 4-,/5%0! -,-#82$,! (%-66! $+!$+%8@'-%$+@! >+6&'2-%$&+! -+#! ?&22/+$,-%$&+(! 78,*+&5&@0! a>?7b! -+#! 9:8+!"#/,-%$&+-5! O8(&/',8(! a9"Ob! $+! $%(! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! :'&@'-2(J! 7*8! :'&c8,%!X-(!(:&+(&'8#!G0!%*8!?9=!-+#!*-#!%*8!6&55&X$+@!@&-5(L!

-b Q/$5#!%*8!,-:-,$%0!&6!%*8!-,-#82$,!(%-66!$+!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!&+!$+%8@'-%$+@!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%&!$%(!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!!

Gb `8<85&:!6$<8!&+5$+8!,&/'(8(!X$%*!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+!6'&2!(858,%8#!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(L!!

,b F$5&%!%8(%!%*8!&+5$+8!,&/'(8(!X$%*!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+!$+!%*8!!(858,%8#!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!

#b "<-5/-%8!%*8!$2:-,%!&6!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+!$+!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!

7*$(!X&'1!$+<&5<8#!-!(8'$8(!&6!-,%$<$%$8(!,&2:'$($+@!,-:-,$%0!G/$5#$+@!X&'1(*&:(!&+!9"O!-+#!>?7!$+%8@'-%$&+P!,/''$,/5-!'8<$8X!-+#!,&/'(8!'8I#8($@+!X&'1(*&:(P!#8($@+! -+#! #8<85&:28+%! &6! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8(! X$%*! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+P!$2:5828+%-%$&+!&6!%*8!:$5&%!,&/'(8(!-+#!8<-5/-%$+@!%*8!$2:-,%!&6!>?7!-+#!9"O!

12


!

DB!!

$+%8@'-%$&+! $+! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! :'&@'-2(J! 7*8! 8+%$'8! -,-#82$,! (%-66! &6! %*8!4-,/5%0! &6! "#/,-%$&+! %&&1! :-'%! $+! %*$(! <8+%/'8! $+! 6$<8! ,&/'(8! %8-2(J! 7*$(!:'&<$#8#!-+!$+(:$'$+@!&::&'%/+$%0!-+#!-+!$+%8'8(%$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8!6&'!%*8!(%-66!%&!8+*-+,8!%*8$'!&X+!:'&68(($&+-5!#8<85&:28+%!-(!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(J!!

6'A'/(#R)@.(1-("%)A&0/$55)

7*8!6$'(%!X&'1(*&:!&+!,-:-,$%0!G/$5#$+@!&6!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(!-%!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!&+!-#&:%$+@P!-#-:%$+@!-+#!/($+@!>?7!-+#!9"O!6&'!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(! X-(! *85#! 6'&2! B+#! %&! E%*! ^-+/-'0P! BCDVP! $+! ?&5&2G&J! 7*8! 180!&Gc8,%$<8(!&6!%*$(!X&'1(*&:!X8'8!-(!6&55&X(L!

! >+%'&#/,8! %*8! ,&+,8:%! &6! 9"O! -+#! '85-%8#! ,&+,8:%(P! -+#! %*8$'!$2:5$,-%$&+(!6&'!#8($@+$+@!58-'+$+@!-+#!%8-,*$+@l!

! O8<$8X!%*8!,/''$,/5-!&6!%*8!6$<8!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!-+#!(858,%!,&/'(8(!6&'!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+l!

! `8($@+!58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(!6&'!%*8!(858,%8#!,&/'(8(l!-+#!

! >#8+%$60!-'8-(!6&'!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+J!

7*$'%0!282G8'(!&6!-,-#82$,! (%-66!&6! %*8! %*'88!`8:-'%28+%(! $+! %*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+P! $+,5/#$+@! F'&68((&'(P! )8+$&'! =8,%/'8'(! -+#! =8,%/'8'(P! -,%$<850!:-'%$,$:-%8#!$+!%*8!X&'1(*&:J!4$<8!,&/'(8!%8-2(!X8'8!6&'28#!-,,&'#$+@!%&!%*8!6$<8!2-$+! %8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!&668'8#!G0! %*8! 4-,/5%0P! -+#! 6'&2!8-,*!F'&@'-2P!&+8!,&/'(8!X-(!(858,%8#!6&'!'8#8($@+!-+#!#8<85&:28+%!/($+@!>?7!-+#!9"OJ!7*8(8!X8'8L!

-J 78-,*8'!"#/,-%&'!-(!-+!"#/,-%$&+-5!78,*+&5&@$(%!a$+!\H7"I>bl!

GJ F(0,*&5&@$,-5!4&/+#-%$&+(!$+!"#/,-%$&+!a$+!\"#bl!

,J "#/,-%$&+-5!78,*+&5&@0!4&/+#-%$&+(!a$+!Fn`"bl!

#J "28'@$+@!7'8+#(!$+!"#/,-%$&+!a$+!Fn`)3"bl!-+#!

8J ?*$5#!`8<85&:28+%!a$+!Q"#"?F"bJ!

7*8! 6$<8! %8-2(! X&'18#! $+%8+(850! &+! '8<$8X$+@! %*8! 8Z$(%$+@! ,/''$,/5-! &6! %*8!(858,%8#! ,&/'(8! $+! 8-,*! :'&@'-2P! X$%*! -! <$8X! %&! '8#8($@+$+@! %*8! (%/#8+%!58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8! X$%*! >?7! -+#! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+J! `/'$+@! %*$(! $+$%$-5! ,&/'(8!#8($@+! :'&,8((P! %*8! %8-2(! X8'8! 2-$+50! 8+@-@8#! $+! #8<85&:$+@! 58-'+$+@!

13


!

DV!!

&/%,&28(P! #8<85&:$+@! (,8+-'$&(M,-(8(! -+#! #8($@+$+@! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! -+#!-((8((28+%! %-(1(P! X$%*! %*8! $+%8@'-%$&+! &6! >?7! -+#! 9"OJ! 7*8! ($@+$6$,-+,8! &6!-#&:%$+@!-!k58-'+$+@I,8+%8'8#e!-::'&-,*!$+!%*8!,&/'(8!#8($@+P!a),8+-'$&IG-(8#!=8-'+$+@I)Q=b!X-(!*$@*5$@*%8#P! -+#!:/'(/8#!G0! %*8! %8-2(J!7*8!180! 6&,/(!X-(!&+!#8($@+$+@!%*8! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(! $+!&'#8'!%&!8668,%$<850! $+%8@'-%8!9"O!%&!(/::&'%!(%/#8+%!58-'+$+@J!

4&55&X$+@! %*8! 6$'(%! ,-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! X&'1(*&:P! -! (8'$8(! &6! 4-,/5%0I58<85!,/''$,/5-!'8<$8X!-+#!,&/'(8!#8($@+!X&'1(*&:(!X8'8!*85#!6'&2!^-+/-'0I\-',*!BCDVJ! `/'$+@! %*8(8! X&'1(*&:(P! %*8! 6$<8! ,&/'(8! %8-2(! ,&+%$+/8#! X$%*! %*8$'!,&/'(8! #8($@+! X&'1P! -,,&'#$+@! %&! -! @8+8'-5! X&'1! (,*8#/58! -+#! @/$#85$+8(!:'8:-'8#! G0! %*8! :'&c8,%! 58-#8'(P! X$%*! ,&+(%-+%! 2&+$%&'$+@! -+#! 688#G-,1!:'&<$#8#J! 7*8! 6&55&X$+@! (:8,$6$,! -,%$<$%$8(! X8'8! ,&2:58%8#! #/'$+@! %*8(8!X&'1(*&:(L!

! 4$+-5$i$+@!%*8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(l!!

! 4$+-5$i$+@!#8<85&:28+%!&6!58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&(M!,-(8(l!

! `8($@+$+@! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! -+#! #8<85&:$+@! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(!-+#!-((8((28+%!%-(1(l!-+#!!

! >#8+%$60$+@!-+#!8<-5/-%$+@!9"O!%&!G8!$+%8@'-%8#J!!

H!(8,&+#!X&'1(*&:!&+!,-:-,$%0!G/$5#$+@!&6!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(!-%!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!&+!-#&:%$+@P!-#-:%$+@!-+#!/($+@!>?7!-+#!9"O!6&'!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!X-(!*85#P!6'&2!S%*!%&!DD%*!H:'$5!BCDVP!$+!?&5&2G&J!!

7*8!180!&Gc8,%$<8(!&6!%*$(!X&'1(*&:!X8'8l!

! O8:&'%$+@!:'&@'8((!&6!,&/'(8!#8($@+!-+#!#8<85&:28+%l!

! F'8(8+%-%$&+!&6!#'-6%!,&/'(8(!#8($@+8#!-+#!#8<85&:8#!6&'!:88'!688#G-,1l!

! O8<$8X$+@M'8<$($+@M$2:'&<$+@!,&/'(8(!G-(8#!&+!688#G-,1!'8,8$<8#l!-+#!

! 4$+-5$i$+@!%*8!,&/'(8!#8($@+J!!

!

14


!

DE!!

)/G(8f/8+%50P! -+&%*8'! (8'$8(! &6! 4-,/5%0I58<85! ,/''$,/5-! '8<$8X! -+#! ,&/'(8!#8($@+!X&'1(*&:(!X8'8!*85#!6'&2!H:'$5I^/+8!BCDVP!#/'$+@!X*$,*!%*8!6$<8!%8-2(!,&+%$+/8#!X$%*!%*8$'!,&/'(8!#8($@+!-+#!#8<85&:28+%!$+,5/#$+@L!

! O86$+$+@!%*8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(!-+#!58-'+$+@!(,8+-'$&(l!

! O86$+$+@! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(!-+#!#8<85&:$+@! 58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!p!&+5$+8M&665$+8l!

! O86$+$+@! -((8((28+%! %-(1(! p! &+5$+8M&665$+8P! -+#! #8<85&:$+@!-((8((28+%!'/G'$,(l!

! >#8+%$60$+@P!8<-5/-%$+@!-+#!$+%8@'-%$+@!9"Ol!

! `8<85&:$+@!-! (%/#0! (,*8#/58!-+#!-!)%/#0!n/$#8! $+,&':&'-%$+@!-55!%*8!-G&<8!,&2:&+8+%(l!

! F5-++$+@! %&! #8<85&:! %*8! ,&/'(8! -(! -+! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8! $+! \&&#58!58-'+$+@!2-+-@828+%!(0(%82!a=\)bJ!

Q0!%*8!8+#!&6!F*-(8ID!&6!%*8!:'&c8,%P!%*8!6$<8!(858,%8#!,&/'(8(!6'&2!%*8!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(!*-#!G88+!'8#8($@+8#J!"-,*!&6! %*8(8!,&/'(8(!,&+($(%8#!&6!58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! #8($@+8#! $+! '85-%$&+! %&! %*8! (:8,$6$8#! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(!$+,5/#$+@! 58-'+$+@! (,8+-'$&(P! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! -+#! -((8((28+%! %-(1(! 6&'!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6!9"OJ!F*-(8! >>!&6! %*8!F'&c8,%!X-(! $2:5828+%8#!6'&2!)8:%82G8'!BCDV!%&!^/+8!BCDEJ!

7*8!6$'(%!%-(1!$+!F*-(8!>>!&6!%*8!:'&,8((!X-(!%&!@8%!%*8!#'-6%!,&/'(8(!'8<$8X8#!-+#! 8#$%8#! G0! %*'88! 5&,-5! 8Z:8'%(! $+! %*8! 6$85#! &6! "#/,-%$&+P! $#8+%$6$8#! G0! %*8!4-,/5%0!&6! "#/,-%$&+J!9+,8! %*$(!X-(! ,&2:58%8#P! 8-,*!&+8!&6! %*8! ,&/'(8(!X-(!#8($@+8#! -+#! #8<85&:8#! -(! -+! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8! a-(! (/::5828+%-5P! G58+#8#! &'!&+5$+8I:5/(! ,&/'(8(b! $+! %*8! \&&#58! =\)J! 7*$(! $+,5/#8#! %*8! 6&55&X$+@! (/GI-,%$<$%$8(L!

-b `8($@+$+@! %*8! 6$<8! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8(! p! 7*8! 4&'2-%P! ?&2:&+8+%(P!)%'/,%/'8P!)8f/8+,8P!9'@-+$i-%$&+P!F'8(8+%-%$&+JJJ8%,J!

Gb `8($@+$+@! -+#! #8<85&:$+@! &+5$+8! -,%$<$%$8(! p! q/$ii8(P! F/ii58(P!`$(,/(($&+!4&'/2P!Q5&@(P!O8658,%$<8!^&/'+-5Y8%,J!

,b `8($@+$+@! -+#! #8<85&:$+@! 2/5%$28#$-! ,&2:&+8+%(! %&! G8!$+%8@'-%8#!p!n'-:*$,(P!H+$2-%$&+(P!H/#$&!-+#!h$#8&!?5$:(!8%,J!!

15


!

DU!!

#b `8($@+$+@! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+! $+%&! %*8! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8! p! )8-',*$+@P!$#8+%$60$+@! -+#! (858,%$+@! -::'&:'$-%8! 9"O! %&! G8! $+%8@'-%8#! -%!'858<-+%!$+(%-+,8(!&6!8-,*!,&/'(8!%&!(/::&'%!%*8!58-'+$+@!:'&,8((P!-(! X855! -(! #8($@+$+@! %*8! &+5$+8! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! $+! &'#8'! %&!8668,%$<850!$+%8@'-%8!9"O!%&!(/::&'%!58-'+$+@J!

8b `8<85&:$+@! %*8! &+5$+8! ,&/'(8(! p! ?'8-%$+@! %*8! ,&/'(8(! $+!\&&#58!=\)P! -+#! /:5&-#$+@! ,&+%8+%P! &+5$+8! -,%$<$%$8(P! 2/5%$28#$-P! 9"OP!&%*8'!'8(&/',8(!8%,JP!X$%*!%*8!(/::&'%!&6!F'&c8,%!H(($(%-+%(J!

6b n8%%$+@!%*8!#8<85&:8#!&+5$+8!,&/'(8(!'8<$8X8#!G0!5&,-5!8Z:8'%(!$+!%*8!?8+%'8!6&'!"#/,-%$&+-5!78,*+&5&@0!o!\8#$-!-%!9;)=J!

9+,8! -55! %*8(8! -,%$<$%$8(! X8'8! ,&2:58%8#P! -! 6$+-5! 8<-5/-%$&+! X&'1(*&:! X-(!,&+#/,%8#! $+! ^/+8! BCDEJ! 7*'&/@*&/%! %*8$'! 8+@-@828+%! X$%*! %*8! :'&c8,%! %*8!%8-2! 282G8'(! 6/+,%$&+8#! -(! '8658,%$<8! :'-,%$%$&+8'(P! ,&+%$+/&/(50! '8658,%$+@!&+! %*8$'!:'-,%$,8(! %*'&/@*!-!:'&@'8(($<8! ,&+,8:%!2-::$+@!8Z8',$(8! ,&2G$+8#!X$%*! $+#$<$#/-5! +-''-%$<8(J! 7*$(! -::'&-,*! %*'&/@*&/%! %*8! %X&! :*-(8(! &6! %*8!:'&c8,%!8+*-+,8#!%*8!'8(8-',*!,-:-,$%0!&6!%*8!-,-#82$,!(%-66!-(!X855J!

+<'1.'#(0")0C)(?A'/#5)

H!180!6&,/(!&6!%*$(!X&'1!*-(!G88+!,-:-,$%0!G/$5#$+@!&6!4-,/5%0!282G8'(!$+!%*8!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6! >?7!-+#!9"O!$+!%*8!,&/'(8!#8($@+!-+#!#8<85&:28+%!:'&,8((J!7&!8<-5/-%8!G&%*!$%(!(*&'%!-+#!5&+@I%8'2!$2:-,%(P!-+!-,%$&+!'8(8-',*!28%*&#&5&@0!X-(!-#&:%8#J!H,%$&+!'8(8-',*!$(!-(!-!6&'2!&6!(856I'8658,%$<8!8+f/$'0!/+#8'%-18+!G0!:-'%$,$:-+%(!$+!(&,$-5!($%/-%$&+(!%&!$2:'&<8!%*8$'!:'-,%$,8(P!-+#!%*8!($%/-%$&+(!$+! X*$,*! %*8(8! :'-,%$,8(! -'8! ,-''$8#! &/%! a?-''! o! .822$(P! DRTWbJ! 7*8! -,%$&+!'8(8-',*!28%*&#&5&@0! $(!G-($,-550!-G&/%!#8($@+$+@!-+#! $2:5828+%$+@!,*-+@8P!'8658,%$+@!/:&+! $%P!-+#! 58-'+$+@! 6'&2!%*8!8Z:8'$8+,8J! >%! $(!-+! $%8'-%$<8!:'&,8((!%*-%! ,&2:'$(8(! %*8!-,%(!&6!:5-++$+@P!-,%$+@P!&G(8'<$+@!-+#! '8658,%$+@! a)88!4$@J!DJBbJ!

!

16


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

DW!!

!

4$@J!DJB!H,%$&+!O8(8-',*!?0,58!a*%%:LMMG$%J50MD:%@&7Bb!

7*8!:'&c8,%!X-(!:5-++8#!X$%*!$+%8'<8+%$&+(!-(!:-'%!&6!%X&!180!:*-(8(L!

-b ?-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! &6! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%&'(! &+! -#&:%$+@P! -#-:%$+@! -+#!$+%8@'-%$+@!9"O!$+!%*8$'!,&/'(8(l!-+#!

Gb ?-:-,$%0! G/$5#$+@! &6! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%&'(! &+! $+%8@'-%$+@! >?7! $+! %*8!9"OI$+%8@'-%8#!,&/'(8(J!!

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c8,%!a(88!4$@/'8!DJVbJ!

17


!

DS!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

)

B&'?$=0&K)

>+%8':'8%-%$<8! F*8+&28+&5&@$,-5! H+-50($(! a>FHb! X-(! /(8#! -(! %*8!28%*&#&5&@$,-5! ,&+(%'/,%! %&! :'&<$#8! -+! &'@-+$i$+@! 6'-28X&'1! 6&'! %*8!,&558,%$&+! -+#! -+-50($(! &6! #-%-! #/'$+@! %*$(! :'&,8((J! >FH! $(! -+! -::'&-,*!,&22&+50!/(8#! $+!:*8+&28+&5&@$,-5! :(0,*&5&@0! %&!&668'! $+($@*%(! $+%&!*&X!-!:8'(&+! $+! -! @$<8+! ,&+%8Z%! 2-18(! (8+(8! &6! -! @$<8+! :*8+&28+&+J! >%! $(! -!

4$@J!DJVL!H!#$-@'-22-%$,!<$8X!&6!%*8!$+%8'<8+%$&+(!-%!%X&!:*-(8(!&6!%*8!:'&c8,%!

!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"#$#%&'(!)*&+,&-.!/0!'1#%213!1,*%#'/34!/-!#,/$'&-.5!#,#$'&-.!#-,!&-'1.3#'&-.!678!&-!41+1%'1,!%/*3414!&-!'1#%213!1,*%#'&/-!$3/.3#94!

:!;/3<42/$4!'/!3#&41!#=#31-144!/-!678>!"#$#%&'(!)*&+,&-.!/-!%/*341!,14&.-!*4&-.!?@A!#$$3/#%2>!&,1-'&0(5!1B#+*#'15!#-,!41+1%'!678!:!C14&.-&-.!+1#3-&-.!1D$13&1-%14!#-,!&-'1.3#'&-.!678!&-!41+1%'1,!%/*3414!!!

C#'#!#-#+(4&4!'23/*.2!EFG5!!"/,&-.!H!%#'1./3&I&-.5!!J1#-&-.:9#<&-.5!7913.1-'!$#''13-45!G4%13'#&-!%2#-.14!

C#'#!%/++1%'&/-!'23/*.2K!:!"/-%1$'!9#$$&-.!:!E-,&B&,*#+!-#33#'&B14!:!L/%*4!.3/*$4!:!?1+0:810+1%'&/-4!:!?'*,(!/0!#3'&0#%'4!M!+1#3-&-.!,14&.-4!

: !

"#$%%AN

$&'!

()*#)&'! +,-)(.)!

"/$-)!0!

"#$#%&'(!)*&+,&-.!/0!'1#%213!1,*%#'/34!/-!&-'1.3#'&-.!E"N!&-!'21!678:&-'1.3#'1,!%/*3414!OC14&.-1,!,*3&-.!F2#41!EP!

:!C14&.-!H!,1B1+/$!0&B1!678:&-'1.3#'1,!/-+&-1!%/*3414!&-!J//,+1!AJ?!!:!F&+/'!'21!0&B1!/-+&-1!%/*3414!=&'2!4'*,1-'!.3/*$4!!

C#'#!#-#+(4&4!'23/*.2!EFG5!!"/,&-.!H!%#'1./3&I&-.5!!J1#-&-.:9#<&-.5!7913.1-'!$#''13-45!G4%13'#&-!%2#-.14!:!7B#+*#'&/-!;/3<42/$!:!!

C#'#!%/++1%'&/-!'23/*.2K!:!"/-%1$'!9#$$&-.!:!E-,&B&,*#+!-#33#'&B14!:!L/%*4!.3/*$4!:!?1+0:810+1%'&/-4!:!?'*,(!/0!#3'&0#%'4!M!+1#3-&-.!,14&.-4!

: !: !

"#$%AN

$&'!

()*#)&'! +,-)(.)!

"/$-)!00!

Fig. 1.3: A diagrammatic view of the interventions at two phases of the project

18


!

DT!!

28%*&#&5&@0! 6&'! 8Z:5&'$+@! $+! @'8-%! #8%-$5! *&X! $+#$<$#/-5(! -'8! :8',8$<$+@! %*8!:-'%$,/5-'! ($%/-%$&+(! %*80! -'8! 6-,$+@! -+#! 2-1$+@! (8+(8! &6! %*8$'! :8'(&+-5! -+#!(&,$-5! X&'5#! a)2$%*! o! 9(G&'+8P! BCCVbJ! 7*$(! -::'&-,*! *85:(! %&! #$(,&<8'! %*8!28-+$+@! &6! %*8! 8Z:8'$8+,8! &6! 8-,*! $+#$<$#/-5! %*'&/@*! :-'%$,$:-+%([! -+#!'8(8-',*8'([!$+%8':'8%-%$&+(P!%*'&/@*!8Z-2$+$+@!%*8$'!d5$<8#!8Z:8'$8+,8([!aO8$#P!45&X8'(!o!=-'1$+P!BCCUbJ!!

7*8! ,&558,%$&+! &6! #-%-! ,&228+,8#! ($2/5%-+8&/(50! X$%*! F*-(8! >J! F-'%$,$:-+%([!G-,1@'&/+#!$+6&'2-%$&+!-+#!%*8$'!,/''8+%!1+&X58#@8!-+#!:8',8:%$&+(!&6!9"O!X-(!,&558,%8#!X$%*!-!:'85$2$+-'0!(/'<80J!4/'%*8'2&'8P!-!,&+,8:%!2-::$+@!8Z8',$(8!X-(!,-''$8#! &/%! %&! 85$,$%! :-'%$,$:-+%([! ,/''8+%! /+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! 9"O! -+#! '85-%8#!,&+,8:%(J!H!@/$#85$+8!%&!#8<85&:!,&+,8:%!2-:(!X-(!:'&<$#8#!%&!-55!%8-2!282G8'(!a(88!H::8+#$ZJ!DbJ!!

F-'%$,$:-+%(! X8'8! '8f/$'8#! %&! ,&+%$+/8! X$%*! %*8! ,&+,8:%! 2-::$+@! 8Z8',$(8!%*'&/@*&/%!%*8!:'&c8,%!%&!'8658,%!&+!%*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6!%*8$'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&6!9"O!-+#! '85-%8#! ,&+,8:%(J! 7*8(8! 2-::$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! X8'8! %&! G8! -,,&2:-+$8#! X$%*!$+#$<$#/-5! +-''-%$<8(!X*$,*!X8'8! #8($@+8#! %&! 8+-G58! :-'%$,$:-+%(! %&! 8Z:5-$+! %*8$'!,&+,8:%! 2-:(J! >+! -##$%$&+P! :-'%$,$:-+%(! X8'8! -(18#! %&! 188:! -! '8658,%$<8! c&/'+-5!#/'$+@! %*8! :'&,8((J! 4&,/(! f/8(%$&+(! %&! @/$#8! %*8$'! (856I'8658,%$&+(! X8'8! -5(&!:'&<$#8#!a(88!H::8+#$ZJ!BbJ!

9+,8! %*8! 6$<8! ,&/'(8(! %*-%!X8'8! #8($@+8#! #/'$+@! F*-(8! >!X8'8! #8<85&:8#! -(!&+5$+8! ,&/'(8(! %&! G8! &668'8#! $+!\&&#58! 58-'+$+@!2-+-@828+%! (0(%82! a=\)bP!%*8(8! ,&/'(8(! X8'8! %*8+! :$5&%8#! X$%*! (2-55! @'&/:(! &6! (%/#8+%(J! 9'$8+%-%$&+!X&'1(*&:(! 6&'! %*8! (858,%8#! @'&/:(! &6! (%/#8+%(! 6&'! %*8! 6$<8! 9"OI$+%8@'-%8#!&+5$+8! ,&/'(8(! X8'8! ,&+#/,%8#J! H%! 58-(%! %X&! 282G8'(! 6'&2! 8-,*! %8-2!8+@-@8#!-(!&+5$+8!2&#8'-%&'(!6-,$5$%-%$+@!%*8!(%/#8+%(!&+,8!%*8!,&/'(8(!X8'8!$2:5828+%8#!&+5$+8J!!

H! @8+8'$,! 8<-5/-%$&+! :5-+!X-(! #8<85&:8#! G0! %*8! :'&c8,%! 58-#8'(P! -+#! (*-'8#!X$%*!-55!%8-2(!%&!-#&:%!$+!%*8!8<-5/-%$&+!:'&,8((!a(88!H::8+#$ZJ!VbJ!>%!6&,/(8#!&+!%*'88!180!-(:8,%(L!%*8!,&+,8:%!&6!9"Ol!%*8!)Q=!:8#-@&@$,-5!-::'&-,*l!-+#!%*8!&+5$+8!58-'+$+@!8+<$'&+28+%!a9="bJ!

7*8! 6&55&X$+@! X8'8! $#8+%$6$8#! -(! ,'$%8'$-! /+#8'! X*$,*! 8-,*! -(:8,%! X-(!8<-5/-%8#L!

DJ 3-%/'8!&6!-#&:%$&+!-+#!$+%8@'-%$&+!a_&X!)Q=M9"OM9="!-'8!-::5$8#!$+!8-,*!,&/'(8bl!

BJ ;(-G$5$%0!a3-%/'8!&6!(%/#8+%!/(8P!`/'-%$&+P!"Z%8+%!&6!/(8!8%,Jbl!-+#!

19


!

DR!!

VJ "668,%$<8+8((!&6!$2:-,%!a]*-%!%0:8(!-+#!$+!X*$,*!X-0(Y8%,b!

7*8! :$5&%! %8(%! &6! 8-,*! ,&/'(8! X$%*! (858,%8#! (%/#8+%! @'&/:(! -#&:%8#! %*8!6&55&X$+@! (%'-%8@$8(! 6&'! #-%-! @-%*8'$+@! a(-2:58! #-%-! ,&558,%$&+! $+(%'/28+%(!X8'8! :'8:-'8#! G0! %*8! :'&c8,%! 58-#8'(! -+#! (*-'8#!X$%*! -55! %8-2(! %&! -#-:%! -(!'8f/$'8#bL!

DJ F'8I(/'<80!I!q/8(%$&++-$'8!aF'$+%M9+5$+8b!

I!4&,/($+@!&+!:-'%$,$:-+%(r!G-,1@'&/+#!$+6&'2-%$&+!-+#!%*8$'!$+$%$-5!:8',8:%$&+(!&+!:8#-@&@$,-5!-::'&-,*8(P!/(8!&6!%8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@!'8(&/',8(!-+#!&+5$+8!58-'+$+@!

BJ O8658,%$<8!^&/'+-5!a9665$+8M9+5$+8b!p!7&!G8!2-$+%-$+8#!G0!58-'+8'(!%*'&/@*&/%!%*8!:'&,8((!

I!n/$#85$+8(!:'&<$#8#!%&!6&,/(!:-'%$,$:-+%(r!'8658,%$&+(!&+!%*8!%*'88!-(:8,%(!a)Q=l!9"Ol!9="b!

VJ H+-50($(!&6!&+5$+8!:-'%$,$:-%$&+!/($+@!-!?*8,15$(%!

I!"+@-@828+%!$+!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(P!/(8!&6!'8(&/',8(P!&+5$+8!#$(,/(($&+(P!$+%8'-,%$&+(!8%,J!

EJ H+-50($(!&6!-(($@+28+%(!-+#!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!,&2:58%8#!G0!:-'%$,$:-+%(!

UJ F&(%I(/'<80!I!q/8(%$&++-$'8!aF'$+%M9+5$+8b!

I!4&,/($+@!&+!:-'%$,$:-+%(r!:8',8:%$&+(!&+!)Q=P!9"O!o!9="!-+#!'85-%8#!,'$%8'$-P!-%!%*8!8+#!&6!%*8!:'&,8((!

WJ )82$I(%'/,%/'8#!>+%8'<$8X(!I!>+%8'<$8X!(,*8#/58J!

I!7&!@-%*8'!6/'%*8'!#-%-!6'&2!(858,%8#!(/GI@'&/:(!&6!:-'%$,$:-+%(J!

`-%-! -+-50($(! ,&2:'$(8#! ,&+%8+%! -+-50($(! -+#! ,&#$+@M,-%8@&'$i$+@P!(/::5828+%8#!X$%*!G-($,!f/-+%$%-%$<8!#-%-!-+-50($(J!H55!282G8'(!&6!8-,*!%8-2!8+@-@8#!$+!,&558,%$+@!-+#!-+-50i$+@!#-%-!/($+@!%*8!(%'-%8@$8(!$#8+%$6$8#!-G&<8P!-,,&'#$+@!%&!-!#$(%'$G/%8#!X&'1!:5-+!X$%*!(:8,$6$8#!%$28!6'-28(J!

)

)

20


!

BC!!

2&0/$-.&$)

H+! 8<-5/-%$&+! X&'1(*&:! X-(! *85#! $+! ^/+8! BCDE! %&! :/55! %&@8%*8'! -55! &6! %*8(8!-,%$<$%$8(!&+!%*8!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!,&/'(8(!&6!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+P!X$%*!-!(:8,$6$,!6&,/(!&+!%*8!6&55&X$+@L!

-b `8<85&:28+%! &6! -,-#82$,! (%-66! ,-:-,$%0! $+! ,&/'(8! #8($@+! -+#!#8<85&:28+%l!

Gb >+%8@'-%$&+! &6! 9"O! -+#! >?7! $+! ,&/'(8! #8($@+! -+#! #8<85&:28+%l! %8-,*$+@!-+#!(/::&'%$+@!58-'+$+@!&+5$+8l!

,b H,*$8<828+%! &6! $+%8+#8#! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(! G0! (%/#8+%(P! (%/#8+%!2&%$<-%$&+! -+#! (%/#8+%! '8658,%$&+(! &+! %*8$'! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8! G0!'8@$&+(M@8+#8'M-@8!@'&/:(!8%,Jl!-+#!

#b "+*-+,828+%! &6! %*8! f/-5$%0! &6! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! :'&@'-228(! %*'&/@*!$+%8@'-%$&+!&6!9"O!-+#!>?7J!

7*8!-$2!&6!%*8!:'&c8,%!X-(!%&!G/$5#!%*8!,-:-,$%0!&6!-,-#82$,!(%-66!-%!%*8!4-,/5%0!&6! "#/,-%$&+P! 9;)=P! $+! $+%8@'-%$+@! >?7! -+#! 9"O! $+%&! $%(! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-2(! -+#! 8<-5/-%8! $%(! $2:-,%(J! `-%-! @-%*8'8#! '8<8-58#! %*-%! %*$(! +&<85!8Z:8'$8+,8!&+!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+!$+%&!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%$&+!,&/'(8(!X-(!<8'0!8668,%$<8! $+!G/$5#$+@!,-:-,$%0!&6!%8-,*8'!8#/,-%&'(P!-+#! $+!2&%$<-%$+@!%*82!%&!:'&@'8((! X$%*! %*8! 6/%/'8! -,%$<$%$8(! $+! '85-%$&+! %&! %*$(! :'&c8,%J! 7*8'8! X-(!8<$#8+,8!&6!-!@'8-%!#8-5!&6!,&+6$#8+,8!$+!(%-66!&+!-::50$+@!%*8$'!+8X!1+&X58#@8!-+#! (1$55(! -+#! -%%$%/#8! G/$5#$+@! &+! #8<85&:$+@! -! k(*-'$+@! ,/5%/'8e! -+#!:'&2&%$+@!k9:8+!"#/,-%$&+-5!F'-,%$,8(e!a9"Fb!-2&+@!%*8!%8-2!282G8'(J!

H! 2-c&'! &Gc8,%$<8! &6! %*$(! 8<-5/-%$&+! X&'1(*&:! X-(! %&! @8%! :-'%$,$:-+%(! %&!,&2:$58! %*8$'! '8658,%$&+(! %&!-! (%&'0!&6! %*8$'!8Z:8'$8+,8(P!*8+,8! %*8!X&'1(*&:!X-(!G$558#!-(P!_V$/0F("%)'),$B1$/#(A$)2&'/#(#(0"$&3)>$11)G$)U0.&)4#0&;`J!!7*8!180!&Gc8,%$<8(!&6!%*8!8<-5/-%$&+!X&'1(*&:!X8'8!-(!6&55&X(L!

! ?'$%$,-550! '8658,%! &+! %*8! 8Z:8'$8+,8(! &6! %*8! :-'%$,$:-+%(! %*'&/@*&/%! %*8!:'&,8((l!

! 9'@-+$i$+@! -+#! '8658,%$+@! &+! %*8! ,&558,%8#! -+#! -+-50i8#! #-%-! #/'$+@! %*8!:'&,8((l!-+#!

! ?&2:$5$+@!%*8!'8658,%$&+(!-+#!X'$%$+@!k)%&'$8(e!&6!%*8!6$<8!%8-2(J!

21


!

BD!!

7*8! X&'1(*&:! -,%$<$%$8(! X8'8! :5-++8#! %&! 8+-G58! %*8! :-'%$,$:-+%(! %&! ,'$%$,-550!'8658,%!&+!%*8$'!8Z:8'$8+,8(P!X$%*!%*8!(/::&'%!&6!#-%-!,&558,%8#!-+#!-+-50i8#P!-+#! X'$%$+@! %*8$'! (%&'$8(! -(! %8-2(J! 7*$(! :/G5$,-%$&+! $(! %*8! &/%,&28! &6! %*-%!,&558,%$<8!866&'%!-2&+@!-!@'&/:!&6!2&%$<-%8#!-,-#82$,(!X*&!X8'8!$+<&5<8#!$+!%*8! ,&22&+! :/'(/$%! &6! #8($@+$+@! -+#! #8<85&:$+@! %8-,*8'! 8#/,-%$&+! ,&/'(8(!X$%*!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+J!!

9/'!@&-5! $+!%-1$+@!%*$(! 5$+8!&6!-,%$&+!X-(!%&!-,*$8<8!2/5%$:58!%-'@8%(J!7*8!6$'(%!X-(!%&!-(,8'%-$+!,-:-,$%0!-+#!,-:-G$5$%0!G/$5#$+@!-2&+@!(%-66J!>+!&'#8'!%&!@8%!-!@&&#!*-+#58!&6!%*-%P!X8!G85$8<8#!%*-%!@8%%$+@!%*82!%&!%855!/(!%*8!(%&'$8(!&6!%*8$'!#8<85&:28+%!X&/5#!G8!%*8!2&(%!866$,$8+%!X-0!&6!-(,8'%-$+$+@!,-:-,$%0!G/$5#$+@J!)8,&+#P! X*$58! X8! X8'8! #&$+@! %*-%P! X8! X&/5#! %/'+! %*8! :'&#/,%(! &6! %*8$'!'8658,%$&+(! $+%&! -! G&&1! ,*-:%8'! -/%*&'8#! G0! 8-,*! ,&/'(8! %8-2J! ]8! G85$8<8#!%*-%!%*$(!X-(!&+8!X-0!&6!:'&2&%$+@!-+#!#8<85&:$+@!-!,/5%/'8!&6!(,*&5-'(*$:!$+!58-'+$+@! -+#! %8-,*$+@! $+! %*8! 4-,/5%0J! ]8! -5(&! %*&/@*%! %*-%! %*8(8! (%&'$8(!,&2:$58#!$+!-!G&&1!(/,*!-(!%*$(!-+#!:/G5$(*8#!-(!-+!9"O!X&/5#!G8!&6!$+%8'8(%!-+#!G8+86$%!%&!&%*8'(!$+!&%*8'!4-,/5%$8(!-%!9;)=P!$+!)'$!=-+1-P!-+#!85(8X*8'8!$+!%*8!?&22&+X8-5%*J!7*8(8!-'8!%*8!(%&'$8(!&6!%*8!6$<8!%8-2(!&6!-,-#82$,(!X$%*!$+($@*%(! $+%&! #$668'8+%! -(:8,%(! &6! %*8! ,*-558+@8(! %*80! 6-,8#! -+#! %*8$'!8Z:8'$8+,8(!&<8'!-!:8'$&#!&6!DT!2&+%*(J!"+c&0s!

,$C$&$"/$5)

Q88'P! )J! aDRTUbJ! `$-@+&($+@! %*8! )0(%82! 6&'! 9'@-+$i-%$&+(J! 3tL! ^&*+! ]$580! o!)&+(J!

?-''P!]J!-+#!.822$(P!)J!aDRTWbJ!W$/0I("%)6&(#(/'13)+-./'#(0"=)S"0L1$-%$)'"-)H/#(0"),$5$'&/7!H<-$5-G58!-%!K*%%:LMM8+&%8iJ6$58(JX&'#:'8((J,&2MBCDDMCRMG8,&2$+@I,'$%$,-5J:#6N!H,,8((8#!CBJCTJBCDE!

3-$#/P! )J! aBCDCbJ! ;($+@! (,8+-'$&IG-(8#! 58-'+$+@! %&! :'&2&%8! ($%/-%8#! 58-'+$+@!-+#! #8<85&:! :'&68(($&+-5! 1+&X58#@8J! >+! "J! FJ! "''$+@%&+! a"#JbP! 2&$?'&("%)%&'-.'#$5) B0&) #7$) ?&0B$55(0"5) .5("%) 5/$"'&(0FU'5$-) 1$'&"("%P! aVRIERbP!Q'$(G-+8L!F&(%!F'8((8#J!

O8$#P!.JP!45&X8'(P!FJ!o!=-'1$+P!\J!aBCCUbJ!"Z:5&'$+@!5$<8#!8Z:8'$8+,8L!H+!$+%'&#/,%$&+!%&!>+%8':'8%-%$<8!F*8+&28+&5&@$,-5!H+-50($(J!7*8!F(0,*&5&@$(%P!DTLDP!BCIBVJ!K*%%:LMMXXXJ%*8:(0,*&5&@$(%J&'@J/1M-',*$<8M-',*$<8u*&28J,62M<&5/28>ùDTI8#$%$&+>ùDDEIH'%$,58>ùSRTI@8%6$58u@8%F`4M%*8:(0,*&5&@$(%vU?CDCU'8$#J:#6N!H,,8((8#!CBJCTJBCDE!

22


!

BB!!

)8+P!HJ!aDRRRbJ!E$A$10?I$"#)'5)B&$$-0I[)9Z6&'#L!9Z6&'#!;+$<8'($%0!F'8((J!

)2$%*P!^J!o!9(G&'+P!\J!aBCCVbJ!>+%8':'8%$<8!:*8+&28+&5&@$,-5!-+-50($(J!>+!^JHJ!)2$%*!a"#Jb!a.'1(#'#(A$)?5;/7010%;3)H)?&'/#(/'1)%.(-$)#0)&$5$'&/7)I$#70-5!a::JUDITCbJ!=&+#&+L!)-@8J!

):8,%&'P!^J\J!o!\8''$55P!\J`J!aBCCTbJ!"#$%&'$-5J!`$(%-+,8!"#/,-%$&+P!BRaBbP!DBVpDBWJ!

)%$@5$%iP! ^J"J! aBCDBbJ! >7$) ?&(/$) 0B) ("$X.'1(#;3) b0L) #0-';c5) -(A(-$-) 50/($#;)$"-'"%$&5)0.&)B.#.&$P!]J]J!3&'%&+!o!?&2:-+0P!>)Q3!RSTICVRVCTTWREJ!

;3")?9J!aBCDBbJ!2'&(5)*+,)E$/1'&'#(0"[)!H<-$5-G58!-%!K*%%:LMMXXXJ/+8(,&J&'@M+8XM6$58-#2$+M\;=7>\"`>HM_qM?>M?>M:#6M"<8+%(MF-'$(vBC9"OvBC`8,5-'-%$&+uCDJ:#6N!H,,8((8#!CBJCTJBCDE!

]$580P!`J!aBCCSbJ!*")#7$)4.5#'("'U(1(#;)0B)*?$")+-./'#(0"'1),$50.&/$)!"(#('#(A$5)(")b(%7$&)+-./'#(0"[)H<-$5-G58!-%!K*%%:LMMXXXJ&8,#J&'@M8#/M&8'N!H,,8((8#!CBJCTJBCDE!

)

)

)!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

PART II

Practitioner Stories

24


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

BE!!

25


))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

BU!!

6E'A#$&)S)

F$#T5)6E'"%$)*.&)I("-5)H"0F')H&(;'&'#"$=),'"-(F'),'9'?'<5$=)G'1("()G."'5("%7$=)))))))))))))))))))))2Z)4$"$A(&'#"$=)>Z)G.<."#7'"=)TZTZ!)T$$?#7("()'"-)T(1("()67'#7.&(<')

)

B'/("%)6E'11$"%$5)

9+8!&6! %*8!2-c&'! ,*-558+@8(! 6-,$+@! ,&/'(8! #8<85&:28+%! $+! -+!9`=! (0(%82! $(!%*8! (,-',$%0! &6! (/Gc8,%! 2-%%8'! 8Z:8'%$(8! %&! #8<85&:! @&&#! f/-5$%0! ,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(J!\&(%!/+$<8'($%0!-,-#82$,(!-'8!/+-G58!%&!6$+#!%*8!%$28!%&!/:#-%8!%*8!,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(J!`8<85&:$+@!@&&#!f/-5$%0!(%/#0!2-%8'$-5(! $(!-+&%*8'!#$66$,/5%0!X8! 6-,8#J! "<8+! %*&/@*!X8! '8-5$i8#! %*8!+88#! %&! $+,5/#8! '8-5! 5$68! ($%/-%$&+(! $+!(%/#0! 2-%8'$-5(P! %*8! &+50! (&5/%$&+! X8! *-#! %&! &<8',&28! %*$(! $((/8! X-(! %&!:'&<$#8!<$#8&(!&6!-/%*8+%$,! ($%/-%$&+(! a8(:8,$-550! '858<-+%! %&!0&/+@!,*$5#'8+bJ!_&X8<8'P!2&(%!&6!%*8!-,-#82$,(!-'8!+&%!$+!-!:&($%$&+!%&!:'&#/,8!<$#8&(!#/8!%&!%$28!,&+(%'-$+%(!-+#!%*8$'!5$2$%8#!(1$55!X$%*!<$#8&!:'&#/,%$&+J!!

>+! %*8! :'&,8((! &6! :'&#/,$+@! :'$+%8#! (%/#0! 2-%8'$-5(P! %*8'8! -'8! 2-+0! &%*8'!'8f/$'828+%(!(/,*!-(!5-+@/-@8!-+#!,&+%8+%!8#$%$+@P!'8<$($+@P!:'&&6!'8-#$+@!-+#!:'$+%$+@J!7*8'86&'8P!6&'!%*$(!:'&,8((!X8!+88#!%&!#8:8+#!&+!(/Gc8,%!(:8,$-5$(%(P!5-+@/-@8! (:8,$-5$(%(P! -+#! 2-+0! &%*8'! $+#$<$#/-5(J! 4$+-550P! %*8! %&%-5! ,&(%! &6!:'&#/,$+@! :'$+%!2-%8'$-5(! G8,&28(! ,&+($#8'-G50! *$@*J! >+! -##$%$&+P! #/'$+@! %*8!:'$+%$+@!:'&,8((!#85-0(!-+#!:'$+%$+@!8''&'(!2-0!&,,/'J!9+,8!%*8!:'$+%$+@!c&G!$(!&<8'P!#$(:-%,*!&6!:'$+%!2-%8'$-5(!%&!%*8!,8+%8'(!-55!&<8'!%*8!,&/+%'0!$(!'8f/$'8#J!!!!

6E'11$"%$5U(55.$5)C'/$-)-.&("%)#E$)#$'/E("%91$'&"("%)A&0/$55))))

7*8! %8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@! :'&,8((! -%! %*8! 9;)=! $(! 2-$+50! %*'&/@*! (856I(%/#0!2-%8'$-5(P! (/::&'%8#! X$%*! -! 5$2$%8#! +/2G8'! &6! ,&+%-,%! (8(($&+(M#-0I(,*&&5(J!`$668'8+%! '8(&/',8! :8'(&+(! %'-$+8#! G0! %*8! -,-#82$,(! &6! %*8! `8:-'%28+%! -'8!8+@-@8#! $+! %*$(! %-(1! -%! (8<8'-5! ,8+%8'(! -55! &<8'! %*8! ,&/+%'0J! _&X8<8'P!$+,&+($(%8+,0!2-0!&,,/'!$+!%*$(!:'&,8((J!4&'!$+(%-+,8P!%*8!,&+%8+%!&6!%*8!,&/'(8!d?*$5#!`8<85&:28+%[!,&+($(%(!&6!5&%!&6!$+6&'2-%$&+!%*-%!$(!'-:$#50!,*-+@$+@!X$%*!828'@$+@!+8X!1+&X58#@8P!G/%! $%! $(!#&/G%6/5!X*8%*8'!-55! '8(&/',8!:8'(&+(!-'8!/:#-%$+@!%*8$'!1+&X58#@8!-+#!#85$<8'$+@!+8X!1+&X58#@8!#/'$+@!#-0I(,*&&5(J!

Chapter

2

26


!

BW!!

)$2$5-'50P!$6!-!(%/#8+%!2$((8(!-!#-0!(,*&&5!#/8!%&!-+0!'8-(&+P!%*80!X$55!+&%!@8%!-+&%*8'! &::&'%/+$%0! %&! 8+@-@8! $+! %*8! #$(,/(($&+(! -+#! @'&/:!X&'1!X*$,*! -'8!%*8! 2-c&'! 58-'+$+@! 8Z:8'$8+,8(J! H5(&P! $%! $(! #&/G%6/5! X*8%*8'! -55! '8(&/',8!:8'(&+(! -'8! 8f/-550! ,-:-G58! &6! -,,&22&#-%$+@! %*8! #$<8'(8! +88#(! &6! (%/#8+%!@'&/:(! X*&! *-<8! #$668'8+%! 58-'+$+@! (%058(! -+#! 2-+0! &%*8'! $+#$<$#/-5!#$668'8+,8(J! )$+,8! %*8'8! $(! -! 5-'@8! +/2G8'! &6! 8Z%8'+-5! '8(&/',8! :8'(&+(!8+@-@8#! $+! %*$(! %-(1! $%! $(! <8'0! #$66$,/5%! %&!2&+$%&'! %*8$'! %8-,*$+@! :'&,8((P! 6&'!,&+($(%8+,0J!!

?&+%$+/&/(!-((8((28+%! %*'&/@*!-(($@+28+%(! $(!-+&%*8'!2-c&'! %8,*+$f/8! %*-%!$(! :'-,%$,8#! $+! %*8! %8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@! :'&,8((! $+! 9`=! 2&#8J! 7*8! ,&228+%(!2-#8!G0!%*8!-(($@+28+%!2-'1$+@!8Z-2$+8'(!*85:!(%/#8+%(!%&!@8%!688#G-,1!&+!$2:'&<$+@! %*8$'! 58-'+$+@J!_&X8<8'P!-(($@+28+%!2-'1$+@!:'&,8((! $(!-! 5&+@!-+#!-'#/&/(! :'&,8((J! "<8+! %*&/@*! 2-+0! 8Z%8'+-5! 2-'1$+@! 8Z-2$+8'(! X*&! -'8!8+@-@8#! $+! %*$(! -,%$<$%0! -55! &<8'! %*8! ,&/+%'0P! -55! (%/#8+%(!2-0! +&%! G8! @8%%$+@!@&&#!f/-5$%0!&'!8f/-5!688#G-,1!%&!$2:'&<8!%*82(85<8(J!!

6E'11$"%$5U(55.$5)C'/$-)=E$")?$$#("%)#E$)$QA$/#'#(0"5)0C)#E$)1$'&"$&5)'"-)#E$)/0.&5$))

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

7*8!/5%$2-%8!8Z:8,%-%$&+!&6! %*8!?&/'(8!")`DBVC!aX*$,*!X-(!%*8! 6&,/(!&6!&/'!@'&/:b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

)

27


!

BS!!

4#.-$"#)&$1'#$-)/E'11$"%$5UA&0@1$?5)

7*8! 2-c&'$%0! &6! (%/#8+%(! %*-%! 6&55&X! %*8! ,&/'(8M:'&@'-228! -'8! 2-''$8#!682-58(J!7*80!6-,8!-!5&%!&6!6-2$50I!'85-%8#!:'&G582(!#/'$+@!%*8$'!(%/#0!:8'$&#J!Q8,-/(8!&6!%*$(!($%/-%$&+!%*8$'!'8@/5-'!-%%8+#-+,8!%&!#-0I(,*&&5(!-'8!<8'0!:&&'J!`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

`/8!%&! $+(%$%/%$&+-5!,&+(%'-$+%(!-+#!$((/8(!'85-%8#!%&!-(($@+28+%!2-'1$+@P!%*8!(%/#8+%(! 2-0! +&%! @8%! %$2850! 688#G-,1! %&! $2:'&<8! %*82(85<8(J! `/8! %&! %*8$'!:8'(&+-5! 8+@-@828+%(! %*80! ,-++&%! 6$+#! %$28! %&! /(8! %*8! 5$G'-'$8(! 8$%*8'J!7*8'86&'8P! %*80! *-<8! %&! 28'850! #8:8+#! &+! 1+&X58#@8! $2:-'%8#! G0! :'$+%!2-%8'$-5(!%&!,&2:58%8!%*8!-(($@+28+%(J!7*8!6$+-5!'8(/5%!&6!-G&<8!$((/8(!X&/5#!G8! #'&::$+@! &/%! 6'&2! %*8! (0(%82P! &'! %-1$+@! -! 5&+@! %$28! %&! ,&2:58%8! %*8!:'&@'-228!(/,,8((6/550J!!

T$$#("%)6E'11$"%$5)

>+,&':&'-%$+@! '-:$#50! ,*-+@$+@! 1+&X58#@8! %&! (%/#8+%(! 8+'&558#! $+! %*8!:'&@'-228(!&6!-+!9`=!(0(%82! $(!-!G$@!,*-558+@8! 6&'!&/'!,&/'(8! %8-2!-(!X855!&%*8'!,&/'(8!%8-2(!&6!%*8!4-,/5%0J!4-,8#!X$%*!(/,*!,*-558+@8(!-+#! $((/8(P!X8!685%! %*-%!-!+88#! 6&'!-! d,*-+@8[!X-(!8((8+%$-5! $+!&/'! ,&/'(8!#8($@+!-+#!,&/'(8!#85$<8'0J! ! 7*8! F'&c8,%! &+! >?7! -+#! 9"O! $+%8@'-%$&+! :'&<$#8#! /(! X$%*! %*8!&::&'%/+$%0! %&! '8I%*$+1! &/'! -::'&-,*8(! %&! 288%$+@! %*8(8! ,*-558+@8(J! H(! -!%8-2P!X8!8+@-@8#! $+! %*8!<-'$&/(!-,%$<$%$8(!&'@-+$i8#!#/'$+@!<-'$&/(!(%-@8(!&6!%*$(!:'&c8,%J!!

T$$#("%)/E'11$"%$5)(")A&0-./("%)/0.&5$)?'#$&('15)

"#$%!&'()*+,-%*.!/$0-(1)$0!2"&/3!

`/'$+@!%*8!6$'(%!X&'1(*&:!&6!%*8!F'&c8,%!&+!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+P!-,-#82$,(!X*&!-'8!,&/'(8!#8($@+8'(!-+#!%8-,*8'(!-%!4-,/5%0!&6!"#/,-%$&+!X8'8!8Z:&(8#!%&! %*8!,&+,8:%!&6!9"O!X*$,*!X-(!-!+&<85!,&+,8:%! 6&'!2&(%!&6!/(J!`/'$+@! %*$(!8Z:8'$8+,8P! X8! '8,&@+$i8#! %*-%! k9:8+! "#/,-%$&+-5! O8(&/',8(! a9"Ob! -'8!%8-,*$+@P! 58-'+$+@P!-+#!'8(8-',*!'8(&/',8(!%*-%!'8($#8!$+!%*8!:/G5$,!#&2-$+!&'!*-<8!G88+!'858-(8#!/+#8'!-+!$+%8558,%/-5!:'&:8'%0!5$,8+(8!%*-%!:8'2$%(!6'88!/(8!

28


!

BT!!

-+#! '8I:/':&($+@! G0! &%*8'(e! -+#! %*-%! 9"O! 2-0! $+,5/#8! 6/55! ,&/'(8(P! ,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(P! 2&#/58(P! %8Z%G&&1(P! (%'8-2$+@! <$#8&(P! %8(%(P! (&6%X-'8P! -+#! -+0!&%*8'!%&&5(P!2-%8'$-5(P!&'!%8,*+$f/8(!/(8#!%&!(/::&'%!-,,8((!%&!1+&X58#@8J!!

>%!X-(!'8,&@+$i8#!%*-%!%*8!9"OP!#$@$%$i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

9+,8!X8!*-#!-!:'&:8'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&6!9"OP!X8!$#8+%$6$8#!%*-%! $+%8@'-%$&+!&6!9"O!$+!%*8!9`=!(0(%82!$(!%*8!8-($8(%!2&#8!%&!288%!%*8!,*-558+@8(M$((/8(!(/,*!-(!/:#-%$+@!-+#!'8:'$+%$+@!&6!8Z$(%$+@!:'$+%8#!2&#/58(P!-(!-!(%'-%8@0!%&!8Z:&(8!%*8!(%/#8+%(!6&'!5-%8(%!$+6&'2-%$&+!6&'!%*82!%&!,&+(%'/,%!+8X!1+&X58#@8J!9"O!+&%! &+50! :'&<$#8! 2-+0! 8Z%'-! '8-#$+@(P! G/%! -5(&! :'&<$#8(! <$#8&(! &+! '8-5!($%/-%$&+(!6'&2!X*$,*!(%/#8+%(!,-+!@8%!8Z:8'$8+,8!($2$5-'!%&!'8-5!5$68!($%/-%$&+(J!>+!-##$%$&+P! %*8'8!-'8! 5&%!&6!f/$ii8(!-+#!(856I-((8((28+%(!-(!9"O!2-%8'$-5(! %&!2-18! (%/#8+%(! 8+@-@8! $+! 8Z%'-! -,%$<$%$8(! %&! @8%! 2&'8! 8Z:8'$8+,8(P! -((8((!X*8%*8'! %*80!*-<8!-,*$8<8#! %*8! 58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(P! -+#! ,58-'! %*8!#&/G%(!&+!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!%*80!*-<8!8Z:8'$8+,8#J!!)/G(8f/8+%50P!X8!'8,&@+$i8#!%*-%!9"O!X&/5#!*85:!/(!%&!288%!&/'!,*-558+@8(!$+!#8<85&:$+@!,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(J!

H%! %*8! G8@$++$+@P! X*8+! X8! X8'8! $+%'&#/,8#! %&! %*8! ,&+,8:%! &6! d9"O[P! X8!%*&/@*%!%*-%!9"O!,&/5#!G8!/(8#!-(!X8!X$(*8#!($+,8!%*80!-'8! 6'8850!-<-$5-G58J!_&X8<8'P!G0!%*8!8+#!&6!%*8!X&'1(*&:!X8!/+#8'(%&&#!%*-%!%*8'8!-'8!#$668'8+%!,-%8@&'$8(! &6! 9"O! (02G&5$i8#! G0! #$668'8+%! 5-G85(P! -+#! %*8! 5-G85(! $+#$,-%8!5$2$%-%$&+(! &6! /($+@! :-'%$,/5-'! 9"O! 2-%8'$-5(J! 7*8! ($Z! #$668'8+%! ,-%8@&'$8(! &6!5$,8+(8(!X8!$#8+%$6$8#!-'8!??!QtP!??!QtI)HP!??!QtI3`P!??!QtI3?P!??!QtI3?I)HP!??!QtI3?I3`J!]8!-5(&!/+#8'(%&&#!%*-%!X8!,-+!-##!&/'!&X+!2-%8'$-5(!-(!9"O!/+#8'! -+0! &6! %*8! -G&<8! 5$,8+(8! (&! %*-%! &%*8'(! ,-+! /(8! %*8! 2-%8'$-5(!-::'&:'$-%850J!!

<BF'./5'<#"/';*-10.2;-)#''

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >+! -##$%$&+! %&! 6'8850! -<-$5-G58! 9"O! 2-%8'$-5(P! X8! X8'8! 8Z:&(8#! %&! -+&%*8'!,&+,8:%! X$%*$+! 9"OL! k<#"/' ;*-10.2;-)#GH! ! 7*8! ,&+,8:%! k9:8+! (,*&5-'(*$:e!8+,&2:-((8(! &:8+! -,,8((P! &:8+! (&/',8=)&:8+! 8#/,-%$&+-5) '8(&/',8(P! -+#! -55!

29


!

BR!!

&%*8'! 6&'2(! &6! k&:8++8((e! $+! %*8! (,*&5-'50! -+#! '8(8-',*! 8+<$'&+28+%! %*-%!:'&<$#8! -,,8((! %&! 2-+0! -<-$5-G58! '8(8-',*! #-%-P! $+6&'2-%$&+P! '8-#$+@(! -+#!&%*8'!2-%8'$-5(! %*'&/@*! %*8!X8Gl! $%! $(! (&28%*$+@! 5$18!*-<$+@!-,,8((! %&!-55! %*8!5$G'-'$8(!&6!%*8!/+$<8'($%$8(!$+!%*8!X&'5#J!!

7&#-0! $%! $(! #$66$,/5%! %&! ,-''0! &/%! f/-5$%0! -,-#82$,! '8(8-',*! X$%*&/%! 6$+-+,$-5!(,*&5-'(*$:(J! H! G8%%8'! /+$<8'($%0! 8f/$::8#! X$%*! @&&#! 5$G'-'$8(P! -,,8((! %&!c&/'+-5(!-+#!&%*8'! '8(8-',*!2-%8'$-5(!&+50!,-+!:'&<$#8!(,*&5-'(!X$%*!-!G8%%8'!(:-,8!6&'!'8(8-',*J!7*8'86&'8P!%*8!:'&2&%$&+!&6!&:8+!(,*&5-'(*$:!%*'&/@*!9"O!$(! (88+! -(! -! #82&,'-%$i$+@! %*8! -,,8((! -+#! &::&'%/+$%$8(! 6&'! '8(8-',*J! 7*8!,'8-%$&+! &6! +8X! 1+&X58#@8! $(! :&(($G58! &+50! %*'&/@*! '8(8-',*P! -+#! &:8+!(,*&5-'(*$:!%*'&/@*!9"O!$(!-!:-%*X-0!%&!(/,*!'8(8-',*J!>%!$(!/(86/5!+&%!&+50!6&'!'8(8-',*!:/':&(8(P!G/%!-5(&!6&'!(%/#8+%(!%&!/:#-%8!%*8$'!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!$+!%*8! -,-#82$,! 6$85#(! %*80! -'8! $+%8'8(%8#! $+P! X*&! 2-0! @8%! -,,8((! %&! &:8+!(,*&5-'(*$:(!-+#!(%/#0!%*8!'8(8-',*!#-%-!<8'0!f/$,150!-+#!8-($50J!!

7*8! $+,'828+%-5! #8<85&:28+%! &6! %*$(! /+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! &:8+! 8#/,-%$&+-5!:'-,%$,8(! -2&+@! %*8! ! ,&/'(8! %8-2! 282G8'(! X-(! ,-:%/'8#! %*'&/@*! $%8'-%$<8!'&/+#(!&6!,&+,8:%!2-::$+@J!4$@/'8(!BJD!-+#!BJB! '8:'8(8+%! %X&!,&+,8:%!2-:(!#'-X+!G0!%X&!%8-2!282G8'(!&6!&/'!@'&/:!-6%8'!%*8!6$'(%!X&'1(*&:J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!4$@J!BJD!>+$%$-5!,&+,8:%!2-:!&6!78-2!282G8'!D!

"&/!*%'!"#$%!0)4-.*104,#!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >#! &..(*($#! *$! A'++4)! &;&(4&D4+! @H-! %&*+'(&42,! G+! G+'+! +E0$2+.! *$! &#$*7+'!B$#B+0*! G(*7(#! @H-]! X"#$%! 0)4-.*104,#56! ! <7+! B$#B+0*! X@0+#! 2B7$4&'27(0Y!+#B$%0&22+2! $0+#! &BB+22,! $0+#! 2$5'B+7)$0+#! +.5B&*($#&4) '+2$5'B+2,! &#.! &44!$*7+'! A$'%2! $A! X$0+##+22Y! (#! *7+! 2B7$4&'4)! &#.! '+2+&'B7! +#;('$#%+#*! *7&*!0'$;(.+! &BB+22! *$! %&#)! &;&(4&D4+! '+2+&'B7! .&*&,! (#A$'%&*($#,! '+&.(#62! &#.!$*7+'!%&*+'(&42! *7'$567! *7+!G+D^! (*! (2! 2$%+*7(#6! 4(1+!7&;(#6!&BB+22! *$!&44! *7+!4(D'&'(+2!$A!*7+!5#(;+'2(*(+2!(#!*7+!G$'4.9!!

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

<7+! (#B'+%+#*&4! .+;+4$0%+#*! $A! *7(2! 5#.+'2*&#.(#6! $A! $0+#! +.5B&*($#&4!0'&B*(B+2! &%$#6! *7+! ! B$5'2+! *+&%!%+%D+'2! G&2! B&0*5'+.! *7'$567! (*+'&*(;+!'$5#.2!$A!B$#B+0*!%&00(#69!M(65'+2!T9S!&#.!T9T! '+0'+2+#*! *G$!B$#B+0*!%&02!.'&G#!D)!*G$!*+&%!%+%D+'2!$A!$5'!6'$50!&A*+'!*7+!A('2*!G$'127$09!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

M(69!T9S!>#(*(&4!B$#B+0*!%&0!$A!<+&%!%+%D+'!S!

3&22(;+!@0+#!@#4(#+!?$5'2+!

@0+#!"BB+22!

@0+#!:B7$4&'27(02!

@0+#!W&.6+2!

?'+&*(;+!?$%%$#2!

83.-%E;9)(*+,-(=%#.0,9').0!!W$$1!?7&0*+'2,!-+2+&'B7!"'*(B4+2,!@#4(#+!_5(II+2,!:+4A!"22+22%+#*2!

30


Fig. 2.2: Initial concept map of Team member 6

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

%!

!

!

!

!

M(69!T9T]!>#(*(&4!B$#B+0*!%&0!$A!<+&%!%+%D+'!`!

83.-%/)2,=('02+3%

ECF%:8810%

!

83.-%5.('-+-7%

"*!*7+!D+6(##(#6!>!*7$567*,!

>*R2!&#!+.5B&*($#&4!'+2$5'B+!$#!*7+!G+D!G7(B7!B&#!D+!&BB+22+.!D)!&#)$#+9!

OER are

• Educational resources for teaching & learning. (Digital or any other)

- Freely available - Can adapt - Can share - Can redistribute - Open licensed - limited restrictions

!!

!

=5'(#6!*7+!G$'127$0!!!!!!!!!!5#.+'2*$$.!

1(-%@%

/+52+!

/+%(E!

/+05'0$2(#6!

/+.(2*'(D5*+!

1(-%D.%G%%

<()*9(=%

!',).;9'(=%

!'+-)+3(=@D(0.;%

1,-).3*9(=%

/2,9=;%D.%,3.-%=+).-0.;%H%=(D.=.;%(0%

??!WZP!??!WZN:"P!??!WZN[=P!??!WZN![?P!??!WZN[?N:"P!??!WZN[?N[=!

3)!B$#B+'#2,!

_5&4(*),!-+4+;&#B+,!+&2(4)!&BB+22,!A+&2(D4+,!!

31


!

VD!!

T$$#("%)/E'11$"%$5!(")#E$)#$'/E("%91$'&"("%)A&0/$55)

7%+$81*+,%8!7%9-1:*+,-%!;!<-::(%,)*+,-%!=$)4%-.-8>!27<=3!*%'!"&/!

>+!-##$%$&+P!%*'&/@*!-!(8'$8(!&6!X&'1(*&:(P!X8!@-$+8#!(1$55(!&+!*&X!%&!$+%8@'-%8!>?7!-+#!9"O!$+!&+5$+8!,&/'(8(J!]8!X8'8!-X-'8!%*-%!>?7!,-+!G'$#@8!%*8!@-:(!-+#!&<8',&28! #$(%-+,8! -+#! *85:!288%!2&(%! &6! %*8! ,*-558+@8(! $+! #8<85&:$+@! -+#!#85$<8'$+@!&/'!8#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-228(J!"<8+!%*&/@*!%*8!/(8!&6!>?7!6&'!:'&<$($&+!&6!8#/,-%$&+!$+!)'$!=-+1-!$(!(%$55!$+!$%(!$+,8:%$&+P!%*8$'!@'8-%!:&%8+%$-5!%&!8#/,-%8!%*8!/+#8'I:'$<$58@8#!$+!(&,$8%0!X-(!$#8+%$6$8#J!>%!X-(!'8-5$i8#!%*-%!%*8!>?7I9"O!,&2G$+-%$&+!$(!-!@'8-%!(%'-%8@0!%&!G8!/(8#!%&!&668'!,&/'(8(M:'&@'-228(!&+5$+8!$+(%8-#! &6! &668'$+@! %*82! %*'&/@*! :'$+%! 2-%8'$-5(! -+#! #-0I(,*&&5(J! )$+,8! >?7!,&/5#!G8!/(8#!%&!,'8-%8!&+5$+8!6&'/2(!X8!/+#8'(%&&#!%*-%!(/,*!6&'/2(!,&/5#!G8!<8'0!8668,%$<8! %&! 6-,$5$%-%8! (%/#8+%(P!G0! ,'8-%$+@!&::&'%/+$%$8(! 6&'! (%/#8+%I(%/#8+%!-+#!%/%&'I(%/#8+%!$+%8'-,%$&+(J!]8!'8-5$i8#!%*-%!%*8!$+%8'-,%$<8!+-%/'8!&6! X8GIG-(8#! >?7! 8+-G58! &+5$+8! ,&228+%(M688#G-,1! %&! 2&%$<-%8! (%/#8+%(P!(&5<8! 2-+0! &6! &/'! :'&G582(P! -+#! &668'! @/$#-+,8! %&! (%/#8+%(! %*'&/@*! &+5$+8!$+(%'/,%$&+(!-+#!-++&/+,828+%(J!!

>%!X-(! '8-5$i8#! %*-%! >?7!-+#!9"O!,&/5#!*85:!/(!288%! %*8!,*-558+@8(! $+!,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5! #8<85&:28+%! -(! X855! -(! 288%! 2&(%! &6! %*8! ,*-558+@8(! 28+%$&+8#!-G&<8J! 4&'! 8Z-2:58P! ,*-558+@8(! 6-,8#! #/'$+@! #-0I(,*&&5(! %&! @$<8! 8f/-5!&::&'%/+$%$8(! 6&'! (%/#8+%(! %&! 58-'+! 6'&2! '8(&/',8! :8'(&+(! X*&! *-<8! 8f/-5!1+&X58#@8P! (1$55(! -+#! 8Z:&(/'8! ,&/5#! G8! 28%! %*'&/@*! &+5$+8! #85$<8'0! &6! %*8!,&/'(8(M:'&@'-228(!%*-%!8+-G58!&+5$+8!$+%8'-,%$&+(!%&&J!3&%!&+50!%*-%P!&+5$+8!#85$<8'0! ,&/5#! *85:! 288%$+@! 2-+0! &%*8'! (%/#8+%! '85-%8#! ,*-558+@8(! (/,*! -(!%$28!-+#! 6$+-+,$-5!:'&G582(! $+! %'-<85$+@! 5&+@!#$(%-+,8P!-+#! $+-G$5$%0! %&!-%%8+#!#-0I(,*&&5(!'8@/5-'50!#/8!%&!:8'(&+-5!:'&G582(J!!

4/'%*8'P! $%!X-(! $#8+%$6$8#! %*-%! +&%! @8%%$+@! &::&'%/+$%$8(! %&! 6&55&X! %*8!2$((8#!#-0I(,*&&5(! G0! %*8! (%/#8+%(! -'8! &+8! &6! %*8! ,*-558+@8(M$((/8(! 6-,8#! X*8+!288%$+@! %*8! 8Z:8,%-%$&+(! &6! %*8! 58-'+8'(J! 7*$(! :'&G582! -5(&! ,&/5#! G8! 28%!%*'&/@*!#85$<8'$+@!%*8!,&/'(8(!&+5$+8!(&!%*-%!(%/#8+%(!,-+!-,,8((!%*8!,&/'(8(!-%! -+0! %$28! %*80! X$(*! %&J! >+! -##$%$&+P! X8! '8-5$i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

32


!

VB!!

I,A+<BF' )/%"J2.%)1/' ./5' %".*-)/J' M' 0".2/)/J' 6"%-15101J&N' C*"/.2)1' O.;"5'E".2/)/J'

]*$58!X8!X8'8!$#8+%$60$+@!%*8!-#<-+%-@8(!&6!>?7I9"O!$+%8@'-%$&+!%&!288%!&/'!,*-558+@8(!$+!&668'$+@!%*8!,&/'(8(!-+#!$((/8(!6-,8#!#/'$+@!%*8!%8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@!:'&,8((P!X8!8Z:8'$8+,8#!-+&%*8'!$((/8J!7*-%!$(P!X*$58!%*8!>?7I9"O!,&2G$+-%$&+!2&%$<-%8#! /(! %&! &668'! ,&/'(8(! &+5$+8P! X8! 6&/+#! %*8! $+-::'&:'$-%8+8((! &6!,&+#/,%$+@!6-,8!%&!6-,8!#-0!(,*&&5!(8(($&+(!6&'!&+5$+8!58-'+$+@J!!`/'$+@!6-,8!%&!6-,8! (8(($&+(! X8! 288%! %*8! (%/#8+%(! -+#! @/$#8P! 2&%$<-%8P! 2&+$%&'! -+#! @$<8!&::&'%/+$%$8(!%&!(*-'8!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!-+#!-5(&!-+0!&%*8'!-(($(%-+,8!-5(&!@$<8+J! `/'$+@! %*8(8! (8(($&+(P! F&X8'F&$+%! :'8(8+%-%$&+(P! @'&/:! #$(,/(($&+(P!@'&/:! -,%$<$%$8(! -'8! G8$+@! /(8#! -(! %8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@! 28%*&#&5&@$8(! -+#!%8,*+$f/8(! %&! ,&22/+$,-%8! 1+&X58#@8P! (1$55(! -+#! -%%$%/#8(! '85-%8#! %&! %*8!,&/'(8(J! ! ]*$58! X8! X8'8! $+! -! ,&+6/(8#! ($%/-%$&+! &+! *&X! %&! $+%8@'-%8! (/,*!-,%$<8! 58-'+$+@! #/'$+@! &+5$+8! 58-'+$+@P! %*8! d),8+-'$&IQ-(8#! =8-'+$+@[! a)Q=b!-::'&-,*!X-(!$+%'&#/,8#!%&!/(!-(!-!+&<85!%8-,*$+@I58-'+$+@!28%*&#J!!

7*8! %8-2!/+#8'(%&&#! %*8! $2:&'%-+,8!&6! ),8+-'$&IQ-(8#! =8-'+$+@! a)Q=b! -(! -+!8668,%$<8! -::'&-,*! %*-%! ,&/5#! :'&<$#8! -+! 8Z,8558+%! 6'-28X&'1! 6&'! -,%$<8!58-'+$+@J!>%!X-(!$#8+%$6$8#!-(!-!28%*&#!($2$5-'!%&!,-(8IG-(8#!$+(%'/,%$&+J!>+!)Q=P!-+! -/%*8+%$,! ,&+%8Z%! $+! X*$,*! %*8! :'&G582(! -'8! :'8(8+%8#! $+! -! ,8'%-$+!(8f/8+,8P!8+-G58! %*8! 58-'+8'(! %&! '8-,*! 58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(!-%!#$668'8+%! %$28(J!7*$(!$(!-!,&+(%'/,%$<$(%!-::'&-,*P!-+#!-!6&'2!&6!8Z:8'$8+%$-5!58-'+$+@J!4/'%*8'P!$+!%*8!)Q=!,&+%8Z%P!-!(,8+-'$&!$(!-!'8-5$(%$,!($%/-%$&+!-+#!-!(8f/8+,8!&6!8<8+%(!-'8!:'8(8+%8#P!X*8'8!%*8!58-'+8'(!-'8!-G58!%&!$+%8'+-5$i8!%*8!($%/-%$&+!-+#!X&'1!-(!%*80! -'8! 6-,$+@! ,*-558+@8(! $+! %*8(8! ($%/-%$&+(J! =8-'+$+@! &,,/'(! X*8+! %*8!(%/#8+%(! :'&,88#! %*'&/@*! %*8! (,8+-'$&P! X*$58! %*80! -'8! @/$#8#! %&! #$(,&<8'!:'$+,$:58(! -+#! #8<85&:! <-'$&/(! ,&2:8%8+,$8(J! >+6&'2-%$&+! -+#! '868'8+,8!-'%$,58(!&'!2&#/58(!-'8!:'8(8+%8#!-(!'8(&/',8(!&+5$+8!&'!-(!:'$+%8#!2-%8'$-5(!-(!'8f/$'8#! %&! @/$#8! %*82! -+#! %&! @-$+! 1+&X58#@8J! ! 4$+-550P! (%8:! G0! (%8:! G0!8+@-@$+@!$+!-,%$<$%$8(!#$'8,%8#!G0!%*8!(,8+-'$&(P!(%/#8+%(!-,*$8<8!%*8!8Z:8,%8#!58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(J! >+! G'$86P! %8-2! 282G8'(! #8%8,%8#! )Q=! -(! -! PQ1$2/"&' K12'0".2/"2;'%1'.*-)">"'%-"'0".2/)/J'*16#"%"/*)";GH'

:$$-)C0&)')6E'"%$)(")60.&5$)D$5(%")

?&2:-'8#! %&!&%*8'! ,&/'(8(! $+! %*8!`$:5&2-! $+!"?F"!:'&@'-228P! %*8! (858,%8#!,&/'(8P! ")`DBVCP! *-(! G88+! #8($@+8#! %&! :'&<$#8! -+! /+#8'(%-+#$+@! -+#! %*8!-::5$,-%$&+!&6!180!:'$+,$:58(!&6!?*$5#!F(0,*&5&@0J!7*8'86&'8P!$%!$(!-::-'8+%P!%*-%!%*8!,&/'(8!#8<85&:(!-!%*&'&/@*!6&/+#-%$&+!&+!%*8!%*8&'$8(!-+#!$%(!$2:5$,-%$&+!&+!,*$5#[(!#8<85&:28+%J!>%!$(!-5(&!8<$#8+%!%*-%!%*8!:&&5!&6!%*8!1+&X58#@8!&+!%*8!,*$5#! :(0,*&5&@0! $(! (%8-#$50! $+,'8-($+@! G0! ,&+(%-+%! /:#-%$+@! &6! '858<-+%!

33


!

VV!!

1+&X58#@8! -+#! (1$55(J! )$2/5%-+8&/(50P! %*8! 58-'+8'([! 1+&X58#@8! -+#! (1$55(! &+!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!(*&/5#!G8!/:@'-#8#!%&!#8-5!X$%*!0&/+@!,*$5#'8+P!($+,8!%*8!8-'50! ,*$5#*&&#! -+#! :'$2-'0! (%-@8(! -'8! %*8! 2&(%! ,'/,$-5! (%-@8(! $+! 5$68! &6! -+!$+#$<$#/-5P! -(! $%! $(! %*8! (%-@8! %*-%! 5-0! %*8! 6&/+#-%$&+! %&! %*8! 8+%$'8! 5$68! &6! -!:8'(&+J!7*8'86&'8P! -+0!:8'(&+!X*&! $(! $+<&5<8#! $+! %*8! 6$85#!&6!8-'50! ,*$5#*&&#!-+#! :'$2-'0! 8#/,-%$&+! (*&/5#! G8! -58'%!X$%*! +8X! /:#-%8(! &+! 1+&X58#@8! -+#!(1$55(J!

?/''8+%50P! %*8! 2-$+! 2&#8! &6! #85$<8'0! &6! %*$(! ,&/'(8! $(! <$-! :'$+%! (856I(%/#0!2-%8'$-5(P! G8($#8(! -! 68X! 6-,8I%&I6-,8! ,&+%-,%! (8(($&+(! a#-0I(,*&&5(b! -''-+@8#!%&!6-,$5$%-%8!58-'+8'(!%&!@8%!-!G8%%8'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!-+#!#$(,/((!(/Gc8,%!2-%%8'!'85-%8#! $((/8(J! 7*8! ,5$8+%! :'&6$58! &6! %*$(! ,&/'(8! $(! -#/5%! 58-'+8'(! X*&! -'8!82:5&08#P! *&5#$+@! <-'$&/(! '8(:&+($G$5$%$8(! $+! %*8$'! 6-2$5$8(! -+#! X&'1! :5-,8(J!7*8'8! $(! -! *$@*! #82-+#! 6&'! %*8!`$:5&2-! $+! "?F"! :'&@'228! -+#! %*8! (%/#8+%!+/2G8'! $(! $+,'8-($+@! 8<8'0! 08-'P! (:'8-#$+@! $%! &/%! 2&'8! %&! %*8! '8@$&+-5! -+#!(%/#0! ,8+%8'(! -55! &<8'! %*8! ,&/+%'0J! 7*8! `8:-'%28+%! $(! 6-,$+@! -! :'&G582! &6!-::&$+%$+@! f/-5$6$8#! '8(&/',8! :8'(&+(! %&! ,&+#/,%! #-0I(,*&&5(J! 7*/(P! X8!$#8+%$6$8#!-!+88#!6&'!-!,*-+@8!$+!%*8!#85$<8'0!&6!%*8!,&/'(8(!$+!%*$(!:'&@'-228P!$+! &'#8'! %&! ,-%8'! %&! %*8! *$@*! #82-+#! -(! X855! -(! %&! &668'! '-:$#50! ,*-+@$+@!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!$+!%*8!6$85#!&6!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!%&!&/'!,5$8+%(J!

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

;@0.#)#E$)/0.&5$)

H2&+@! %*8! %*'88! #8:-'%28+%(! $+! %*8! 4-,/5%0! &6! "#/,-%$&+! -%! %*8! 9:8+!;+$<8'($%0!&6!)'$!=-+1-!a9;)=bP!%*8!`8:-'%28+%!&6!"-'50!?*$5#*&&#!-+#!F'$2-'0!"#/,-%$&+! a"?F"b! (8'<8(! %*8! ,&/+%'0! G0! 8+*-+,$+@! %*8! :'&68(($&+-5!#8<85&:28+%! &6! %8-,*8'(! -+#! ,-'8! @$<8'(! $+! 8-'50! ,*$5#*&&#! -+#! :'$2-'0!8#/,-%$&+! 6$85#(J!7*8!`8:-'%28+%!&6!"?F"!,/''8+%50!&668'(! %*'88!F'&@'-228(!&6! )%/#0! p! ?8'%$6$,-%8! $+! "?F"P! H#<-+,8#! ?8'%$6$,-%8! $+! "?F"P! -+#! `$:5&2-! $+!"?F"J!>+!188:$+@!X$%*!%*8!&:8+!-+#!#$(%-+,8!58-'+$+@!a9`=b!:'$+,$:58(!-#*8'8#!G0!%*8!9;)=P!%*8(8!(%/#0!:'&@'-228(P!%*-%!58-#!6'&2!&+8!%&!-+&%*8'P!&668'!-!d5-##8'!&6!&::&'%/+$%$8([! 6&'!(%/#8+%(!X*&!X$(*!%&!:/'(/8!%*8$'!(%/#$8(! $+! %*8!6$85#!&6!"?F"J!!!

34


!

VE!!

7*8! (858,%8#! ,&/'(8! +4TXY[d) N) e67(1-) T$A$10?F$"#f! $(! &+8! &6! %*8! $2:&'%-+%!,&/'(8(!$+!%*8!`$:5&2-!$+!"-'50!?*$5#*&&#!-+#!F'$2-'0!"#/,-%$&+!:'&@'-228P!58-#$+@! %&! -! Q-,*85&'! &6! "#/,-%$&+! `8@'88! :'&@'-228J! 7*$(! `$:5&2-!:'&@'-228! *-(! %X&! 58<85(L! =8<85! V! -+#! =8<85! EJ! 7*8! #/'-%$&+! &6! %*$(!:'&@'-228! $(! %X&! 08-'(P! ,&2:'$($+@! SB! ,'8#$%(! -+#! DTCC! (%/#0! *&/'(J! 7*$(!F'&@'-228!$(!-<-$5-G58!$+!G&%*!)$+*-5-!-+#!"+@5$(*!28#$-J!!

7*8!@&-5!&6!%*8!`$:5&2-!$+!"?F"!:'&@'-228!$(!%&!$2:'&<8!%*8!f/-5$%0!&6!"-'50!?*$5#*&&#! -+#! F'$2-'0! "#/,-%$&+! $+! )'$! =-+1-P! %*'&/@*! 8+-G5$+@! %*8!:-'%$,$:-+%(! %&!:8'6&'2!8668,%$<850!-(! %8-,*8'(M,-'8@$<8'(! $+! %*8! 6$85#!&6!"?F"!G0!8+*-+,$+@! %*8$'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@(P! 1+&X58#@8P! (1$55(! -+#!-%%$%/#8(! '85-%8#! %&!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-+#!%&!G8!6-2$5$-'$i8#!X$%*!-,,8:%8#!%*8&'$8(!-+#!:'-,%$,8(!$+!"-'50!?*$5#*&&#!-+#!F'$2-'0!"#/,-%$&+J!7-'@8%!@'&/:(!&6!%*8!:'&@'-228!-'8!%8-,*8'(P! ,-'8@$<8'(! -+#! :-'8+%(! &6! ,*$5#'8+! $+! 8-'50! ,*$5#*&&#! -+#! :'$2-'0!(,*&&5!58<85(J!

!7*8!(:8,$6$,!&Gc8,%$<8(!&6!%*8!:'&@'-228!-'8!-(!6&55&X(L!

• `8<85&:!:&($%$<8!-%%$%/#8(!$+!X&'1$+@!X$%*!,*$5#'8+J!• `8<85&:$+@!(1$55(!+88#8#!%*'&/@*!:'-,%$,-5!X&'1J!• )8+($%$i-%$&+! %&! %*8! ,/''8+%! $((/8(! '85-%8#! %&! %*8! (:8,$6$,! +88#! &6!

$+(%$%/%$&+(!-+#!@'&/:(!:5-,8#!$+!(:8,$-5!,$',/2(%-+,8(J!• )%'8+@%*8+$+@! %*8! 1+&X58#@8! -+#! (1$55(! '85-%8#! %&! (858,%! -,-#82$,!

#$(,$:5$+8(J!• "+*-+,8!&'@-+$i-%$&+-5!-+#!2-+-@828+%!,-:-G$5$%$8(J!• )%'8+@%*8+$+@! %*8! ,-:-G$5$%0! $+! $+%8'-,%$+@! X$%*! :-'8+%(! -+#!

,&22/+$,-%$&+J!!+4TXY[d) N) 67(1-) T$A$10?F$"#) $(! -! ($Z! ,'8#$%! ,&/'(8! $+! %*8! `$:5&2-! $+! "?F"!F'&@'-228I!=8<85!CV! $+!X*$,*!%*8!(%/#8+%(!-'8!'8f/$'8#!%&!#8<&%8!DUC!(%/#0!*&/'(J! 7*$(! $(! &+8!&6! %*8!2&(%! $2:&'%-+%! ,&/'(8(! $+! %*8!`$:5&2-!F'&@'-228!X*$,*! 6&,/(8(! %&! 8+'$,*! %*8! 58-'+8'(! X$%*! %*8&'8%$,-5! G-,1@'&/+#! &+! ,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-+#!$%(!:'-,%$,-5!-::5$,-%$&+!$+!%*8!'8-5$%0J!7*/(P!-+0!58-'+8'!X*&!(/,,8((6/550!,&2:58%8(!%*$(!,&/'(8!X$55!G8!-G58!%&!-,*$8<8!%*8!6&55&X$+@!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(!-%!%*8!8+#l'

• `8(,'$G8!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!o!6-,%&'(!-668,%$+@!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!

• "Z:5-$+! G'-$+! #8<85&:28+%P! $%(! 6/+,%$&+(! -+#! 6-,%&'(! -668,%$+@! %*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6!%*8!G'-$+J!!

• >#8+%$60! %*8! :'&,8((! &6! ,&@+$%$<8! #8<85&:28+%P! (%-@8(! &6! ,&@+$%$<8!

35


!

VU!!

#8<85&:28+%! $+! ,*$5#'8+! o! 6-,$5$%-%$+@! ,&@+$%$<8! #8<85&:28+%! $+!,*$5#'8+!!

• `8(,'$G8! (&,$-5! -+#! 82&%$&+-5! #8<85&:28+%!o! (/::&'%$+@! ,*$5#'8+! %&!#8<85&:!(&,$-550!-+#!82&%$&+-550!$+!-55!(%-@8(!&6!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%J!

• `8(,'$G8! %*8! :'&,8((! &6! 2&'-5! #8<85&:28+%P! -+#! 6-,%&'(! $+65/8+,$+@!2&'-5!#8<85&:28+%!

• "Z:5-$+!%*8!#8<85&:28+%-5!#$668'8+,8(!-+#!#$(&'#8'(!

>+!&'#8'!%&!(/::&'%!58-'+8'(!-,*$8<$+@!%*8!-G&<8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(P!%*8!,&/'(8!$(!#8($@+8#!X$%*!%8+!(8(($&+(!,&<8'$+@!-!($@+$6$,-+%!-'8-!&6!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-,,&'#$+@!%&!%*8!-,-#82$,!58<85!&6!%*8!58-'+8'(J!!

• 7*8! $+%'&#/,%&'0! (8(($&+!#$(,/((8(! %*8! ,&+,8:%!&6! ,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%P!#$668'8+%!#&2-$+(!&6!#8<85&:28+%!-+#!%*8!$2:&'%-+,8!&6!#8<85&:28+%!&6! -55! %*8! #&2-$+(P!X*$58! %*8! (8,&+#! (8(($&+P! #$(,/((8(! %*8! (%-@8(! &6!,*$5#! #8<85&:28+%! 6'&2! ,&+,8:%$&+! %&! %*8! 8+#! &6! :'$2-'0! 8#/,-%$&+!(%-@8J!

• 7*8! %*$'#! (8(($&+! 6&,/(8(! &+! %*8! 6-,%&'(! -668,%$+@! ,*$5#! #8<85&:28+%!#/'$+@!%*8!:'&,8((!&6!#8<85&:28+%!,&<8'$+@!%*8!%*8&'$8(!'85-%8#!%&!%*8!-(:8,%(!&6!%&%-5!#8<85&:28+%J!

• 7*8! 4&/'%*! (8(($&+! #$(,/((8(! G'-$+! #8<85&:28+%J! 7*8! 6$6%*! (8(($&+!#$(,/((8(!,&@+$%$<8!#8<85&:28+%!&6!,*$5#'8+!-+#!*&X!%&!6-,$5$%-%8!$%J!!

• 7*8!+8Z%!%*'88!(8(($&+(!:'8(8+%!#$668'8+%!-(:8,%(!&6!%&%-5!#8<85&:28+%!(/,*! -(! 5-+@/-@8P! (&,$-5! -+#! 82&%$&+-5P! 2&'-5! #8<85&:28+%! -+#!6-,%&'(!-668,%$+@!%*82J!

• 7*8! 6$+-5! (8(($&+! 6&,/(8(!&+!:-'8+%$+@! (%058(!-+#! $2:-,%!&6!:-'8+%$+@!&+!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-(!X855!-(!*&X!$+#$<$#/-5!#$668'8+,8(!-668,%!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%! -+#! *&X! %&! 2-+-@8! -+#! (/::&'%! %*8! ,*$5#'8+! X$%*!:'&G582!G8*-<$&'(J!!!

7*/(P! %*$(! ,&/'(8! :'&<$#8(! 58-'+8'(! X$%*! -! ,&2:'8*8+($<8! 1+&X58#@8! &+!%*8&'8%$,-5!-(:8,%(!&6!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-+#!:'-,%$,-5!$2:5$,-%$&+(!&6!$%J!

;)/E'"%$)(")/0.&5$)-$5(%"!!

7&! 288%! %*8! ,*-558+@8(! &6! %*8! ,&/'(8! X8! #8,$#8#! %&! '8#8($@+! %*8! ,&/'(8!$+%8@'-%$+@! !6>N*+,! /($+@! 4/$"'&(0NS'5$-) 1$'&"("%J! ! 7*8! <8'0! 6$'(%! (%8:! &6!#8($@+$+@!-!,&/'(8!X-(!%&! $#8+%$60!%*8!180!,&2:8%8+,$8(!%*-%!X8'8!%*8!%-'@8%!6&'!(%/#8+%(J!7*8!,&/'(8!%8-2!&6!,&/'(8!")`DBVC!,-28!%&!-+!-@'8828+%!%*-%!%*8! d180! ,&2:8%8+,0[! (*&/5#! G8P! k?'8-%$+@! -! ,5-(('&&2! 8+<$'&+28+%! X*$,*!

36


!

VW!!

6-,$5$%-%8(! 7&%-5! `8<85&:28+%! &6! t&/+@! ?*$5#'8+e!X*$,*! /5%$2-%850! (*&/5#! G8!#8<85&:8#! G0! %*8! (%/#8+%(! -6%8'! 6&55&X$+@! %*8!X*&58! ,&/'(8J! >%!X-(! +&%! <8'0!($2:58!%&!$#8+%$60!%*8!6$+-5!&/%:/%!-%!%*8!<8'0!G8@$++$+@J!]8!*-#!%&!,*-+@8!%*8!X&'#$+@!&6! %*8! (%-%828+%!&+! 180! ,&2:8%8+,0! (8<8'-5! %$28(! %&!2-18! $%!2&'8!28-+$+@6/5!-+#!68-($G58J!!

9/'!+8Z%!%-(1!X-(!%&!6&'2/5-%8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(!6&'!%*8!X*&58!,&/'(8P!#/'$+@!X*$,*!X8!*-#! %&! 6-,8! -! 5&%! &6! ,*-558+@8(J!]8!*-#! %&! ,*-+@8! $%! (8<8'-5! %$28(!/+%$5!X8! ,-28! /:!X$%*! -::'&:'$-%8! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(J! 7*8!2&(%! ,*-558+@$+@!%-(1!X-(!6&'2$+@!%*8!58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(!$+!G8*-<$&'-5!%8'2(J!]8!*-#!%&!%*$+1!&6! %*8! 68-($G$5$%0P! 8668,%$<8+8((! -+#! 28-(/'-G$5$%0! &6! %*8! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(J!_&X8<8'! -6%8'! (8<8'-5! -%%82:%(! 6$<8! 58-'+$+@! &/%,&28(! X8'8! 6&'28#!(/,,8((6/550J!!

7*8+! X8! 6$+-5$i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i8#!-(!6&55&X(L!

• `8(,'$G8!%*8!,&+,8:%!&6!,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!-+#!6-,%&'(!-668,%$+@!$%J!

• H+-50i8! %*8! ,*-'-,%8'$(%$,(! &6! ,*$5#'8+! -%! #$668'8+%! (%-@8(! &6! ,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%J

• ;(8! %*8! /+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! ,*$5#! #8<85&:28+%! %&! #8($@+! -+#! #8<85&:!-::'&:'$-%8!58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(J

• >2:5828+%! 58-'+$+@! -,%$<$%$8(! -+#! 8<-5/-%8! %*8$'! $2:-,%! &+! ,*$5#!#8<85&:28+%!

7*8!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!-::'&-,*!X*$,*!X8!8Z:8'$8+,8#!X$%*!8Z,$%828+%!#/'$+@! %*8! X&'1(*&:! X-(! $#8+%$6$8#! -(! 8Z,$%$+@P! $++&<-%$<8! %8-,*$+@!28%*&#&5&@0!%*-%!,-+!#$'8,%!(%/#8+%(!6&'!-+!-,%$<8!58-'+$+@!:'&,8((J!7*8!%8-2!282G8'(! *-#! %&! ,'8-%8! (,8+-'$&(! 6&'! 8-,*! (8(($&+! $+! &'#8'! %&! :'&<$#8! -+!$+%8'-,%$<8! 58-'+$+@! 8+<$'&+28+%! 6&'! 58-'+8'(! %&! -,*$8<8! %*8! 58-'+$+@!&/%,&28(J! >%! X-(! <8'0! #$66$,/5%! 6&'! %*8! %8-2! %&! 6$'(%! /+#8'(%-+#! X*-%! -'8!58-'+$+@! (,8+-'$&(g!_&X! %&! ,'8-%8! %*82!-+#! *&X! %&! 5$+1! $%!X$%*! %*8! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8(g! ]8! 2-#8! (8<8'-5! -%%82:%(! $+$%$-550P! *&X8<8'! X8! 6-$58#J! 7*8!,&/'(8! %8-2! &6! ")`DBVC! 6-,8#! #$66$,/5%0! $+! ,'8-%$+@! -! ,&22&+! (,8+-'$&! %*-%!

37


!

VS!!

X$55! 65&X! %*'&/@*!-55! %*8! (8(($&+(J!38<8'%*858((P! %*8! ,&/'(8! %8-2!X-(!-G58! %&!,'8-%8! (,8+-'$&(! 6&'! 68X! (8(($&+(!#/'$+@! %*8!X&'1(*&:P! G/%! 5-%8'!X-(! -G58! %&!#8<85&:!(,8+-'$&(! 6&'!'82-$+$+@!(8(($&+(!%&&J!H%%82:%(!X8'8!2-#8!%&!*-<8!-!,&22&+! (,8+-'$&P! G/%! /5%$2-%850! &+50! %*8! 6$'(%! %X&! (8(($&+(! *-#! -! ,&22&+!(,8+-'$&J!4$+-550P! %*8!,&/'(8!,&+($(%8#!&6! %*'88!#$668'8+%! (,8+-'$&(! %*-%! 5$+18#!X$%*!-55!%8+!(8(($&+(J!!

7*8!(,8+-'$&(!X8'8!#8($@+8#!%&!#$'8,%!(%/#8+%(!%&!9"O!-(!X855!-(!2-+0!&%*8'!'85$-G58! X8G! '8(&/',8(! -+#! 8((8+%$-5! '8-#$+@(! a8((8+%$-5! '8-#$+@(! -'8! %*8!(8(($&+(! &6! 8Z$(%$+@! :'$+%8#! 2-%8'$-5(bP! -##$%$&+-5! '8-#$+@! 2-%8'$-5(P! <$#8&(P!f/$ii8(P!&+5$+8!-,%$<$%$8(J!"<8+!(&P!$%!X-(!+&%!%*-%!8-(0!%&!6$+#!'858<-+%!9"O!6&'!%*8!(8(($&+(J! >+!&'#8'! %&! 6$+#!9"OP! %*8!%8-2!282G8'(!*-#!%&! 6-2$5$-'$i8!X$%*!%*8!,'8-%$<8!,&22&+!5$,8+(8(J!H%!%*8!G8@$++$+@!$%!X-(!-!58+@%*0!:'&,8((J!]$%*!%*8!-X-'8+8((!'-$(8#!-+#!1+&X58#@8!@-$+8#!-%!%*8!X&'1(*&:(P!%*8!282G8'(!&6!%*8!%8-2!X&'18#!%&@8%*8'!$+!$#8+%$60$+@!9"O!'858<-+%!%&!%*8!(8(($&+(P!(/,*!-(P!'8-#$+@!2-%8'$-5(P!<$#8&(P!G&&1(!-+#!f/$ii8(J!

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

H6%8'! $+#$<$#/-5! X&'1! X-(! ,&2:58%8#P! %*8! %8-2! 5&&18#! -%! -55! %*8! 58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!-+#! $#8+%$6$8#!%*8!(%'8+@%*(!-+#! 5$2$%-%$&+(!&6!%*8! 58-'+$+@!-,%$<$%$8(!-+#!#$#!%*8!+88#8#!-28+#28+%(J!

]*8+! $%! '8-,*8#! %*$(!:&$+%P! %*8!X*&58! 58-'+$+@!8Z:8'$8+,8!X-(!#8($@+8#!-+#!,&2:58%8#J! >%!X-(!+&%! %*-%!2/,*!8-(0! %&! @8%! %*8!-::'&<-5! 6&'! %*8!#8<85&:8#!,&/'(8!G0! %*8!X&'1(*&:! 6-,$5$%-%&'J!H6%8'! ,&2:58%$+@! %*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6! %*8!,&/'(8P!%*8!:'&,8((!&6!:'&&6!'8-#$+@!-+#!8#$%$+@!G0!%*8!8Z:8'%$(8!X8'8!,-''$8#!&/%J!H6%8'!(8<8'-5!8#$%$+@!'&/+#(P!%*8!6$+-5!&/%:/%!X-(!'8-#0!%&!&668'J!_&X8<8'P!%*$(!X-(!+&%! %*8!8+#$+@!&6! %*$(!X*&58!'8#8($@+$+@!:'&,8((J!\&'8!X&'1!*-#!%&!G8!#&+8J!!

Q0!%*8!8+#!&6!%*8!:'&,8((P!%*8!%8-2!282G8'(!G8,-28!6-2$5$-'!X$%*!-52&(%!-55!%*8!,&+,8:%(!'85-%8#!X$%*!>?7P!9"O!-+#!),8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@J!Q0!5&&1$+@!-%!%*8! 6$+-5! ,&+,8:%! 2-:(! X*8+! ,&2:-'8#! X$%*! %*8! 6$'(%! ,&+,8:%! 2-:(P! %*8!

38


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

VT!!

,*-+@8(!%*-%!&,,/''8#!#/'$+@!%*8!X&'1(*&:(!-'8!-::-'8+%J!a4$+-5!,&+,8:%!2-:(!&6!78-2!282G8'!W!-+#!78-2!282G8'!D!-'8!:'8(8+%8#!$+!6$@/'8(!BJV!-+#!BJEJb!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Fig.

2.3

Fin

al c

once

pt m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 1

BED

ECE

Gro

up

Wha

t is?

Wha

t is

it?

wha

t is

it?

Char

acte

ristic

s

ty

pes

Exam

ples

Whe

re is

it s

tore

d?

How

to id

entif

y?

Wha

t is

OER

?

COU

RSE

on

ESD

1230

- Chi

ld D

evel

opm

ent

An

Educ

atio

nal r

esou

rce

for

teac

hing

& le

arni

ng. (

Dig

ital o

r an

y ot

her)

Tran

spor

tabl

e,

reus

able

, in

tero

pera

ble,

Fact

ual,

Proc

edur

al,

Prin

cipa

l-bas

ed,

Conc

eptu

al

In le

arni

ng o

bjec

t re

posi

tori

es

POO

L, P

ON

D,

SPLA

SH, M

ERLO

T,

CARE

O

Ope

n sc

hola

rshi

p

Shar

ing

our w

ork

Ope

n Ba

dges

Rec

ords

of a

chie

vem

ents

ht

tp://

blog

.moz

illa

.org

/blo

g/20

11/0

9/15

/ope

nbad

ges/

Shou

ld b

e op

en li

cens

ed

and

labe

led

ICT

INTE

GRA

TED

LEA

RNIN

G

OU

TCO

MES

SCEN

ARI

O B

ASE

LE

ARN

ING

ACT

IVIT

IES

INTE

GRA

TED

COU

RSE

on

ESD

1230

- Chi

ld D

evel

opm

ent

EVA

LUA

TIO

N

Onl

ine

cour

se

deve

lopm

ent

INTE

GRA

TED

MO

OCs

39


Crea

tive

com

mon

s

Op

en l

earn

ing

(Op

enn

ess

in

Lear

nin

g)

Rem

ovin

g

al

l bar

rier

s to

Lea

rnin

g

Op

en A

cces

s

Faci

litat

es

Faci

litat

es b

y pr

ovid

ing

cert

i�ica

tes

Supp

ort b

y pr

ovid

ing

gu

idan

ce o

n ho

w

to u

se

reso

urce

s

Mas

sive

Ope

n O

nlin

e C

ours

e

Prov

ide

oppo

rtun

itie

s fo

r un

limit

ed n

umbe

r of

par

tici

pant

s to

reg

iste

r fo

r on

line

lear

ning

Open

Sc

hola

rshi

ps

Op

en B

adge

s

Supp

ort b

y pr

ovid

ing

scho

larl

y re

sour

ces

Supp

ort b

y pr

ovid

ing

due

reco

gnit

ion

Bar

rier

s to

Lear

ning

Acc

ess

to

Inst

itute

s

Lear

ning

-teac

hing

co

mm

unity

peer

s, tu

tors

Lear

ning

con

tent

Soci

al b

arrie

rs

Age

Se

x

R

ace

Ec

onom

ic s

trata

Scen

ario

bas

ed

lear

ning

O

pen

Educ

ation

al R

esou

rces

Book

Cha

pter

s, R

esea

rch

artic

les,

Onl

ine

Qui

zzes

, Sel

f Ass

essm

ents

,

Vide

os, A

udio

s, w

ikip

edia

Dev

elop

men

t of

Onl

ine

Cour

se

ESD

1230

Prov

ide

free

ac

cess

to

Peda

gogy

Seve

ral

lear

ning

ou

tcom

es

Des

igne

d to

ach

ieve

Lear

ning

Ex

peri

ence

s

Achi

eved

th

roug

h

Faci

litat

e

Lear

ning

A

ctiviti

es

Onl

ine

foru

ms

Onl

ine

Clas

sroo

m

Qui

zzes

Self

asse

ssm

ents

Face

to fa

ce

sess

ions

Esse

ntial

Re

adin

gs

Onl

ine

lear

ning

hel

p to

min

imiz

e

Fig.

2.4

Fin

al c

once

pt m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 6

40

Integrating OER in Educational Practice : Practitioner Stories!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"#!!

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

"#$%#&'()*+,!-!*#.!/#01!)$!%(23'!

B*+%@!./93!&+123'!2'('39@%9%@!;+12%'D!.'4:!:':5'23!,433'(!.0+!:4;+2!3.4@'3P!

• 8.4@'!#P!FM,+39%@!.+!&+%&',.3!$FG!4%(!2'*4.'(!&+%&',.3-!=>?!4%(!8&'%429+H543'(!*'42%9%@-!!

• 8.4@'!JP!G'('39@%9%@!./'!&+123'!9%.'@24.9%@!$FG-!=>?!4%(!8&'%429+H543'(!*'42%9%@A!

456)+(*2!')!&)*&#6'!)$!74"!0*8!9#%0'#8!&)*&#6'+:!;<=!0*8!>&#*09()?/0+#8!%#09*(*2!

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

41

The Open University of Sri Lanka!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"J!!

./'! :':5'23! 4.! ./'! 5'@9%%9%@-! (129%@! ./'! ,2+&'33! 4%(! 4.! ./'! '%(! +<! ./'!,2+&'33-! 9%(9&4.'(! ./'! ,2+@2'33! +<! ./'92! 1%('23.4%(9%@! 4%(! 4,,*9&4.9+%! +%! ./'!./2''!&+%&',.3P!$FG-!=>?!4%(!8&'%429+H543'(!*'42%9%@A!!!

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

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

X9@A!JAW!=%9.94*!&+%&',.!:4,!+<!?'4:!:':5'2!J!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

"#$%!&%'!()#*#+,!-.)-/0*!1+0!.2!3/+1!1/14/5!&!

!

67789!

70/)!:;<-+*#.)+,!=5+-*#-/9!

!

>/,/-*!8.<59/!:>?@&AB!

!"#$

%&'()*+'$%,--,./$

70/)!C/+5)#)$!

70/)!D+;$/9!

70/)!>-E.,+59E#09!

0.)'1&()*,.$,2$

0%3$(.4$!"#$

Fig. 2.5 Initial concept map of Team member 2

42


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"K!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

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

X9@A!JAV!=%9.94*!&+%&',.!:4,!+<!?'4:!:':5'2!V!

Open Education resources

OERs

What are the OERs

Important of OER

How to use OER for teaching learning process

Types of learning resources

Identify common license & Abbreviation key

Characteristics of learning resources

CCBY-NC-SA CCBY-NC

CCBY/CCBY- SA/CCBY-ND

Quizzes Texts

Video/audio

Fig. 2.6 Initial concept map of Team member 5

43


Fig.

2.7

Fin

al c

once

pt m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 2

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

"#$%&'()*!+#$,('()!

"#$%&'($)*#!

*+!",

-!(#

.!/01

!

-.#(!

/01%$"'2($+!

3,$%"'%#4!

!

/01

!

-.#(!5%&2

+$,4&'.!

!

-.#(!

6$0)#4!

7--84!

!

!94#!-/:!

!

,'%($)2

%!,*

33*#

4!!

/;.2

<#,!

+#$,(#,4!

:#14#!

-/:! !

/01%$"'2($+!$44#44;#("!

:#4#$,%&!

.1,.24#4!

-.#(+=!+'%#(4#0!

02%1;#("4!

5>!

!

?@!

?8!

6A!

:#14#!

:#B'4'"'()!

!:#0'4",'C1"#! :#;'D!

!E&$"!

.+$%#!

F,$0'"'2(

$+!

%21,4#!

;$"#,'$+4!

-.#(!

G#$,('()!

!

-(+'(#!

G#$,('()!

!E&#,#!

!E&#(!

-.#(!

$%%#44!

-(+'(#!%21,4#!

E&$"!

H2C!

F,$'('()!

I2,;

$+!

4%&2

2+!

5#+#%"!

%21,4#!

/5@J

KLM!

>44')

(;#("!!

G#$,('()!

21"%2;

#!!

8,#$"#!

4%#($,'24!!

!

>44#44;#("!

,1C,'%! !

!G#$,('()!

$%"'B'"=!

!

44


Fig. 2.8 Final concept map of Team member 5

2nd phase

Course development

Learning Activities

Learning Resources

OER materials

Learning Scenarios

Other web resources

Assignments

Designing Course material

Videos related to course content

Piloting course material

Offering course (online)

Selecting sample

Orientation

Engaging activities

Assignments (models)

Getting feedback

Discussions forum

Scenario Based Learning

45

The Open University of Sri Lanka!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

!

EW!!

4/'%*8'P! %*8! '8658,%$<8! (%-%828+%(! $+#$,-%8#! +&%! &+50! %*8$'! %*&'&/@*!/+#8'(%-+#$+@! &6! %*8! ,&+,8:%(! 9"OP! >?7! -+#! %*8$'! $+%8'I'85-%$&+(*$:(! G/%! -5(&!%*8!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!%*80!@-$+8#!$+!(,8+-'$&!G-(8#!58-'+$+@!%&!'8#8($@+!%*8!,&/'(8! $+,5/#$+@! 8((8+%$-5! -(:8,%(! %*-%! 6$%! X$%*! $+! %*8! ,&+%8Z%! &6! %*8! 9:8+!`$(%-+,8!=8-'+$+@!a9`=b!2&#8J!!!

4&55&X$+@! -'8! (&28! &6! %*8! f/&%8(! G0! %*8! %8-2!282G8'(! '8<8-5$+@! *&X! %*8$'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&+!>?7P!9"O!-+#!(,8+-'$&IG-(8#!58-'+$+@!$2:'&<8#!@'-#/-550J!

)_H#)#7$)S$%(""("%)F;)."-$&5#'"-("%)E'5N_*+,)(5)0"1("$)&$50.&/$5)#7'#)'&$)B&$$1;) 'A'(1'S1$`) HB#$&) #7$)E0&<570?) ) !) ."-$&5#00-) #7'#)*+,) '&$) #$'/7("%=)1$'&"("%)g)&$5$'&/7)F'#$&('15)(")'";)F$-(.F=)-(%(#'1)0&)'";)0#7$&)F0-$)#7'#)$K(5#) (") ') ?.S1(/) -0F'("=) #7'#) /0.1-) S$) '//$55$-=) .5$-) =g) &$-(5#&(S.#$-) S;)'";S0-;)E(#7)1(F(#$-)0&)"0)&$5#&(/#(0"5)g)"0)/05#Z)!#)E'5)B0."-)#7'#)F05#)0B)#7$) &$50.&/$5) (") #7$) E$S5(#$5^'5) E$11) '5) (") #7$) #$K#) S00<5) '&$) "0#) *+,)F'#$&('1Z)*"1;)F'#$&('15)#7'#)?055$55$5)66)1'S$1)'&$)*+,Z`)

4&55&X$+@!282G8'!#8(,'$G8(!*$(!<$8X(!&+!%*8!X&'1(*&:!-+#!*&X!$%!X-(!*85:6/5!%&!*$2!%&!8Z:-+#!*$(!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&+!%*8!,&+,8:%(J!

_!) 1(5#$"$-) #0) 2&0BZ) 40F) :'(-.Z) b$) $K?1'("$-) 'S0.#) *?$") C$'&"("%=) *?$")+-./'#(0"'1),$50.&/$5)'"-)*?$")4/701'&57(?Z)T.&("%)5$55(0")Y=)7$)-(5/.55$-)70E) #0) ?&0F0#$) 0?$") 1$'&"("%) '"-) 0?$") 5/701'&57(?Z) J("'11;) 7$) 7'5)$K?1'("$-) 'S0.#) ("#$%&'#("%) 0?$") $-./'#(0"'1) &$50.&/$5) (") 1$'&"("%) '"-)#$'/7("%`Z))

7*80! 6/'%*8'! #8(,'$G8#! %*-%! 68-%/'8(! 5$18! *-+#(! &+! a:'-,%$,-5b! 8Z:8'$8+,8(P!8Z,8558+%!6-,$5$%-%$&+P!@/$#-+,8!-+#!(/::&'%P!2&%$<-%$&+!-+#!(-%$(6-,%$&+!@-$+8#!%*'&/@*!-,%$<$%$8(! $+!%*8!X&'1(*&:(! 6-,$5$%-%8#!%*8$'! %*$+1$+@!:'&,8((J!7*80!*-#!5$2$%8#!:'$&'!8Z:8'$8+,8P! %8,*+&5&@$,-5! (1$55(P! 5$2$%8#! 6-,$5$%$8(! a%8,*+&5&@0b!-+#!5$2$%8#! %$28! %*-%! X&/5#! -668,%! %*8! :'&,8#/'8(! X*8+! $+%8@'-%$+@! %*8(8! +8X!,&+,8:%(J!

7*8!'8658,%$&+(!&6!%8-2!282G8'(!-5(&!'8<8-58#!*&X!%*8$'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&6!%*8!180!,&+,8:%(!-+#!%*8$'!-::5$,-%$&+!%&!%*8!#8<85&:28+%!&6!,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(!X8'8!/(8#! %&! X$#8+! %*8! 1+&X58#@8! &6! (%/#8+%(! %*'&/@*&/%! %*8! X&'1(*&:(J! >%! X-(!8<$#8+%!%*'&/@*!6&55&X$+@!f/&%-%$&+(!&6!(8<8'-5!%8-2!282G8'(L!

_H//0&-("%) #0)F;)?$&/$?#(0"=) #7$) /0"/$?#5) M*+,O) '"-) !6>) 7$1?) #0) ?&0F0#$)5$1BN1$'&"("%=) /&$'#(A$) #7("<("%=) ?$$&) '55$55F$"#) '"-) $A'1.'#(0") '"-)/0F?$#$"/;)0B)1$'&"("%)#0)1$'&"ZZZ`)

46

Integrating OER in Educational Practice : Practitioner Stories))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

ES!!

_!)S$1($A$=)(B)E$)/'")'??1;)#7(5)<"0E1$-%$)B0&)0.&)*@4C)/0"#$K#)#7$)5#.-$"#5)'"-)#$'/7$&5)/'")%$#)F0&$)S$"$B(#5Z`))

_*+,) /0.1-) S$) .5$-) (")F;) >$'/7("%)g) C$'&"("%) ?&0/$55) A$&;) $'5(1;) &'#7$&)#7'")5?$"-("%)#(F$)0")E&(#("%)1$550"5`Z)

_C$'&"$&5)/'")'//$55)*+,)F'#$&('15)'#)'";)#(F$Z)>7(5) (5)A$&;)/0"A$"($"#)B0&)-(5#'"/$)1$'&"$&5)("5#$'-)0B)/'&&;("%)0.#)S.1<)?&("#$-)F'#$&('15`)

7*8!6&55&X$+@!f/&%-%$&+!&6!&+8!&6!%*8!%8-2!282G8'(!(*&X(!*&X!(*8!<-5/8#!%*8!8Z:8'$8+,8!@-$+8#!%*'&/@*!%*$(!-,%$<$%0J!

_T$A$10?("%) 5/$"'&(0) S'5$-) 1$'&"("%) F'#$&('15) E'5) '") ("#$&$5#("%)(""0A'#("%)'/#(A(#;)#7'#)%(A$5)F$)<("-)0B)F0#(A'#(0")#0)7$'-("%)#0E'&-5)#7$)B.#.&$) $-./'#(0"Z) >7(5) ?&09$/#) %'A$)F$) ') 10#) 0B) <"0E1$-%$) '"-) A$&;) %00-)$K?$&($"/$5`Z)

7*8!6&55&X$+@!f/&%-%$&+!&6!%*8!%8-2!58-#8'!(*&X(!%*8!@'8-%! $+%8'8(%!(*&X+!G0!%*8!282G8'(!&6!%*8!%8-2J!!

_T$A$10?("%)5/$"'&(0)S'5$-)1$550")F'#$&('15)M("/0&?0&'#("%)*+,O)E'5)')"$E)$K?$&($"/$)B0&)F;)9."(0&)/011$'%.$5)(")#7$)%&0.?Z)U0."%)1$/#.&$&5)$"%'%$-)(")#7$)#'5<)E(#7)%&$'#)("#$&$5#Z)+A$")#70.%7)E$)E$&$)"0#)'S1$)#0)B("(57)#7$)#'5<=)'#)#7$)$"-)0B)#7$)-';)!)E'5)A$&;)5'#(5B($-)E(#7) ("#$&$5#)570E")S;)#7$)9."(0&)/011$'%.$5Z`)

4/'%*8'2&'8P! (&28! &6! %*8! %8-2! 282G8'(! $55/(%'-%8#! %*8! :'&@'8((! &6! %*8$'!/+#8'(%-+#$+@!&+!(,8+-'$&(!$+!%*8$'!,&+,8:%!2-:(J!!

7*/(P!X*8+!'8658,%$+@!G-,1!&+!%*8!X*&58!:'&,8((P!%*8!58,%/'8'(!-::'8,$-%8#!%*8!8+&'2&/(!8Z:8'$8+,8(!-+#!8Z:&(/'8! '8,8$<8#! %*'&/@*! %*8!X*&58!:'&,8((J!3&%!&+50!%*-%P!X8!G85$8<8#!%*-%!%*8!!1+&X58#@8!-+#!(1$55(!@-$+8#!%*'&/@*!%*$(!-,%$<$%0!5-$#!-!(%'&+@!6&/+#-%$&+!6&'!/(!%&!5&&1!6&'X-'#!%&!8+@-@8!$+!%*8!#8($@+!-+#!'8I#8($@+!&6! %*8! ,&/'(8!2-%8'$-5(! $+! -! +&<85!X-0P! $+,&':&'-%$+@!2&'8! '8,8+%! -+#!/:#-%8#!$+6&'2-%$&+J!!

4$+-550P!%*$(!$(!-55!-G&/%!%*8!R":'O".6'1K'E)J-%';-"5'1/'%-"6'%1'%-)/S')/'.'/1>"0':.&'1/'*1$2;"'5";)J/)/J'#21*";;H'!!

7*8!%8-2!X*$58!-,1+&X58#@$+@!%*8!(/::&'%!@-$+8#!%*'&/@*!%*8!:'&,8((!(/@@8(%(!%*-%!%*$(!1$+#!&6!X&'1!(*&/5#!$+,5/#8!2&'8!X&'1(*&:!-,%$<$%$8(!%&!,&2:58%8!%*8!X*&58!:'&,8((!2&'8!8668,%$<850!X$%*$+!-!(*&'%8'!:8'$&#!&6!%$28J!

!

47


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"]!!

<306'#9!@!

76#*(*2!)A9!.)9%8!')!>&#*09()+:!74"!0*8!;<=!!TCKC!J&=1+(&@!GC!U-(1+77/$%,@!UCKC6CJCVC!F&/&/1@!!GC!W1*10)*(%&@!!!!!!!!!!!!!EC!U1*.1*(1+1!1*.!!#C?C!?/-(18'1*.1/1!!

!

=3#!<)*'#5'!!

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`!+<!9.3!,2+@24::'3!9%!'4&/!D'42A!?/'2'<+2'-!./'!&+123'!.'4:! 043! &+%)9%&'(! 9%! 3'*'&.9%@! ./93! &+123'! <+2! 2'('39@%9%@! 09./! 4! )9'0! .+!

Chapter

3

48

Integrating OER in Educational Practice : Practitioner Stories!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

VL!!

9:,2+)9%@!./'![14*9.D!+<!*'42%9%@!+,,+2.1%9.9'3!@9)'%!.+!3.1('%.3!4%(!529(@'!./'!(93.4%&'!5D!9%.'@24.9%@!$FG!4%(!=>?-!1%('2!4!,2+;'&.!9%9.94.'(!5D!./'!X4&1*.DA!!")08!106!)$!)A9!B)A9*#C!!

=%!./93!;+12%'D!0'!0'2'!.2D9%@!.+!<9%(!4%30'23!.+!.0+!:49%!9331'3P!!!

• T+0!(+!0'!2'H('39@%!4%(!(')'*+,!4!&+123'!5D!9%&+2,+24.9%@!8&'%429+3-!$FG! 4%(! +%*9%'! 9%.'24&.9+%! <+2! 6A! F(! 3.1('%.3! 0/9*'! 9:,2+)9%@! ./'!&4,4&9.D!+<!3.4<<!9%!./+3'!42'43a!!4%(-!!!

• T+0! <42! ./'! 2'H('39@%'(! &+123'! 0+1*(! '%45*'! 13! .+! (')'*+,! %'0!C%+0*'(@'-! ,2+<'339+%4*! 3C9**3! 4%(! 4..9.1('3! 9%! ./+3'! 3.1('%.3! 9%! *9%'!09./! 4! ,9*+.! 3.1(D! 9%! +2('2! <+2! ./':! .+! ,'2<+2:! ./'92! ,2+<'339+%4*!4&.9)9.9'3!9%!4!34.93<4&.+2D!:4%%'2A!!

!X12./'2-! +12! 9%.'%.9+%! 043! .+! 'M4:9%'! ./'! '<<'&.9)'%'33! +<! 8b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

49


Tabl

e 4.

1- O

utlin

e of

our

jour

ney

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"$!

!

56&

2&!7&!7&2&!!

+,2!

80#%9!

#/:!

#9;.2#-.0

/9!

+,2!./

-&2<&/

-.0/9!!

56&

2&!7&!7#/

-!-0!$&

!!

%&'(

)*+,!'

-!,./0*1.,!21!

3&*,*1.21

4!.5*+

,*)6*,!

357,289))7!!!21!-98*:.':

-98*!,*

,,2'1,!!

;'!&*

0/8*!.5

*!35

7,289)!

02,.918*!(*.<**1!

,./0

*1.,!910

!.*985*&,!(7!

/,214!=>?

!+*.5'

0,!

@18'&3'&9.*!=>?

!+*.5'

0')'42*,!.'

!-982)2.9.*!,./0

*1.!

)*9&1214!!

A./0

*1.,!4*9&*0!

.'<9&0,!=>?

B!<'&C214!

9.!.5

*2&!'

<1!3)98*!910!

398*!!

=/.:09.*0!5910!'/

.,!

910!&*-*&*18*!)2,.,!

0*6*)'3*0!1*9&)7!,*

6*1!

7*9&,!9

4'!/,21

4!.&902.2'1

9)!+*.5'

0,!

;'!&*

0*,24

1!.5*!8'/&,*!

/,214!,8*19&2'!D(9,*0!

)*9&1214!933

&'985B!

98.262.2*,!910

!9,,24

1+*1.,!.'

!+9C*!2.!

+'&*!629()*!-'

&!,./0*1.,!!

>*,24

1B!0*6*)'3

!910

!21.*4&9.*!A8*19&2',B!

98.262.2*,B!9,,241+

*1.,B!

*,,*1.29)!&*90214,!9

10!

9002.2'

19)!&*90214!

+9.*&29)!.'!.5*!

,*)*8.*0!8'/

&,*!!

E/9)2.7!+9.*&29)!

0*6*)'3*0!

218'&3'&9.214!,8*19&2'!

(9,*0:)*9&1214!

933&'985!!

F/12'&!,.9--!+

*+(*&,!

<2.5

!)2+2.*

0!*G3*&2*

18*!

21!0*6*)'3

214!=>?

!8'/&,*,!!

;'!*G3910!'3

3'&./1

2.2*,!

.'!H/12'&!,.9--!-'&!

893982.7!(/2)0214!'1

!0*6*)'3214!,8

*19&2',B!

21.*4&9.2'1!'-!=IJ

,!910

!@K;!

K'/&,*!.*

9+,!<

'&C!

8''3

*&9.26*)7!910!

8'))9('

&9.26*)7!21!.5

*!0*,24

1B!0*6*)'3

+*1.!

<2.5

!32)'.21

4!910!

21.*4&9.2'1!'-!,8

*19&2',!

910!'.5*&!8'+

3'1*1.,!!

K93982.7!(/2)0214!!

K''3

*&9.2'1!910!

8'))9('

&9.2'

1!

;*9+

!<'&C!!

L..2./0

219)!85914*,!

!

(Con

td.)

50


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"M!

!! ! ! ! !

N'!21.*4&9.2'1!'-!=IJ,!

9,!)*9&1214!+9.*&29)!-'&!

8'/&,*,!!

;'!20*1.2-7!910!21.*4&9.*!

,/2.9

()*!=IJ,!9

,!9!

)*9&1214!&*

,'/&8*!21!.5

*!8'/&,*!

;&921214!<'&C,5'

3,!'1!

20*1.2-7214!910

!21.*4&9.214!=IJ

!!

L8.26*!39&.28239.2'1!21!

<'&C,5'

3,!910

!20*1.2-289.2'1!'-!

&*)*691.!=IJ,!(

7!,.9--!

+*+

(*&,!

?2+2.*

0!21.*&98.2'1!

(*.<

**1!21,.2./

.2'1!

910!,./0

*1.,!.5

&'/45!

'1:)21*!!

;'!-982)2.9.*!21.*&98.2'1!

(*.<

**1!,.9--!910

!,./0

*1.,!.5

&'/45!'1

:)21*!

+*.5'

0,!

;&921214!<'&C,5'

3,!'1!

@K;!21.*4&9.2'1!!

L33)289.2'1!'-!@K;!

+*.5'

0,!-'

&!*--*

8.26*)7!

21.*&98.214!<2.5

!,./0

*1.,!!

%''&!3*&-'&+

918*!'-!

,./0

*1.,!21!

*G9+

219.2'1,B!&*,*9&85!

910!3&98.289)!<'&C!!

;'!8&*9.*!9!3'

,2.26*!

85914*!21!.5

*!C1'<

)*04*B!

,C2)),!9

10!9..2./

0*,!'

-!,./0

*1.,!21!&*

)9.2'

1!.'!

.5*!,*)*8.*0!,/

(H*8.!!

O,*!02--*&*1.!

3&'8*0/&*,!

,7,.*+

9.289))7!<5285!

<2))!8&*9.*!9!3'

,2.26*!

85914*!21!,./0

*1.,!!

P245!Q/9)2.7!4&90/9.*,!

3&'0

/8*0!.5

&'/45!.5*!

8'/&,*!

?2+2.*

0!*G3*&2*

18*!'-!

,.9--!910

!,./0

*1.,!21!

8'10

/8.21

4!&*,*9&85!

;'!3&'620*!'33

'&./12.2*

,!-'&!9

8.26*!39&.28239.2'1!21!

.5*!98.2'

1!&*,*9&85!

8'10

/8.*0!(7!.5

*!R98/).7!

%)91B!2+3)*+

*1.!9

10!

&*-)*

8.!'1!.5*!98.2'

1!&*,*9&85!3&'H*8.!!

J*,*9&85!8/)./&*!

0*6*)'3*0!9+

'14!,.9--!

+*+

(*&,!!

....(T

able

4.1

con

td.)

51


Fig.

3.1

Flo

w C

hart

Flow

cha

rt

We

are

usin

g di

ffer

ent c

olor

s to

desc

ribe

our j

ourn

ey.

OU

SL

has

starte

d he

r jou

rney

34

year

s bef

ore.

In

our j

ourn

ey, w

e re

aliz

ed so

me

shor

tage

of l

earn

ing

reso

urce

s. Th

is fl

ow c

hart

show

s the

out

com

e of

the

inno

vativ

e str

ateg

ies w

hat w

e br

ough

t in

the

year

201

3, to

reac

h th

e go

al o

f our

jour

ney.

Esse

ntia

l re

adin

gs

Lear

ning

Re

sour

ce Stud

y G

uide

Link

s of

O

ERs

Tea

chin

g –L

earn

ing

Onl

ine

OD

L m

ode

Fina

l wri

tten

exa

m

Off

line

Take

hom

e as

sign

men

t

Act

ivit

y ba

sed

assi

gnm

ent

Pres

enta

tion

Ass

ignm

ent

elig

ibili

ty

Onl

ine

inte

ract

ion

Lear

ning

A

ctiv

itie

s

Chat

ting

Dis

cuss

ion

foru

ms

Ass

essm

ent

acti

viti

es

Expe

cted

O

utco

mes

Succ

essf

ul

Com

plet

ion

Ass

ignm

ent M

arks

50%

Fi

nal w

ritt

en e

xam

M

arks

50%

Cond

uct

ses

sion

s

Sel

f-st

udy

Com

mun

icat

ion

skill

s

ICT

Ski

lls

R

esea

rch

skill

s

Up

to d

ate

Hig

her

orde

r co

gnit

ive

skill

s

Prof

essi

onal

co

mpe

tenc

ies

Cope

wit

h w

orld

of

prof

essi

onal

Rede

sign

O

ld

Stru

ctur

e

ESP2

311-

Ps

ycho

logi

cal

Foun

datio

ns o

f Ed

ucat

ion

Lear

ning

Res

ourc

es

Ass

essm

ent &

Eva

luat

ion

Tea

chin

g –L

earn

ing

List

of

read

ing

mat

eria

ls

Han

ds

outs

Fina

l wri

tten

ex

am

Self-

stud

y

OD

L

Off

line

Face

to

face

se

ssio

ns

Succ

essf

ul

Com

plet

ion

Fina

l wri

tten

exa

m M

arks

70

%

Ass

ignm

ent

Mar

ks 3

0%

Scen

ario

bas

ed

appr

oach

A

sses

smen

t &

Eva

luat

ion

Mas

ter

of E

duca

tion

Scen

ario

bas

ed te

achi

ng-le

arni

ng a

ppro

ach

Inte

grat

ing

OER

s

Inte

rven

tion

s In

tegr

atin

g IC

T

52


!

""!!

"#$%&'()'%*!+%#!,$-+../,'%*!0/,!#',$1&'0%.!!

2$.'*%'%*!+%#!'%&$*,+&'%*!.1$%+,'0-3+.$#!4$+,%'%*!!

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

• G$60.!.%C%0'9-%/+!• G'8/6+6C%!9)'&%**%*!• >%,)/6/8!• G$60.)%/!46+$!*9%&6,0!/%%.*!!

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

>%,)/6/8! *&%/,)6'! 6*! +$%! *+,)+6/8! 9'6/+! '5! *+(.%/+! 0%,)/6/8A! ;+(.%/+*! $,C%! +'!%/8,8%! 6/! +$%! 0%,)/6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*! ,/.! ,**%**-%/+! +,*3! 2,*%.! '/! +$%! 3%1! )'0%!4$6&$!+$%1!/%%.!+'!,**(-%!5)'-!+$%!*&%/,)6'A!#$6*!&'()*%!4,*!.%C%0'9%.!,*!,!20%/.%.!'/06/%!&'()*%!46+$!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!B9%/!K.(&,+6'/,0!L%*'()&%*!<BKL?!+'!*(99')+!*+(.%/+!0%,)/6/8A!!

!

53


!

"M!!

#$%!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%*!'5!+$%!&'()*%!,)%N!

OA H9901!*+),+%86%*!+'!5,&606+,+%!!+'+,0!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!&$60.)%/!PA Q%*68/! &0,**)''-! +%,&$6/8! 0%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**! +'! 5,&606+,+%! &'8/6+6C%!

9)'&%**%*!'5!&$60.)%/!RA KC,0(,+%!.655%)%/+!5,&+')*!,55%&+6/8!*+(.%/+*S!0%,)/6/8!!TA G)%,+%!,!*(6+,20%!&0,**)''-!%/C6)'/-%/+!5')!%55%&+6C%!0%,)/6/8!"A H9901!*(6+,20%!*+),+%86%*!6/!*&$''0*!+'!9)'-'+%!6/&0(*6C%!%.(&,+6'/!!

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

5$+6!6$63$,.7!,$(4$1&'0%.!0%!#$.'*%'%*!+%#!'%&$*,+&'%*!.1$%+,'0-3+.$#!4$+,%'%*!

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

"##$%&'(!)*!+),-(#!.#/0!0#01#-(!

!"##$%&'(%)* +,-* .$/012$3* 2)43)5* 6)* '$* 5)%)4$3* &* #).* 4$$0* (#* 67*3/$8)11($#9* "* :&(#* 1$6)* #).* );3)/()#<)1* 4(0)=* (5)#'(87(#:* &#5* >1(#:* +,-?*5)1(:#(#:*1<)#&/($*@&1)5*<>//(<>4>6?*<2&#:(#:*'2)*<>//(<>4>6*&<<$/5(#:*'$*'2)*$#4(#)*6$5)*)'<9!**

AB)8$/)*"*.&1*)#:&:)5*(#*+,-*<&3&<('7*@>(45(#:*.$/012$31*"*.&1*#$'*&.&/)*$8*1<)#&/($*@&1)5*4)&/#(#:*&#5*+3)#*,5><&'($#&4*-)1$>/<)19*B>'*&'*'2)*8(/1'*

54


!

"U!!

5&7*$8*'2)*.$/012$3*"*/)&4(C)5*'2&'*@$'2*<$#<)3'1*&/)*%)/7*(63$/'&#'*8$/*&#*&<&5)6(<*(#*&#*$3)#*)5><&'($#&4*(#1'('>'($#D*

A"'*.&1*&*#).*$33$/'>#('7*'$*.$/0*.('2*1)#($/*&<&5)6(<1*'$*12&/)*(5)&19*E$*('*.&1*&*:$$5*<2&#<)*'$*1'&7*.('2$>'*8/>1'/&'($#1D*

AB)8$/)* "* 3&/'(<(3&')5* (#* '2)* 8(/1'* +,-* .$/0* 12$3?* "* 2&5* 1$6)* (5)&* &@$>'*1<)#&/($19*B)<&>1)*"*.$/0)5*8$/*FGH,*"#')/#&'($#&4*3/$:/&66)9*B>'*"*2&%)*:&(#)5*6$/)*);3)/()#<)*5>/(#:*'2)*.$/012$39* "* 8))4*'2(1*.$/0*12$3* (1*6$/)*>1)8>4*8$/*5)%)4$3(#:*$>/*<&3&<('7*@>(45(#:D9*

AI$.)%)/?* "* 1'(44* 2&%)*&* 8))4(#:* '2&'* E<)#&/($1* <&#*5$*%)/7* 4(''4)* '$* 1>33$/'*4)&/#(#:*$8*3$1':/&5>&')*1'>5)#'19**,%)#*'2$>:2*1<)#&/($1*<&#*6&0)*1'>5)#'*4)&/#(#:* 4(%)47?* (#*$/5)/* '$* 8(44* '2)*:&3* (#* '2(1* <$>/1)?*&*#>6@)/*$8*)11)#'(&4*&#5* &55('($#&4* 4)&/#(#:* 6&')/(&4* 12$>45* @)* (#<4>5)5* &#5* '2)7* 12$>45* @)*4(#0)5*.('2*'2)*&<'(%('()1*&#5*&11(:#6)#'1D9**

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

AG<<$/5(#:* '$* 67* >#5)/1'&#5(#:* .2)#* .)* 5)%)4$3)5* 1<)#&/($1* 8$/* $>/*<$>/1)* "* 2&%)* <$#'/(@>')5*.)449* G#5* &41$* "* 2&%)* :&(#)5* &* 4$'* $8* );3)/()#<)*.$/0(#:*.('2*1)#($/1D*

A('* .&1* &* @(:* <2&44)#:)* '$* 6&0)* &* #).* <$>/1)?* @>'* &1* &* :/$>3* .$/0* $>/*12&/(#:J1*&4.&71*:&%)*&*@(:*1'/)#:'29D*

AK)* </)&')5* &* #).* 1<)#&/($* 8$/* $>/* <$>/1)9* H2(1* );)/<(1)* .(44* 2)43* 6)* '$*5)%)4$3*#).*1<)#&/($1*8$/*$'2)/*<$>/1)1*'$$9D*

A"*'2(#0*"*<$#'/(@>')5*.)44*8$/*'2)*5)%)4$36)#'*$8*6&')/(&49D**

*

55


!

"V!!

W'4%C%):! *'-%! *%/6')!-%-2%)*! 6/! +$%! +%,-!4%)%! &'/&%)/%.! ,2'(+! +$%! +6-%!,/.! +$%! /(-2%)! '5! )%C6*6'/*! +$%1! $,.! +'! &'-90%+%! +'! 9)'.(&%! -%,/6/85(0!*&%/,)6'*A! #$%1! +$'(8$+! +$,+! +$%! $%,C1! 4')30',.! '5! +$%! Q%9,)+-%/+! 4,*! ,!.6*+),&+6'/!5')!4')36/8!,*!,!+%,-!+'!.%C%0'9!*&%/,)6'*A!

*AK)*2&5* '$*<2&#:)*$>/*E<)#&/($1* 1)%)/&4* '(6)1* '$*6&0)* '2)6*6$/)* 4(%)47*&#5*/)4)%&#'*'$*'2)*'2)6)1*.)*1)4)<')5D*

AH2)*)&/47*);3)/()#<)*(#*5)%)4$3(#:*1<)#&/($1*8&<(4('&')5*67*3/)1)#'*.$/0D9*

AK('2*'2)*2)&%7*.$/04$&5?* ('*.&1*%)/7*5(88(<>4'*'$*2&%)*&*3)&<)8>4*6(#5*8$/*5)%)4$3(#:*1<)#&/($19D*

AL)%)4$3(#:*1<)#&/($1*&#5*(5)#'(87(#:*1>('&@4)*3/$@4)6&'(<*/$4)1*'$*1>('*.('2*4)&/#(#:*&<'(%('()1*&#5*&11)116)#'*&<'(%('()1*'&0)*6><2*'(6)D*

2-)'-#((!)*!.6#!3#4#$)50#&.!)*!(+#&/-%)(!!

H00!+%,-!-%-2%)*!4%)%!9'*6+6C%!,/.!C%)1!$,991!,2'(+!+$%!9)'8)%**!+$%1!$,C%!-,.%!6/!06/%!46+$!+$%!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!*&%/,)6'*A!!

D* K)* 2&%)* 6&5)* &* '/)6)#5$>1* 3/$:/)11* .('2* /):&/5* '$* 5)%)4$36)#'* $8*E<)#&/($1*)%)#*'2$>:2*('*'$$0*4$#:)/*'(6)*'2&#*);3)<')5D9*

*A"* '2(#0*&1*&*.2$4)?*.)*2&%)*5)%)4$3)5*:$$5*1<)#&/($19*G#5*&41$*.)*2&%)*8$/6)5*1>('&@4)*4)&/#(#:*&#5*&11)116)#'*&<'(%('()1*(#*/)4&'($#*'$*'2)6D*

A"*2&%)*12&/)5*67*(5)&1*.2)#*$>/*')&6*.&1*5)%)4$3(#:*1<)#&/($1D9***

#$%6)! )%50%&+6'/*! 5()+$%)! )%C%,0%.! +$,+! +$%! &'00,2'),+6'/! ,/.! &''9%),+6'/! +$,+!%@6*+%.! ,-'/8! +%,-! -%-2%)*! $%09%.! +$%-! +'! ,&$6%C%! *%+! +,)8%+*A! #$%!$,)-'/6'(*! )%0,+6'/*$69! 4$6&$! %@6*+%.! ,-'/8! +$%! -%-2%)*! 5,&606+,+%.! +$%!6/+%),&+6'/!,-'/8!+%,-!-%-2%)*A!!

AM$44&@$/&'($#* &#5* <$$3)/&'($#* &6$#:* 1'&88* 6)6@)/1* 2&5* (63/$%)5*'2/$>:2*'2(1*3/$<)11D*

AN#5)/*'2)*:>(5&#<)*$8*$>/*')&6*4)&5)/*.)*2&%)*5)%)4$3)5*'2/))*1<)#&/($1*&#5*8$>#5*$#)*<&1)*1'>57*&1*+,-9*H2(1*);3)/()#<)*2&1*2)43)5*6)*'$*5)%)4$3*67*2(:2)/*$/5)/*'2(#0(#:*10(441D*

705/+.!)&!.6#!.#/0!0#01#-(!

;%C%),0! -%-2%)*! $,.! 5'&(*%.! '/! +$%! 9)'5%**6'/,0! *3600*! +$%1! $,.! 8,6/%.!+$)'(8$!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!*&%/,)6'*A!!

56


!

"X!!

AO>/'2)/?*'2)*5(1<>11($#*$#*1<)#&/($*@&1)5*4)&/#(#:*2)431*6)*'$*5)%)4$3*#).*1<)#&/($1*8$/*$>/*3/$:/&66)1D*

AG8')/*3&/'(<(3&'(#:*(#*'2)*.$/012$3*1)/()1*"*.&1*&@4)*'$*./(')*1<)#&/($1*&#5*8$/6*4)&/#(#:*&<'(%('()1*&#5*&11)116)#'*&<'(%('()1*'$$D*

AH2(1* (1* &* :$$5* );3)/()#<)* '$* 5)%)4$3* 6(#51)'1* '$* .$/0* (#5(%(5>&447* &#5*<$44&@$/&'(%)47D*AG8')/* '2(1* 3/$P)<'* "* 2&%)* 4)&/#)5* '$*./(')* 1<)#&/($1* 8$/* $'2)/* <$>/1)1* '$$9*K)*2&%)*.$/0)5*&1*&*')&6*&#5*6&#&:)5*'$*<$634)')9*O/$6*'2(1*.$/012$3*"*2&%)* 4)&/#)5* '2&'* ')&6*13(/('* (1*&*6$/)*3$.)/8>4*)#)/:7* 8$/*$>/* 1><<)118>4*3/$8)11($#&4*4(8)D9***

W'4%C%):! *%C%),0! -%-2%)*! 4%)%! 4'))6%.! ,2'(+! +$%! 06-6+%.! &'/+)62(+6'/*! '5!*'-%! -%-2%)*! 4$6&$! -,1! $,C%! ,&+%.! ,*! ,! 2,))6%)! 5')! .%C%0'9-%/+! '5! +$%!%@9%&+%.!*3600*A!

AQ(6(')5* 3&/'(<(3&'($#* $8* 1$6)* 6)6@)/1* /)5><)5* '2)* $33$/'>#('()1* 8$/*(#')/&<'($#* &6$#:* 1'&88* 6)6@)/1* &#5* 4)&/#(#:* 8/$6* 1)#($/19* H2>1*$33$/'>#('()1*8$/*<&3&<('7*@>(45(#:*$8*1$6)*1'&88*6)6@)/1*.)/)*4(6(')5D9*

A"'* (1* #$'* 1>/)* .2)'2)/* '2)* >#5)/1'&#5(#:* $8* 1$6)* 1'&88* 6)6@)/1* $#* '2)*6&')/(&4* 5)%)4$36)#'* 3/$<)11* 2&5* @))#* (63/$%)5* $/* #)<)11&/7* 10(441* 2&5*@))#*&<R>(/)5*@7*'2)6*(#*'2)*3/$<)11D9**

89$,+44!,$(4$1&'0%.!0(!&$+6!6$63$,.!+30/&!&:$!#$9$40;6$%&!0(!<1$%+,'0.!!

W,C6/8!&'-90%+%.!$,0574,1!+$)'(8$!+$%!J'()/%1!46+$!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!*&%/,)6'*:!+$%! 5'00'46/8! )%50%&+6'/*! )%C%,0%.! +$,+! +$%! +%,-!-%-2%)*!4%)%! *,+6*56%.!46+$!4$,+!+$%1!$,C%!,&$6%C%.A!#$%1!$,C%!)%5%))%.!+'!+$%!3/'40%.8%!,/.!&,9,&6+6%*!8,6/%.:! 0'86&,0! ,/.! &)%,+6C%! ,99)',&$! 5'00'4%.:! &'00,2'),+6C%! ,/.! &''9%),+6C%!%55')+*!-,.%!,/.!,0*'!5(+()%!,&+6C6+6%*!+$%1!$,C%!90,//%.!6/!06/%!46+$!*&%/,)6'*A!!

A+#* '2)* .2$4)?* '2)* 0#$.4)5:)* "* :&(#)5* '2/$>:2* '2)1)* 1)11($#1* &/)* %)/7*>1)8>4*8$/*6)*&#5*'2)*(#1'('>'($#D**

AG1* &* .2$4)* "* .&1* &@4)* '$* 5)%)4$3* 67* <&3&<('()1* (#* 5)%)4$3(#:* 1<)#&/($1?*:)''(#:*);3)/'1J*(5)&1*&#5*&41$*5)%)4$3(#:*')&6*.$/0*&@(4('()1D9*

*AM$44&@$/&'($#*&#5* <$/3$/&'($#*&6$#:* 1'&88*6)6@)/1* 2&5*@))#* (63/$%)5*&1*'2)*')&61*.$/0)5*'$:)'2)/*'$*&<2()%)*'&/:)'19*"'*(1*:$$5*'$*0#$.*.2)'2)/*'2)7* &/)* &.&/)* $8* '2)* >#5)/47(#:* 3/(#<(34)1* (#* 5)%)4$3(#:* 1<)#&/($1?*&<'(%('()1*&#5*&11(:#6)#'1*&#5*$#=4(#)*(#')/&<'($#D*

57


!

MY!!

AH2(1* );3)/()#<)* 12$>45* @)* 5(/)<')5* '$* 5)%)4$3* #).* <$>/1)1* .('2* <>//)#'*5)6&#51* $8* '2)* <$>#'/79* G1* .)44* ('* .(44* @)* &* :/)&'* $33$/'>#('7* 8$/* &44*&<&5)6(<1*'$*5$*#).*/)1)&/<2*$#*<>//)#'*#))51*$8*'2)*<$>#'/7D*

A"'*.&1*&*6$/)*4$:(<&4*3/$<)11*.2(<2*/)R>(/)5*&*%)/7*</)&'(%)*&#5*(##$%&'(%)*&33/$&<2D9*

#$%! 5'00'46/8! F('+,+6'/*!4%)%! )%0,+%.! +'! *'-%! 06-6+,+6'/*! '5! *&%/,)6'*!4$6&$!-,1! $,C%! +'! 2%! )%*'0C%.! 21! 6/+)'.(&6/8! ,0+%)/,+6C%! ,99)',&$%*! ,0'/8! 46+$!*&%/,)6'*A!

AL>/(#:* '2)* 3(4$'(#:* 3/$<)11* "* 2&%)* $@1)/%)5* '2&'* 1'>5)#'1J* 3&/'(<(3&'($#*:/&5>&447* :$)1* 5$.#9* H2)/)8$/)* "* '2(#0* (#* 8>'>/)* $>/* 8&<>4'7* 2&1* '$* &5$3'*1$6)*1'/&'):()1*'$*0))3*'2)*1'>5)#'1*(#*'2)*$#4(#)*'/&<0D9**

*AH2)/)* (1* &* 4(6('* 8$/* (#<4>5(#:* &<'(%('()1* &#5* &11(:#6)#'1* (#* 4(#)* .('2* $#)*1<)#&/($D*

AL)%)4$36)#'*$8* E<)#&/($1* (1* #$'* '2&'* )&179* "'* (1* %)/7* '(6)* <$#1>6(#:*&#5*1$6)'(6)1*"*8)4'*'2&'*'2)7*5(5*#$'*2&%)*'2)*);3)<')5*1'&#5&/59D**

AH2)7*12$>45*@)*5)%)4$3)5*@7*6$/)*);3)/()#<)5*1'&88D*

;'!6+!&'(0.!2%!&'/&0(.%.!+$,+!+$%!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!*&%/,)6'*!4,*!,!C%)1!*,+6*516/8!%@9%)6%/&%! 5')! ,00! +$%! -%-2%)*! ,/.! +$%1! 4%)%! $,991! 46+$! +$%! *&%/,)6'*:!,&+6C6+6%*!,/.!,**68/-%/+*!.%C%0'9%.! 6/! 06/%!46+$!+$%!*%0%&+%.!&'()*%A! I/!').%)!+'!'C%)&'-%!+$%!06-6+,+6'/*!%@9%)6%/&%.!21!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*:!+$%!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL!,/.!IG#!4,*!6.%/+656%.!,*!'/%!*'0(+6'/A!!

"%&$*,+&'%*!8=>!+%#!"?5!!

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

58


!

MO!!

]%@+! *+%9! '5! +$6*! J'()/%1! 4,*! 6/+%8),+6/8! IG#A! ^%! *&$%.(0%.! '()! &'()*%!,&&').6/8! +'! 4%%3*! ,/.! .655%)%/+! &'-9'/%/+*! *(&$! ,*! 0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*:!*&%/,)6':! 0%,)/6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*:! ,**%**-%/+! ,&+6C6+6%*:! &0,**! .6*&(**6'/! 5')(-*:!)%50%&+6C%!J'()/,0!,/.!,//'(/&%-%/+!4%)%!')8,/6_%.A!

5$+6!6$63$,.7!,$(4$1&'0%.!0%!'#$%&'()'%*!+%#!'%&$*,+&'%*!8=>!

I.%/+6516/8! ,/.! 6/+%8),+6/8! BKL! 4,*! /'C%0! ,/.! 6/+%)%*+6/8! %@9%)6%/&%! 5')! ,00!+%,-! -%-2%)*! ,/.! +$%1! $,C%! 9'*6+6C%! 5%%06/8*! ,2'(+! +$%! 6-9,&+! '5! BKL! '/!*+(.%/+!0%,)/6/8A!I+!4,*!%/&'(),86/8!+'!56/.!+$,+!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!4%)%!C%)1!,-26+6'(*!,2'(+!6/&')9'),+6/8!BKL!6/+'!+$%6)!5(+()%!9)'8),--%*A!!

#$%!5'00'46/8!F('+,+6'/*!*$'4!*'-%!)%50%&+6'/*!'5!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*A!!

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

59


!

MP!!

*A"*0#$.*'2&'*5)%)4$3(#:*4)&/#(#:*6&')/(&41*(1*&*%)/7*5(88(<>4'*'&10*8$/*>1*&#5*&'*'2)*1&6)*'(6)*8(#5(#:*'2)*1>('&@4)*/)1$>/<)*3)/1$#1*8$/*'2(1*3>/3$1)*&41$*%)/7* 5(88(<>4'9* K)* <&#* >1)* +,-* &1* &55('($#&4* 4)&/#(#:* /)1$>/<)19* H2(1* .(44*(#</)&1)*1)48=4)&/#(#:*&@(4('()1*&6$#:*'2)*1'>5)#'1*&#5*2)43*'$*5)%)4$3*1)48=/):>4&')5*4)&/#(#:*3/&<'(<)1*(#*'2)(/*4)&/#(#:*P$>/#)79D**AH2)*5(88)/)#'*'73)1*$8*+,-*.(44*2)43*'$*0))3*1'>5)#'1J*&''/&<'($#*(#*4)&/#(#:9*H2)/)8$/)?*"*8))4*$>/*8&<>4'7*#))5*'$*$/:&#(C)*&#*+,-*.$/012$3*8$/*1'>5)#'1*&41$9* * H2(1*.(44* 2)43* $>/* 1'>5)#'1* '$* 8(#5* '2)* 1>('&@4)*+,-* 8$/* '2)(/* 4(8)4$#:*4)&/#(#:9* ,13)<(&447* /)1)&/<2* 1'>5)#'1* 12$>45* 2&%)* '2)* 0#$.4)5:)* $8* +,-9*B)<&>1)*>1(#:*+,-*1'>5)#'1*<&#*5)%)4$3*'2)(/*0#$.4)5:)*8>/'2)/9*F$/)$%)/?*')&<2)/1* &41$* <&#* 5)%)4$3* '2)(/* 10(441* (#* ')&<2(#:?* 8$/6(#:* &<'(%('()1* &#5*&11)116)#'*&<'(%('()1*)'<D9*

H0-'*+!,00!-%-2%)*!6/!'()!+%,-!$,C%!,&&%9+%.!+$,+!BKL!6*!,!/'C%0!,/.!%**%/+6,0!&'/&%9+!6/!+$%!%@6*+6/8!'9%/!,/.!.6*+,/&%!0%,)/6/8!*1*+%-A!!!5$+6!6$63$,.7!,$(4$1&'0%.!0%!"?5!'%&$*,+&'0%!

IG#! 6/+%8),+6'/! 4,*! ,! 8''.! %@9%)6%/&%! 5')! +$%! +%,-! -%-2%)*A! W'4%C%):! +$%!,9906&,+6'/!'5! +$'*%!%@9%)6%/&%*!4,*!.6)%&+01!9'**620%! ,*!4%!,)%!4')36/8!46+$!-,+()%! *+(.%/+*A! H! -,J')6+1! 4%)%! &'/&%)/%.! ,2'(+! +$%! 06-6+%.! ,&&%**! '5!*+(.%/+*!.(%!+'!(/,C,60,2606+1!'5!,!-%&$,/6*-!+'!-'+6C,+%!*+(.%/+*!,/.!,0*'!+$%!6/,2606+1!'5!+%,-!-%-2%)*!+'!6/+%),&+!46+$!+$%!*+(.%/+*!.(%!+'!$%,C1!4')3!0',.!6/!+$%!Q%9,)+-%/+A!!

E'00'46/8!,)%!*'-%!)%50%&+6'/*!'5!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!'/!IG#!6/+%8),+6'/`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

60


!

MR!!

H2)/)* 12$>45* @)* &* 6)<2&#(16* '$* 6$'(%&')* 1'>5)#'1* '$* <$634)')* '2)*&<'(%('()1*$#4(#)D9*

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

AG<'>&447* "*5(5*#$'*2&%)*&#*);3)/()#<)* (#*/)4&'($#*'$*:(%(#:*8))5@&<0*$#4(#)*'$*1'>5)#'19*B>'*@)<&>1)*$8*'2(1*<$>/1)*"*.&1*&@4)*'$*5$*'2&'*.('2*'2)*2)43*$8*1$6)*$8*67*')&6*6)6@)/19*"'*(1*&*#$%)4*);3)/()#<)*'$*6)9*B>'*"*8)4'*'2&'*.)*2&%)*'$*@)*%)/7*0))#*.2)#*.)*:(%)*8))5@&<0*'2/$>:2*$#4(#)9*B)<&>1)*.)*5$*#$'* 6))'* 1'>5)#'1* 8&<)* '$* 8&<)9* +'2)/.(1)?* .)* 12$>45* 5)%$')* $>/* '(6)* '$*:(%)*8))5@&<0?*(8*#$'*('*.(44*#$'*@)*1><<)118>4D9*

AH2(1* .$/012$3* 2&1* 6&5)* &#* (63&<'* $#* 6)* '$* 5)%)4$3* $#4(#)* <$>/1)19*G<<$/5(#:* '$* '2)*+LQ* 171')6*.)* 12$>45*)#<$>/&:)*$>/* 1'>5)#'1* '$*>1)*$#*4(#)*6&')/(&419* U/$@4)6* (1* '2)* 8&<>4'7* &1*.)44* &1* $>/* 1'>5)#'1* 5$* #$'* 2&%)*)#$>:2*8&<(4('()1D*

*

8/,!10%1$;&!6+;.!

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

61


Face-to-Face Session

ODL Institution (Open)

OER Materials

New Methods

Traditional Methods

Module

ODL

ICT

Fig. 3.2: Concept Map - Initial version of member 6

odl Open online

courses

Subject Linking Reviewing

Assessment Activities

Online

Conducting Research Planning

Developing instruments Pilot study Analyzing

Distribution Rubric

Assessment

Internet Connection

CC, CC BY -ND, CC – BY, CC BY –NC, CC BY- NC-SA

Individual Differences Conflicts Group Discussions Team Work Time frame Busyness

Future implementation

Relevance

Fig. 3.3: Concept Map - Final version of member 6

62


Inte

grat

ion

of IC

T an

d O

ER in

to T

each

er E

duca

tion

prog

ram

mes

and

Cap

acit

y Bu

ildin

g of

Tea

cher

Edu

cato

rs a

t the

Ope

n U

nive

rsity

of S

ri L

anka

A

bri

ef n

arra

tive

abo

ut th

e co

ncep

t map

: O

pen

educ

atio

nal r

esou

rces

is li

nked

with

som

e ot

her

rela

ted

conc

epts

suc

h as

ope

n lic

ence

, cre

ativ

e co

mm

ons

licen

ses,

ope

n sc

hola

rshi

p o

pen

badg

es a

nd

open

onl

ine

cour

ses.

The

func

tions

of t

hese

con

cept

s co

uld

help

to

the

publ

ic to

lear

n an

d up

grad

e th

eir

com

pete

ncie

s in

life

long

and

at t

he s

ame

time

link

with

IC

T an

d O

ER c

ould

hel

p to

dev

elop

OD

L in

stitu

tions

as

meg

a un

iver

sitie

s. Co

ncep

t Map

Ope

n M

ega

Uni

vers

itie

s

Ada

ptat

ion

Re

dist

ribu

tion

An

y La

ngua

ges

Cu

ltura

l Con

text

D

isci

plin

ary

Cont

ext

Si

tuat

ed

Cont

ext

OD

L

Face

to

Fa

ce

Sess

i

Rec

ords

of

Achi

evem

ent

Emer

ging

New

Tre

nds

Trad

ition

al

Prin

ted

Lear

ning

M

ater

ials

Copy

Lim

ited

St

uden

ts

ICT

O

ER

Mat

eria

ls

Res

earc

h

Lear

ning

T

each

ing

Ope

n O

nlin

e Co

urse

s

Ope

n Ba

dges

O

pen

Scho

lars

hip

App

licat

ion

In

tegr

atio

n

Dis

cove

ry

Sch

olar

ship

of

Teac

hing

Tea

chin

g

Cre

ativ

e Co

mm

ons

Lice

nses

CC

BY-N

C-SA

CC

BY-N

C

CC

BY-N

D

CC

BY-S

A

CC

BY

CC

BY-N

C-N

D

Ope

n Li

cens

e

Use

as

Free

A

cces

s N

o Co

st

Free

of C

harg

e

Gen

eral

Pub

lic

Fig.

3.4

: Con

cept

Map

- In

itial

ver

sion

of m

embe

r 2

63


Conc

ept

Map

Ver

sion

3- I

nteg

rati

on o

f ICT

and

OER

A b

rief

nar

rati

ve a

bout

the

conc

ept

map

: Th

is c

once

pt m

ap s

how

s so

me

bene

fits

and

chal

leng

es w

hen

we

plan

to

orga

nize

a t

each

ing-

lear

ning

pro

cess

usi

ng s

cena

rio

base

d te

achi

ng a

nd

lear

ning

in o

nlin

e m

ode

with

inte

grat

ing

Ope

n Ed

ucat

iona

l Res

ourc

es (O

ER).

Lear

ning

m

ater

ials

No

dist

ance

No

heav

y fil

es

Up

to

date

Up

to

date

Ope

n Li

cens

e

Hig

her o

rder

th

inki

ng s

kills

Rev

ise

Reu

se

Cre

ativ

ity

Teac

hing

and

Le

arni

ng in

O

DL

Mod

e

S

cena

rio

base

d le

arni

ng

Chal

leng

es

Int

egra

ting

OER

Ben

efit

s

Onl

ine

lear

ning

Cou

rse

desi

gn

Ti

me

man

agem

ent

ICT

Skill

s

Dro

p ou

t

Man

agin

g St

uden

t

Inte

ract

ion

Inte

rnet

fa

cilit

ies

C

omm

unic

atio

n sk

ills

H

igh

cost

Pro

blem

Iden

tifyi

ng

the

role

Onl

ine

hum

an re

latio

n

Id

entif

ying

OER

Dev

elop

ing

scen

ario

Mot

ivat

ing

stud

ents

Rem

ix

Redi

stri

bute

Rele

vant

solv

ing

skill

s

Fig.

3.5

: Con

cept

Map

- Fi

nal v

ersi

on o

f mem

ber

2

64


Capacity Building

OER ICT

Open Learning Resources

New Concept Features Benefits Constrains

Open Licenses

Open Badges

Open Scholarships

Free

No Cost

Difficult to Find

Not Suitable to Our Concepts

Fig.3.6: Concept Map-Final Version of Member 3

MOOCS



Challengers

Less Interaction

Less Internet

Managing Time

Identify suitable OER

Managing other works

Teaching Learning

Scenario Based Learning

Practical Solution

Motivation to explain

Motivation to learn

New Learning Methods

Higher Order Cognitive skills

Learning Out comes

Learning

Assessment

Reuse

Open

Redistribute

Remix

Revise

Benefits

Developing ICT Skills

Creativity Development

New Learning approach

Using New Technology

Team Sprit

Easy Access

Student

Open Learning Environment (OLE)

Fig.3.7: Concept Map-Final Version of Member 3

65


Inte

grat

ion

of IC

T an

d O

ER

Ope

n Le

arn

Lear

nO

pen

Educ

atio

n Re

sour

ces

Ope

n sc

hola

rshi

p

Ope

n A

cces

s

Free

No

Cost

Ope

n Li

cens

e

Copy

Wri

te

CC

By

SA

NC

ND

Ec

onom

ics

Mor

al

Ethi

cal

Redi

stri

bute

Rem

ix

Reus

e

Revi

se

Lear

ning

reso

urce

s

Conc

eptu

al

Prin

cipl

e Ba

sed

Proc

edur

al

Fact

ual

Inte

rope

rabl

e

Reus

able

Tran

spor

tabl

e

Mus

t be

Fig.

3.8:

Con

cept

Map

-Initi

al V

ersi

on o

f Mem

ber 4

Fig.

3.8

: Con

cept

Map

- In

itial

ver

sion

of m

embe

r 4

66


Research

Organizing

M.Ed Programme

ESP 2311

ESP 2312 ESP 2313

ESP 2317 ESP 2318 ESP2332

Cognitive Process

Child Development

Learning

Children with Special Need

Assignment

Presentations

Online Activities Face-to-Face Day

Activities Resources

Open Educational Resources

Additional Readings

Learning

Reflective Journal

Assessment Activities

Class Discussion

Scenario

Case Study

CC

By

SA

NC

ND

Copy Write

Orientation

Team Meeting

Work Shops

Course Development

Evaluation

Progress

Search

Evaluation

Uploading Materials

Course Development

Data Collecting

Questionnaires

Pre

post

Interview Schedule

Data analyzing

Qualitative

Quantitative


Text books

Videos

Images

OER MATERIALS

OPEN LEARNING AND OPEN LEARNING RESOURCES

Revise

Remix

Redistribute

Reuse

Retain

5’R’S FRAMEWORK

OER LICENCES

OPEN SCHOLARSHIPS

BY SA

NC


67


How unesco support for OER

1. UNESCO OER platform

2. UNESCO OER community

3. UNESCO OER resources

4. Open Training platform2013-2014

5. Open educational

Quality initiative 6.OER Asia training tool kit 7.OER community wiki

Audio

BBC archives,

Librivox- free audio books, ITunes University, open

OER Text books/Journals

*Flatworldknowledge.com,

*College open text books

*CC consortium for OER,

*Directory of Access journals

*Project Gutenberg

*Google Books,

Images

*Flicker, digital *gallery, US *government photos & images,* Morgue file,*freeimages.com,

*everystockphoto

Content aggregate

*Merlot,*connexions,*OER commons,*World lecture hall,*world lecture project,*search by creative commons,* internet archieve

Conferences

1. Open Education 2011 Utah, USA

2. OER 11, Manchester UK

Resources communities

1 College open text book community,

2.Open Course library

Why do I care for OER?

* Limited text books, *lacking teacher training programmes * join with learning communities, creation,sharing, review, and use

Videos

You Tube Edu

You Tube

Ted talks

What Education faculty can do with OER?

*Introducing OER based Short online courses for current needs of teachers, doing research for Using OER for teaching & learning, OER based conferences in the faculty level.

Articles /resources

*OER Handbook

*7 things you should know about open text books publishing from EDUCAUSE,

*$2B for OER resources

Open Scholarship

* Open access, *Open data,

*Open educational resources

OER licence conditions and copy rights

*Attribution by *Share Alike sa *Non Commercial nc *No Derivative

5 Rs frame work

*Retain, *Remix *Reuse,*revise *Redistribute

OPEN EDUCATION

& OPEN RESOURCES


68


!

MX!!

"%&$,9$%&'0%.@!03.$,9+&'0%.!+%#!,$(4$1&'0%.!

#$6*!9,)+!4600! 5'&(*!'/!$'4!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!,/.!*+(.%/+*!$,.!9)'&%%.%.!46+$!+$%6)! J'()/%1!+$)'(8$!.%C%0'9%.!*&%/,)6'*!,/.!)%0,+%.!&'-9'/%/+*:!BKL*!,/.!IG#A! I/! ').%)! +'! &,9+()%! *+(.%/+! '2*%)C,+6'/*! ,/.! )%50%&+6'/! 46+$! )%8,).! +'!.655%)%/+! ,*9%&+*!'5! +$%! &'()*%:! +$%! +%,-!$,.!(*%.!,!-(0+67-%+$'.!,99)',&$A!#$%! 56)*+! ,99)',&$! 4,*! +'! &'/.(&+! +4'! ')6%/+,+6'/! 9)'8),--%*! +'! %@90,6/!,2'(+! +$%! &'()*%! ,/.! +'! 86C%! $,/.*! '/! %@9%)6%/&%! 46+$! )%8,).! +'! '/706/%!90,+5')-A!

#$%!56)*+!')6%/+,+6'/!4')3*$'9!4,*!&'/.(&+%.!21!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!+'!%@90,6/!+$%!5'00'46/8!,*9%&+*A!

G'()*%!*+)(&+()%!G'()*%!.%*68/!!!!;&%/,)6'!2,*%.!0%,)/6/8!!B/06/%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+!!b*6/8!B9%/!K.(&,+6'/,0!L%*'()&%*!!!>%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*!!H**%**-%/+!,&+6C6+6%*!L%50%&+6C%!4)6+6/8!!L%50%&+6C%!J'()/,0!I-9')+,/&%!'5!(*6/8!BKL!,/.!'/06/%!9,)+6&69,+6'/A!!

B/01! +4%0C%! <OP?! *+(.%/+*! $,.! 9,)+6&69,+%.! 6/! +$%! 56)*+! ')6%/+,+6'/! 4')3*$'9A!I/5')-,+6'/!)%0,+%.!+'!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!4,*!9)%*%/+%.!21!+$%!)%86*+%)%.!*+(.%/+*!'5! +$%! %@6*+6/8! &'()*%! +'! +$%6)! 9%%)*A! #$%)%5')%! +$%! /%@+! .,1! %68$+! <YV?! -')%!*+(.%/+*!$,.!%@9)%**%.!+$%6)!46006/8/%**!+'!J'6/! 6/!+$%!&'()*%A!#$%!%@9%&+,+6'/!'5!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!4,*!+'!$,C%!,+! 0%,*+!PY!*+(.%/+*!5')!+$%!*%&'/.!4')3*$'9A!=(+!'/01!+$6)+%%/!<OR?!*+(.%/+*!9,)+6&69,+%.!6/!+$%!*%&'/.!4')3*$'9A!!

#$%!*%&'/.!')6%/+,+6'/!4')3*$'9!4,*!&'/.(&+%.!21!+$%!BKL!9)'J%&+!0%,.%)A!#$%!5'00'46/8! ,*9%&+*! )%0,+%.! +'! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! ,/.! BKL! 4%)%! %@90,6/%.! 6/! +$6*!4')3*$'9!46+$!+$%!$,/.*!'/!%@9%)6%/&%*A!!

• I/+)'.(&+6'/!+'!+$%!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+!• W'4!+'!6.%/+651!,/.!(*%!+$%!'/06/%!)%*'()&%*!<BKL?!• W'4!+'!%/8,8%!6/!+$%!.655%)%/+!'/06/%!,&+6C6+6%*!!• W'4!+'!(90',.!+$%!,**68/-%/+*!• W'4!+'!6/+%),&+!+$)'(8$!+$%!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+!

69


!

UY!!

;()C%1*!4%)%! (*%.! +'! 8%+! *+(.%/+*S! C6%4*! '/! +$%! (*%! '5! ;=>:!BKL! ,/.!'/706/%!%/C6)'/-%/+! ,+! +$%! 2%86//6/8! ,/.! ,5+%)! &'-90%+6/8! +$%! &'()*%A! OR! *+(.%/+*!)%*9'/.%.!+'!+$%!9)%7F(%*+6'//,6)%A!W'4%C%):!.(%!+'!+6-%!&'/*+),6/+*!+$%!9'*+!F(%*+6'//,6)%!4,*!(90',.%.!+'!+$%!Z''.0%!,/.!*+(.%/+*!4%)%!*%/+!,!-,**,8%!,*36/8!+'!)%*9'/.!+'!6+A!!!

<&/#$%&!,$(4$1&'0%.!0%!0,'$%&+&'0%!.$..'0%.!"!+%#!""!

#$%! +%,-! -%-2%)*! $,.! ')8,/6_%.! +$%! ')6%/+,+6'/! *%**6'/*! '/! E)6.,1! ,/.!;,+().,1!5)'-!RAYY7"AYY!9-!+'!*(6+!+$%!)%F(6)%-%/+*!'5!+$%!*+(.%/+*A;+(.%/+*!)%8,).%.!+$%!')6%/+,+6'/!*%**6'/!,*!,!/%4!%@9%)6%/&%A!E)'-!+$%!*%C%/!)%50%&+6C%!%/+)6%*!,C,60,20%:!+$)%%!*+(.%/+*!$,C%!-%/+6'/%.!,*!5'00'4*`!

!A"* :$'* #).* );3)/()#<)* $#* 2$.* '$* &<<)11* &#* $#4(#)* <$>/1)* &'* +NEQV* H2(1*2)43)5*6)*'$*&<<)11*$#4(#)*<$>/1)1*8/$6*&#7.2)/)DA!!

A"* '2(#0*'2(1* (1*#).*);3)/()#<)*8$/*6)9*H2(1* (1* '2)* 8(/1'* '(6)* "*2&%)*)#:&:)5*.('2*&#*$#4(#)*<&>1)9*"W44*'/7*'$*5$*67*@)1'D9!!

*AH2(1*(1*&*:$$5*);3)/()#<)*'2&'*"*:$'*'2/$>:2*'2(1*$#4(#)*1'>57*3/$:/&6D9!

H&&').6/8! +'! +$%*%! )%50%&+6'/*! ')6%/+,+6'/! *%**6'/! 4,*! ,! /%4! %@9%)6%/&%! +'!*+(.%/+*A!

!B:+&!'.!,$9$+4$#!3)!;,$-+%#!;0.&!C/$.&'0%%+',$.D!

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

#$%! 9)%7F(%*+6'//,6)%! $,.! )%C%,0%.! *'-%! '5! +$%! 9)'20%-*! 5,&%.! 21! +$%!*+(.%/+*! 6/! +$%! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! ,/.! +$%1! &'(0.! 2%! *%F(%/&%.!,&&').6/8!+'!+$%!9)6')6+1!,*!5'00'4*`!

OA ;9%/.!-')%!+6-%c#6-%!,00'&,+6'/c#6-%!-,/,8%-%/+!!PA ]'!,.%F(,+%!3/'40%.8%!,2'(+!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!!RA ]'! 6/+%)/%+! &'//%&+6'/! ,+! $'-%c*0'4! 6/+%)/%+! &'//%&+6'/cG'C%),8%!

9)'20%-!!

70


!

UO!!

TA >'86/!9)'20%-*!!"A Q%,.06/%!9)'20%-*!MA \'4%)!&(+*!!

;+(.%/+*!/%%.%.!5()+$%)!*(99')+!'/!+$%!5'00'46/8!,*9%&+*`!

OA B/06/%!%@9%)6%/&%*!PA G'--(/6&,+6'/!5,&606+6%*!RA K/&'(),8%-%/+!TA d''.!8(6.,/&%!"A Z')%!&'--%/+*!,/.!5%%.2,&3!MA E,&606+6%*!5')!9%%)!6/+%),&+6'/!!

!<'*%'('1+%&!6'4$.&0%$.!

L%.%*68/6/8! ,! &'()*%! (*6/8! ;=>:! BKL! $,*! 2%%/! ,! *68/656&,/+!-60%*+'/%! 5')! +$%!J(/6')! *+,55! -%-2%)*! '5! '()! &'()*%! +%,-A! \()*(6/8! /%4! 3/'40%.8%! 6*! ,/!%**%/+6,0! +$6/8! +'! ,! &'()*%! +%,-! 5')! .%C%0'96/8! ,! /%4! &'()*%A! ! BKL! 6*! ,/!6//'C,+6C%! ,/.! %**%/+6,0! &'/&%9+! 6/! +$%! '9%/! ,/.! .6*+,/&%! 0%,)/6/8! *1*+%-A!\,)+6&69,+6'/! ,+! +$%! )%*'()&%5(0! 4')3*$'9*! ,/.! ,00! 5,&606+6%*! ,/.! 8(6.,/&%!9)'C6.%.!%/$,/&%.!-6/.*%+*!,/.!5(05600%.!&,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8!'5!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!-%-2%)*A!!

I/+%8),+6/8! IG#! $,*! 2%%/! ,/'+$%)! -60%*+'/%! 6/! '()! J'()/%1A! #$)'(8$! +$6*!%@%)&6*%! +$%! +%,-! &'(0.! %@9%)6-%/+! 46+$! +$%! +$%')6%*! '5! -'+6C,+6'/! ,/.!0%,)/6/8! 4$6&$! $,*! 2%%/! +$%! &')%! '5! +$6*! &'()*%! 5')! 6-9)'C6/8! *+(.%/+!9,)+6&69,+6'/A!;+(.%/+!.6*&(**6'/!5')(-*:!F(6__%*!,/.!8,-%*!4%)%!*'-%!'5!+$%!*+),+%86%*!90,//%.!+$)'(8$!+$6*!%@%)&6*%*A!

E')!*+(.%/+*:!+$6*!9)'&%**!$,.!9)'C6.%.!/%4!'99')+(/6+6%*!+'!0%,)/!'/06/%A!#$6*!4,*!,!/%4!%@9%)6%/&%!+'!06/3!+%&$/'0'81!46+$!+$%!0%,)/6/8!&'--(/6+1A!;+(.%/+*!-68$+! *$,)%! +$%*%! %@9%)6%/&%*! 46+$! +$%6)! &'00%,8(%*! 6/! +$%6)! *&$''0*! ,/.! +$6*!-68$+!$%09!+$%-!+'!-'+6C,+%!+$%6)!5)6%/.*!,0*'!+'!0%,)/!'/06/%A!#$6*!4600!&'//%&+!/%4!*+(.%/+*!46+$!+$%!BQ>!*1*+%-A!W'4%C%):!*+(.%/+*!$,C%!,99)%&6,+%.!'/06/%!%@9%)6%/&%!,*!,!5,&606+1!+$,+!$%09*!+$%-!+'!0%,)/!5)'-!,/14$%)%A!

!!!

71


!

UP!!

E$..0%.!4$+,%$#!+%#!10%14/#'%*!,$6+,F.!!B()!J'()/%1!4,*!5,&606+,+%.!,/.!%@9%.6+%.!.(%!+'!+$%!5'00'46/8!)%,*'/*`!!OA #%,-!*96)6+!,-'/8!&'()*%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!$,.!$%09%.!6/!'C%)&'-6/8!-,/1!

&$,00%/8%*! 5,&%.! +$)'(8$! '(+! '()! J'()/%1A! #$%)%! 4,*! ,04,1*! ,! -(+(,0!(/.%)*+,/.6/8! ,/.! ,! &0'*%! )%0,+6'/*$69! ,-'/8!-%-2%)*! ,/.! +$%!-,J')6+1!4,*!C%)1!&'--6++%.!,/.!.%.6&,+%.!+'!,&$6%C%!*(&&%**!6/!'()!J'()/%1A!

PA #$%)%!4%)%! C%)1! 5)(6+5(0! .6*&(**6'/*! ,-'/8! &'()*%! +%,-!-%-2%)*! +'! 56/.!+$%! &'))%&+! 9,+$! 5')! '()! J'()/%1! ,/.! +$%! .%&6*6'/*! 4%)%! +,3%/! 21!&'/*6.%)6/8! +$%! C6%4! '5! +$%! -,J')6+1A! H00! +$%! -%-2%)*! $,.! ,! &0%,)!(/.%)*+,/.6/8! ,2'(+! +$%! +,)8%+*! ,/.! ,04,1*! *(99')+%.! %,&$! '+$%)! 4$%/!'/%!),/!6/+'!.6556&(0+6%*A!

RA ;%++6/8! *$')+! +%)-! 8',0*! ,/.! )%C6%46/8! 9)'8)%**! &'/+6/('(*01! 4%)%! +4'!*+),+%86%*! +$,+! $%09%.! +$%! -%-2%)*! +'! 9)'8)%**! *-''+$01! +'4,).*! +$%!)%F(6)%.!+,)8%+*A!

TA L%50%&+6'/*! -,.%! 21! &'()*%! +%,-! -%-2%)*! ,+! .655%)%/+! 9'6/+*! '5! '()!J'()/%1! $%09%.! 6/! )%C6%46/8! +$%! 9)'&%.()%*! *%+! ,/.! ,0*'! 6-9)'C6/8! +$%-!5()+$%)!+'!*(6+!+$%!)%F(6)%-%/+*A!

"A ^%! *$'(0.! ,04,1*! 9)'C6.%! '99')+(/6+6%*! 5')! '()! *+(.%/+*! +'! %@9)%**! +$%6)!C6%4*! '/! .655%)%/+! ,*9%&+*! '5! +$%! &'()*%! ,/.! &$,/8%! +$%! 9)'&%.()%*! ,*!-(&$!,*!9'**620%!+'!*(6+!+$%!*+(.%/+!)%F(6)%-%/+*A!!

MA #$%!+%,-!-(*+!56/.!*+),+%86%*!+'!-'+6C,+%!*+(.%/+*!,*!4%00!,*!+%,&$%)*!,/.!-,6/+,6/!+$%6)!-'+6C,+6'/!+$)'(8$!'(+!+$%!9)'&%**A!!

!#$%! +%,-!$,.! +$%! 5'00'46/8!/%8,+6C%!%@9%)6%/&%*! ,0*'!4$6&$! &'(0.!$,C%!2%%/!,C'6.%.!+'!-,3%!'()!J'()/%1!*+%,.1`!!OA #$%! -,6/! 9)'20%-! 5,&%.! 21! +$%! &'()*%! +%,-! 6/! +$%! .%C%0'9-%/+! '5!

*&%/,)6'*:!6.%/+656&,+6'/!,/.!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL*!4,*!+$,+!,00!-%-2%)*!&'(0.!/'+!+()/!(9!'/!+$%!*,-%!.,1!.(%!+'!&%)+,6/!.%9,)+-%/+,0!)%*9'/*62606+6%*!,*!4%00! ,*! 9%)*'/,0! 9)'20%-*A! ! #$%! 9)'.(&+6C6+1! '5! +$%! J'()/%1! 4'(0.! $,C%!2%%/!6-9)'C%.!65!+$%!-%-2%)*!$,.!2%%/!)%0%,*%.!,+!0%,*+!5')!'/%!4')36/8!.,1! 5')! +$%6)! 9)'J%&+! 4')3! ,/.! 9)'C6.%.! '99')+(/6+6%*! +'! 4')3! 6/! ,!&'/.(&6C%!%/C6)'/-%/+A!!

PA #$%! +%,-! *$'(0.! &0'*%01! 4')3! 46+$! *+(.%/+*! ,/.! -'/6+')! +$%6)! 9)'8)%**!'C%)! +6-%A! #$6*! &0'*%/%**! &,/! 2%! -,6/+,6/%.! 21! *%C%),0! -%,/*! 4$6&$! ,)%!,9906&,20%! +'! *+(.%/+*A!E')!%@,-90%:!4$%/! +$%!*+(.%/+*!,)%!9)'C6.%.!46+$!+$%! '99')+(/6+6%*! 5')! '/06/%! 6/+%),&+6'/:! +%,-! -%-2%)*! ,0*'! *$'(0.! $,C%!+6-%!,/.!%/+$(*6,*-!+'!0'8!'/!+'!+$%!5,&606+1!,/.!%/&'(),8%!+$%!*+(.%/+*A!

RA #$%)%!4%)%!*%C%),0!+%&$/6&,0!2,))6%)*!5,&%.!21!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!,*!4%00!,*!*+(.%/+*!4$6&$!*$'(0.!$,C%!2%%/!,C'6.%.!+'!*-''+$%/!+$%!9)'8)%**!

72


!

UR!!

'()! J'()/%1A! E')! %@,-90%:! +$%! Bb;>! 4%2! *6+%! $,.! /'+! 2%%/! 4')36/8! ,+!*%C%),0! '&&,*6'/*! 4$6&$! 06-6+%.! *+(.%/+! 6/+%),&+6'/*! 46+$! +$%! *+,55!-%-2%)*A!!

TA I/&')9'),+6'/!'5!BKL!,/.!'/06/%!6/+%),&+6'/*!4'(0.!/'+!2%!*(&&%**5(0!65!+$%!+%&$/6&,0! 9)'20%-*! )%0,+%.! 46+$! +$%! Z''.0%! *1*+%-! 6*! /'+! *'0C%.! 21! +$%!b/6C%)*6+1A! I/&')9'),+6'/! '5! Ha! -,+%)6,0! ,*! BKL! +,3%! -')%! *9,&%! ,/.! +'!C6%4!+$%-!,0*'!,!$68$!2,/.46.+$!6*!/%%.%.A!#$%!+%,-!&'(0.!/'+!6/&')9'),+%!*'-%!BKL!5'(/.!21!+$%-!,5+%)!*9%/.6/8!+$%6)!C,0(,20%!+6-%!.(%!+'!06-6+%.!5,&606+6%*! 9)'C6.%.! 6/! +$%! *1*+%-A! E()+$%):! +$6*! ,&+%.! ,*! ,! 2,))6%)! 5')!-,6/+,6/6/8!'/06/%!6/+%),&+6'/*!46+$!*+(.%/+*A!!

"A I+!4,*!5()+$%)!/'+%.!+$,+!*+(.%/+*!9)%5%))%.!+,36/8!9)6/+'(+*!'5!+$%!-,+%)6,0!,/.! )%,.6/8! +$%-! 46+$'(+! (*6/8! +$%-! '/06/%! 4$6&$! 4,*! ,/! (/%@9%&+%.!6**(%!%-%)8%.! +$)'(8$! +$6*! %@%)&6*%A! #$%! &'()*%! +%,-*!$,C%! +'! 56/.!-')%!6//'C,+6C%! 4,1*! +'! 3%%9! +$%-! '/06/%! ,/.! &'/+6/(%! +$%6)! 0%,)/6/8! (*6/8!'/06/%! 6/+%),&+6'/*A! E()+$%):! 6+! 4,*! /'+! &0%,)! 4$%+$%)! *'-%! *+(.%/+*! $,.!C6%4%.!)%0%C,/+!BKL!,+!0%,*+!'/&%!+'!*(99')+!+$%6)!0%,)/6/8!6/!+$%!*%0%&+%.!+$%-%*A!

MA #$%! &'-9(+%)! *3600*! '5! *'-%!-%-2%)*!4%)%! /'+! (9! +'! +$%! %@9%&+%.! 0%C%0!4$6&$!-,1!$,C%!$6/.%)%.!+$%!*+%,.1!9)'8)%**!'5!+$6*!,&+6C6+1A!!

?0%14/#'%*!,$6+,F.!

#$6*!4$'0%!9)'&%**!$,*!*(99')+%.! 6/!.%C%0'96/8! +$%!&,9,&6+6%*!'5!&'()*%! +%,-!-%-2%)*!6/!)%0,+6'/!+'!.%*68/6/8!,/.!.%C%0'96/8!*&%/,)6'72,*%.!0%,)/6/8!<;=>?!,/.! 6/+%8),+6'/! '5! BKL! ,/.! IG#! +'! BQ>! 9)'8),--%*A! E()+$%):! +$%! %@9%)6%/&%!8,6/%.! +$)'(8$! +$6*! %@%)&6*%! ,*! .%*68/%)*:! )%*%,)&$%)*:!4)6+%)*! ,/.! %C,0(,+')*!$,*! 0%.! +'! 6-9)'C6/8! +$%! -'+6C,+6'/:! %/+$(*6,*-:! &'00,2'),+6'/:! &'7'9%),+6'/!,/.!&'--6+-%/+!'5!+%,-!-%-2%)*!4$6&$!6/!+()/!$,C%!6-9)'C%.!+$%!F(,06+1!'5!+$%6)!4')3A!!

I+!6*!4')+$!-%/+6'/6/8:!+$,+!+$%!+%,-!$,*!&'-%!+'!,!&)(&6,0!9'6/+!6/!+$%!J'()/%1!4$%)%!,/!6//'C,+6C%!&'()*%!$,*!2%%/!.%C%0'9%.!(*6/8!;=>:!BKL!,/.!IG#:!960'+%.!,/.!6*!)%,.1!+'!'55%)!'/!,!0,)8%!*&,0%A!!W'4%C%):!+$%!.%C%0'9%.!&'()*%!*$'(0.!2%!+$')'(8$01!)%C6%4%.!+'!2%!6/&')9'),+%.!+'!+$%!%@6*+6/8!9)'8),--%A!#$6*!*$'(0.!2%!&'/*6.%)%.!,*!,!*+,)+6/8!9'6/+!+'!-'C%!+'!+$%!4')0.!'5!*&%/,)6'*:!BKL!,/.!IG#!,/.! *(&&%**5(0! *+),+%86%*! *$'(0.! 2%! ,9906%.! +'! '+$%)! &'()*%*! ,*! 4%00! 6/! +$%!5(+()%A!

!

73


!

UT!!

5:'%F'%*!3$)0%#!G!

I+! 6*! /%&%**,)1! +'! 6-9)'C%! +$%! &'-9(+%)! *3600*! ,/.! &'-9%+%/&1! 6/! K/806*$! '5!*'-%!*+,55!-%-2%)*!4$6&$!-68$+!5,&606+,+%!+$%!*+%,.1!9)'8)%**!'5!+$6*!,&+6C6+1A!

#$%)%! *$'(0.!2%! ,!-%&$,/6*-!46+$6/! +$%! E,&(0+1! +'! )%C6%4!%,&$!'+$%)*S!4')3!,/.! 6-9)'C%! +$%! F(,06+1! '5! +$%! 56/,0! 9)'.(&+A! #$6*! 6*! -')%! 6-9')+,/+! +$,/!-'/6+')6/8!'5!+$%!4')3!'5!%,&$!+%,-A!KC%/!+$'(8$!+$%!*+,55!-%-2%)*!$,.!2%%/!(*6/8!*%057)%50%&+6'/*!46+$!)%8,).!+'!.655%)%/+!&'-9'/%/+*!'5!+$%6)!&'()*%*:!+$6*!9)'&%**!$,*!/'+!2%%/!,9906%.!+'!6-9)'C%!+$%!F(,06+1!'5!+$%!56/,0!9)'.(&+*A!!

#$%)%!*$'(0.!2%!,!-%&$,/6*-!6/&')9'),+%.!+'!+$%!9)'J%&+!+'!-'+6C,+%!*+(.%/+*!4$'! 4%)%! 9,)+6&69,+6/8! 6/! +$%! 960'+! 9)'8),--%A! ;'-%! *+(.%/+*! $,.! 2%%/!6/C'0C%.!6/!+$%!9)'8),--%!5')!/%,)01!YV!4%%3*!*6-901!2%&,(*%!'5!+$%6)!8%/(6/%!6/+%)%*+!+'!3/'4!4$,+!4,*!$,99%/6/8!6/!+$%!9)'8),--%A!!!

G'00,2'),+6'/!,/.!&')9'),+6'/!,-'/8!*+,55!-%-2%)*!*$'(0.!2%!6-9)'C%.!,*!+$%!+%,-*!4')3%.!+'8%+$%)!+'!,&$6%C%!+,)8%+*A!I+!6*!8''.!+'!3/'4!4$%+$%)!+$%1!,)%!,4,)%! 5(001! '5! +$%! (/.%)06/%! 9)6/&690%*! 6/! .%C%0'96/8! *&%/,)6'*:! ,&+6C6+6%*! ,/.!,**68/-%/+*!,/.!'/06/%!6/+%),&+6'/A!!

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

^$%/! 6/+%8),+6/8! IG#:! &'()*%! +%,-*! *$'(0.! 2%! %-9'4%)%.! +'! (*%! IG#! 5')!.%C%0'96/8! *+(.1! *3600*! '5! *+(.%/+*A! H*! 4%00:! 2%5')%! *+,)+6/8! +$%! '/06/%! &'()*%!*+(.%/+! *$'(0.! $,C%! +'! 2%! 6/C'0C%.! 46+$! ,00! *+%9*! '5! +$%! Z''.0%! ,&+6C6+6%*A!G'--6+-%/+! '5! +$%! b/6C%)*6+1! +'! 9)'C6.%! ,! *'9$6*+6&,+%.! 5,&606+1! 46+$! ,! $68$!2,/.46.+$!6*!,!-(*+!+'!'9%),+%!+$%!&'()*%*!'/06/%!46+$'(+!+%&$/6&,0!9)'20%-*A!

!

!

!

!

74


75

The Open University of Sri Lanka!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

U"!!

?:+;&$,!H!

<'49$,!E'%$.!'%!<;$1'+4!I$$#.!=#/1+&'0%!H9L9H9Q9*L2&#&3&4&?*X9G9M9*G4.(1?*B9Y9I9*G#>/>552(0&*&#5*X9*X)'2))1.&/&#*

!

J!K#'(($,$%1$7!

G*<2(45*(1*4(0)*&*@>'')/847*(#*'2)*.(#5*

E$6)*<&#*847*@)'')/*'2&#*$'2)/1*

B>'**

,&<2*$#)*84()1*'2)*@)1'*('*<&#*

K27*<$63&/)*$#)*&:&(#1'*'2)*$'2)/*

,&<2*$#)*(1*5(88)/)#'*

,&<2*$#)*(1*13)<(&4*&#5*

,&<2*$#)*(1*@)&>'(8>4*

H2)/)8$/)*

Q)'J1*6&0)*&*.$/45*

H$*:(%)*&*13&<)*8$/*'2)*5(88)/)#<)*

#$6*! *9,&%!&,/!2%!&)%,+%.! 6/!-,6/*+)%,-!%.(&,+6'/!,/.! +%,&$%)*!,)%!4$'!&,/!-,3%!+$%!3%**#-#&+#A!

K.(&,+6/8!*+(.%/+*!46+$!*9%&6,0!/%%.*!6/!+$%!8%/%),0!&0,**)''-!6*!2%&'-6/8!,/!6/+%8),0! 9,)+! '5! )%8(0,)! %.(&,+6'/A! #$6*! -%,/*! -')%! ,/.! -')%! &$60.)%/! 46+$!*9%&6,0! /%%.*! 4600! 2%! 90,&%.! 6/! +$%! )%8(0,)! &0,**)''-A! I/! ').%)! +'! 9)'C6.%!%55%&+6C%! 6/&0(*6C%! %.(&,+6'/! 5')! ,00! *+(.%/+*:! +%,&$%)*! /%%.! +'! .%C%0'9! ,!.655%)%/+! *%+! '5! *3600*! ,/.! ,++6+(.%*! +$,/! +$'*%! +),.6+6'/,001! )%F(6)%.! 21! +$%!9)'5%**6'/A!=,3%)!,/.!e68-'/.!<OXX"?!'2*%)C%.!+$,+! 6/&)%,*6/8!+$%!/(-2%)!'5!&$60.)%/!46+$!*9%&6,0!/%%.*! 6/!)%8(0,)!&0,**)''-*! 6*!.),-,+6&,001!&$,/86/8:!,/.!+$,+! 6+! $,*! ,0*'! &$,/8%.! +$%! 4,1! +$,+! *9%&6,0! /%%.*! %.(&,+6'/! *%)C6&%*! ,)%!9)'C6.%.! 6/! *&$''0*A! #$%)%5')%:! 6+! 6*! 6-9')+,/+! +'! &$,/8%! +$%! +),.6+6'/,0!

Chapter

4

76


!

UM!!

-%+$'.'0'86%*! (*%.! 6/! 4,1*! '5! +%,&$6/8! 6/! )%8(0,)! &0,**)''-*! +'! &,+%)! +'!&$60.)%/!46+$!*9%&6,0!%.(&,+6'/!/%%.*A!

I/!)%&'8/6+6'/!'5!+$%!6-9')+,/&%!'5!5,&606+,+6/8!*(&$!9),&+6&%*:!Bb;>!%*+,206*$%.!,!/%4!Q%9,)+-%/+! +'!.%C%0'9! +$%!9)'5%**6'/,0!3/'40%.8%:!,++6+(.%*!,/.!*3600*!'5!+%,&$%)*!4$6&$!4'(0.!.%,0!&'-9)%$%/*6C%01!46+$!,00!,*9%&+*!'5!*9%&6,0!/%%.*!%.(&,+6'/A! #$%! Q%9,)+-%/+! '5! ;9%&6,0! ]%%.*! K.(&,+6'/! <;]K?:! '5! +$%! B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,!,+!9)%*%/+!&'/.(&+*!'/%!\'*+8),.(,+%!Q690'-,!6/!;9%&6,0!]%%.*!K.(&,+6'/!\)'8),--%!5')!+%,&$%)*A!!

#$6*!9)'8),--%!6*!'9%/!5')!,00!8),.(,+%!+%,&$%)*!6/!;)6!>,/3,/!*&$''0*!,/.!,/1!'+$%)! '556&%)*! 6/! %.(&,+6'/,0! 6/*+6+(+%*:! 9'**%**6/8! ,! 56)*+! .%8)%%! 5)'-! ,/1!)%&'8/6_%.! (/6C%)*6+1A! #$%)%! ,)%! /6/%! &'()*%*! ,/.! ,! +%,&$6/8! 9),&+6&%!&'-9'/%/+! 6/! +$%! 9)'8),--%:! ,00! '5! 4$6&$! ,)%! &'-9(0*')1A! KC%/! 46+$6/! +$%!B9%/!,/.!.6*+,/&%!5),-%4')3!4%!4%)%!,20%!+'!'55%)!+$%*%!&'()*%*!2%6/8!-')%!9),&+6&,07')6%/+%.A!!

^$%/!6/+%8),+6/8!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+'!+$%*%!&'()*%*!6+!*%%-*!+'!2%!,!&$,00%/8%!5')!(*! 2%&,(*%! +$%)%! 4,*! ,! F(%*+6'/! 6/! '()! -6/.! f$'4! &'(0.! 4%! 6/+%8),+%! +$%!9),&+6&,0! &'-9'/%/+! 6/! +'! +$%!'/06/%!&'()*%*SA!#$6*!4,*!,!268!&$,00%/8%! 5')!(*A!H/'+$%)! &$,00%/8%! 4,*! '55%)6/8! +$%! &'()*%! '/06/%! 5')! *+(.%/+*! '5! 4$'-! ,!-,J')6+1! ,)%! 46+$! 5%4%)! &'-9%+%/&6%*! 6/! K/806*$! ,/.! IG#! *3600*A! E()+$%)-')%:!-'*+! '5! '()! *+(.%/+*! ,)%! *+(.16/8! 4$60%! 4')36/8! ,/.! +$%1! 5,&%! .6556&(0+6%*! 6/!-,/,86/8! +$%6)! +6-%! 6/! ,&&%**6/8! +$%! 6/+%)/%+! 5,&606+6%*:! .(%! +'! &'//%&+6C6+1!9)'20%-*A!!

H/1$'4:!,*!,! )%*(0+!'5! +$%!\)'J%&+!'/! I/+%8),+6'/!'5! IG#!,/.!BKL! 6/+'!#%,&$%)!K.(&,+6'/!9)'8),--%*:!+$%!Q%9,)+-%/+!'5!;9%&6,0!]%%.*!K.(&,+6'/!%-2,)3%.!'/!.%*68/6/8! 6+*!'/06/%!&'()*%*!46+$!BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/A!#$%!Q%9,)+-%/+!.%&6.%.!56)*+! +'! *%0%&+! '/%! &'-9(0*')1! &'()*%! '5! +$%! \'*+8),.(,+%! Q690'-,! 6/! ;9%&6,0!]%%.*! K.(&,+6'/! 9)'8),--%:! +$,+! 6*! K;\PORM! D! gK-%)86/8! #)%/.*! 6/!K.(&,+6'/h:!+'!)%7.%*68/!6+!,*!,/!BKL76/+%8),+%.!'/06/%!&'()*%A!

#$%! &'()*%! K-%)86/8! #)%/.*! 6/! K.(&,+6'/! 9)'C6.%*! ,! $'06*+6&! C6%4! '5! +)%/.*!4$6&$!,)%!%-%)86/8!6/!%.(&,+6'/!,/.!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!%.(&,+6'/,0!9$60'*'9$1:!9*1&$'0'81! ,/.! +%&$/'0'81:! ,/.! 5'&(*%*! '/! +$%! 3/'40%.8%! '/! +$%! 4%0072%6/8! '5! '()! *'&6%+1A! #$%)%5')%! +$%! +%,-!.%&6.%.! +'! *%0%&+! +$6*! &'()*%! 5')!)%.%*68/6/8A!H*!'/%!-%-2%)!'5! +$%! +%,-!*+,+%.:! fH2(1*<$>/1)* (1* '2)*5/(%(#:*

77


!

UU!!

8$/<)* $8* '2)* 3/$:/&66)J9* * H/'+$%)! -%-2%)! *,6.:! ZH2(1* <$>/1)* 3/$%(5)1* &#*$%)/%().*$8*'2)*.2$4)*3/$:/&66)J9*

^%! *+,)+%.! '()! J'()/%1! 21! 6/+%/*6C%01! *+(.16/8! +$%! &'()*%! &'/+%/+*! 5)'-! +$%!%@6*+6/8!-'.(0%! 5')! +$6*! &'()*%A!^%! 5'(/.:! +$,+! +$%! &'/+%/+! &'/*6*+%.!'5! g'2)*<$#<)3'* $8* )5><&'($#* &1* &* 2>6&#* /(:2'?* )5><&'($#* 8$/* (#5(%(5>&4* &#5* 1$<(&4*5)%)4$36)#'?*3)/13)<'(%)1*(#*)5><&'($#?*)6)/:(#:*'/)#51*(#*(#<4>1(%)*)5><&'($#?*E/(*Q&#0&#*(#('(&'(%)1*8$/*)5><&'($#*8$/*&44*[(#<4>5(#:*<2(45/)#*.('2*13)<(&4*#))51\?*/(:2'1* $8* <2(45/)#* .('2* 13)<(&4* #))51* &#5* <2(45/)#* 34&<)5* (#* 13)<(&4*<(/<>61'&#<)19*

#$%)%! 4%)%! *6@! '2J%&+6C%*! 6/! +$%! &())%/+! -'.(0%! '5! +$%! *%0%&+%.! &'()*%! ,*!5'00'4*N!

S9 "5)#'(87*'2)*(63$/'&#'*:4$@&4*(#1'/>6)#'1*'2&'*&'')63'*'$*8$<>1*&'')#'($#*$#*2>6&#*/(:2'1*$8*3)$34)?* /$4)*$8*)5><&'($#*&1*&*/(:2'?*)13)<(&447*$8*<2(45/)#?*<$#'/(@>'(#:*'$*'2)*&11>/&#<)*$8*$'2)/*(5)#'(8()5*/(:2'19*

]9 M$63/)2)#5* '2&'* '2)* 3)/13)<'(%)1* $8* )5><&'($#* &/)* 6>4'(8&<)')5?* &#5*>#5)/1'&#5*'2)*171')61*$8*)5><&'($#9*

^9 ,;34&(#*'2)*<$#<)3'*$8*E3)<(&4*T))51*,5><&'($#*_9 ,;34&(#*'2)*3/(#<(34)1*$8*"#<4>1($#*&#5*<$#<)3'*$8*"#<4>1(%)*,5><&'($#*`9 "5)#'(87*@&//()/1*'$*&<2()%)*,5><&'($#*8$/*G44*(#*E/(*Q&#0&*a9 ,;34&(#*@/()847*'2)(/*/(:2'1*&1*1)'*$>'* (#*'2)*M-M*&#5*&33/)<(&')*'2)*<>//)#'*

1'&'>1*$8*&<2()%(#:*'2)1)*:$&41b*:4$@&447*&#5*(#*E/(*Q&#0&*

fK.(&,+6'/!,*!,!W(-,/!L68$+S!6*!+$%!3%1!5'&(*!'5!+$6*!&'()*%A!!

;6/&%! +$6*! 6*! ,! .6*+,/&%! %.(&,+6'/! 9)'8),--%:! ,*! 6/! ,00! '+$%)! 9)'8),--%*! ,+!Bb;>:!+$%!Q%9,)+-%/+!'/01!9)'C6.%*!*%057*+(.1!-'.(0%*!+'!+$%!*+(.%/+*A!H!5%4!.,1!*&$''0*!,)%!,0*'!&'/.(&+%.!'/!+$%!2,*%!'5!+$%*%!-'.(0%*A!I/!,..6+6'/!%,&$!-'.(0%!$,*!,!06*+!'5!)%5%)%/&%*!5')!*+(.%/+*!+'!8%+!,..6+6'/,0!6/5')-,+6'/A!!

W'4%C%):! ')8,/6_,+6'/,001:! (/6C%)*6+6%*! -(*+! '9%/! (9! +'! /%4! +,)8%+! 8)'(9*A!\)6-,)601:! +$6*!$,*!+'!.'!46+$!8)%,+%)! 50%@62606+1!,/.!.655%)%/+6,+6'/!'5!,&&%**!+'!$68$%)! %.(&,+6'/:! *+(.1! 9)'8),--%! *+)(&+()%*:! .%8)%%*! ,/.! &%)+656&,+6'/*A!#$%)%5')%! ,00! (/6C%)*6+6%*! *$'(0.! 2%! (9.,+6/8! ,/.! )%*+)(&+()6/8! +$%6)! *+(.1!9)'8),--%*! 6/+)'.(&6/8! C,)6'(*! -%+$'.*! '5! 0%,)/6/8! 46+$! +$%! '2J%&+6C%! '5!6/&)%,*6/8!+$%!/(-2%)!'5!*+(.%/+*A!!

78


!

UV!!

G())%/+01:!+$%)%!,)%!,!/(-2%)!'5!%-%)86/8!/%4!-'.%*!'5!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8A!B/%!-'*+!9'9(0,)!,/.!,!.'-6/,/+!-'.%!6*!$#4(#)*4)&/#(#:?*6/&)%,*6/801!46+$!+$%!6/+%8),+6'/! '5! B9%/! K.(&,+6'/,0! L%*'()&%*! <BKL?A! H5+%)! ,++%/.6/8! ,! *%)6%*! '5!4')3*$'9*!'/! IG#!,/.!BKL!&'/.(&+%.!21!+$%!E,&(0+1!46+$!+$%!&'00,2'),+6'/!'5!G'--'/4%,0+$!'5!>%,)/6/8:!4%!)%,06_%.!+$,+!+$%)%!,)%!*'!-,/1!,C%/(%*!'9%/!+'!%@90')%!+$%!3/'40%.8%! 6/!+$%!56%0.!'5!*9%&6,0!/%%.*!%.(&,+6'/!+$)'(8$!BKLA!#$6*!6*!,!8''.!'99')+(/6+1!5')!(*!,*!4%00!,*!*+(.%/+*!+'!,&&%**!F(,06+1:!C,0(,20%:!(97.,+%.!-,+%)6,0*!,*!4%00!,*!*$,)6/8!'()!%@9%)+6*%!46+$!+$%!*&$'0,)*!6/!+$%!56%0.!'5! *9%&6,0! /%%.*! K.(&,+6'/A! Z')%'C%):! +$6*! 6*! ,! C%)1! 8''.! '99')+(/6+1! +'!*+(.%/+*!46+$!2(*1!4')3!*&$%.(0%*!2%&,(*%! +$%1!&,/!,&&%**! +$%!'/06/%!&'()*%!5)'-!,/14$%)%:!,/1+6-%:!,+!+$%6)!'4/!9,&%A!B/!+$%!'+$%)!$,/.:!*+(.%/+*!5)'-!.655%)%/+! 9,)+*! '5! +$%! &'(/+)1! &,/! 6/+%),&+! 46+$! +$%! +(+')*! ,/.! 9%%)*! 46+$'(+!$,C6/8! 5,&%! +'! 5,&%! &'/+,&+A! #$%*%! '99')+(/6+6%*! ,)%! -')%! %&'/'-6&,0! ),+$%)!+$,/!&'-6/8!+'!+$%!-,6/!&,-9(*!+'!-%%+!+(+')*!,/.!9%%)*!6/!&'/+,&+!*%**6'/*!,*!+$%!4,1!'5!+$%!&())%/+!.%06C%)1!*1*+%-A!

#$%)%5')%! 4%! .%&6.%.! +'! )%.%*68/! +$%! &'()*%! 46+$! ,! /%4! ,99)',&$A! #$%!%@9%)6%/&%*! 8,6/%.! 5)'-! +$%! &,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8! 4')3*$'9*! (/.%)! +$%! BKL!\)'J%&+:! -'+6C,+%.! (*! +'! 6/&0(.%! *&%/,)6'72,*%.! 0%,)/6/8! ,99)',&$%*! 6/+'! +$%!)%.%*68/6/8!'5!&'()*%*!46+$!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+%8),+6'/A!!

L+4/$!0(!&:$!M0/,%$)!

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

!

79


!

UX!!

N0O!O$!,$#$.'*%$#!&:$!10/,.$!!

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

;6-(0+,/%'(*01! 4%! *+,)+%.! +'! .%C%0'9! 0%,)/6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*! ,/.! ,**68/-%/+*A!G)%,+6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*! +$,+! ')6%/+! *+(.%/+*! +'! +$%! &'()*%! ,/.! .%C%0'96/8! F(6__%*!4%)%!,0*'!&$,00%/86/8!+,*3*A!;%0%&+6/8!,**%**-%/+!+,*3*!4,*!,!&'-90%@!9)'&%**A!^%! +)6%.! $,).! +'! *%0%&+! ,**%**-%/+! +,*3*! +$,+! ,068/! 4%00! 46+$! +$%! 6/+%/.%.!0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*A! H+! +$%! %/.! +%,-! -%-2%)*! -,/,8%.! +'! +6%! +'8%+$%):! +$%!*&%/,)6'*:!0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*:!,**68/-%/+*:!,/.!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%*A!

B()!/%@+!+,*3!4,*!.%C%0'96/8!)(2)6&*!5')!,**%**-%/+*A!H!)(2)6&!-,3%*!%@906&6+!,!),/8%!'5!,**%**-%/+!&)6+%)6,!,/.!%@9%&+%.!9%)5')-,/&%!*+,/.,).*A!!^%!)%,06_%.!+$%!6-9')+,/&%!'5!.%C%0'96/8!)(2)6&*A!I+!,00'4*!+$%!6/*+)(&+')!+'!&0,)651!$6*c$%)!&)6+%)6,!6/!*9%&656&!+%)-*!,/.!&0%,)01!*$'4*!+$%!*+(.%/+!$'4!$6*c$%)!4')3!4600!2%!%C,0(,+%.!,/.!4$,+!6*!%@9%&+%.A!

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

H+! +$%! C%)1! %,)01! *+,8%*! ,00! +%,-!-%-2%)*! $,.! C%)1! 06-6+%.! 3/'40%.8%! ,2'(+!BKL:! ,/.! +$%)%5')%! 4%! 4%)%! &'/5(*%.! ,2'(+! BKL! 46+$! '+$%)! 4%2! )%*'()&%*A!!W'4%C%):! 0,+%):! .()6/8! +$%! 4')3*$'9*:! 4%! )%,06_%.! +$%! )%,0! -%,/6/8! '5! BKLA!!#$%/!4%!+)6%.!+'!*%,)&$!5')!-'*+!*(6+,20%!BKL!)%0,+%.!+'!'()!&'()*%:!,/.!6+!4,*!C%)1! .6556&(0+A! ;'-%+6-%*! 6+! 4,*! C%)1! .6*,99'6/+6/8:! 2(+! +$%! +%,-! -%-2%)*!%/&'(),8%.!%,&$!'+$%)!+'!&'/+6/(%!46+$!+$%!9)'&%**A!

80


!

VY!!

E6/,001! 4%! -,/,8%.! +'! 56/.! *'-%! BKL! )%0,+%.! +'! '()! &'()*%! &'/+%/+:! ,/.!)%,06_%.! +$,+! +$'*%! ,)%! C%)1! (*%5(0! 5')! *+(.%/+*:! 2%&,(*%! +$%1! 4%)%! '5! $68$!F(,06+1:! 4%00! 4)6++%/:! ')8,/6_%.:! ,/.! 6/&0(.6/8! /%4! 6/5')-,+6'/A! ^%! )%,06_%.!+$,+! 6/*+%,.!'5!*9%/.6/8!,!0'+!'5!+6-%!.%C%0'96/8!)%*'()&%*!'/!'()!'4/:!+$6*! 6*!-')%!+6-%!*,C6/8!,/.!%&'/'-6&,0A!

#$%!+%,-!,0*'!)%C6*%.!+$%!%@6*+6/8!&'/+%/+!'5!+$%!&'()*%!,/.!.%&6.%.!+'!)%-'C%!+$%!5'00'46/8!*%**6'/*`!!

• ,5><&'($#*8$/*(#5(%(5>&4*c*1$<(&4*5)%)4$36)#'*• U)/13)<'(%)*(#*)5><&'($#!

#$%! )%,*'/! 5')! )%-'C6/8! +$%! ,2'C%! -%/+6'/%.! *%**6'/*! 4,*! 2%&,(*%! '5!)%9%+6+6'/! 6/! &'/+%/+!46+$! *'-%!'+$%)! *%**6'/*A!H*!9,)+! '5! +$%! )%C6%4!9)'&%**!+4'!/%4!*%**6'/*!+'!+$%!&'()*%!,*!5'00'4*N!!

• E3)<(&4*T))51*,5><&'($#*(#*E/(*Q&#0&*• E3)<(&4*T))51* ,5><&'($#* (#* 1$6)* 1)4)<')5* <$>#'/()1* * ["#5(&?* d&3&#* &#5*

NEG\*^%! 4%)%! 6/C'0C%.! 6/! *%,)&$6/8! 5')! -')%! ,/.! -')%! BKL! 6/* ;9%&6,0! ]%%.*!K.(&,+6'/! 6/! I/.6,:! i,9,/:!b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

E6/,001!+$%!Q%9,)+-%/+!5')4,).%.!+$%!%.6+%.!,/.!.%C%0'9%.!/%4!'/06/%!&'()*%!+'! +$%! K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81! .6C6*6'/! '5! +$%! Bb;>! 5')! 5()+$%)! 6-9)'C%-%/+!

81


!

VO!!

,/.!+%&$/6&,0!,99)'C,0A!#$%1!,99)%&6,+%.!'()!$,).!4')3!*+,+6/8!+$,+N!Z*H2(1*(1*&*%)/7* :$$5* P$@?* &#7* 6&P$/* <2&#:)1* &/)* #$'* #))5)5V99J* * #$%1! ,99)'C%.! 6+! 46+$!*'-%! 6-9)'C%-%/+*! ,/.! (90',.%.! +$%! &'()*%! +'! Z''.0%! >Z;! 6/! +$%! Bb;>!;%)C%):!6/!').%)!+'!960'+!+$6*!&'()*%A!

I+! 4,*! ,! *,$$%! 4'*:&! 4$%/! +$%! +%,-! )%,06*%.! +$,+! ,00! +$%! 4')3! 4%! $,C%!&'-90%+%.!*'!5,)!6*!%55%&+6C%!,/.!5'00'4%.!,!&0%,)!6/*+)(&+6'/,0!9)'&%.()%A!

P$*'%%'%*!0(!+!%$O!M0/,%$)!!

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

- I/+)'.&(+6'/!+'!'/06/%!&'()*%!- I/+)'.(&+6'/!'5!$'4!+'!,&&%**!+$%!&'()*%!- I/+)'.(&+6'/!+'!*&%/,)6'72,*%.!0%,)/6/8!<;=>?!- I/+)'.(&+6'/!+'!BKL!j!IG#!- I/+)'.(&6/8!$'4! +'! &'-90%+%! +$%6)! )%50%&+6C%! J'()/%0*:! ,**%**-%/+:!

,**68/-%/+!,/.!,0*'!+'!%/8,8%!6/!.6*&(**6/!5')(-*A!

Q()6/8! +$%! ')6%/+,+6'/! 9)'8),--%! +$%! +%,-! %@90,6/%.! +'! +$%-:! 4$,+! BKL!-%,/+A! I/!+$%!,5+%)/''/!'5!+$%!')6%/+,+6'/:!,00!9,)+6&69,/+*!$,.!,/!'99')+(/6+1!+'! ,&&%**! +$%6)! '4/! ,&&'(/+! '5! '/06/%:! ,/.! +'! *'0C%! +%&$/6&,0! ,/.! ,&.%-6&!9)'20%-*! 65! ,/1:! 2%5')%! +$%1! 0%5+A! #$%!-,J')6+1! '5! +$%! 9,)+6&69,/+*!-%/+6'/%.!+$,+!Z'2(1*(1*&*#).*);3)/()#<)*8$/*>1JA!!

b*6/8! +$%!&'-9(+%)*! 6/!'()! 0,2:!9,)+6&69,/+*! 5'(/.!,/.!%C,0(,+%.!,+! 0%,*+!'/%!B9%/! K.(&,+6'/,0! L%*'()&%! )%0,+%.! +'! +$6*! 960'+! &'()*%! &'/+%/+! ,/.!.6*&(**%.!4,1*! 5')! 6/+%8),+6/8! 6+! 6/+'! +$%6)! &'()*%*A! \,)+6&69,/+*! ,0*'! .6*&(**%.! $'4! +'!*$,)%! +$%6)! %.(&,+6'/,0! )%*'()&%*! 46+$! ,! 46.%)! &'--(/6+1! '5! 0%&+()%)*! ,/.!'+$%)! &'00%,8(%*! 6/! +$%6)! 9)'8),--%A!B/%!4%%3! ,5+%)! +$%!')6%/+,+6'/! *%**6'/:!9,)+6&69,/+*!*+,)+%.!+$%6)!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8A!!

82


!

VP!!

Q+&:O+).!0(!&:$!M0/,%$)!

#$%)%!,)%!+4'!.6)%&+6'/*!+'!'()!J'()/%1`!!

• E6)*+:!6*!+'!C6%4!+$%!,&.%-6&S*!!+$'(8$+*!,/.!5%%06/8*A!• ;%&'/.01:!+'!C6%4!+$%!*+(.%/+S*!+$'(8$+*!,/.!5%%06/8*A!!

!I/!'()!J'()/%1!4%!&'00%&+%.!6/5')-,+6'/!+$)'(8$N!!

1. k(%*+6'//,6)%*!!!2. I/+%)C6%4*!3. G'/&%9+*!Z,9*!4. B/06/%!b*,8%*!5. L%50%&+6'/*!

<1,/&'%)!

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

!

83


!

VR!!

Q+,&!"-!"6;+1&.!(0,!J1+#$6'1.!!!?0%1$;&!R+;.!

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l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

GZT! 6/.6&,+%.! +$,+! +$%)%! 4%)%! *68/656&,/+! &$,/8%*! 6/! +$%! 3%1! &'/&%9+*! '5!-%-2%)*:!46+$!+$%6)!C6%4*!),/86/8!5)'-!BKL!+'!&'()*%!.%*68/6/8!9)'&%**!46+$!/%4!,99)',&$%*A!#$%!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*!,)%!&'//%&+%.!46+$!'55%)6/8!+$%!&'()*%!+$)'(8$!+$%!'/06/%!-'.%:!)%0,+6'/*$69*!46+$!BKL!)%*'()&%*A!H+!+$%!%/.:!+$%!GZ!$,*!2%&'-%!-')%!&'-90%@:!,*!*(88%*+%.!6/!+$%!5'00'46/8!)%-,)3`!

A"#*67* 8(#&4* %)/1($#*$8* <$#<)3'*6&3*0)7e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

!

84


Fig. 4.1: First Concept Map of team member 2

1

Open Learning

OER

Learning Object Creative Commons Licences

Open scholarships

Course designing ESP 1134

CC BY CC BY SA CC BY ND CC BY NC CC BY NC SA CC BY NC ND

Adaptable Reuse Remix Revise Redistribute

Printed Books, Journals and other printed materials

Digital Electronic books, journal, audios, videos and other electronic resources

Open badges

Fig 4.1 First Concept Map of Team member 2

85


Open Learning-removing barriers for learning

OER

Open Access

Creative Commons Licences

Open scholarships

Printed

Reuse Remix Revise Redistribute

Digital

Open badges

Self regulated learning/ Any time, Any where By our own pace pace

Different Discipline

MOOCs

OER based e learning

Removing Geographical, age barriers

Designing and implementation of OER based online course

Learning Objects

MIT Duke Yale Harvard

Content development (Scenarios, L/Activities, Assessment, learning resources

Online course development/ implementation /online Tutoring

Capacity Building

Challenges Student, personal resources

Fig. 4.2: Final Concept Map of Team member 2

86


!

VM!!

>$(4$1&'0%.!!

G'()*%! +%,-! -%-2%)*! %@9)%**%.! +$%6)! %/J'1-%/+:! -'+6C,+6'/*:! 5)(*+),+6'/*:!&'/&%)/*! '5! +$%! &'()*%! .%C%0'9-%/+! 9)'&%**A! #$%! -%-2%)*! 4%)%! C%)1! -(&$!&'/&%)/%.!,2'(+!0,/8(,8%!2,))6%)*!'5!*+(.%/+*A!;'-%!-%-2%)*!,0*'!&'/*6.%)%.!,2'(+!+$%!9)'20%-*!6/!'/06/%!,&&%**62606+1A!#$%*%!)%50%&+6'/*!$68$068$+%.!+$,+!,00!*+,55!-%-2%)*!$,.!+'!5,&%!.655%)%/+!&$,00%/8%*!.()6/8!+$6*!9)'&%**A!!

#$%)%!4%)%!-,/1!'2*+,&0%*! 6/! +$%!9)'&%**A!#$%!-,6/!'2*+,&0%! 6*!-,/,86/8!+$%!+6-%! ,*! ,8)%%.! 21! ,00! -%-2%)*A! H00! *+,55! -%-2%)*! 4%)%! +$6/36/8! +$,+! 6+! 4,*!.6556&(0+! +'! -,/,8%! +$%! +6-%! 46+$! +$%! '+$%)! 4')3! ,/.! )%*9'/*62606+6%*A! KC%/!+$'(8$! +$%)%!4%)%!*'!-,/1!9)'20%-*!,/.! 6**(%*:! +$%! +%,-!%@9%)6%/&%.!*'-%!9)'8)%**! 6/! +$%!9)'&%**A! #$%)%!4,*! ,!$(8%! 6-9,&+!'5! +$%! &'()*%! .%C%0'9-%/+!9)'&%**! ,*! &,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8! '5! +$%! +%,-! -%-2%)*:! ,*! %C6.%/+! 21! +$%6)!)%50%&+6'/*`!!

AVH2)*(63&<'*$8*'2(1*3/$<)11*.&1*1$*3$1('(%)*@)<&>1)*"*.&1*&@4)*'$*(63/$%)*67*./('(#:*10(441?*'2(#0(#:*10(441?*/)1)&/<2*10(441*&1*.)44*&1*'2)*10(441*8$/*5)%)4$3(#:*$#4(#)*&<'(%('()1*.2(<2*2&%)*<$#1'/><'(%)*&4(:#6)#'1VD*

AVM&#*$88)/*&*@/$&5)/*/&#:)*$8*1>@P)<'1*&#5*'$3(<1*'$*<2$$1)*8/$6*&#5*&44$.*8$/*6$/)*84);(@(4('7*(#*<2$$1(#:*6&')/(&4*8$/*')&<2(#:*&#5*4)&/#(#:*[(9)9*<$#')#'*'2&'*<&#*@)*)&1(47*6$5(8()5*&#5*(#'):/&')5*(#*<$>/1)*6&')/(&4\VD*

A999L)%)4$3)5*67*0#$.4)5:)*&#5*10(441*'$*')&<2*67*1'>5)#'1V:$'*#).*&''('>5)1?*0#$.4)5:)?*10(441*&#5*);3)/()#<)V.)*<$>45*@>(45*$>/*<&3&<('7*.)44?*5)%)4$3*0#$.4)5:)*10(441*&41$*/):&/5(#:*+,-999D**

AVH2(1*.$/012$3*2)43)5*'2)*5)%)4$36)#'*$8*0#$.4)5:)e10(441e&''('>5)1*'$.&/51*$#4(#)*<$>/1)*5)%)4$36)#'**999T).*0#$.4)5:)*[+,-?*$3)#*4)&/#(#:?*$3)#*1<2$4&/12(3?*$3)#*@&5:)1\99T).*10(441=[E)&/<2*+,-?*5)%)4$3*1<)#&/($1?*(#'):/&')*"MHc+,-\999&#5*#).*'2(#0(#:VD*

*A99"#1'('>'($#&4*5)%)4$36)#'*V&#5*#).*10(4419*9T).*'/)#51999*T).*'2(#0(#:V9D*

AVE&%)* '(6)* &#5* )88$/'* '2/$>:2* /)>1(#:* /)1$>/<)1999* T).* 10(441VT).*<$63)')#<()1VD*

#$%!5'00'46/8!/,)),+6'/!'5!,!-%-2%)!86C%*!5()+$%)!%C6.%/&%!'5!+$%!,2'C%`!

AVE<)#&/($* @&1)5* 4)&/#(#:?* 6(#5* 6&33(#:* &/)* '$'&447* #).* <$#<)3'1* 8$/* 6)9*B>'* ('* .&1* 1$* (#')/)1'(#:* &#5* 3/&<'(<&447* .)* )#:&:)5* (#* 5)%)4$3(#:* '2)*1<)#&/($1?* 4)&/#(#:* &#5* &11)116)#'* &<'(%('()1* &1* .)44* &1* 6(#5* 6&33(#:9* H2)*3/($/* 0#$.4)5:)* &@$>'* 5)%)4$3(#:* $#4(#)* <$>/1)1* 2)43)5* 6)* (66)#1)47* (#*5)%)4$3(#:* $>/* <$>/1)* &1* .)44VH2)* .$/012$31* 2)43)5* 6)* '$* 5)%)4$3* 67*

87


!

VU!!

<&3&<('7*(#*5(88)/)#'*&13)<'1*1><2*&1*./(')/?*/)1)&/<2)/?*$#4(#)*'>'$/*1$*$#*&#5*1$* 8$/'29* * H$* 6)?* ('* .&1* &* %&4>&@4)* $33$/'>#('7* '$* (63/$%)* &1* &* P>#($/*&<&5)6(<9999D*

H00! -%-2%)*! ,8)%%.! +$,+! +$%1! $,C%! 8,6/%.! /%4! 3/'40%.8%! ,/.! *3600*! 5')!.%C%0'96/8!BKL76/+%8),+%.!&'()*%*!+'!'55%)!'/06/%A!!

</66+,)!0(!&:$!,$(4$1&'0%.!!

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

Q+,&!""-!"6;+1&.!(0,!.&/#$%&.!

#$6*!9,)+!&,9+()%*!*+(.%/+*S!%@9%)6%/&%*:!5%%06/8*:!,/.!'96/6'/*!46+$!+$%!960'+%.!'/06/%!&'()*%A!

<1$%+,'0-3+.$#!4$+,%'%*!+;;,0+1:!

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

L%50%&+6'/*! '5! *+(.%/+*! ,0*'! %@9)%**%.! +$%! *,-%! +$'(8$+*! 6/! 06/%! 46+$! +$%!6/+%)C6%4*A! #$%! -,J')6+1! $,C%! *+,+%.! +$,+* Z4&#:>&:)* (1* 1$* 1(634)* &#5* )&17* '$*>#5)/1'&#5D?* (#* '2)* 1<)#&/($19*H+! +$%! *,-%! +6-%! +$%1! *+,+%.! +$,+! 0,/8(,8%! 6/!BKL! ,/.! 4%2! )%*'()&%*! 4%)%! &'-90%@A! H00! *+(.%/+*! -%/+6'/%.! +$,+! +$6*!,99)',&$!-'+6C,+%.!+$%-!+'!%/8,8%!6/!+$%!0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*!6/!+$%!&'()*%A!H00!

88


!

VV!!

*+(.%/+*! 4$'! 9,)+6&69,+%.! 5()+$%)! -%/+6'/%.! +$,+! +$6*! ,99)',&$! 4600! 2%! C%)1!,++),&+6C%! 5')!,.(0+! 0%,)/6/8A!H&&').6/8!+'!+$%!)%*9'/*%*!86C%/!21!+$%!*+(.%/+*!+'! +$%! *+,+%-%/+! 5)'-! +$%! 9'*+! *()C%1:! f*&%/,)6'! 2,*%.! 0%,)/6/8! 9)'C6.%.!9)'9%)! 6/5')-,+6'/S:! MYm! '5! *+(.%/+*! $,C%! *+)'/801! ,8)%%.! ,/.! ,/'+$%)! TYm!$,C%! ,8)%%.A! #$,+! -%,/*! OYYm! '5! *+(.%/+*! ,8)%%.! +$,+! ;=>! ,99)',&$! 6*!%55%&+6C%A!

"%&$*,+&'0%!0(!8;$%!=#/1+&'0%+4!>$.0/,1$.!!

B9%/! K.(&,+6'/,0! L%*'()&%*! <BKL?! 4%)%! 6/+)'.(&%.! +'! *+(.%/+*! ,*! f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

#$%1!,0*'!)%50%&+%.!+$,+!BKL!,/.!'+$%)!4%2!)%*'()&%*!$%09%.!9,)+6&69,/+*!+'!8%+!3/'40%.8%! )%8,).6/8! .655%)%/+! +$%-%*! 6/! +$%! &'()*%A! #$%! 9,8%! /(-2%)*! ,/.!)%0%C,/+!*%&+6'/*!4$6&$!4%)%!*9%&656%.!6/!+$%!BKL!)%*'()&%*!4%)%!*'!$%095(0!5')!)%*9'/.%/+*! +'!)%5%)! +$%!)%*'()&%*A!;+(.%/+*! )%F(%*+%.!+'! 6/&0(.%!*'-%!-')%!,++),&+6C%!BKL!*(&$!,*!C6.%'*A!#$6*!4'(0.!*(88%*+!*+(.%/+*S!,99)%&6,+6'/!'5!BKLA!H&&').6/8!+'!+$%!9)%!*()C%1!"Um!'5!*+(.%/+*!,/*4%)%.!+$,+!+$%1!/%%.%.!-')%!'/06/%!)%*'()&%*A!H&&').6/8!+'!+$%!9'*+!*()C%1:!OYYm!*+(.%/+*!,8)%%.!46+$!+$%!*+,+%-%/+!+$,+!BKL!,/.!'+$%)!)%*'()&%*!9)'C6.%.!-')%! 6/5')-,+6'/!)%8,).6/8!+$%!&'()*%A!!

8%4'%$!4$+,%'%*!$%9',0%6$%&!+.!&:$!60#$!0(!#$4'9$,)!!

#$6*! 4,*! ,! /%4! %@9%)6%/&%! 5')! -'*+! '5! +$%! 9,)+6&69,/+! *+(.%/+*A! H+! +$%!2%86//6/8! *'-%! *+(.%/+*! 4$'! 9,)+6&69,+%.! 6/! +$%! &'()*%! 4%)%! /'+! &'/56.%/+!2%&,(*%! '5! +$%6)! 0,&3! '5! 3/'40%.8%! '5! &'-9(+%)! 06+%),&1A! A"* .&1* 1<&/)5D?* $#)!*+(.%/+! )%*9'/.%.A! #$%! )%*9'/*%*! '5! +$%! 9)%! *()C%1! ,0*'! 9)'C%.! ,2'C%!)%*9'/*%A! "Y! '5! *+(.%/+*! 4%)%! ,+! ,C%),8%! 0%C%0! ,/.! PO! '5! *+(.%/+*! &0,6-%.!f9'')S! 6/! +$%6)! 9)'56&6%/&1! 6/! (*%! '5! &'-9(+%)! 5')! ,&,.%-6&! 9()9'*%*A! ;'-%!5,&%.!.6556&(0+6%*!.(%!+'!9'')!K/806*$!3/'40%.8%`!

g"*&4.&71*.$//7*&@$>'*67*,#:4(12*./('(#:9*F7*./('(#:*(1*#$'*1$*:$$5D9*

AG44*'2)*6&')/(&41*&/2)*(#*,#:4(129*"#1'/><'($#1*&/)*&41$*(#*,#:4(129*G'*4)&1'*(8*7$>*<&#*:(%)*(#1'/><'($#*(#*E(#2&4&*.)*0#$.*.2&'*.)*&%)*'$*5$D*

89


!

VX!!

A+,-* F&')/(&41* &/)* :$$5* @>'* 5>)* '$* $>/* 3$$/* ,#:4(12* ('* (1* 5(88(<>4'* '$*>#5)/1'&#59*"8*7$>*<&#*'/&#14&')999D*

Af$>* 2&%)* $88)/)5* '2(1* <$>/1)* (#* ,#:4(129*K)* 2&%)* '$*.$/0* 2&/5* &#5* "* :$'*2)43*8/$6*$>/*,#:4(12*')&<2)/*'$*>#5)/1'&#5*'2)*6&')/(&41?*1$*('*'&0)1*&*4$'*$8*'(6)D*

*AH2)*&'')63'1*'2&'*"*6&5)*'$*>#5)/1'&#5*'2)*/)R>(/)5*/)&5(#:*.)/)*&*4$'9*"*'/()5*'$*'/&#14&')*'2)*/)1$>/<)1*(#'$*E(#2&4&?*@>'*('*.&1*'(6)*<$#1>6(#:*.$/0*&#5*#$'*)&17*&1*.)44999D*

B/! +$%! '+$%)! $,/.! *+(.%/+! 5'(/.! .6556&(0+6%*! 6/! 4)6+6/8! )%50%&+6C%! %/+)6%*:!9,)+6&69,+6'/!6/!+$%!.6*&(**6'/!5')(-!,/.!,/*4%)6/8!,**68/-%/+*A!

A"* .&1* >#&@4)* '$* );3/)11* .2&'* (1* (#* 67* 6(#5* (#'$* ./('')#* .$/51* &#5*1)#')#<)1*(#*,#:4(12*@)<&>1)*$8*67*3$$/*,#:4(129*B>'*"*>1)5*'/&#14(')/&'($#*'$*<$66>#(<&')*'2)*(5)&19*G#72$.*#$.*"J6*2&337D9*B>'*"*.&#'*'$*(63/$%)*67*,#:4(12*'2)#*"*<&#*./(')*.)44999D**

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

#$%!,2'C%!-%/+6'/%.!5,&+*!,)%!&'/56)-%.!46+$!+$%!,/,01*6*!'5!'/06/%!(*,8%A!#$%!*(&&%**!'5!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!*1*+%-!.%9%/.*!'/!$'4!*+(.%/+*S!,&&%**!+$%6)!'/06/%!,&&'(/+! 4$6&$! 6*! /%&%**,)1! 6/! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! *1*+%-A! H&&').6/8! +'! +$%! .,+,:!-,J')6+1! '5! *+(.%/+*! $,C%! $,.! ,&&%**%.! +$%6)! ,&&'(/+! 6/! +$%! 6/6+6,0! *+,8%A!W'4%C%):! 6+! $,*! .%&)%,*%.!46+$6/! +$%! 56/,0! OY! .,1*A! #$%1! 5%0+! +$,+! +$%! +(+')S*!6/+%),&+6'/!46+$! +$%!8)'(9!4,*!/'+!%/'(8$!,/.!/%%.%.!-')%!')6%/+,+6'/!,/.!8(6.,/&%A!I+!4'(0.!2%!8''.!65!,99)'9)6,+%!,/.!)%8(0,)!9)'5%**6'/,0!.%C%0'9-%/+!'99')+(/6+6%*!,)%!-,.%!,C,60,20%!+'!,00!+%,&$6/8!*+,55:!9,)+6&(0,)01!65!+(+')*!,)%!+'!2%&'-%! %55%&+6C%! %7+(+')*:! +$,+! +$%1! &,/! +,3%! 5(00! ,.C,/+,8%! '5! +$%!'99')+(/6+6%*!,C,60,20%!+'!*(99')+!+$%!*+(.%/+A!

H00! *+(.%/+*!4$'!9,)+6&69,+%.! 6/! +$%! &'()*%!-%/+6'/%.! +$,+! 0%,)/6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*!,)%!%,*1:!%/J'1,20%!,/.!,++),&+6C%A!E)'-!+$%6)!)%50%&+6'/*!6+!&,/!2%!*%%/!+$,+!,00!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!$,.!%/J'1%.!6/!,/*4%)6/8!'/06/%!F(6_!4$6&$!4,*!,C,60,20%!(/.%)!

90


!

XY!!

O*+!*%**6'/A!Z'*+!'5!+$%!*+(.%/+*!*+)'/801!,8)%%.!46+$!+$%!C6%4!+$,+!+$%!F(6__%*!$%09%.!+$%-!+'!)%50%&+!'/!+$%!*%**6'/!9)%*%/+%.A!

#$%!,C,60,2606+1!'5!9)'-9+! 5%%.2,&3!46+$!-,)3*!,/.!,00'46/8! *%C%),0! ,++%-9+*!,)%! +$%! )%,*'/*! 5')! +$%!,++),&+6'/! 5')! +$%!'/06/%!F(6__%*A!H00! *+(.%/+*! 5%0+! +$,+!+$%! ,**68/-%/+*! 4%)%! +''! $%,C1A! =(+! +$%! &)6+%)6,! '5! 0%,)/6/8! ,/.! ,**%**-%/+!,&+6C6+6%*! 4%)%! $%095(0! +'! $%09! +$%-! +$6/3! +$%-! 46+$! $'4! +'! 5')-(0,+%! +$%6)!,/*4%)*A!

#$%!-'*+! 6-9')+,/+!+$6/8!+$,+!9,)+6&69,/+*!%@9)%**%.!4,*!+$,+!+$%1!9'**%**%.!+$%!+%&$/6&,0!*3600*!+'!9,)+6&69,+%!6/!'/!06/%!&'()*%*!%55%&+6C%01A!#$6*!4,*!9)'C%.!21! +$%! )%50%&+6'/*! '5! *'-%! *+(.%/+*A! #$%1! )%50%&+%.! +$,+! +$6*! &'()*%! $,.!5,&606+,+%.! +$%-! 6/! (9.,+6/8! +$%6)! &'-9(+%)! *3600*A! E')! 6/*+,/&%:! '/%! *+(.%/+!-%/+6'/%.!+$,+:!A('*.&1*&*:/)&'*$33$/'>#('7*'$*>35&')*67*<$63>')/*10(4419D!

;+(.%/+*!,)%!*(99'*%.!+'!-,3%!,!\'4%)\'6/+!9)%*%/+,+6'/!+'!5(0560!+$%!/%%.!'5!0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+1:!,/.!5'00'46/8!F('+,+6'/!9)'C%*!+$%!,2'C%!-%/+6'/%.!9'6/+`!!

A"'* .&1* 1$* (#')/)1'(#:9* "* .&1* &@4)* '$* 6&0)* &* 3$.)/* 3$(#'* 3/)1)#'&'($#* .('2*');'1?*(6&:)1*&#5*&44V99D!

I-9)'C6/8!+$%!(*,8%!'5!K/806*$!6*!,0*'!,!9'*6+6C%!6-9,&+!'5!+$6*!&'()*%!,&&').6/8!+'!+$%!)%50%&+6'/*!'5!+$%!*+(.%/+*A!;'-%!*+(.%/+*!$,.!%/)'00%.!+$6*!&'()*%!46+$!9'')! 2,&38)'(/.! '5! K/806*$! 0,/8(,8%A! =(+! +$%1! 4%)%! ,20%! +'! -,/,8%! +$%6)!4)6++%/!K/806*$!+'!*'-%!%@+%/+A!

A,&/4()/*"*)%)#*5(5#J'*'2(#0*'$*8$44$.*&*<$>/1)*(#*,#:4(12?*'2)/)8$/)*"*2&5*&*@(:*5$>@'*$#*2$.*.(44*"*5$*('*.('2*67*4(''4)*,#:4(129*B>'*#$.*"*8))4*"*<$>45*@)*&@4)*'$*(63/$%)*67*,#:4(12*@)<&>1)*$8*'2(1*<$>/1)999D!

K@&%9+! 5')! '/%! *+(.%/+:! +$%! )%*+! 4%)%! /'+! 5,-606,)! 46+$! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! 77! ,!+'+,001! /%4! %@9%)6%/&%! 5')! +$%-A! #$6*! &'()*%! $,.! 86C%/! +$%! '99')+(/6+1! 5')!*+(.%/+*!+'!2%&'-%!5,-606,)!46+$!,/!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+A!!

A+#4(#)* 4)&/#(#:* (1* &* '$'&447* #).* '2(#:* 8$/* 6)9* O(/1'* '(6)* "* .&1* 1$* &8/&(5* '$*3/)11* &* @>''$#* )%)#9* B>'* "* @)<&6)* 8&6(4(&/* .('2* '2(1* )#%(/$#6)#'* 5&7* @7*5&7VD!

H*! )%C%,0%.! ,+! +$%! 6/+%)C6%4*:! +$%! 5)(*+),+6/8! -'-%/+*! *+(.%/+*! %@9%)6%/&%.!.()6/8! +$6*! 9)'&%**!4,*!-,6/01! +$%! 5,60()%! '5! +$%! 6/+%)/%+! &'//%&+6'/! ,/.! +''!-(&$!+6-%!+,3%/!5')!0'886/8A!

91


!

XO!!

g"*8))4*8/>1'/&')5*.2)#*(#')/#)'*<$##)<'($#*(1*14$.D*

AK2)#*171')6*.&1*5$.#999999999"*.)#'*6&5D*

AG1*')&<2)/1?*.)*2&/547* 8(#5*'2)*'(6)9*G'*'2&'*'(6)*<$##)<'($#* (1*#$'*'2)/)* ('*&##$7)5*6)J*

*ZJ"*'$$0*1$*6&#7*5&71*'$*4$:!**

#%&$/6&,0!6/5),*+)(&+()%!.%56&6%/&1!6*!'/%!'5!+$%!5,&+')*!+$,+!-,3%!+$%!*+(.%/+*!$68$01! 5)(*+),+%.A! ;'-%! *+(.%/+*! *,6.! &$,00%/8%*! &,/! 2%! ,*! 2,*6&! ,*! 0,&3! '5!+%&$/'0'81! 9)'56&6%/&1A! H00! +$%! *+(.%/+*! -%/+6'/%.! +$,+! A6&#&:(#:* '(6)* .&1*%)/7*5(88(<>4'DA!#$%!5'00'46/8!)%50%&+6'/!'5!,!*+(.%/+!&'/56)-*!+$6*A!!

AH2)1)* '73)1* $8* <$>/1)1* &/)*6$/)* 1>('&@4)* 8$/* >#5)/:/&5>&')1*.2$* &/)* 8/))*8/$6* 5$6)1'(<* .$/0* &#5* 8&6(47* <$66('6)#'19* K)* &1* &5>4'* 4)&/#)/1* 8(#5*5(88(<>4'()1* (#* 8(#5(#:* '(6)* 8$/*$>/*5$6)1'(<*.$/0*&#5*.$/0* (#* /)4&'($#* '$*$>/*<&/))/9*"*'2(#0*'2(1*(1*6$/)*)88)<'(%)*8$/*@&<2)4$/1D9*

;'-%!*+(.%/+*!$,C%!*(88%*+%.!$,C6/8!,00!9)'8),--%*!'/06/%!,/.!+$,+!-,+%)6,0*!*$'(0.!2%!6/!,00!+$)%%!0,/8(,8%*!D!K/806*$:!;6/$,0,!j!#,-60A!

?0%14/#'%*!,$6+,F.!

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

92


!

XP!!

K)*&/)*4$$0(#:*8$/.&/5*'$*@/(5:(#:*'2)*:&3*@7*1')33(#:*8$/.&/5*'$*$88)/*&44*$>/*3/$:/&66)1*>1(#:*'2(1*#).*&33/$&<29*K2)#*')&<2)/1*&/)*)R>(33)5*.)44?*&44*'2)*<2(45/)#*(#*'2(1*.$/45*6&7*2&%)*&#*&<<)11*8$/*&*6)&#(#:8>4*)5><&'($#9*

T$.*.)*<&#*5/&.**

E(4%)/*4(#)1**

"#*'2)*107*

K)*'2)*')&<2)/1*&/)**

1)#'*'$*4(:2'*>3*$>/*<2(45/)#J1*.$/45V*

@7*<)4)@/&'(#:*'2)*5(88)/)#<)1*$8*<2(45/)#9*

5:$!S0/,%$)!?0%&'%/$.GA!

I+!4,*! %@+)%-%01! 6-9')+,/+! +'! &'/.(&+! C,)6'(*! ,*9%&+*! '5! +$%! )%*%,)&$! 6/! +$%!E,&(0+1:!.()6/8!+$6*!9)'&%**A!#$%!-%+$'.!,.'9+%.!4,*!960'+%.!46+$!'/%!&'()*%:!,/.!+$,+!%@9%)6%/&%!4,*!6/+%)%*+6/8!,/.!C,0(,20%!6/!(/.%)*+,/.6/8!-')%!,2'(+!6+*! *+)%/8+$*! ,/.! 4%,3/%**%*A! I+! ,0*'! 2)'(8$+! +'8%+$%)! ,! 8)'(9! '5! *+,55! ,/.!*+(.%/+*!46006/8!+'!*$,)%!3/'40%.8%A!d%++6/8! 6/C'0C%.!46+$!%@9%)+*! 6/!+$6*!56%0.!9)'C%.! 6+*! 4')+$! ,+! +$)%%! *+,8%*`! G'00%&+6/8! /%4! 6/5')-,+6'/N! E%%.2,&3N! ,/.!E6/,06_6/8A!

^$%/! '55%)6/8! +$%! '/06/%! &'()*%c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

>$($,$%1$.!

=,3%):! iA! j! e68-'/.:! ]A! <OXX"?A! #$%! -%,/6/8! ,/.! 9),&+6&%! '5! 6/&0(*6'/! 5')!*+(.%/+*!46+$! 0%,)/6/8!.6*,2606+6%*`*#$%-%*!,/.! 6-906&,+6'/*! 5)'-! +$%! 56C%!&,*%*A!d$>/#&4*$8*E3)<(&4*,5><&'($#:!PX!<P?:!OMR7OVYA!

!

93


!

XR!!

?:+;&$,!T!

86/&'#!&:,0/*:!5$1:%040*)U!J!S0/,%$)!!E2(/$#(<&*X&/>#&#&7&0&?*M2&#5&#&*O)/#&#5$?*E&6&#'2(*d&7&1(#:2)?*g&P(/&*5)*E(4%&*&#5*M2('/&#:&#(*I).&3&'2(/&#&*

!

J!M0/,%$)!0(!&$1:%040*)!'%&$*,+&'0%!

AI$.*<&#*.)*6&0)*$>/* 4)&/#)/1*&<'(%)*3&/'(<(3&#'1* (#*&* P$>/#)7*$8* ')<2#$4$:7*(#'):/&'($#hD! #$6*! 4,*! +$%! 6--%.6,+%! F(%)1! +$,+! ,)'*%! ,-'/8! '()! +%,-7H2)*FGH,1?!4$%/!4%!4%)%!%/+)(*+%.!46+$!+$%!-6**6'/!'5!.%*68/6/8!,/.!.%C%0'96/8!,!9)'5%**6'/,0!.%C%0'9-%/+!&'()*%!5')!%.(&,+')*:!46+$!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+%8),+6'/A!!

B()!+,)8%+!8)'(9!6*!+%,&$%)*!,/.!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*:!4$'!,)%!-'*+01!-,+()%!,8%!0%,)/%)*:! '5+%/!'2*%)C%.! +'!2%! )%0(&+,/+! 6/!(*6/8!/%4! +%&$/'0'86%*! ,/.! 5,&6/8!.6556&(0+6%*! 6/! +$%! +),/*6+6'/! +'4,).*! ,.'9+6'/! '5! +%&$/'0'81! 6/! +%,&$6/8! ,/.!0%,)/6/8A* ^%! +$'(8$+! $,).:! .6*&(**%.:! .%2,+%.! ,/.! ,8)%%.! +$,+! ,! f&$,/8%S! 6*!/%%.%.A!!

^%! 4%)%! .%+%)-6/%.! +'! -'C%! 5')4,).:! 4$,+%C%)! +$%! '2*+,&0%*! +$,+! -,1! 2%!%/&'(/+%)%.!21!(*A!L%,06_6/8!+$%!/%%.!5')!(*!+'!5(/&+6'/!,*!f&$,/8%!,8%/+*S:!4%!+$'(8$+! '5! 56/.6/8! ,! 4,1! +'! ,&+6C,+%! '()! 0%,)/%)*7! +%,&$%)*! ,/.! +%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*:! +'! (*%! +%&$/'0'81:! f+$%! 9)'-6*6/8! +''0! 5')! &$,/8%S:! 6/! +$%6)!9)'5%**6'/,0!9),&+6&%A!;':!4%!(/,/6-'(*01!.%&6.%.!+'!*%+!'55!6/!+$6*!%/.%,C'():!%C%/!+$'(8$!+$%!2%86//6/8!4,*!,!06++0%!20())%.A!

I/6+6,001! 4%! 5%0+:! +$,+! 4%! +''! 4%)%! *+600! +),99%.! 46+$6/! ,! &%00! '5! &'/C%/+6'/,0!+$6/36/8A! ;':! +$%! *+,)+6/8! 9'6/+! .%56/6+%01! )%F(6)%.! )%9'*6+6'/6/8! '()*%0C%*! ,*!),.6&,0! +$6/3%)*! ,/.! '9%/7-6/.%.! 9)'5%**6'/,0*! +'! 2)%,3! ,4,1! 5)'-! +$6*!*6+(,+6'/A! ^%! (/.%)*+''.! +$%! /%%.! +'! -'C%! 6/! 06++0%! *+%9*! 46+$! -(&$! %55')+:!+'4,).*! -,36/8! ,! f268! &$,/8%SA! B()! .)6C6/8! 5')&%*! 4%)%! /'+$6/8! %0*%! 2(+!<$#8(5)#<):!5)')/6(#&'($#!,/.!3$')#'(&4!,C,60,20%!46+$6/!(*A!^6+$'(+!4,6+6/8!5')!,2*'0(+%!&'-5')+:!4%!*%+!'()*%0C%*!5')!*46--6/8!6/!+$%!-(.!4,+%):!2%06%C6/8!6/!6+*!%C%/+(,0!9()656&,+6'/A!

b0+6-,+%01:! +$6*! 4$'0%! %@9%)6%/&%! +()/%.! '(+! +'! 2%! ,/! %@&6+6/8! f+%&$/'0'81!J'()/%1S!5')!(*!D!)%*(0+6/8!6/!,!f&$,/8%S!6/!'()*%0C%*n!#$6*!*+6-(0,+6/8!%@9%)6%/&%!/'+!'/01!.%C%0'9%.!'()! &,9,&6+1! 6/! +$%!,9906&,+6'/!'5! +%&$/'0'81! 6/+'!9),&+6&%!

Chapter

5

94


!

XT!!

21!.%*68/6/8! ,/.!.%C%0'96/8! ,! +%&$/'0'817%/$,/&%.! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! 5')!'()!+,)8%+!8)'(9:!2(+!,0*'!%55%&+%.!6/!,!*68/656&,/+!*$65+!6/!'()!'4/!-6/.*%+*A!!

I/! +$6*! &$,9+%)! 4%! *$,)%! 46+$! 1'(! '()! *+')1:! +$%! +%&$/'0'81! J'()/%1! +$,+! 4%!4%/+!+$)'(8$!)%.%*68/6/8!,/.!)%.%C%0'96/8!+$%!&'()*%!f#%,&$%)!K.(&,+')!,*!,/!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'86*+S:!46+$! 6/+%8),+6'/!'5! IG#!,/.!BKL:!,/.!+$%!&$,00%/8%*!4%!5,&%.!.()6/8!+$%!9)'&%**:!,*!4%00!,*!'()!,&$6%C%-%/+*!,/.!+)6(-9$*A!

?066$%1'%*!0/,!M0/,%$)! !

B()!J'()/%1!&'--%/&%.!46+$!+$%!*%0%&+6'/!'5!+$%!&'()*%!f#%,&$%)!K.(&,+')!,*!,/! K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'86*+S:! '/%! '5! +$%! &'()*%*! 6/! +$%! Z,*+%)! '5! H)+*! 6/!#%,&$%)! K.(&,+6'/7I/+%)/,+6'/,0! <ZH#K7I?! 9)'8),--%:! +'! 2%! )%7.%*68/%.! 46+$!IG#! ,/.! BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/A! #$%! 56C%7-%-2%)! &'()*%! +%,-! D! +$%! FGH,1:! 4%/+!+$)'(8$! +$6*! +%&$/'0'81! J'()/%1:! .()6/8! ,! 9%)6'.! '5! OV!-'/+$*:! *6/&%! i,/(,)1!PYORA!

ZH#K7I!6*!,!+'+,001!0%,)/%)!,/.!0%,)/6/87&%/+%)%.!9)'8),--%!'55%)%.!(*6/8!BQ>!-%+$'.*:! +'! ,! +,)8%+! 8)'(9! 4$'! ,)%! -,+()%! ,8%! *+(.%/+*! ,/.! 5(007+6-%!%-90'1%.!9)'5%**6'/,0*!,*!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*A!#$%!9)'8),--%!,.'9+*!,!(/6F(%!9%.,8'86&,0! .%*68/:! /,-%01! D! g;&%/,)6'7=,*%.! >%,)/6/8h! <;=>?:! 4$6&$! *6+(,+%*!0%,)/%)*! 6/!,(+$%/+6&!*&%/,)6'*!4$%)%!+$%1!$,C%!+'!,**(-%!.655%)%/+! )'0%*!,/.!5,&%!&$,00%/8%*!6/!+$%!5')-!'5!C,)6'(*!0%,)/6/8!+,*3*A!#$6*!,00'4*!2(60.6/8!(9!'/!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*S! %@6*+6/8! &'-9%+%/&6%*! ,0)%,.1!,&F(6)%.! +$)'(8$! +$%6)! 9)6')!9)'5%**6'/,0!.%C%0'9-%/+!,/.!%@9%)6%/&%*A! #$%! *6@! &'()*%*! 6/! +$%!9)'8),--%!,)%! .%*68/%.! +'! .%C%0'9! &'-9%+%/&6%*! 6/! *6@! 5'&,0! ,)%,*:! ,6-6/8! +'4,).*! +$%!-,36/8!'5!,!f)%50%&+6C%!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')S!<ZH#K7I!\)'8),--%!W,/.2''3:!PYYT?A!

#$%! &'()*%! 4%! *%0%&+%.:! f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d(6.%! 7! K;\PPTP:!PYYT?A! #$%*%! '2J%&+6C%*! ,)%! ,&$6%C%.! +$)'(8$! +$%! ;=>! ,99)',&$:! 4$%)%! +$%!0%,)/%)*! ,)%! 9)%*%/+%.! 46+$! ,/! ,(+$%/+6&! 0%,)/6/8! *&%/,)6'! 6/! 4$6&$! +$%1! ,)%!)%F(6)%.! +'! ,**(-%! +$%! )'0%! '5! ,/! %.(&,+6'/,0! +%&$/'0'86*+:! ,/.! %/8,8%! 6/! ,!*%)6%*! '5! &$,00%/86/8! +,*3*A! #$%*%! 0%,.! +'! +$%! &'-90%+6'/! '5! 5'()! -,J')!,**68/-%/+*!+$,+!%/,20%!+$%-!+'!,&$6%C%!+$%!.%*6)%.!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%*:!46+$6/!+$%!.(),+6'/!'5!PT!4%%3*A!

95


!

X"!!

#$6*! &'()*%!4,*! +$%! 56)*+! *+,/.7,0'/%! 5(001! '/06/%! &'()*%! +'! 2%!'55%)%.! C6,! +$%!0%,)/6/8! -,/,8%-%/+! *1*+%-! <>Z;?! Z''.0%:! ,+! Bb;>! <l,)(/,/,1,3,:! PYYV,?A!#$%!6/+%),&+6C%!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+!'5!+$%!&'()*%!4,*!8)'(/.%.!46+$6/!+$%! ;=>! 9%.,8'81:!4$60%! *+)%/8+$*! '5! ,/! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! *(&$! ,*!,&&%**!+'!,.%F(,+%!)%*'()&%*!,/.!,2606+1!+'!&'--(/6&,+%!,/.!*$,)%!46+$!9%%)*!4%)%! (+606_%.! 21! ,.'9+6/8! ,! *+)(&+()%! '5! &'00,2'),+6C%! 6/+%),&+6'/*! +$)'(8$!C,)6'(*!*+),+%86%*!<l,)(/,/,1,3,!j!],6.(:!PYYXN!l,)(/,/,1,3,:!PYYV2?A!

Q()6/8!+$%!BKL!9)'J%&+!+$,+!&'--%/&%.!6/!i,/(,)1:!PYOR:!'()!6/+%/+6'/!4,*!+'!)%7.%*68/! +$%! %@6*+6/8! &'()*%:! ,/.!.%C%0'9! 6+! ,5)%*$:! 0,16/8!-')%! %-9$,*6*! '/!IG#! ,/.!BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/!46+$6/! +$%! ;=>!9%.,8'86&,0! ,99)',&$!46+$! ,! 5'&(*!'/!9)'C6.6/8!-')%!%55%&+6C%!0%,)/6/8!%@9%)6%/&%*!+'!+$%!0%,)/%)*A!#$)'(8$'(+!+$%6)!0%,)/6/8!%@9%)6%/&%:!0%,)/%)*!,)%!+'!2%!%-9'4%)%.!6/!.%*68/6/8!,/.!.%C%0'96/8!+$%6)! '4/! 3/'40%.8%! )%9)%*%/+,+6'/*! '/! fK.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81S:! 46+$! +$%!*(99')+!'5! IG#!,/.!BKLA!#$%!3%1!&$,00%/8%!+$,+!,4,6+%.!(*!4,*:!.%*68/6/8! +$%!&'()*%!6/!*(&$!,!-,//%)!+$,+!4600!%/,20%!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*!+'!0%,)/!+$%!)%0%C,/+!*(2J%&+!-,++%)!21!%@9%)6%/&6/8!+$%!*,-%!9)'&%.()%:!,/.!2%&'-6/8!f0%,)/%)*!,*!.%*68/%)*S!<i'/,**%/!j!L%%C%*:!OXXM?A!!!

V+1'%*!&:$!?:+44$%*$!

#$%! 56C%! FGH,1?! ,*! 4%! &,00%.! '()*%0C%*:! 4%)%! )%,.1! +'! 5,&%! +$%! /(-%)'(*!&$,00%/8%*!+$,+!,4,6+%.!(*A!B(+!'5!+$%!*%C%/!&'()*%*!'5!+$%!ZH#K7I!9)'8),--%!4%!.%&6.%.!+'!*%0%&+!+$6*!9,)+6&(0,)!&'()*%:!g#%,&$%)!K.(&,+')!,*!,/!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'86*+h!+'!)%7.%*68/:!,*!4%!+$'(8$+!6+!4,*!+$%!-'*+!,99)'9)6,+%!&'()*%!+'!6/+%8),+%! IG#! ,/.!BKL:! .(%! +'! 6+*! 5'&(*! '/! %.(&,+6'/,0! +%&$/'0'81A! H0*':! ,*! 6+!4,*!,0)%,.1!.%C%0'9%.!,*!,/!'/06/%!&'()*%:!4%! +$'(8$+! 6+!4'(0.!2%!,/!,..%.!,.C,/+,8%:!-,36/8! 6+!-')%!&'/C%/6%/+!5')!(*!+'!)%C6*%!,/.!)%7.%*68/!46+$!BKL!6/+%8),+6'/:!46+$6/!+$%!*9%&656%.!+6-%!5),-%A!!

#$%!%/+6)%!9)'&%**!4,*!90,//%.!+'!'&&()!6/!+$)%%!.655%)%/+!*+,8%*!,*!5'00'4*`!

o L%7.%*68/!+$%!%@6*+6/8!&'()*%!6/!,!-,//%)!+$,+!4,*!*(6+,20%!5')!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+%8),+6'/N!

o ;%0%&+! ,/.! 6/+%8),+%! ,99)'9)6,+%!BKL! ,*! 0%,)/6/8! )%*'()&%*! 6/! +$%! &'()*%N!,/.!

o Q%C%0'9!6+!,*!,/!'/06/%!&'()*%A!

!

96


!

XM!!

H&&').6/801:!56)*+!4%!')8,/6_%.!,00!)%F(6)%.!,&+6C6+6%*!,&&').6/8!+'!,!+6-%!5),-%:!,/.!/%@+!.6*+)62(+%.!+$%!4')30',.!,-'/8!(*!46+$!9)%&6*%!6/.6C6.(,0!,/.!*$,)%.!)%*9'/*62606+6%*A!^%:! +$%!FGH,*!9)'&%%.%.!46+$!'()! J'()/%1!46+$!,!$68$!*%/*%!'5!+%,-!*96)6+n!

P/'4#'%*!1+;+1'&)!

I/! ').%)! +'! *(&&%**5(001! %/8,8%! 6/! +$%! 90,//%.! +,*3*! &,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8! 4,*!%**%/+6,0! 6/!*%C%),0!,)%,*:!,*!-,/1!'5!(*!4%)%!(/,4,)%!,2'(+!BKL!,/.!$'4!+'!6/+%8),+%! +$%-! 6/+'!&'()*%!.%*68/A!Q()6/8! +$%! 56)*+! &,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8!4')3*$'9!+$,+!4,*!$%0.!6/!i,/(,)1!PYOR:!+$%!/'C%0!&'/&%9+!'5!BKL!4,*!6/+)'.(&%.!+'!(*A!#$6*!4,*! +$%! +)688%)!%C%/+:!4$6&$! *+6-(0,+%.!(*! +'! 5()+$%)!'()!(/.%)*+,/.6/8*!'/!BKL!,/.!'+$%)!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*:!,/.!+$%6)!6/+%)7)%0,+6'/*$69*:!,*!4%00!,*!+$%6)!*68/656&,/&%!6/!&'()*%!.%*68/A!!

#$%!&'/&%9+!-,996/8!%@%)&6*%!+$,+!4%!%/8,8%.! 6/!9,),00%0!46+$!'()!&'()*%!)%7.%*68/6/8!+,*3!$%09%.!(*!6--%/*%01!+'!C6*(,06_%!$'4!'()!(/.%)*+,/.6/8*!'5!3%1!&'/&%9+*!.%C%0'9%.!'C%)!+6-%:!+$)'(8$'(+!+$%!9)'&%**A!#$%!56)*+!C%)*6'/*!'5!+$%!&'/&%9+!-,9*!4%)%!.),4/!.()6/8! +$%! 56)*+! &,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8!4')3*$'9!$%0.! 6/!i,/(,)1:!PYORA!;6/&%!+$%/:!.()6/8!+$%!%/+6)%!9)'&%**:!*%C%),0!C%)*6'/*!'5!&'/&%9+!-,9*!4%)%!.),4/!21!(*A!#$%!56/,0!C%)*6'/!4,*!.),4/!,+!+$%!%/.!'5!+$%!9)'J%&+:!6/!i(/%:!PYOTA!^$60%!*'-%!-%-2%)*!$,C%!.%C%0'9%.!T!+'!"!C%)*6'/*!'5!&'/&%9+!-,9*!.()6/8! +$6*!9%)6'.:! *'-%!4%)%!,20%! +'!.%C%0'9!'/01!P!')!R!C%)*6'/*A!#$%!6/6+6,0! ,/.! 56/,0! C%)*6'/*! '5! +$%! &'/&%9+! -,9*! .),4/! 21! +$%! 56C%! FGH,*! ,)%!600(*+),+%.!6/!E68()%*!"AO!+'!"AOYA!!

97


1

A Mind Map reflecting my learning so far

(Already knew to some extent)

(New Thinking)

Where to find them?

OER

What are they?

Why do we need them? How to integrate

them into our teaching and learning?

How to identify them?

How can we use them?

- teaching/learning/research materials - freely available in public domain - open licensed

- free access - time-saving - variety - adaptability -less restrictions in use

CC license (Types) 1. CC BY 2. CC-BY-SA 3. CC-BY-ND 4. CC-BY-NC 5. CC-BY-NC-SA 6. CC-BY-NC-ND

- OER Repositories - Search Engines - Learning Registry

- Principles - Theory - Models - VSM as Engine for Education - OER as essential fuel for engine

- Teaching - Learning - Research 4Rs – Reuse, Revise, Remix & Redistribute

Fig. 5.1: Concept map V.1 - MATE 1 Fig. 5.1: Concept map V.1 - MATE 1

98


Co

ncep

t Map

–V

ersi

on 5

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

thro

ugh

resu

lting

in

prom

otin

g

that

allo

ws

supp

ort t

he u

se

and

crea

tion

of

enha

nce

such

as

awar

ding

crea

ting

requ

irin

g

base

d on

rais

ing

prov

idin

g

resu

lting

in

supp

orte

d by

depe

ndin

g on

tow

ards

Gui

ded

by

requ

irin

g

thro

ugh

re

quir

ing

thro

ugh

allo

ws

prov

ide

has

allo

ws

base

d on

pr

ovid

ing

OOpp

ee nn

EE dduu

cc aatt ii

oo nnaa ll

PP rr

aa cctt ii

cc eess

(( OOEE PP

))

((OO

EE RR))

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

p

Ope

n Li

cens

ing

Ope

n Le

arni

ng

MO

OCs

Ope

n Ba

dges

4Rs

Fram

ewor

k R

euse

, R

evis

e R

emix

&

Red

istr

ibut

e

Co

urs

e

Desi

gn

Prin

cipl

es/T

heor

y/M

odel

s

Lear

ning

-cen

tred

Pe

dago

gica

l Des

igns

(SBL

)

A S

hari

ng C

ultu

re

Peda

gogi

cal P

ract

ices

Peda

gogi

cal b

elie

fs

chan

ging

Chal

leng

es…

???

Sele

ctio

n/

Eval

uati

on/

Inte

grat

ion

of

App

ropr

iate

OER

Gui

ded

by

OOEE RR

-- bbaa ss

ee dd

ee --ll ee

aa rrnn ii

nngg

- Acc

essi

bilit

y - F

lexi

bilit

y

- Equ

ity

Dig

ital

Pot

enti

al

Peda

gogi

cal

Pote

ntia

l

Conc

erns

…??

?

Opp

ortu

niti

es…

!!!

Des

igni

ng

Effe

ctiv

e Ef

fici

ent

Enga

ging

L

earn

ing

Expe

rien

ces

Fig.

5.2

: Con

cept

Map

V.4

- M

ATE

1

99


Open Learning

OER

CC BY

CC BY SA

CC BY ND

CC BY NC

Creative Commons License

Open Education Practices

Open Scholarship

Open Badges

Using of ICT

Sharing

Free of Charge

Fig. 5.3: Concept map V.1 - MATE 2

Learning

Revise

Re-mix

Re-use

Open Learning

OER

CC BY

CC BY SA

CC BY ND

CC BY NC

Creative Commons License

Open Education Practices

Open Scholarship

Open Badges

Using of ICT

Sharing

Free of Charge

Learning Situation

Scenario Based

ODL

Novel and Creative

Permission Integration

Facilitation

Easily available

Fig. 5.4: Concept map V.4 - MATE 2

Fig. 5.3: Concept Map V.1 - MATE 2


100


O

DL

Face

-to-

Face

Se

ssio

ns

Re

cord

s of

Ac

hiev

emen

t

New

Met

hods

Tr

aditi

onal

Met

hod

ICT

O

ER

Mat

eria

ls

OD

L In

stit

utio

n ( O

p e n

M

ega

Uni

vers

itie

s)

Res

earc

h

Lear

ning

T

each

ing

Ope

n O

nlin

e Co

urse

s

Ope

n Ba

dges

O

pen

Scho

lars

hip

Cre

ativ

e Co

mm

ons

Lice

nses

CC

BY-N

C-SA

CC

BY-N

C

CC

BY-N

D

CC

BY-S

A

CC

BY

CC

BY-N

C-N

D

Ope

n Li

cens

e

Educ

atio

n fo

r A

ll

Shar

e th

e Kn

owle

dge

Free

of

Char

ge

No

cost

Can

free

ly u

se

Can

re-u

se, r

e-m

ix

Fig.

5.5

: Con

cept

Map

V.1

- M

ATE

3

101


OD

L

Face

to

Face

Se

ssio

ns

Rec

ords

of

Ach

ieve

men

t

New

Met

hods

Tr

aditi

onal

Met

hod

ICT

O

ER

Mat

eria

ls

OD

L In

stit

utio

n (O

pen)

Res

earc

h

Lear

ning

T

each

ing

Ope

n O

nlin

e Co

urse

s

Ope

n Ba

dges

O

pen

Scho

lars

hip

Cre

ativ

e Co

mm

ons

Lice

nses

CC

BY-N

C-SA

CC

BY-N

C

CC

BY-N

D

CC

BY-S

A

CC

BY

CC

BY-N

C-N

D

Ope

n Li

cens

e

Educ

atio

n fo

r A

ll

Shar

e th

e Kn

owle

dge

Scho

lars

hip

of

Teac

hing

No

cost

Can

free

ly u

se

Can

re-u

se ,

re-m

ix

Dis

cove

ry

Inte

grat

ion

App

licat

ion

Teac

hing

Educ

atio

n fo

r al

l Usi

ng

ICT

& O

ER

OER

bas

ed

E

– Le

arni

ng &

Te

achi

ng

Rubr

ics

Ass

essm

ent D

esig

n ne

w

Cour

ses

Ope

n

Lear

ning

Ope

n A

cces

s

Free

of C

harg

e Fr

ee M

ater

ials

Usi

ng P

ublic

Lim

ited

St

uden

ts

Prin

ted

Mat

eria

ls

Copy

Rig

hts

Free

Acc

ess

Eval

uatio

n

Des

ign

New

Pr

ogra

mm

e

Mor

e St

uden

ts

Fig.

5.6

: Co

ncep

t map

V.4

- M

ATE

3

Fig.

5.6

: Con

cept

Map

V.4

- M

ATE

3

102


Open Scholarships Open Badges

Open Learning

Value principles

What is OER OER The Learning registry

Benefits of the

Learning Registry

Can freely use Characters of OER

Teaching , learning & research

Have C.C license materials in any medium, digital or

Otherwise, that reside in the public. .domain.

CC Licensing categories Can be re-use , re-mix

1. BY 3. NC

2. SA 4. ND Issues around reuse, remixing, repurposing of OER

Fig. 5.7: Concept map V.1-MATE 4 Fig. 5.7: Concept Map V.1 - MATE 4

103



Job opportunities

Open Scholarships OER Universities OER Universities Open Badges of learner

e-Learning and Education for All

Open Learning

Education

Long life learning

OER-based Teaching

Open Educational Practices MOOCs

Course Design for OER-based Learning and teaching

Value Principles OER

How to use OER

What is OER

The learning registry

Benefits of the registry

OER based e-learning

Open Learning Practices

Characters of OER Can freely use Teaching, learning & research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that resides in the public domain

Have CC license

CC licensing categories

Can be re-use, re-mix 1. BY 3. NC 2. SA 4. ND

Issues around reuse, remixing, repurposing of OER

Types of OER

Eg: Lessons / lesson plans Multimedia Audio/ video productions Class room Activities Extended activities Assessments Animations Diagrams / Pictures Evaluation rubrics Scenarios Games Soft wares Work shops

Facilitate Teaching & learning

Allow to share the knowledge

104


E d u c a ti o n

2 0 2 0

Ope

n Le

arni

ng

Ope

n Ed

ucat

iona

l Re

sour

ces

and

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

p

OER

Ope

n ba

dges

Ope

n Le

arni

ng

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

p

Fact

ual Pr

oced

ural

Prin

cipl

e Ba

sed

Conc

eptu

al

Ope

n A

cces

s

Ope

n

Lice

nces

CC

By

SA N

C

Crea

tive

Com

men

ce

Lice

nses

ND

Dis

cove

ry

Inte

grat

ion

App

licat

ion

Teac

hing

O

pen

Scho

lars

hip

Prom

otin

g

4R

Re-u

se

Revi

sal Re

dist

ribu

ting

Rem

ix

Dig

ital L

/R

Pack

agin

g

Fact

ual

Dis

trib

utin

g

POO

L PO

ND

SPLA

SH MER

LO

T

CARE

O

Fig.

5.9

: C

once

pt m

ap V

.1-M

ATE

5

Fig.

5.9

: Con

cept

Map

V.1

- M

ATE

5

105


N

o Co

st

CC

BY

Ca

n Fr

eely

Use

CC

BY

- SA

Can

re –

use

, re

- mix

C

C BY

- N

D

CC

BY -

NC

Cr

eativ

e Co

mm

ons

CC

BY

– N

C - S

A

L

icen

ses

CC

BY

– N

C - N

D

F

actu

al

Lear

ning

Ope

n Ba

dges

OER

P

roce

dura

l

R

esea

rch

Sha

re th

e Kn

owle

dge

D

isco

very

T

each

ing

O

pen

P

rinc

ipal

Bas

ed

Sch

olar

ship

Inte

grati

on

Rev

isal

OD

L

In

stitutio

n

App

licati

on

Rem

ix

O

pen

Rub

rics

Teac

hing

O

pen

Re

dist

ribu

tion

S

chol

arsh

ip

P

rom

oting

4R

Re

- use

Inte

grat

e In

tegr

ate

E d u c a t i o n f o r A l l

New

M

etho

d

Trad

ition

al

Met

hod

Face

to

Face

Se

ssio

n

ICT

OER

M

ater

ials

Ope

n Li

cens

e

OER

Onl

ine

cour

se

Dev

elop

men

t

Inte

grat

e

Lear

ning

O

utco

me

Eval

uatio

n

Inte

grat

e In

tegr

ate

Acti

vity

and

as

sess

men

t Sc

enar

io b

ased

le

arni

ng

Cour

se

offer

ESP2

242

2242

Fig.

5.1

0:

Conc

ept m

ap V

.4-M

ATE

5

Fig.

5.1

0: C

once

pt M

ap V

.4 -

MAT

E 5

106


101

Asp

ect

CM- V

ersi

on 1

CM

- Ver

sion

2

CM- V

ersi

on 3

CM

-Ver

sion

4

CM

-Ver

sion

5

Key/

Foca

l Co

ncep

t O

pen

Educ

atio

nal

Reso

urce

s (O

ER)

OER

O

pen

Lear

ning

(OL)

O

pen

Educ

atio

nal

Prac

tices

(OEP

) O

EP

Key

Feat

ures

; Re

latio

nshi

ps

betw

een

key

conc

ept

and

othe

r co

ncep

ts;

Chan

ges

obse

rved

Focu

ses

only

on

OER

as

a co

ncep

t.

Wha

t are

they

?;

Why

do

we

need

?;

How

to

iden

tify?

; W

here

to fi

nd?;

H

ow c

an w

e us

e?;

How

to in

tegr

ate

in

t & l?

Mai

n fo

cus

is o

n O

ER, w

ith o

ther

re

late

d co

ncep

ts

iden

tifie

d.

OL

is s

uppo

rted

by

OER

; OL

is

poss

ible

thro

ugh

OLi

c; O

L pr

omot

es O

S; O

S al

low

s O

B; O

ER

high

light

s T/

L an

d Co

urse

de

sign

Mai

n fo

cus

chan

ged

from

OER

to “

Ope

n Le

arni

ng (O

L)”,

with

ot

her r

elat

ed

conc

epts

.

OL

is p

ossi

ble

thro

ugh

OLi

c; O

L pr

omot

es O

S; O

S al

low

s O

B; O

L is

su

ppor

ted

by O

ER;

Hig

hlig

hts

T/L

and

Cour

se d

esig

n;

whi

ch re

sults

in

OEP

; pro

mot

ing

a “S

harin

g Cu

lture

”;

Conc

erns

are

pr

esen

t.

Mai

n fo

cus

chan

ged

from

O

L to

“O

pen

Educ

atio

nal

Prac

tices

(OEP

)”, w

ith

othe

r rel

ated

con

cept

s.

OEP

is s

uppo

rted

by

OER

; O

ER e

nhan

ces

OEP

; Po

ssib

le th

roug

h O

Lic;

Pr

omot

es O

S th

at a

llow

s O

B; O

ER fo

cus

on

tech

nolo

gy a

nd p

edag

ogy;

O

ER-b

ased

T/L

and

Cou

rse

desi

gn; G

uide

d by

theo

ry;

Prom

ote

a ch

ange

in

peda

gogi

cal p

ract

ices

and

be

liefs

tow

ards

a “

shar

ing

cultu

re”;

Cha

lleng

es to

ov

erco

me.

Mai

n fo

cus

is o

n “O

pen

Educ

atio

nal P

ract

ices

(OEP

)”,

with

oth

er re

late

d co

ncep

ts.

“OER

-bas

ed e

-Lea

rnin

g” a

dded

.

OEP

is s

uppo

rted

by

OER

; thr

o.

4Rs

fram

ewor

k; O

ER e

nhan

ces

OEP

; Pos

sibl

e th

roug

h O

Lic;

Pr

omot

es O

S; s

uch

as M

OO

Cs;

that

allo

ws

OB;

OER

has

Dig

ital

Pote

ntia

l & P

edag

ogic

al

Pote

ntia

l; O

ER-b

ased

eLe

arni

ng;

requ

iring

Cou

rse

desi

gn; G

uide

d by

theo

ry; t

owar

ds a

“Sh

arin

g Cu

lture

”; c

reat

ing

Opp

ortu

nitie

s; C

halle

nges

; Co

ncer

ns

Tabl

e 5.

1 - A

Com

pari

son

of th

e D

iffer

ent V

ersi

ons

of t

he C

once

pt

Tabl

e 5.

1 - A

Com

pari

son

of th

e D

iffer

ent V

ersi

ons

of th

e Co

ncep

t Map

s

107


!

OYT!!

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

E')!6/*+,/&%:!+$%!&'-9,)6*'/*!'5!.655%)%/+!C%)*6'/*!'5!%,&$!FGH,!.%-'/*+),+%!+$,+! 6/6+6,001! 6/! -'*+! &,*%*:! +$%! 5'&,0! &'/&%9+! $,*! 2%%/! BKLA! d),.(,001:! +$%!%@9,/*6'/! '5! +$6/36/8!4,*! &0%,)01! C6*620%! +$)'(8$! +$%! ,..6+6'/! '5! ,! /(-2%)! '5!)%0,+%.! &'/&%9+*! ,)'(/.! BKL! *(&$! ,*! f'9%/! 0%,)/6/8S:! f'9%/! ,&&%**S:! f'9%/!*&$'0,)*$69S:! f'9%/! 06&%/*6/8S! ,/.! f'9%/! 2,.8%*S:! 46+$! +$%! 5'&(*! *$65+6/8!-')%!+'4,).*! BKL76/+%8),+%.! +%,&$6/8! ,/.! 0%,)/6/8:! BK\:! ,/.! BKL72,*%.! &'()*%!.%*68/A!#,20%!"AO!9)'C6.%*!,!&'-9,)6*'/!'5!.655%)%/+!C%)*6'/*!'5!&'/&%9+!-,9*!'5!FGH,=S!,*!,/!%@,-90%:! 6/.6&,+6/8!+$%!&$,/8%*!+$,+!$,.!'&&())%.!6/!)%0,+6'/!+'!+$%!5'&,0!&'/&%9+:!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*:!,/.!)%0,+6'/*$69*!,-'/8!&'/&%9+*A!!

#$%!&'/&%9+!-,996/8!*+),+%81!*%)C%.!,*!,!9'4%)5(0! +''0! 5')! )%9)%*%/+,+6'/!'5!'()!(/.%)*+,/.6/8*!'5!BKL!,/.!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*!,/.!+$%6)!)%0,+6'/*$69*A!!I+!,0*'!$%09%.! (*! +'! )%50%&+! '/! +$%! &$,/8%*! +$,+! '&&())%.! 6/! '()! '4/! -6/.*%+*! 'C%)!+6-%:! ,*! 6*! %C6.%/+! 6/! +$%! 5'00'46/8! *%0%&+%.! F('+%*! +,3%/! 5)'-! +$%! /,)),+6C%*!+$,+!,&&'-9,/6%.!'()!&'/&%9+!-,9*A!!

g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c8)'(9*! 46+$! *6-60,)!6/+%)%*+*:! +$6*! &,/! 2%! ,..)%**%.! +'! ,! 8)%,+! %@+%/+[! I! ,-! %@+)%-%01!-'+6C,+%.!,/.!%/J'16/8!+$%!4$'0%!9)'&%**[h!<FGH,=S?!

g[#$%! +%)-! fB9%/! >%,)/6/8S! 86C%*! +$%!-%,/6/8! +$,+! +$%! 0%,)/6/8! 6*! '9%/:!+$,+!6*:!(/063%!&'/C%/+6'/,0!0%,)/6/8:!0%,)/6/8!*$'(0.!2%!46+$'(+!)%*+)6&+6'/*A!BKL!*$'(0.!2%!)%*'()&%*!4$6&$!5,&606+,+%!5')!'9%/!0%,)/6/8A!E')!+$%!0%,)/6/8!+'! 2%! '9%/:! )%*'()&%*! ,0*'! *$'(0.! 2%! ,C,60,20%! 46+$'(+! )%*+)6&+6'/*[H)%!9%'90%! )%,.1! +'! *$,)%!,00!4$,+! +$%1!$,C%!9)'.(&%.p!#$%6)! +$6/36/8p! I! 5%%0!+$6*!6*!,!06++0%!26+!%@+),7').6/,)1!+$6/8[h!<FGH,=]?!

108


!

!!

OY"!

g[BKL! ,)%! %.(&,+6'/,0! )%*'()&%*! +$,+! ,/12'.1! &,/! *$,)%! 5)%%01! 6/! ,/1!&'(/+)1A!I+!&,/!2%!%.6+%.!,/.!(*%.!5')!%.(&,+6'/,0!9()9'*%*[!I!&,/!(*%!BKL!5')!8,+$%)6/8! 6/5')-,+6'/!,/.!&())%/+!.,+,!2(+! I!4'/.%)!$'4!6+!4600!-,+&$!'()! .655%)%/+! &'()*%*! 6/! .655%)%/+! 0%C%0! ,+! Bb;>[! I! ,-! 4')36/8! 6/! ,/!6/*+6+(+6'/!4$6&$!(*%*!'9%/!.6*+,/&%!-'.%!5')!K.(&,+6'/A!#$%)%5')%:!I!+$6/3!+$,+! BKL! 4600! $%09! /'+! '/01! +$%! %.(&,+')*! 2(+! ,0*'! +$%! 0%,)/%)*! 5')! *%0570%,)/6/8A! I5! 4%! (*%! BKL! 6+! $,*! +'! 2%! %.6+%.! ,&&').6/8! +$%! ;)6! >,/3,/!&'/+%@+[h!<FGH,=^?!

g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h!<FGH,=_?!

g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h!<FGH,=`?!

Q()6/8! +$6*! %@%)&6*%:!4%! ,00! )%,06_%.! +$%! C,0(%! '5! $,C6/8! ,&&%**! +'! ,! C,)6%+1! '5!BKL!,C,60,20%!,*!%0%&+)'/6&!-,+%)6,0*!+$,+!4%!&,/!%,*601!6/+%8),+%!6/+'!'()!'/06/%!&'()*%A!

8%!&,+1F!

^6+$!+$%!,4,)%/%**!),6*%.!'/!BKL!,/.!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*!,/.!+$%6)!)%0,+6'/*$69*:!4%!2%&,-%!-')%!,/.!-')%!&'/56.%/+! 6/!+$%!9)'&%**A!#$%!-'*+! 6-9')+,/+!,/.!+$%!3%1!+,*3!5,&6/8!(*!4,*!)%7.%*68/6/8!'5!+$%!%@6*+6/8!&'()*%!6/!,!-')%!0%,)/6/87&%/+)%.!-,//%):!46+$!+$%!,6-!'5!-,36/8!6+!,/!BKL76/+%8),+%.!'/06/%!&'()*%A!^%!$,.!+'!*+,)+!46+$!)%7C6*6+6/8!+$%!2)',.%)!8',0!'5!+$%!&'()*%A!!

^%!6.%/+656%.!+$%!3%1!&'-9%+%/&1!%@9%&+%.!5)'-!+$%!0%,)/%)*!,*:!f+$%!,2606+1!+'!&)%,+%!,!+%&$/'0'81!D!%/$,/&%.!0%,)/6/8!-,+%)6,0SA!^%!8),.(,001!%/.%.!(9!46+$!,! )%56/%.! *%+! '5! 56C%! 0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*! 4$6&$! &0%,)%.! +$%! -60%*+'/%*! '5! '()!J'()/%1A!!#$'*%!4%)%!*9%&656&:!+,*3!')6%/+%.!,/.!,&$6%C,20%:!,*!6/.6&,+%.!2%0'4`!

109


!

OYM!!

OA!I.%/+651!,/.!,/,01_%!*+),+%86%*!5')!-,36/8!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8!,/!%55%&+6C%!&'--(/6&,+6'/!9)'&%**A!

PA!\0,/!,/.!.%*68/!,!+%&$/'0'81!7!%/$,/&%.!0%,)/6/8!-,+%)6,0!'/!,!*%0%&+%.!+'96&!,/.!*%0%&+!,99)'9)6,+%!-%.6,!+'!%/$,/&%!+$%!90,//%.!0%,)/6/8!%@9%)6%/&%*A!

RA!G)%,+%!,!*+')12',).!5')!+$%!90,//%.!0%,)/6/8!-,+%)6,0*A!

TA!Q%C%0'9!+$%!0%,)/6/8!-,+%)6,0!(*6/8!,99)'9)6,+%!*'5+4,)%A!

"A! I-90%-%/+! ,/.! %C,0(,+%! +$%! 0%,)/6/8! -,+%)6,0! ,/.! &)6+6&,001! )%50%&+! '/! +$%!9)'&%**!'5!6/+%8),+6/8!+%&$/'0'81!6/!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8A!

]%@+!F(%*+6'/!4,*:!$'4!+'!-,3%!+$%*%!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%*:!+$%!'2J%&+6C%*!'5!'()!0%,)/%)*p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b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

110


!

!!

OYU!

'5506/%! 0%,)/6/8! ,&+6C6+6%*! ,*! 4%00! ,*! ,**%**-%/+! +,*3*:! 6/+%8),+6/8! ,99)'9)6,+%!BKL!,*!*(99')+6C%!-,+%)6,0*A!

W'4!+'!-,3%!'()!*&%/,)6'!,!)%,06+1p!W'4!+'!8(6.%!+$%!-,6/!&$,),&+%)*!+'!)%,&$!+$%!'2J%&+6C%*p!^$,+!+19%*!'5!*(99')+!&,/!4%!86C%!+$%-p!#$%*%!4%)%!+$%!9'6/+*!4%! 9'/.%)%.! '/! &'/*+,/+01A! #$%! &'--'/! ,8)%%-%/+! '5! ,00! FGH,*! 4,*! +'!6/+%8),+%!F(,06+1! ,/.! )%0%C,/+! )%*'()&%*! ,*!-(&$!,*!9'**620%:! '/! +$%! 0%,)/%)*S!4,1!+'4,).*!-%%+6/8!+$%!+,)8%+*A!^$%)%!,)%!+$'*%!)%*'()&%*p!W'4!&,/!4%!56/.!+$'*%p!I/!+$%!,++%-9+!'5!,/*4%)6/8!+$'*%!F(%*+6'/*:!4%!4%)%!5')+(/,+%!%/'(8$!+'!8%+!+$%!&'/*(0+,/&1!'5!,/!%@9%)6%/&%.!5,&606+,+')A!W'()*!'5!4')36/8!46+$!$6-:!,/.!+$%!&,9,20%!&),5+%)S*!*(..%/!+$)(*+!+'4,).*!gBKLh:!+)688%)%.!(*!+'!+$6/3!'5!,! 9)'-6*6/8! *'0(+6'/A! W%! *$'4%.! (*! +$%! 9,+$! +'! )%06%5A! #$,+!4,*! '()! &,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8A!B()!,)-'()6%*!4%)%!5600%.!46+$!%/'(8$!&,9,2606+6%*A!^%!4%)%!'9%/!+'!+$%!9,+$!'5!IG#!46+$!,!$(8%!)%*%)C'6)!'5!0%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%*:!,2*'0(+%01!5)%%n!^%!4%)%! 6/! +$%! 9)%*%/&%! '5! +$%! &,)%+,3%)! '5! ,! 268! &$,-2%)! '5! +)%,*()%*! 7! B9%/!K.(&,+6'/,0!L%*'()&%*!<BKL?A!]'4!4%!4%)%!)%,.1!+'!-,3%!'()!'4/!4,1!6/!+$6*!+)%,*()%!$(/+n!!

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d),.(,001! 4%! 2%&,-%! C%)1! &'/56.%/+! 6/!6.%/+6516/8!,/.!6/+%8),+6/8!BKL!6/+'!'()!&'()*%A!^%!&'(0.!)%01!'/!'()*%0C%*A!^%!4%)%! )%,.1! +'! .%-,)&,+%! '()! '4/! )'0%! 06-6+*A! ^6+$! +$%! /%4! -6/.! *%+:! '()!9%)*9%&+6C%! '5! +$%! +'+,0! 96&+()%! 4,*! -'.656%.A! ^%! *9%/+! $'()*! 6/! *%,)&$! '5!9'**620%!)%*'()&%*:!*&,//6/8!+$%!&12%)*9,&%A!;'-%!)%*'()&%*!%C%/!8(6.%.!(*!+'!&$,/8%!'()!+$'(8$+!9)'&%**A!^%:!6/!)%*9'/*%!+'!+$,+:!%C%/!*$,9%.!'()!0%,)/6/8!

111


!

OYV!!

.%*68/*!+'!8%+!+$%!-,@6-(-!2%/%56+!'5!+$'*%!BKLA!#$,+!4,*!)%,001!,/!%/J'1,20%!4')3A!^$,+!,!/6&%!+4'74,1!6/+%8),+6'/p!!!!!

I/!+$6*!J'15(0!%/.%,C'):!4%!,04,1*!4,/+%.!+'!-,3%!*()%!+$,+!4%!4%)%!)%,001!'/!&'))%&+!+),&3A!=%6/8!9,)+!'5!,/!6//'C,+6C%!%@9%)6%/&%:!4%!5%0+!+$%!/%%.!5')!*'-%!8(6.,/&%!+$,+!$,(0*!(*!,0'/8!+$%!9,+$!'5!*(&&%**A!=(+:!4$,+!36/.!'5!,!8(6.,/&%p!#$,+!4,*! '()! /%@+! F(%*+6'/A! H+! +$%! *,-%! +6-%:! ,0+$'(8$! ,00! 56C%! FGH,*!4%)%!4')36/8! +'8%+$%)! 46+$! ,! $,)-'/6_%.! )$1+$-! '/! &'-9)'-6*%.! .%&6*6'/*:! 4%!4%)%! C6860,/+! '/! '()! 6/.6C6.(,0! 9%)*9%&+6C%*! ,/.! 6/+%)9)%+,+6'/*! ,*! 4%00A! ^%!+()/%.! +'! '()! 5,&606+,+')A! ^$,+! %0*%! &'(0.! 8(6.%! 1'(! 2%++%)! +$,/! 1'()! '4/!)%50%&+6'/*p! :!4,*!$6*! )%,&+6'/! +'!'()! F(%)1A!W%/&%!4%!.%&6.%.! +'! &,00! 5')! '()!'4/!*'(0*!+'!9)'-9+!(*!+'!-'C%!5')4,).A!!

8/,!>$(4$1&'0%.!

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

d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

gK,)06%)!I!3/%4!'/01!+$%!+%)-:!BKLh!

gH+!+$%!2%86//6/8!6+!4,*!,!C%)1!&'-90%@!*6+(,+6'/h!

g]'4!-1!3/'40%.8%!$,*!2)',.%/%.h!

gI!,-!%@9'*%.!+'!,!/%4!4,1!'5!4')36/8:!+$6/36/8!'5!/%4!4,1*h!

^6+$! +$%! &$,/8%! 6/! 6/6+6,0! 9%)*9%&+6C%*:! '()! -%-2%)*! $,C%! 9%)&%6C%.! C,)6'(*!5,&+')*! +$,+! $,C%! 5,&606+,+%.! ,*!4%00! ,*! $6/.%)%.! +$%6)! +$6/36/8!9)'&%**! ,)'(/.!+$'*%! &'/&%9+*A! ! W,/.*7'/! %@9%)6%/&%*! ,*! ,! )%*(0+! '5! C,)6'(*! ,&+6C6+6%*! .'/%!

112


!

!!

OYX!

.()6/8!+$%!4')3*$'9*!4%)%!+$%!9)6-%!-%/+,0!5,&606+,+')!5')!,00!'5!(*A!L%50%&+6'/*!&'/56)-!*(&$!9%)&%9+6'/*!'5!-%-2%)*A!

g[I!,-!$,991!+'!2%!,!9,)+!'5!+$6*!4')3*$'9:!2%&,(*%!I!5%%0!6+!6*!*(&&%**5(0!6/!,&$6%C6/8! '()! 8',0*A! I! +$6/3! +$,+! *(&&%**! 6*! /'+! '/01! 2%&,(*%! '5! '()!&'--6+-%/+:! 2(+! &'/+)62(+6'/! '5! ,00! +$,+! $%09%.! (*! +'! )%,&$! '()!'2J%&+6C%*[I! 5%%0! +$%! *,+6*5,&+6'/! '5! '()! *(&&%**! 2%&,(*%! '5! ,00! 1'()!&'/+)62(+6'/*[h!<FGH,=]?!

g[#'!-%:!+$%!&'/&%9+!'5!BKL!6*!-')%!'/!&)%,+6/8!,!g*$,)6/8!&(0+()%h!,-'/8!+%,&$%)*! ,/.! 0%,)/%)*A! Z'*+! '5! +$%! +6-%! 4%! (*%! )%*'()&%*! &)%,+%.! 21!*'-%'/%!%0*%:!')!2(60.!(9'/!%@6*+6/8!)%*'()&%*:!86C6/8!,&3/'40%.8%-%/+!+'!')686/,0! ,(+$')*A! #$6*! $,99%/*! 4$%/%C%)! 4%! 4)6+%! ,! 0%**'/:! &)%,+%! ,! 99+!9)%*%/+,+6'/! ')! .%C%0'9! ,/1! '+$%)! 0%,)/6/8! -,+%)6,0A! KC%/! ,/! g')686/,0h!&)%,+6'/!6*!(*(,001!6/50(%/&%.!21!4$,+!4%!$,C%!*+(.6%.c)%,.c$%,).AAA2%5')%A!q%+:! 4%! ,)%! C%)1! &'/&%)/%.! ,/.! $%*6+,/+! ,2'(+! 0%++6/8! '+$%)*! (*%! f'()S!-,+%)6,0*:!4$60*+!4%!,)%!(*6/8!f+$%6)S!-,+%)6,0*!46+$'(+!,/1!$%*6+,+6'/n!^$1p!!I!5%%0:!+$%!BKL!&'/&%9+!*$,00!$,C%!*'-%!6-9,&+!'/!,/!,++6+(.6/,0!&$,/8%[h!<FGH,=S?!

I/+%)%*+6/801:! +$%! $68$! %@9%&+,+6'/*! 3%9+! '/! (*! 21! +$%! 9)'J%&+! 0%,.%)*! 6/! +$6*!%/.%,C'):! 5,)7*68$+%.! 9)'J%&+! '2J%&+6C%*:! ! )(*$! +6-%! +,)8%+*! 46+$! *9%&656&!.%,.06/%*! ,/.! &'/*+,/+! )%-6/.%)*:! 9)%**()%.! (*! ,04,1*! +'! 2%! ,&+6C%01!9)'8)%**6/8! 46+$! +$%! J'()/%1:! ,-6.*+! '()! '+$%)! )'(+6/%! .(+6%*! ,/.! 4')30',.A!;'-%! '5! (*:! 6/6+6,001:! 5%0+! +$6*! 9)%**()%! %C%/! ,*! ,! 9)'&%**! '5! %/5')&%-%/+! ,*!%C6.%/+!21!+$%!&'--%/+:!g[^%!4%)%!5')&%.!+'!.'!+$6*!2%&,(*%!'5!+$%!4')3*$'9!'2J%&+6C%*! ,/.! +,)8%+*[h! Z')%'C%):! +$%! &'/*+)(&+6C%! 8(6.,/&%! 86C%/! 21! +$%!0%,.%)*$69:!-'+6C,+6'/!)%*(0+%.!5)'-!,!&'/.(&6C%!%/C6)'/-%/+:!6/+%),&+6C%!+%,-!4')3! &(0+()%! ,/.! &'/+6/('(*! *,+6*5,&+6'/! 'C%)! ,&$6%C6/8! +,)8%+*! ,04,1*!%/&'(),8%.!,/.!5,&606+,+%.!+$%!FGH,*!+'!$,/8!'/!+'!+$%!9)'&%**A!!!

H+!+$%!*,-%!+6-%:!&'/C%/+6'/,0!4')3!$,26+*c9,++%)/*!'5!*'-%!-%-2%)*!*%%-!+'!$,C%! 9)%C%/+%.! +$%-! 5)'-! -'C6/8! *+%,.601! ,+! +$%! 2%86//6/8! '5! +$%! J'()/%1A!;'-%!9'6/+%.!'(+! +$,+! 06-6+,+6'/*! 6/! +%&$/6&,0!*3600*!,/.!+%&$/'0'86&,0! 5,&606+6%*!6/! ,..6+6'/! +'! +$%6)! 6/%@9%)6%/&%! ,/.! (/,4,)%/%**! '5! &%)+,6/! &'/&%9+*! 4%)%!'2*+,&0%*! %/&'(/+%)%.! 21! +$%-:! &0,6-%.! ,*! gb/,4,)%/%**h:! ! g>,&3! '5! 9)6')!%@9%)6%/&%h:!!,/.!g]%%.!5')!-')%!9),&+6&%hA!

I/!8%/%),0:!,00!'5!(*!5,&%.!$(8%!+6-%!&'/*+),6/+*!.(%!+'!$%,C1!4')30',.!,/.!2(*1!*&$%.(0%*!6/!+$%!E,&(0+1!*6/&%!+$6*!+,*3!4,*!,/!,..6+6'/,0!6/&0(*6'/!6/!+$%!06*+!'5!+,*3*! ,0)%,.1! 6/!90,&%A!W%/&%:! +$%!/%%.! 5')!$,C6/8! ,!9'*6+6C%! ,++6+(.%! +'4,).*!+$%!+,*3!6/!$,/.:!,/.!,0*'!+$%!/%%.!5')!%/&'(),8%-%/+!4%)%!6.%/+656%.`!

113


!

OOY!!

g[H*!,!+,*3!6+!6*!,!C%)1!%/J'1,20%!9)'&%**A!=(+:!4$%/!1'(!,)%!6/(/.,+%.!46+$!0'+!'5!'+$%)!4')3:!$'4!.'!1'(!%/J'1p!^%!/%%.!+'!*$65+!'()!,++6+(.%*A!KC%/!65!,! C%)1! 5%4! 6*! $,C6/8! /%8,+6C%! ,++6+(.%*:! +$,+! 6/+%))(9+! 1'([>%,.%)*$69! '5!*%/6')*!6*!C%)1!6-9')+,/+!+'!'C%)&'-%!2,))6%)*A!G'/+6/('(*!%/&'(),8%-%/+!6*!/%&%**,)1[h!<FGH,=]?!

W'4%C%):! ,00!FGH,*!4%)%! 6/! ,! &'--'/! ,8)%%-%/+! +$,+! +$%! ,*9%&+*!4%!4%)%!,..)%**6/8!6/!+$6*!9)'&%**!,)%!4%00!*(6+%.!5')!+$%!%/)6&$-%/+!'5!+$%!(/6F(%!BQ>!,99)',&$!,.'9+%.!,+!Bb;>:!,/.!$%/&%!C%)1!)%0%C,/+!5')!+$%!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!'()!)'(+6/%! 9)'5%**6'/,0! )%*9'/*62606+6%*! ,*! b/6C%)*6+1! ,&,.%-6&*A! H00! '5! (*! $68$01!C,0(%.! +$6*! '99')+(/6+1! '5! %@9'*()%! +'! %/')-'(*! )%9'*6+')6%*! '5! /'! &'*+!)%*'()&%*:!%,*601!,/.!%556&6%/+01!-,.%!,&&%**620%!+'!(*!,/.!'()!*+(.%/+*!+$)'(8$!IG#A!#$%!5'00'46/8!F('+%*!&'/56)-!+$6*!*,+6*5,&+6'/A!

g[E)'-! BKL! 4%! &,/! 56/.! .655%)%/+! +19%*! '5! %.(&,+6'/,0! )%*'()&%*! <-(0+67-%.6,:!+%@+:!0%**'/!90,/*:!,&+6C6+6%*:!,/6-,+6'/*:!.6,8),-*:!,**%**-%/+*!%+&A?!4$6&$!,)%!)%0%C,/+!+'!'()!0%**'/*A!=1!(*6/8!+$%-!4%!&,/!-,3%!'()!0%**'/*!-')%! ,++),&+6C%:! -%,/6/85(0:! ,/.! 6/+%),&+6C%! ,/.! 4%! &,/! 9)'C6.%! -,/1!'99')+(/6+6%*!+'!*+(.%/+*!5')!*%05!0%,)/6/8A!BKL*!&,/!5,&606+,+%!%,&$!*+,8%!'5!+$%!+%,&$6/8!0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**[h!<FGH,=_?!

g[H*!,/!%.(&,+')!4')36/8!6/!+$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!I!+$6/3!I!*$'(0.!(*%!BKL!6/!-1!+%,&$6/870%,)/6/8!9)'&%**!2%&,(*%!4%!,)%!4')36/8! 6/!,/!'9%/!.6*+,/&%!0%,)/6/8!%/C6)'/-%/+!:!*'!4%!*$'(0.!-,3%!'()!0%**'/*!-')%!6/+%),&+6C%!,/.!4%!*$'(0.!9)'C6.%!'99')+(/6+6%*!5')!*%05! 0%,)/6/8!2%&,(*%!'()!*+(.%/+*!,)%!.6*+,/&%!0%,)/%)*[h!<FGH,=_?!

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`!!

g[#%&$/'0'81! 6*! ,! &$,00%/8%[Z%.6(-! <K/806*$?! 6*! ,0*'! ,! &$,00%/8%[I!4'/.%)!4$%+$%)!'()!*+(.%/+*!&,/!5,&%!+$%*%!&$,00%/8%*[h!<FGH,=^?!

g[Q%C%0'9-%/+!9)'&%**!6*!,/!6/+%)%*+6/8:!+6-%!+,36/8!,/.!$,).!4')3A!I5!'/01!+$%!)%*'()&%*!4$6&$!$,C%!2%%/!*%0%&+%.!46+$6/!,!06-6+%.!9%)6'.!'5!+6-%!,)%!6/&0(.%.:! +$%)%! 6*! ,! 9'**62606+1:! *'-%+6-%*:! +$,+! +$%! 0%,)/%)*! 2%&'-%!)%*+)6&+%.!+'!+$%!C6%4*!86C%/! 6/! +$'*%!)%*'()&%*[W'4!,2'(+!+$%! 6/.6C6.(,0!&)%,+6C6+1p!I*!6+!063%!&'/*(-9+6'/!46+$'(+!9)'.(&+6'/p![h!<FGH,=]?!

114


!

!!

OOO!

]%C%)+$%0%**:! +$'*%! &'--%/+*! ,)%! +'! 2%! C6%4%.! 6/! +$%! 068$+! '5! +$%6)! 2)',.%)!9%)&%9+6'/!'/! +$%! I/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL! 6/+'! ,/! IG#!2,*%.! +%,&$6/8! ,/.! 0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**%*A!!

g[b*6/8! ;=>:! BKL! ,/.! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! 4%! &,/! -,3%! '()! *+(.%/+*! *%057)%8(0,+%.! 0%,)/%)*[^%! ,)%! .%*68/6/8! +$%! &'()*%! 6/! ,! *+(.%/+7&%/+%)%.!4,1AAA5'&(*! 6*!'/! f0%,)/6/8SA!BKL!,)%!(*%.! +'! 5,&606+,+%! 0%,)/6/8[,/.!%/)6&$!+$%! 0%,)/6/8!%@9%)6%/&%[#$%)%!,)%!-,/1!4,1*! 6/!4$6&$! 1'(! &,/! 6/+%8),+%!BKL[;=>!6*!$%096/8!(*!+'!6/+%8),+%!BKL!6/+'!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8!6/!,!-')%!%55%&+6C%! 4,1[^6+$'(+! IG#! 6+! 4600! 2%! .6556&(0+! +'! .'! +$6*[>%,)/%)*! 4600! 2%!)%*9'/*620%!,/.!5%%0!+$,+!$%c*$%!6*!,&+(,001!0%,)/6/8[#$%!8,9c.6*+,/&%!46+$!+$%! +%,&$%)! 6/! +$%! BQ>! *1*+%-! 4600! )%.(&%[+%,&$%)7*+(.%/+! )%0,+6'/*$69*!4600!.%C%0'9[h!<FGH,=_?!

g[^$%/!4%!.%*68/!'()!&'()*%*:!BKL!*$'(0.!2%!%55%&+6C%01!(*%.!+'!5,&606+,+%!,/.!%/)6&$! 0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*[BKL!*$'(0.!/'+!2%!(*%.!'/01!,*!,/!%@+%)/,0!)%*'()&%c)%,.6/8! -,+%)6,0:! 2(+! /%%.! +'! 2%! 2(60+76/! 46+$6/! +$%!.%*68/[;&%/,)6'72,*%.! 0%,)/6/8! 6*! $%096/8! (*! +'! .%&6.%! 4$,+! +'! 6/+%8),+%!,/.! $'4! +'! 6/+%8),+%! BKL[,/.! IG#! 6*! 5()+$%)! *(99')+6/8! (*! +'! .'! +$,+!%556&6%/+01[h!<FGH,=S?!

g[#$%!6/&0(*6'/!'5!IG#!j!BKL!6*!+'!2%!+,3%/!6/+'!&'/*6.%),+6'/!,+!+$%!+6-%!'5!.%C%0'96/8!+$%!*&%/,)6'A!;&%/,)6'!-(*+!9)'C6.%!+$%!*9,&%!5')!+$%!6/&0(*6'/!,*! 4%00! ,*! IG#! j! BKL*! *$'(0.! 2%! ,99)'9)6,+%! +'! %/)6&$! +$%! *&%/,)6'[h!!<FGH,=]?!

=1!+$%!%/.!'5!+$%!9)'&%**:!,00!FGH,*!4%)%!4%0079)%9,)%.!,/.!&'/56.%/+!+'!90,/!,/.! 6/+%8),+%! +$%!%@9%)6%/&%.!,*9%&+*! 6/+'! +$%6)! &'()*%!-,+%)6,0!.%C%0'9-%/+!,/.! +%,&$%)! +),6/6/8A!#$%1!%C%/!*(88%*+%.!%/&'(),86/8!*'0(+6'/*! +'!'C%)&'-%!+$%!&$,00%/8%*!+$%1!+$%-*%0C%*!6.%/+656%.!,+!+$%!2%86//6/8A!!E'00'46/8!,)%!*'-%!'5!+$%!&'--%/+*!6/!+$6*!)%8,).A!!

g[#$%!(*%!'5!BKL!6*!+'!2%!&'/*6.%)%.!,*!,!&'00%&+6C%!%55')+! 6/!,!)%*'()&%5(0!%/C6)'/-%/+A!I/!*(&$!,!&'/+%@+:!/'!4'))1!+'!6-90%-%/+!+$,+[h!<FGH,=`?!

g[E6/.6/8! F(,06+1! ,/.! ,99)'9)6,+%! BKLN! &'/+%@+(,06_,+6'/N! 6/+%8),+6'/! ,)%!*'-%!&$,00%/8%*! +'!2%!%@9%&+%.A!=(+!4%!&,/! 5,&%!*(&$!&$,00%/8%*! +$)'(8$!%/8,86/8! 6/! &'00,2'),+6C%! %55')+*! 46+$! 6/.6C6.(,0*c8)'(9*! 46+$! *6-60,)!6/+%)%*+*[h!<FGH,=S?!

g[I/! +$%! 0'/8! )(/:! +$6*! 4'(0.! 2%! +$%! -'*+! %55%&+6C%! 4,1! '5! +%,&$6/8! ,/.!0%,)/6/8A! I5! +$%! 9'9(0,)! 2,))6%)*! <5,&606+6%*:! +%&$/'0'81:! 0,/8(,8%?! &,/! 2%!2)'3%/:!%70%,)/6/8!,/.! +%,&$6/8:!46+$!,/!,-90%!,-'(/+!'5!BKL:!4'(0.!2%!

115


!

OOP!!

+$%! -'*+! ,&&%**620%:! %55%&+6C%:! %556&6%/+! ,/.! %&'/'-6&,0! 4,1! '5! 0%,)/6/8A!#%,&$%)*S! ,(+$')6+1! 6*! +'! 2%! %@9%&+%.! +'! 2%! &%,*%.! 8),.(,001A!^$1! *$'(0.!4%!3%%9!+$,+ph!<FGH,=]?!

B()! +%,-! -%-2%)*! )%50%&+%.! '/! +$%! 9)'&%**! ,*! ,! 4$'0%! ,/.! *9%&656&,001!-%/+6'/%.!+$%!)%,*'/*!2%$6/.!+$6*!$68$!&'/56.%/&%!,/.!-'+6C,+6'/:!,/.!5()+$%):!,&&%9+%.! +$,+! +$6*! %/.%,C')! &$,00%/8%.! ,/.! &$,/8%.! +$%6)! %/+6)%! +$6/36/8!9)'&%**!'/!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8:!,/.!&'/56)-%.!+$6*!%@9%)6%/&%!,*!'/%!'5!+$%!&)6+6&,0! +()/6/8! 9'6/+*! '5! +$%6)! 9)'5%**6'/,0! 065%A! E'00'46/8! ,)%! *'-%! '5! 'C%),00!)%50%&+6'/*!$68$068$+6/8!+$%*%!C6%4*`!

g[I! 8'+! 8''.! '99')+(/6+1! +'! 4')3! 46+$! ,! &,9,20%:! 3/'40%.8%,20%! ,/.!.%C'+%.! 0%,.%)A!#$6*! 6*!,!8''.!'99')+(/6+1!+'! 0%,)/!/%4!&'/&%9+*!,/.!/%4!+)%/.*A! ;%0%&+6/8!BKL!,/.!.%C%0'96/8! *&%/,)6'*!,)%!C%)1! 6/+%)%*+6/8A!^$60%!4%!,)%!4')36/8!46+$!8)'(9!4%!%/J'1%.!'()*%0C%*!,! 0'+A!^')3! 6/!+%,-!8,C%!-%! *+)%/8+$! ,/.! )%.(&%.! -1! 4%,3/%**%*A! ! #$%! 4')3*$'9! *%)6%*! 8,C%! +$%!&,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8!'5!-1*%05A!I+!$%09%.!-%!+'!.%C%0'9!-1*%05!+$)'(8$!56/.6/8!BKL:!4)6+6/8!*&%/,)6'*![A!%+&[h!<FGH,=`?!

!g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h!!<FGH,=^?!

!g[I/!+$%!&'()*%!.%C%0'9-%/+!9)'&%**:!+$%!-'*+!&$,00%/86/8!+,*3!6*!9)'C6.6/8!,! 5,6)! ,-'(/+! '5! F(,06+1! )%*'()&%*A! B+$%)! +$,/! J(*+! +$6/36/8! ,2'(+! +$%!6-9')+,/&%cC,0(%!'5!BKL*!,0'/%:!+$%6)!(*%!&,/!2%!*%%/!6/!+$%!+'+,0!96&+()%!'5!&'()*%!.%C%0'9-%/+!C%)1!C,0(,20%[A! I/!+$%!BQ>!*1*+%-:!+$%! 6-9')+,/&%!'5!BKL! 6*! 6--%/*%A!Z6/6-(-! +6-%! 6/! &'/+,&+! *%**6'/*! &,/! 2%! (*%.! 46+$! +$%!-'*+! *(6+,20%! )%*'()&%*A! !b0+6-,+%! +,)8%+! '5!BKL!4'(0.!2%!%7+%,&$6/8! ,/.!0%,)/6/8A!L'0%!'5!)%*'()&%*!6*!C6+,0!+$,/!+$%!)'0%!'5!+(+')[h!<FGH,=]?!

g[I! ,-! )%,001! $,991[#$%! -,6/! +$6/8! 6*:! 4%! ,)%! 4')36/8! ,*! ,! +%,-A! #$%!4$'0%!E,&(0+1! 6*!$%)%!,/.!4%!,)%!.%C%0'96/8!'()!'4/!&,9,&6+1! 6/!.655%)%/+!4,1*:!+'8%+$%):!,*!,!f0%,)/6/8!&'--(/6+1SA!^%!,)%!%/8,8%.!6/!+$6*!9)'&%**:!,/.! 4%! &,/! +,3%! +$6*! 2,&3! +'! +$%! 56%0.[]'4! 4%! ,)%! -'+6C,+%.[I! 5%%0! -1!+$6/36/8! 6*! .%C%0'96/8! .,1! 21! .,1A! #$,+! 6*! 4$,+! 4%! /%%.! ,*! ,&,.%-6&*[h!<FGH,=S?!

116


!

!!

OOR!

#$%*%! 6.%,*! (/,)8(,201! 9)'C%! +$,+! $'4! +$%! +$'(8$+! 9)'&%**! '5! (*:! +$%! 56C%!FGH,*:! $,*! 2%%/! *$,9%.! 6/! ,/! 6/+%),&+6C%:! *$,)%.! %/C6)'/-%/+A! ^%! )%,06_%.!+$,+! 46+$6/! *(&$! ,/! %/C6)'/-%/+:! +$%)%! ,)%! ,-90%! '99')+(/6+6%*! 5')! +$%!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!,!f*$,)6/8!&(0+()%S!+$,+!%/&'(),8%*!*%057.%C%0'9-%/+!,*!4%00!,*!9)'-'+%!,/.!&'/+)62(+%!+'4,).*!'+$%)*S!.%C%0'9-%/+A!!!!!!!

Q,0*,$..'%*!(/,&:$,!

Q%C%0'96/8!+$%!)%7.%*68/%.!&'()*%!,*!,/!'/06/%!&'()*%!4,*!+$%!/%@+!&$,00%/86/8!*+%9! 6/!'()! J'()/%1A!^%!.%&6.%.! +'!.%C%0'9! +$6*! ,*!,/!gB/06/%!\0(*h! &'()*%! 6/!+$%! Z''.0%! 0%,)/6/8! -,/,8%-%/+! *1*+%-! +$,+! &'(0.! 2%! 6-90%-%/+%.! ,*! ,!*+,/.7,0'/%!&'()*%!5')!*+(.%/+*A!

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k! F(6__%*:! &)'**4').! 9(__0%*:!.6*&(**6'/! 5')(-:! ,/.! )%50%&+6C%! J'()/,0! 4%)%! .%C%0'9%.A! K*9%&6,001:! +$%!.6*&(**6'/!5')(-!5,&606+1!4,*!%@+%/*6C%01!(*%.!6/!,!C,)6%+1!'5!4,1*:!9)'C6.6/8!+$%!'99')+(/6+1!5')!+$%!0%,)/%)*!+'!6/+%),&+!46+$!%,&$!'+$%)A!I/+%)%*+6/801:!4%!4%)%!,0*'! ,20%! +'! 56/.! ,/.! 6/+%8),+%! *'-%! F(6__%*! ,/.! ,&+6C6+6%*! +$,+! 4%)%! ,0)%,.1!,C,60,20%!'/06/%:!,*!BKLA!!

H/'+$%)! &$,00%/8%! 4,*! +'! -,3%! +$%! '/06/%! &'()*%! -')%! -'+6C,+6/8! +'! +$%!0%,)/%)*!21!.%*68/6/8:!.%C%0'96/8!,/.!6/+%8),+6/8!-(0+6-%.6,!&'-9'/%/+*!*(&$!,*!8),9$6&*:!,/6-,+6'/*:!,(.6'!&069*:!C6.%'!&069*[%+&A!,+!)%0%C,/+!6/*+,/&%*!#$%*%!,0*'!5(/&+6'/%.!,*!0%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%*:!*(99')+6/8!0%,)/%)*!6/!+$%6)! 0%,)/6/8!,/.!,**%**-%/+!+,*3*A!

Q%*68/6/8!BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/! 6/+'! +$%! '/06/%! &'()*%!4,*! +$%! /%@+! &$,00%/8%! +$,+!,4,6+%.!(*A!^%!%/8,8%.!6/!*%,)&$6/8:!6.%/+6516/8!,/.!*%0%&+6/8!,99)'9)6,+%!BKL!+'! 2%! 6/+%8),+%.! ,+! )%0%C,/+! 6/*+,/&%*! '5! %,&$! &'()*%! +'! *(99')+! +$%! 0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**:! ,*! 4%00! ,*! .%*68/6/8! +$%! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %@9%)6%/&%*! 6/! ').%)! +'!%55%&+6C%01! 6/+%8),+%! BKL! +'! *(99')+! 0%,)/6/8A! ^6+$! +$%! *(99')+! '5! \)'J%&+!

117


!

OOT!!

H**6*+,/+*:!+$%!'/06/%!&'()*%!4,*!.%C%0'9%.!6/!Z''.0%!>Z;:!,/.!&'/+%/+:!'/06/%!,&+6C6+6%*:!-(0+6-%.6,:!BKL:!'+$%)!)%*'()&%*[%+&!4%)%!(90',.%.!+'!6+A!

L%C6%4!'5!+$%!.%C%0'9%.!'/06/%!&'()*%*!4,*!.'/%!21!0'&,0!%@9%)+*!6/!+$%!G%/+)%!5')!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81!j!Z%.6,!<GK#Z%?!,+!Bb;>A!B/&%!+$%!)%C6%4!9)'&%**!4,*!'C%):!+$%!6-9)'C%.!'/06/%!&'()*%!4,*!6-90%-%/+%.!,/.!960'+!+%*+%.!46+$!,!*%0%&+%.!*,-90%!'5!*+(.%/+*A!!

I-90%-%/+6/8!+$%!'/06/%!&'()*%!46+$!+$%!*+(.%/+*!4,*!,/'+$%)!&$,00%/8%:!*6/&%!,00!+$)%%!3%1!,*9%&+*!'5!+$%!9)'J%&+:!+$%!;=>!,99)',&$:!+$%!&'/&%9+!'5!BKL!,/.!+$%!'/06/%!-'.%!'5!0%,)/6/8!4%)%!/'C%0!+'!+$%!*+(.%/+*!,*!4%00A!H/!')6%/+,+6'/!4')3*$'9! 4,*! &'/.(&+%.! 5')! +$%! 0%,)/%)*:! 21! +$%! 9)'J%&+! 0%,.%)! ,/.! +%,-!-%-2%)*A! G0%,)! 8(6.,/&%! ,/.! &'/*+,/+! -'/6+')6/8! ,/.! 5,&606+,+6'/! 21! +$%!6/*+)(&+')*! 4%)%! )%F(6)%.! +'! *(99')+! +$%-:! +'! 9)'8)%**! 46+$! +$%6)! 0%,)/6/8:!.%,06/8!46+$!+$%*%!+$)%%!/'C%0!,)%,*A!!

#,36/8!9,)+!6/!+$6*!+%&$/'0'81!J'()/%1!46+$!(*:!'()!0%,)/%)*!$,C%!2%%/!%@9'*%.!+'! ,! /'C%0! ,/.! 6/+%),&+6C%! 4')0.! '5! 0%,)/6/8A! #$%1! $,C%! )%50%&+%.! '/! +$%6)!%@9%)6%/&%*:! $68$068$+6/8! *+)%/8+$*! ,*! 4%00! ,*! &$,00%/8%*:! 21! )%*9'/.6/8! +'!F(%*+6'//,6)%*:!5'&(*!8)'(9!.6*&(**6'/*!,/.!)%50%&+6C%!J'()/,0*A!!

;&%/,)6'! 2,*%.! 0%,)/6/8! <;=>?! ,99)',&$! ,.'9+%.! 6/! +$%! &'()*%! 4,*! ,! /'C%0!%@9%)6%/&%!+'!,00!*+(.%/+*:!1%+!+$%1!5'(/.!6+!C%)1!%55%&+6C%!,/.!6/+%)%*+6/8A!;=>!,99)',&$! $,*! $%09%.! +$%-! +'! ,&$6%C%! +$%! 6/+%/.%.! 0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*! '5! +$%!&'()*%! 6/! ,!-')%! 0%,)/%)75)6%/.01!-,//%):! 6/! ,! )%,07065%! *6+(,+6'/A!B/%! *+(.%/+!*(88%*+%.! +$,+:! g[! I5! 4%! &,/! $,C%! *&%/,)6'*! 6/! ,! C6.%'! 5')-! 6+! -,1! 2%! C%)1!,++),&+6C%![h!I+!4,*!,0*'!6.%/+656%.!+$,+!g;=>!6*!C%)1!8''.!4,1!'5!$%096/8!,.(0+*!+'! 0%,)/hA! E()+$%):! 6+! $,*! 6/50(%/&%.! +$%-! +'4,).*! &$,/86/8! +$%6)! &())%/+!9),&+6&%*!6/!0%,)/6/8!,*!4%00!,*!+%,&$6/8A!H00!4%)%!46006/8!+'!,.'9+!;=>!,99)',&$!6/!+$%6)!+%,&$6/870%,)/6/8!9)'&%**!6/!+$%!5(+()%A!

H! -,J')6+1! '5! *+(.%/+*! $,C%! %@9%)6%/&%.! +$6*! +19%! '5! 0%,)/6/8! 6/! ,/! '/06/%!0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! <B>K?! 5')! +$%! 56)*+! +6-%! 6/! +$%6)! 065%! J'()/%1A! #$%1! 4%)%!-'*+01! 5,-606,)! 46+$! +$%! &'/C%/+6'/,0! 5,&%! +'! 5,&%! 0%,)/6/8! -'.%:! *'-%+6-%*!*(990%-%/+%.! 46+$! -(0+6-%.6,:! ,/.! 6.%/+656%.! 2%/%56+*! '5! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8:! ,*!&'-9,)%.!+'!+$%!&'/C%/+6'/,0!-'.%A!!

!!g[I!,-!$68$01!%/+$(*6,*+6&!,2'(+!+$6*!&'()*%!2%&,(*%!I!,-!*()%!6+!4600!$%09!-%!+'!.%C%0'9!-1!9)'5%**6'/,0!,*9%&+!,*!,/!%.(&,+')A! I/!,..6+6'/:!+$6*!4600!,0*'! 2%! '5! $%09! +'! -%! 9%)*'/,001! 6/! 2(60.6/8! (9! -')%! %55%&+6C%!&'--(/6&,+6'/! *3600*A! I! 3/'4! +$6*! &'()*%:! 2%6/8! ,/! '/06/%! '/%:! 4600! 2%!&$,00%/86/8A!#$%!-,6/!&$,00%/8%*:!,*!I!9%)&%6C%:!4600!2%!&'/&%)/6/8!-1!*3600*!

118


!

!!

OO"!

6/!(*6/8! +$%!'/06/%!-'.%:!4$6&$:! I! $'9%:! I!4600! *(&&%**5(001!'C%)&'-%!46+$!+$%!$%09!'5!-1!+%,-!0%,.%):!5%00'4!+%,-!-%-2%)*!,/.!-1!.%.6&,+6'/[h!

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g[I! +$'(8$+! 6+! 6*! 6-9'**620%! +'! 0%,)/! 46+$'(+! ,!+%,&$%)A!]'4! I! 8'+! ,/! 6.%,! ,2'(+! $'4! +'! 0%,)/! %55%&+6C%01! +$)'(8$! +$%! '/06/%!-'.%!'5!.%06C%)1[h!

E()+$%):!+$%1!5'(/.!+$6*!%/C6)'/-%/+!,*!,!90,+5')-!+'!(*%!g/%4!+%&$/'0'81!5')!+$%! +%,&$6/8! 0%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**hA! ! W'4%C%):! +$%1! ,0*'! %@9%)6%/&%.! *'-%!06-6+,+6'/*!6/!+$6*!J'()/%1:!*(&$!,*!6/+%)/%+!,&&%**!9)'20%-*!)%0,+%.!+'!/%+4')3!6**(%*:!,/.!!(*%!'5!+$%!)%*'()&%*!6/!K/806*$!0,/8(,8%!$,*!2%&'-%!,!06-6+,+6'/!5')!0%,)/%)*!4$'*%!f56)*+!0,/8(,8%!6*!/'+!K/806*$hA!!

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q%+:!+$%1!4%)%!C%)1!-(&$!-'+6C,+%.!6/!6/+%8),+6/8!BKL!6/!+$%6)!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8:!,*!%C6.%/+!21!'/%!*+(.%/+S*!*+,+%-%/+:!g[^%!*$'(0.!.%C%0'9!,!-%&$,/6*-!+'!&)%,+%!'()!'4/!BKL!,/.!'()!')8,/6_,+6'/! *$'(0.! *(99')+! +'! 6/6+6,+%! +$6*A! I! )%,06_%!BKL!,*! C%)1!%55%&+6C%[h!!

Q%*96+%! *'-%! &$,00%/8%*! 5,&%.:! +$%! *+(.%/+*! &0,6-%.! +$,+! +$%1! $,C%!2%/%56+%.! 8)%,+01! 5)'-! +$6*! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! 6/! ,! /(-2%)! '5!4,1*:! %*9%&6,001! 6/! +$%! (*%! '5! /%4! +%&$/'0'86%*:! *&%/,)6'72,*%.! 0%,)/6/8!,99)',&$!,/.!(*6/8!BKL!,*! 0%,)/6/8! )%*'()&%*A!#$%6)!'C%),00! 6-9)%**6'/!'/!+$%! BKL76/+%8),+%.! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! '5! +$6*! &'()*%! 4,*! C%)1!9'*6+6C%! ,&&').6/8! +'! +$%6)! )%-,)3*! *(&$! ,*! fC,0(,20%S:! f6/+%)%*+6/8S:!f-'+6C,+6/8S:! f+6-%7*,C6/8S! ,/.! fC%)1! %.(&,+6C%SA! I+! 4,*! ,0*'! 6.%/+656%.! +$,+!;=>:!BKL!,/.!B>K!$,C%!$,.!,!-,J')!6-9,&+!6/!&$,/86/8!+$%6)!&())%/+!9),&+6&%*!6/!0%,)/6/8!,/.!&$,/86/8!+$%6)!+$6/36/8!,/.!2%06%5*!6/!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8A!!

119


!

OOM!!

>$+1:'%*!&:$!*0+4!

L%7.%*68/6/8! +$%! &'()*%! g#%,&$%)! K.(&,+')! ,*! ,/! K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'86*+h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g*$,)6/8! &(0+()%h! ,/.! 9)'-'+6/8! gB9%/!K.(&,+6'/,0!\),&+6&%*h!<BK\?!,-'/8!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!$,*!)%*(0+%.A!

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

120


!

!!

OOU!

5:$!M0/,%$)!10%&'%/$.!

gT$.?*.2&'*5$*7$>*'2(#0*$8*$>/*P$>/#)7hD!#$%!+%,-!0%,.%)!,*3%.!+$%!FGH,*:!,+!+$%!%/.!'5! +$6*! 0%/8+$1:!%@$,(*+6/8!1%+!&$,00%/86/8!,/.!%/J'1,20%! J'()/%1A!^%!&'/*6.%)%.! +$%! 0'/8:! 8)(%006/8! $'()*! '5! &'00%&+6C%! %55')+!4%! $,C%! 9(+! 6/+'! +$6*!9)'J%&+!,/.!&'(0.!'/01!)%901!46+$!&'/+%/+-%/+!,/.!,!$6/+!'5!9)6.%!AK)*5(5*('iD!

#$6*!$,991!%/.6/8!9)'-9+%.!(*!+'!)%C6*6+!,/.!)%50%&+!'C%)!+$%!9)'&%**!4%!4%/+!+$)'(8$A!^$%)%!4%)%!4%p!H/.!4$%)%!,)%!4%!/'4p!^%!$,C%!&'-%!'(+!'5! +$%!&%00! '5! f&'/C%/+6'/,0! +$6/36/8S! +$,+! 4%! 4%)%! ')686/,001! +),99%.! 6/A! ^%! $,C%!&%)+,6/01!,&&'-906*$%.!'()!+,*3A!^%!4%)%!,20%!+'!*(&&%**5(001!5,&%!+$%!&$,00%/8%!'5! .%*68/6/8! ,/! 6//'C,+6C%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+! 5')! '()! 0%,)/%)*! +'! 2%&'-%!,&+6C%!9,)+6&69,/+*!6/!,!f+%&$/'0'81!J'()/%1S! 6/+%8),+%.!46+$!IG#!,/.!BKLA!#$%1!0%,)/+! +$%! *(2J%&+! -,++%)! 21! 9),&+6&,001! %@9%)6%/&6/8! +$%! *,-%! 9)'&%**:!2%&'-6/8!f0%,)/%)*!,*!.%*68/%)*S!.()6/8!+$%!9)'&%**A!

I/+%)%*+6/801:! 4%! )%,06_%.! +$,+! +$%! *,-%! ,99)',&$! $,*! 2%%/! %@9%)6%/&%.! 21!'()*%0C%*!,*!4%00:!.()6/8! +$%!&'()*%! )%7.%*68/6/8!9)'&%**A!^%!$,C%!.%C%0'9%.!'()! &'-9%+%/&6%*! 6/! &'()*%! .%*68/! (*6/8! ;=>! 46+$! IG#! ,/.! BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/:!+$)'(8$!(/.%)8'6/8!,!9)'&%**!'5!f0%,)/6/8!+$)'(8$!.%*68/6/8hA!

H*! f&$,/8%! ,8%/+*S:! 4%! &,/! /'4! 9)'C6.%! &'/+6/('(*! *+6-(0,+6'/! 5')! ,! 0'/8!0,*+6/8! %55%&+! 6/! '()! 0%,)/%)*A! ^$,+! +$6*! *-,00! C6&+')1! -%,/*! 6*! +$,+! 4%! $,C%!*(&&%**5(001! ,&&'-906*$%.! +$%! &$,/8%! 4%! $,C%! *%+! '(+! +':! ,/.! -,.%! ,!.655%)%/&%:! ,02%6+! *-,00! 6/! /,+()%! 2(+! 0,)8%! 6/! 6-9,&+A! #$6*! %@9%)6%/&%!%/&'(),8%*!(*!+'!5,&%!,/1!5(+()%!9)'5%**6'/,0!&$,00%/8%!46+$!,!$(8%!,)-')1!'5!&'-9%+%/&%A!!!

gK2&'* #);'hD! W,C6/8! ,&$6%C%.! '()! -6**6'/:! 4$60%! 2%&'-6/8! )%50%&+6C%!9),&+6+6'/%)*:!4%! +$'(8$+! ,2'(+!'()!/%@+! *+%9*! +'!-'C%! 5')4,).:! +$)'(8$! +$%!0%/*! '5! '()! *%057)%50%&+6'/*A! I/! 068$+! '5! +$%! )%4,).6/8! %@9%)6%/&%! 4%! $,.!+$)'(8$'(+!+$6*!J'()/%1:!'()!/%@+!,++%-9+!6*!+'!)%.%*68/!,00!'+$%)!*6@!&'()*%*!6/!+$%! ZH#K! 9)'8),--%! 6/! ,! *6-60,)! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+:! 46+$! IG#! ,/.! BKL!6/+%8),+6'/A!!

^%! $,C%! ,&F(6)%.! ,! .%%9%)! (/.%)*+,/.6/8! '5! +$%! (/6F(%! ,++)62(+%*! '5! +$%!+%&$/'0'86&,0! +''0*! ,*!4%00! ,*! '5! +$%!9)%&6*%! 9)'&%**%*! '5! ,99016/8! +$%*%! +''0*!6/+'! 9),&+6&%A! ]'4! 4%! ,)%! &'/56.%/+! 6/! -,36/8! '9+6-(-! (*%! '5! +%&$/'0'86&,0!+''0*! +'! %/$,/&%! 0%,)/6/8A! ^%:! +$%! 56C%! FGH,*:! ,4,6+! ,/! '9+6-6*+6&! 5(+()%:!0''36/8!5')4,).!+'!'()!/%@+!*+%9*!6/!+$6*!J'()/%1!46+$!+%&$/'0'81A!!

G1*$#)*P$>/#)7*)#51?*&#$'2)/*@):(#1Vi**

121


!

OOV!!

>$($,$%1$.!

i'/,**%/:!QA!WA!j!L%%C%*:!#A!GA!<OXXM?A!>%,)/6/8!46+$!+%&$/'0'81`!b*6/8!&'-9(+%)*!,*!&'8/6+6C%!+''0*A!I/!QA!WA!i'/,**%/!<K.A?:!I&#5@$$0*$8*/)1)&/<2*8$/*)5><&'($#&4*<$66>#(<&'($#1*&#5*')<2#$4$:7:!O*+!%.6+6'/A!<99A!MXR7UOX?A!]%4!q')3`!Z,&-600,/A!

l,)(/,/,1,3,:!;A!j!],6.(:!;A!<PYYX?A!Q%C%0'96/8!\)'5%**6'/,0!G'-9%+%/&6%*!'5!#%,&$%)!K.(&,+')*!6/!+$%!(*%!'5!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81:!46+$!;&%/,)6'72,*%.!>%,)/6/8A!I/!^A!l6/(+$6,!j!;A!Z,)*$,00!<K.*A?!M&1)1*W#W*U4&<)1j*Y4$@&4*M&1)1*(#!,5><&'($#&4*H)<2#$4$:7?*I/5')-,+6'/!H8%!$206*$6/8:!b;HA!

l,)(/,/,1,3,:!;A!<PYYV,?A!I/+)'.(&6/8!,/!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8!&'()*%!,+!+$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,A!I/!lA!L,-,:!HA!W'9%!j!bA!G''-,),*4,-1!<K.*A?!k>&4('7*G11>/&#<)*H$$40('j*L(1'&#<)*I(:2)/*,5><&'($#*"#1'('>'($#1*c*U/$:/&66)19**I/.6,`!]HHGA!!

l,)(/,/,1,3,:! ;A! <PYYV2?A! Q%*68/6/8! ,/! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! &'--(/6+1! ,-'/8!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*A!GG+N*d$>/#&4:!a'0(-%!R:!]'AP*

ZH#K7I/+%)/,+6'/,07!$'8),-!W,/.2''3A!<PYYT?A!F&1')/*$8*G/'1*(#*H)&<2)/*,5><&'($#*["#')/#&'($#&4\*U/$:/&66)9*#$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,`!Q%9,)+-%/+!'5!K.(&,+6'/:!#$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/A!

ZH#K7I/+%)/,+6'/,07!;+(.1!d(6.%A!<PYYT?A!,EU]]_]*=*H)&<2)/*,5><&'$/*&1*&#*,5><&'($#&4*H)<2#$4$:(1'9!#$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,`!Q%9,)+-%/+!'5!K.(&,+6'/:!#$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/A!

!

!

122


123


!

!!

OOX!

?:+;&$,!]!

5:$!Q+&:O+)!&0!Q+,+#'*6!<:'(&!-&#P&#*Y$#1&40$/&4&?*E&12))0&*X&/>#&#&7&0&?*E9E9*l&/$$05))#?**-&1(0&*T&.&/&'#)?*F9Q*E>5&/12&#&?*E>#(4*K))/&0$$#?*&#5*d9*M&/))65))#*!

S/6;.&+,&'%*!&:$!0%4'%$!,$904/&'0%!

H+!%C%)1!;%/,+%!,/.!G'(/&60!-%%+6/8!'5!+$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,!<Bb;>?:!9)'8)%**! )%9')+*! ,)%! *(2-6++%.! 86C6/8! .%+,60*! ,2'(+! +$%! &'()*%*! &'/C%)+%.! +'!+$%!'/06/%!-'.%A!#$%!&'/C%)*6'/!'5!,00!%@6*+6/8!&'()*%*!+'!'/06/%!&'()*%*!4,*!,/!%@9%&+%.!9,),.68-!*$65+!'5!+$%!b/6C%)*6+1A!H04,1*!,+!+$'*%!-%%+6/8*!+$%!*%/6')!,&,.%-6&*!'5!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/!4$'!,)%!9)%*%/+!2%&'-%!%-2,)),**%.!,*!'()!/(-2%)!'5!*(&$!&'/C%)+%.!&'()*%*!4,*!,04,1*!-6/6-,0!4$%/!&'-9,)%.!+'!+$'*%!'5!+$%!'+$%)!+$)%%!E,&(0+6%*!'5!+$%!b/6C%)*6+1A!#$6*!4,*!-,6/01!.(%!+'!+$%!$68$!4')30',.! '5! +$%! *-,00! /(-2%)! '5! ,&,.%-6&*! 6/! +$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/:!4$%)%! ,! 0,)8%! /(-2%)! '5! *+(.1! 9)'8),--%*! ,)%! 2%6/8! '55%)%.A! ;':! /(-%)'(*!'+$%)!)%*9'/*62606+6%*!4%)%!.'-6/,+6/8!+$(*!.%C6,+6/8!'()!,++%/+6'/!5)'-!'/06/%!&'()*%! .%C%0'9-%/+A! ! W'4%C%):! 4$%/! +$6*! '99')+(/6+1! &,-%! '()! 4,1! +'!)%.%*68/! ,! &'()*%! ,*! ,/! '/06/%! &'()*%! 46+$! BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/:! (/.%)! ,! 9)'J%&+!6/6+6,+%.!,+! +$%! E,&(0+1!46+$! +$%! 56/,/&6,0! *(99')+! 5)'-! +$%!G'--'/4%,0+$!'5!>%,)/6/8!<GB>?:!4%!2%&,-%!C%)1!%@&6+%.!,/.!5(00!'5!$'9%!5')!+$%!5(+()%A!

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

Chapter

6

124


!

OPY!!

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d),.(,001! +$%! 8)'(9! -%-2%)*! 2%&,-%! -')%! %556&6%/+!,/.!*36005(0! 6/! 56/.6/8! )%0%C,/+!,/.!*(6+,20%!BKL!-,+%)6,0!,/.! 6/+%8),+6/8! +$%-!6/+'!+$%!/%4!'/06/%!&'()*%A!!!!

#$%!Q%9,)+-%/+!'5!;%&'/.,)1!j!#%)+6,)1!K.(&,+6'/!'5!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/!'5! +$%! Bb;>! &'/.(&+*! ,! C%)1! 9'9(0,)! 9)'8),--%! '5! *+(.1! &,00%.! +$%! U$1'*Y/&5>&')*L(34$6&*(#*,5><&'($#*[UYL,\9!!#$6*!9)'8),--%!,6-*!,+!9)'5%**6'/,001!.%C%0'96/8! 8),.(,+%! +%,&$%)*! ,*! 4%00! ,*! '+$%)! 8),.(,+%*! %-90'1%.! 6/! +$%!%.(&,+6'/! *%&+')A! ! I+! 6*! '55%)%.! ,*! ,! 0%C%0! U! 9)'8),--%! 6/! +$%! $6%),)&$6&,0!*+)(&+()%! '5! +$%!b/6C%)*6+1A! ! I+! $,*! 2%%/! '55%)%.! ,*! ,! +),.6+6'/,0! ,/.! 9)6-,)601!9)6/+72,*%.! .6*+,/&%! %.(&,+6'/! 9)'8),--%! &'/*6*+6/8! '5! X! &'()*%*! 5')! -,/1!1%,)*A!B/%!'5!+$'*%!&'()*%*!6*!+$%!&'()*%!'/!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81A!

H0+$'(8$! 4%:! +$%! ,(+$')*! '5! +$6*! &$,9+%)! <#%,-! \dQK?:! ,)%! 2,*6&,001! 5)'-!.655%)%/+!.6*&6906/%*:!4%!,)%!,00!-%-2%)*!'5!+$%!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81!&'()*%!+%,-:!,*!K.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81! 6*!&'--'/!+'!,00!.6*&6906/%*! 6/!)%*9%&+!+'!+$%!+%,&$6/870%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**! 6/! +$%! \dQK! 9)'8),--%A! #$%)%5')%:! 4$%/!46+$! +$%!.,4/! '5! PYOR:! +$6*! /%4! C%/+()%! D! +$%! 9)'&%**! '5! )%.%*68/6/8! ,! &'()*%! ,*! ,/!'/06/%!&'()*%!6/+%8),+%.!46+$!BKL!&'--%/&%.:!4%:!+$%!&'()*%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!'5! +$%! K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81! &'()*%!$,.!/'!$%*6+,+6'/! 6/! *%0%&+6/8! +$%! *,-%!&'()*%!5')!)%.%*68/6/8A!

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

125


!

!!

OPO!

J30/&!&:$!10/,.$!

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

?:+44$%*$.!+%#!'../$.U!5:$!%$$#!(0,!+!1:+%*$!

^$%/!&'-9,)%.!46+$!+$%!),96.!,/.!C,*+!+%&$/'0'86&,0!.%C%0'9-%/+*!6/!+$%!56%0.!'5! %.(&,+6'/! .()6/8! +$%! 9,*+! 1%,)*:! 4%! 5'(/.! +$%! 5'00'46/8! 4%,3/%**%*! 6/!)%0,+6'/!+'!+$%!%@6*+6/8!&'()*%A!!

,? >6-6+%.!(*%!'5!+%&$/'0'81!,/.!-')%!.%9%/.%/&%!'/!+),.6+6'/,0!-%+$'.*!'5!6/*+)(&+6'/:!!

2? >,&3! '5! ,4,)%/%**! '5! F(,06+1! 9,),-%+%)*! '5! .%06C%)1! *1*+%-*! ,-'/8!+%,&$6/8!*+,55!9,)+6&(0,)01!,-'/8!C6*6+6/8!*+,55:!!

&? d%/%),0!6/%556&6%/&1!'5!,.-6/6*+),+6C%!*1*+%-*!

.? Q6556&(0+6%*!6/!%/*()6/8!%F(,0!*+,/.,).*!6/!,00!)%86'/*!,/.!

%? >,&3!'5!*+,/.,).!&)6+%)6,!+'!-%,*()%!+$%!F(,06+1!'5!*%)C6&%*A!

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

126


!

OPP!!

;+(.%/+*! 6/! +$6*! &'()*%! /%%.! &'/+6/('(*! 6/+%),&+6'/*! 46+$! +$%6)! 9%%)*A! #$%!*+(.%/+7*+(.%/+! 6/+%),&+6'/*!,)%! 5,&606+,+%.!'/01!,+! +$%! 6/,(8(),0! *%**6'/*:!,/.!+$%!5%4!.,1!*&$''0*!,/.!+(+')6,0*!D!4$%)%!+$%1!8%+!+$%!'99')+(/6+1!+'!,&+6C%01!6/+%),&+!46+$!%,&$!'+$%)!,/.!2%&'-%!,!&'--(/6+1!'5!0%,)/%)*!,/.!+$(*!)%.(&%!+$%! *%/*%! '5! 6*'0,+6'/!4$6&$! 6*! ,! &$,),&+%)6*+6&! '5! '9%/! ,/.! .6*+,/&%! 0%,)/6/8A!W'4%C%):!+$6*!4,*!/'+!2%6/8!,&$6%C%.!,*!%55%&+6C%01!,*!%@9%&+%.A!!!

#$%! .6C%)*6+1! '5! *+(.%/+*! 6/! C,)6'(*! ,*9%&+*! *(&$! ,*! 0%,)/6/8! *+10%*! 6-9,&+! '/!*+(.%/+!,&$6%C%-%/+A!;+(.%/+*!4')3!.655%)%/+01!(/.%)!.655%)%/+!*6+(,+6'/*!*(&$!,*! .655%)%/+! +19%*! '5! *(2J%&+*! ')!46+$! .655%)%/+! 0%,)/6/8! *+10%*A! =%&,(*%! '5! +$%!)%0,+6C%01! 6/5)%F(%/+! 5,&%7+'75,&%! 6/+%),&+6'/! 2%+4%%/! ,/! 6/*+)(&+')! ,/.! +$%!*+(.%/+*:! +$6*! &'()*%! $,*! 2)'(8$+! -,/1! /%4! &$,00%/8%*! +'! +$%! +%,&$6/8! ,/.!0%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**A! ! Z'')%! <OXVX?! 6.%/+656%*! 5'()! +19%*! '5! 6/+%),&+6'/*! 6/!%.(&,+6'/`! 0%,)/%)7&'/+%/+:! 0%,)/%)7+%,&$%):! 0%,)/%)70%,)/%):! ,/.! 0%,)/%)7+%&$/'0'81!<*%%!E68A!MAO?A!

!

! E68A!MAO`!;+(.%/+!6/+%),&+6'/*!6/!,!.6*+,/&%!0%,)/6/8!&'()*%!<;'()&%`!Z'')%:!OXVX?!

Learner

Student Interaction

Teaching Style

Use of Technology

Course design

Learning style Motivation Satisfaction

Difference from a traditional course

� Self-study

� Time-frames

Course

� Difficulty � Type

Convenience

� Time

� Space

Instructor

Fig. 6.1: Student interactions in a distance learning course, (Source - Moore, 1989)

127


!

!!

OPR!

^6+$'(+!,/!%55%&+6C%!0%,)/%)!*(99')+!*%)C6&%*!*1*+%-!+$,+!9)'C6.%*!'/7*6+%!5,&%7+'75,&%!+(+')6,0*:!+6-%01!5%%.2,&3!'/!*+(.%/+!9%)5')-,/&%!,/.!,&&%**!+'!062),)1!*%)C6&%*:! *+(.%/+! ,&$6%C%-%/+! 4600! 6/%C6+,201! 2%! (/.%)-6/%.! ,/.! /'/7&'-90%+6'/!')!.)'9'(+!),+%*!-,1!+%/.!+'!6/&)%,*%A!!

#$%)%5')%!6+!6*!%**%/+6,0!5')!+$%!*+(.%/+!+%,&$%)*!5'00'46/8!+$%!\dQK!9)'8),--%!+'! $,C%! -')%! '99')+(/6+6%*! 5')! 6/+%),&+6'/! +$,/! 6+! 6*! 9'**620%! 6/! +),.6+6'/,0!9)6-,)601! 9)6/+! 2,*%.! .6*+,/&%! 0%,)/6/8A! ! #$%! 4,1! 5')4,).! 6/! +$6*! )%8,).!9),&+6&%.! 6/! -'*+! &'(/+)6%*! 6/! +$%! 4')0.! ,+! 9)%*%/+! 5')! 4$,+%C%)! *+(.1!9)'8),--%*!6*!+'!'55%)!+$%-!'/06/%A!!!

5:$!;+,+#'*6!.:'(&U!N0O!'&!:+;;$%$#!

#$%! )%.%*68/6/8!'5! +$%! %@6*+6/8! &'()*%! 6/! K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81! ,*! ,/!'/06/%!&'()*%!+6+0%.!gK.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81!E'(/.,+6'/*h!&'--%/&%.!,5+%)!+$%!56)*+!)'(/.!'5!&,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8!4')3*$'9*!4$6&$!4%)%!$%0.! 5)'-!P/.! +'!"+$! i,/(,)1!PYOR!+'!-,3%!(*!3/'40%.8%,20%!,2'(+!BKL!,/.!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL!,/.!IG#!6/+'!&'()*%!.%*68/A!I/!+$%!*%&'/.!)'(/.!'5!4')3*$'9*!+$%!5'&(*!4,*!'/!)%.%*68/6/8!,!&'()*%!6/+%8),+6/8!BKL:!;=>!,/.!IG#A!!I+!4,*!+$%)%!+$,+!4%!*%0%&+%.!+$%!&'()*%!6/!K.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81! 5')! )%.%*68/6/8! 46+$! +$%! ,8)%%-%/+! '5! ,00! +%,-!-%-2%)*A! ! #$%! 50'4! &$,)+! *$'4/! 6/! 568()%! MAP! 600(*+),+%*! +$%! &'/&%9+! '5!+),/*6+6'/!'5!+$%!/')-,0!'5506/%!&'()*%!+'!,/!'/06/%!&'()*%A!

I/6+6,001:! +$%! +%,-! 5')-(0,+%.! +$6)+%%/! 0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*! 5')! +$%! &'()*%A! ! I/!,..6+6'/:!5')!%,&$!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%:!0%,)/6/8!&'/+%@+!,/.c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

128


Post Graduate Diploma in Education(PGDE)

Level 7 programme

Consists of 9 compulsory courses

ESP2204(Educational Technology)-6 credits

Mode of Course Delivery

Day Schools

Practical Sessions

Tutorial Sessions

Unit II Special Method of Technology

Unit II General Method of Technology

Learning Outcome 4

Learning Outcome 3

Learning Outcome 2

Learning Outcome 1

Open New Avenue to Online Supplementary Course

ESP2204(Educational Technology Foundation)

Content Scenario Based Learning

Learning Activities/Assessments

Quizzes

Concept Maps

Reflective Journals

Assignments

Evaluation

Continuous Assessment(CA)

2 Take home Assessments

Activity based Assignments

Final Examination

Discussion Forum

Fig. 6.2: Flow chart to show the transition of the offline course to an online course

129


!

!!

OP"!

I/!+$%!/%@+!)'(/.!'5!4')3*$'9*:!+$,+!4,*!$%0.!6/!H9)60!PYOR:!+$%!+%,-!4,*!,20%!+'! '2+,6/! 5%%.2,&3! 5)'-! +$%! %@9%)+! 5,&606+,+')! )%8,).6/8! +$%! &'()*%! ,+! +$,+!*+,8%A! =,*%.! '/! +$%! *(88%*+6'/*! -,.%! 21! $6-! 4%! &$,/8%.! ,/.! )%.(&%.! +$%!0%,)/6/8!'(+&'-%*!+'!5'()!4$6&$!,)%!9)%*%/+%.!2%0'4A!

OA K@,-6/%!+$%!6-9')+,/&%:!,/.!+$%!)'0%!'5!%.(&,+6'/,0!+%&$/'0'81!6/!+$%!+%,&$6/8!7!0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**N!!

PA H9901!,99)'9)6,+%!+%,&$6/8!-%+$'.*!,/.!+%&$/6F(%*!+'!9)'-'+%!%55%&+6C%!,/.!%556&6%/+!0%,)/6/8!6/!.655%)%/+!*6+(,+6'/*NA!!

RA Q%*68/:!.%C%0'9!,/.!(*%!,**%**-%/+!,/.!%C,0(,+6'/!*+),+%86%*!+'!9)'-'+%!0%,)/6/8N!

Q%*68/:!.%C%0'9!,/.!(*%!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%*!+'!9)'-'+%!%55%&+6C%!,/.!%556&6%/+!0%,)/6/8!6/!.655%)%/+!*+(.%/+*A!

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

H/! 6-9')+,/+! ,/.! %C%/! -')%! &$,00%/86/8! +,*3! 5')! +$%! +%,-! 4,*! +'! 9)%9,)%!,**%**-%/+! )(2)6&*! 5')!.655%)%/+! +19%*!'5! ,**%**-%/+! ,&+6C6+6%*! ,99)'9)6,+%! 5')!+$%! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+A! #$%! +%,-! ,&3/'40%.8%*! +$%! ,**6*+,/&%!)%&%6C%.! 5)'-! ,! 5%4! %@9%)+*! 6/! +$6*! %@%)&6*%! 9,)+6&(0,)01! 5)'-! +$%! )%C6%4%)!2%5')%!56/,06_6/8!+$%!56/,0!&'91A!#$%/!4%!*+,)+%.!+'!(90',.!+$%!&'()*%!'/06/%!21!(*6/8! +$%! Z''.0%! 90,+5')-A! H+! 0,*+! 4%! $,.! ,! 20%/.%.! '/06/%! &'()*%n! ! #$%/!$,C6/8! &'-90%+%.! +$,+:! 4%! &,-%! +'! +$%! %@&6+6/8! -'-%/+! '5! *(2-6++6/8! +$%!'/06/%!&'()*%!+'!+$%!%.(&,+6'/!+%&$/'0'86*+!'5!+$%!b/6C%)*6+1!5')!&'--%/+*!,/.!5%%.2,&3A! ! I/! .(%! &'()*%:! +$%! %.(&,+6'/! +%&$/'0'86*+! 8,C%! (*! 5%%.2,&3! 5')!5()+$%)!6-9)'C%-%/+!'5!+$%!&'()*%!,/.!,0*'!*(88%*+%.!+'!'55%)!+$%!&'()*%!,*!,!*(990%-%/+,0!&'()*%A!;'!56/,001!'()!'/06/%!&'()*%!+6+0%.!gK.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81!E'(/.,+6'/*h!4,*!)%,.1!5')!960'+6/8!,*!,!*(990%-%/+,0!'/06/%!&'()*%A!!!!

130


!

OPM!!

H5+%)4,).*:! +$%! /%&%**,)1! ,)),/8%-%/+*! 4%)%! -,.%! +'! 960'+! +$%! &'()*%! ,/.!%0%C%/! *+(.%/+*! '5! +$%! \dQK! 9)'8),--%! C'0(/+%%)%.! +'! 9,)+6&69,+%! 6/! +$%!%@%)&6*%A!#$%1!4%)%!5)'-!+$%!K/806*$!-%.6(-!,/.!#,-60!-%.6(-!9)'8),--%*A!#$%!.,+,!&'00%&+6'/!6/*+)(-%/+*!*(&$!,*!9)%7F(%*+6'//,6)%*:!9'*+7F(%*+6'//,6)%*!,/.! 6/+%)C6%4! *&$%.(0%*! 4%)%! (*%.! +'! &'00%&+! 5%%.2,&3! 6/5')-,+6'/! 5)'-! +$%!9,)+6&69,/+*A! ! E'()! '5! +$%-! 4%)%! 6/+%)C6%4%.! 6/! .%9+$! (*6/8! ,/! 6/+%)C6%4!*&$%.(0%A! #$%6)! )%50%&+6'/*! '/! +$%! %@9%)6%/&%*! '5! +$%! &'()*%! 8%/%),+%.! )6&$!6/5')-,+6'/A!!!

5:$!,$(4$1&'0%.!0(!;+,&'1';+%&.!

I/!+$6*!*%&+6'/:!+$%!)%50%&+6'/*!'5!+$%!9,)+6&69,+6/8!*+(.%/+*!6/!+$%!960'+%.!'/06/%!&'()*%!'/! +$%!&$,/8%! +'4,).*!'/06/%! 0%,)/6/8!,)%!9)%*%/+%.A!#$%6)! )%50%&+6'/*!&'C%)%.!C,)6'(*!,*9%&+*!*(&$!,*!+$%!6/+%8),+6'/!'5! IG#!,/.!BKL:!+$%!(*%!'5!+$%!;=>!,99)',&$!,/.!,0*'!+$%!'/06/%!%/C6)'/-%/+!9)'C6.%.A!!#$%1!)%50%&+%.!'/!+$%!&$,00%/8%*!+$%1!5,&%.!4$60%!9,)+6&69,+6/8!6/!+$%!&'()*%!,/.!&,-%!'(+!46+$!*'-%!*(88%*+6'/*!5')!6-9)'C%-%/+!,*!4%00A!

>,+%)! '/:! +$%! )%,.%)! &,/! 56/.! '(+! $'4! +$%! -6/.! *%+*! '5! +$%! +%,-! -%-2%)*!&$,/8%.!.()6/8! +$%!%/+6)%!9)'&%**!'5! )%.%*68/6/8! +$%! &'()*%! +$)'(8$! *'-%!'5!+$%6)! )%50%&+6'/*! ,/.! 5)'-! +$%! &'/&%9+! -,9*! +$%1! &'/*+)(&+%.! ,+! .655%)%/+!*+,8%*!'5!+$%!9)'&%**A!!!!!

5:$!'%&$*,+&'0%!0(!8=>!+%#!"?5!

#$%!9,)+6&69,+6/8!*+(.%/+*!,8)%%.!+$,+!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL!,/.!IG#!$%09%.!+$%-!+'! 5()+$%)! (/.%)*+,/.! +$%! &'/&%9+*! 6/! +$%! -'.(0%! ,/.! ,0*'! *+,+%.! +$,+! +$%!-'.%!'5!'/06/%!.%06C%)1!4,*!-')%!*+6-(0,+6/8!+$,/!+$%!+),.6+6'/,0!'5506/%!-'.%A!!#$%6)!&'--%/+*!'/!+$%!(*%!'5!BKL!6/!+$%!+%,&$6/87!0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**!4%)%!C%)1!9'*6+6C%A!#$%1!-%/+6'/%.!+$,+!+$%*%!9)'C6.%.!0%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%*!,+!,!0'4!&'*+:!%/,206/8! +$%! (*%! '5! /%4! +%&$/'0'81! 5')! +$%! +%,&$6/870%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**! ,/.!%/$,/&%!'9%/!,&&%**!5')!%.(&,+6'/!6/!,/1!,8%!0%C%0A!!

B/%!'5!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!%@9)%**%.!$6*!6.%,*!)%8,).6/8!+$%!(*%!'5!BKL!,*!5'00'4*`!

g"* 8))4* '2&'* +,-* @&1)5* 4)&/#(#:* 2)43* '$* :)'* >3* '$* 5&')* 0#$.4)5:)* &#5* ('*1&%)1*'2)*'(6)*$8*'2)*1'>5)#'19*G'*'2)*1&6)*'(6)*('*:(%)1*)R>&4*$33$/'>#('()1*'$*)%)/7*1'>5)#'D*

#$%!-,J')6+1!'5!9,)+6&69,/+*!*+,+%.!+$,+!+$%!(*%!'5!;=>!-,.%!+$%-!5%%0!+$%1!,)%!6/! )%,0! *6+(,+6'/*! 6/! +$%! +%,&$6/8! 0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**A!B/%!9,)+6&69,/+!$,*!4)6++%/!AEBQ*(1*6$/)*8>#*&#5*('*')&<2)1*6)*'$*4)&/#*8/$6*$>/*6(1'&0)19* "'* (1*%)/7*>1)8>4*

131


!

!!

OPU!

8$/*&5>4'*4)&/#(#:*&1*.)44*&1*8$/*1'>5)#'1*'$*&*:/)&')/*);')#'*'2&#*'2)*<2&40*&#5*'&40*6)'2$5D!!!

E()+$%)-')%:! 9,)+6&69,/+*! ,8)%%.! +$,+! +$%! F(6__%*! $%09%.! +$%-! )%50%&+! '/! +$%!*%**6'/*! 9)%*%/+%.:! ,/.! ,0*'! .6*&(**6'/! 5')(-*! $%09%.! +$%-! +'! 6/+%),&+! 46+$!%,&$!'+$%)A!!L%8,).6/8!+$%!*(2J%&+!&'/+%/+:!-'*+!'5!+$%-!,8)%%.!+$,+!6+!6*!4%00!')8,/6_%.!,/.!%,*1!+'!(/.%)*+,/.A!

5:$!0%4'%$!4$+,%'%*!$%9',0%6$%&!

H00!9,)+6&69,/+*!%@9)%**%.!+$%6)!$,996/%**!6/!2%6/8!,20%!+'!$,C%!+$%!%@9%)6%/&%!'5! 9,)+6&69,+6/8! 6/! ,/! '/06/%! &'()*%A! H! -,J')6+1! <VYm?! -%/+6'/%.! +$,+! +$%1!4'(0.!$,C%!9)%5%))%.!-')%!'/06/%!,&+6C6+6%*!6/!+$%!&'()*%A!H!*6-60,)!9%)&%/+,8%!4'(0.!$,C%!9)%5%))%.!-')%!'/06/%!)%*'()&%*A! ! !H00!9,)+6&69,/+*!,8)%%.!+$,+!+$%!'/06/%!+%,&$%)*!4%)%!C%)1!$%095(0A!#$%1!,99)%&6,+%.!+$%!&'--%/+*!-,.%!21!+$%!'/06/%!+%,&$%)*!,*!5%%.2,&3!5')!+$%6)!6/9(+*!6/!)%0,+6'/!+'!C,)6'(*!,&+6C6+6%*A!!

B/%!9,)+6&69,/+!-%/+6'/%.!+$,+!g&<<)11(#:*4)&/#(#:*/)1$>/<)1*.&1*%)/7*)&17*'$*6)D*&#5*A"'*(1*84);(@4)*'$*6)*(#*$#4(#)*4)&/#(#:*&#5*('*(1*>1)/*8/()#547D*Z'*+! '5! +$%-! &'--%/+%.! +$,+! )%&%6C6/8! F(6&3! 5%%.2,&3! '/06/%:! '/! 0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*! ,/.! ,**68/-%/+*! -'+6C,+%.! +$%-! +'! %/8,8%! -')%! 6/! +$%! &'()*%A!!E()+$%)! +$%1! -%/+6'/%.`! A5(1<>11($#* 8$/>61* 2)43)5* >1* '$* (#')/&<'* .('2* )&<2*$'2)/*&#5*12&/)*$>/*(5)&1*(#*&*8/()#547*6&##)/D**H00!'5!+$%-!-%/+6'/%.!+$,+!)%50%&+6/8!'/!+$%6)!0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**!8,C%!+$%-!,!/%4!%@9%)6%/&%! ,/.! -'+6C,+%.! +$%-! +'! &'/+6/(%! 0%,)/6/8A! E()+$%)-')%:! ,00! +$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!&'--%/+%.! +$,+! 6+!4'(0.!$,C%!2%%/!2%++%)! 65!-')%! +'96&*! 5')! +$%!.6*&(**6'/! 5')(-! 4%)%! 86C%/! 21! +$%! +%,&$%)*! ,/.! ,0*'! +'! $,C%! -')%! '/06/%!,&+6C6+6%*!,/.!-')%!'/06/%!)%*'()&%*A!

5:$!/.$!0(!&:$!<PE!+;;,0+1:!

W%)%!4%!9)%*%/+!+$%!C6%4*!'5!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!'/!+$%!(*%!'5!+$%!;=>!,99)',&$!6/!+$%!'/06/%!&'()*%A!!#$%)%!4%)%!-'*+01!C6%4*!6/!*(99')+!(0,!+$%!(*%!'5!;=>!,/.!,!5%4!&'--%/+*!+*+'%.&!+$%!(*%!'5!;=>A!!

Z")-8!9:;!

#$%! 9,)+6&69,/+*! .%*&)62%.! +$%! *&%/,)6'*! ,*! %/J'1,20%! ,/.! &$,00%/86/8A! #$%1!6.%/+656%.! *&%/,)6'*! ,*! 9)'20%-*! ,/.! ,8)%%*! +$,+! -%,/6/85(0! 0%,)/6/8! '&&()*!2%&,(*%! +$%1! $,.! +'! 9)'8)%**! +$)'(8$! +$%! 6/+%),&+6C%! *&%/,)6'*! +'! *'0C%! +$%!+%,&$6/8! D! 0%,)/6/8! 9)'20%-*! 21! C6*6+6/8! .655%)%/+! *6+(,+6'/*! ,/.! &'00%&+6/8!.655%)%/+! %C6.%/&%A! #$%6)! C6%4*! ,0*'! 6/.6&,+%.! +$,+! +$%! ;=>! ,99)',&$! &'(0.! 2%!

132


!

OPV!!

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

;'-%! '5! +$%! &'--%/+*! -,.%! 21! +$%! 9,)+6&69,/+*! ,)%! )%9)'.(&%.! $%)%! 5')!5()+$%)!(/.%)*+,/.6/8!

\O`! AEBQ* (1* :$$5* 8$/* &#* $#4(#)* <$>/1)* &#5* ('* 2)431* >1* '$* '2(#0* &#5* 4)&/#*1$6)'2(#:* '2&'* '2)* #$/6&4* <$>/1)* 5$)1* #$'* 2&%)* 4(0)* <&1)* 1'>57* $/* &#7*(##$%&'(%)* '2(#:1?* '2(1* (1* $#)* $8* '2)* :$$5* &33/$&<2)1D9* AE<)#&/($1* &/)*8/()#547* &#5* ('* (1* &* :$$5* &33/$&<29* "'* <&#* @)* >1)5* 8$/* 3/&<'(<&4* 1('>&'($#1*&41$9*K)*<&#J'*1&7*.)*&/)*#$'*6$'(%&')5D9*

\P`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

\P! ,/.! \R`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

\T`! AF7* %().* (1* '2&'* 1<)#&/($* @&1)5* &11)116)#'* &#5* $'2)/* R>)1'($#1* &/)* %)/7*>1)8>4* 8$/* >1* '$* &<2()%)* '2)* $>'<$6)1* $8* '2)* <$>/1)9* "'* (#<4>5)1* 1)%)/&4*R>)1'($#1*(#*5(88)/)#'*&#:4)1D9!

133


!

!!

OPX!

<='/%&(.8!9:;!!

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

\T`!AE$6)'(6)1*.)*8&<)*3/$@4)61*>#5)/1'&#5(#:*'2)*1<)#&/($9D*

\O`!AE<)#&/($1*&/)*<$634);9*E$6)*<&#J'*>#5)/1'&#5*1<)#&/($9*E$6)*2&%)*8)5*>3*.('2*8$/*'2$1)*5(/)<'*R>)1'($#1*&/)*6><2*@)'')/9D!

\T`!AE<)#&/($*S*(1*&*4(''4)*@('*5(88(<>4'D9*AH2)*:(%)#*1<)#&/($*(1*#$'*&334(<&@4)*'$*&44*1('>&'($#1D9*

"%&$*,+&'0%!0(!8=>!

#$%!9,)+6&69,/+*! ,99)%&6,+%.! +$%! C,)6%+1!'5! %.(&,+6'/,0! )%*'()&%*! ,C,60,20%!'/!+$%!4%2!,*! ,! *'()&%!'5! ,0+%)/,+6C%!9),&+6&%*:! 9)'&%**%*:! ,/.!,99)',&$%*!(9'/!4$6&$! +$%1! &,/! .),4:! ,/.! +'! 4$6&$! +$%1! &,/! .6)%&+! +$%6)! *+(.%/+*A! BKL! 4,*!(/.%)*+''.! 21! *'-%! '5! +$%-! ,*! 2%6/8! +$%! &,+,01*+! 5')! ,! &'/*+,/+! .6,0'8(%!.6)%&+%.!+'4,).*!+$%!6-9)'C%-%/+!'5!,!9,)+6&(0,)!)%*'()&%A!B+$%)*!&'/&%6C%.!'5!BKL! 6/! +%)-*! '5! 5)%%01! ,C,60,20%! -,+%)6,0*! +$,+! +$%1! &,/! )%(*%:! ,.,9+! ,/.!6/&')9'),+%! 6/+'! +$%6)! +%,&$6/8! 2%&,(*%! 6+! $,*! 2%%/! 062%),+%.! 5)'-! +),.6+6'/,0!&'91)68$+!&'/*+),6/+*A!

#$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!,0*'!&'--%/+%.!,2'(+!6**(%*!*(&$!,*!F(,06+1!,/.!*(6+,2606+1!'5!BKL!,*!4%00!,*!,2'(+! +$%6)! 6/+%/+6'/*!'5!(*6/8!BKL! 5')! +$%6)!'4/!+%,&$6/8!,/.!0%,)/6/8! 9)'&%**%*A! #$%! 46006/8/%**! ,/.! 6/+%/+6'/! +'! 6/+%8),+%! BKL! 6/+'! +$%!

134


!

ORY!!

9,)+6&69,/+*S!'4/!9),&+6&%*!&,/!2%!&'/*6.%)%.!,*!,/! 6-9')+,/+!'(+&'-%!'5!+$%!960'+!&'()*%A! !#$%)%!4%)%!&'--%/+*!,*!4%00!'/!+$%!BKL!9)'C6.%.!6/!+$%!'/06/%!&'()*%A!!;'-%!&'--%/+*!'5!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!,)%!9)'C6.%.!$%)%A!

\R! A+,-* &/)* '2(#:1* '2&'* &/)* &%&(4&@4)* '$* @)* '&0)#?* /)>1)5?* /)3>/3$1)5* &#5*/)3&<0&:)5*&#5*3>'*'$:)'2)/*(#*&*.&7*'2&'*1>('1*'2)*3)/1$#*.2$J1*/)>1(#:*'2)* )5><&'($#&4* /)1$>/<)9* E$* '2)/)* &/)* #$* <$37/(:2'* (11>)1?* '2)/)* &/)* #$*.$//()1b*('J1*8/))47*&%&(4&@4)D9!!

\O!A"J5*3/$@&@47* 1&7* ('* (1*&* /)1$>/<)* '2&'* 1$6)$#)*2&1*</)&')5* '2&'* '2)7*5$#J'*6(#5*.2&'*7$>*5$*.('29D***

\RAE$6)* $8* '2)* +,-1* .)/)* >1)8>4* '$* 5$* 4)&/#(#:* &<'(%('()19* E$6)* 3&/'* $8* '2)*1>@P)<'*<$#')#'*"*<$>45*>#5)/1'&#5*@>'*1$6)*&/)*#$'9D!

\P!AK)*12$>45*<$#1(5)/*'2)*R>&4('7*$8*'2(1*+,-1*&#5*.)*#))5*'$*4$$0*&'*.2)'2)/*('*(1*>1)8>4*'$*$>/*&<'(%('()1D!!!!!!!!

\T! AO$/* 6)* +,-1* &/)* /)&447* >1)8>4* @>'* (1* %)/7* 5(88(<>4'* '$* 8(#5* +,-1* 8/$6* '2)*(#')/#)'D!!

\O!A*G'*'2)*@):(##(#:*$8*'2)*<$>/1)* * "* 8)4'*'2&'* ('* (1*@)'')/* (8* "*2&5*&* *'/&(#(#:*(#*1)&/<2(#:*+,-1*D!

\P:!\R!,/.!\T`!!AO(#&447*.)*<$>45*8(#5*&33/$3/(&')*+,-1*.2(<2*&/)*%)/7*>1)8>4*8$/*>1*'$*)#:&:)*.('2*$>/*<$>/1)*&<'(%('()1*&#5*>1)8>4*8$/*'2)*')&<2(#:*4)&/#(#:*3/$<)11*&41$9D!

8%4'%$!E$+,%'%*!=%9',0%6$%&!^8E=_!+.!&:$!60#$!0(!#$4'9$,)!

#$%)%!4%)%!9'*6+6C%!&'--%/+*!5)'-!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!,2'(+!+$%!,99)'9)6,+%/%**!'5! +$%! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8! %/C6)'/-%/+A! ! #$%! &'/*%/*(*! 4,*! +$,+! +$%! '/06/%!%/C6)'/-%/+! 6*! 5,&606+,+6/8A! ! #$%1! .%*&)62%.! +$%! '/06/%! %/C6)'/-%/+! ,*! C%)1!0%,)/%)! 5)6%/.01A! ! #$%1! ,)%! -'+6C,+%.! +'! &'-90%+%! +$%! ,&+6C6+6%*! 6/.6C6.(,001A!!Z'*+!'5! +$%-!,0*'!,8)%%! +$,+! +$%!,**%**-%/+!,&+6C6+6%*!'5! +$%!&'()*%!,)%!C%)1!(*%5(0!5')!+$%-!+'!%/$,/&%!+$%6)!3/'40%.8%A!!

#$%1! 4%)%! ,20%! +'! ,&$6%C%! +$%! 0%,)/6/8! '(+&'-%*! *(&&%**5(001A! ! ;'-%! '5! +$%!&'--%/+*!5)'-!+$%!9,)+6&69,/+*!,)%!)%9)'.(&%.!$%)%A!!

\! O`! A+Q,* <&#* @)* >1)5* (#* &#7'(6)* &#7.2)/)* &33/$3/(&')479* "* @)4()%)* "* <$>45*&<2()%)* mno* $8* '2)* 4)&/#(#:* $>'<$6)1* $8* '2(1* <$>/1)* (8* '(6)* .&1* #$'* &*6&'')/D9!

135


!

!!

ORO!

\P`!j!\T!A"*'2(#0*'2(1* (1*:$$59* "8* "*2&%)*3/$3)/* (#8$/6&'($#*c*:>(5&#<)*"*<&#*5$*'2(19**"*5$*#$'*2&%)*'$*<$6)*'$*'2)*>#(%)/1('79*"*<&#*8/))47*&<<)11*.2)#*"*2&%)*8/))*'(6)9*"*'2(#0*"*.(12*'$*<$#'(#>)*.('2*$#4(#)*)5><&'($#*(#*8>'>/)9D!

\O`! A"#</)&1)* (#* "MH* 0#$.4)5:)* (1* 5)%)4$3)5b* ('* .&1* &* 5(88)/)#'* );3)/()#<)* 8$/*6)9*G1*')&<2)/1?*&44*$8*>1*12$>45*2&%)*&*:$$5*0#$.4)5:)*$8*+Q,D!

\T`!AL(/)<'*&<'(%('7*(1*8(#)*&1*.)*2&%)*'(6)*3/$@4)6*/)&57*4(#0*.('2*/)1$>/<)1*&#5*/)8)/)#<)1D9*

\P`! !AG44*&<'(%('()1*&#5*<4&11(8(<&'($#1*&/)*:$$5*&#5*2)438>49*H2)*:(%)#* 8))5@&<0*.&1*%)/7*:$$5*A*

H/,01*6*! '5! *+(.%/+! 0'8*! *$'4%.! +$,+! M"m! '5! *+(.%/+*! $,.! &'-90%+%.! +$%!,&+6C6+6%*!'/!*&%/,)6'*!'(+!'5! +$%!.,1!+6-%!$'()*A! I+!-%,/*!-'*+!'5! +$%-!$,C%!0'88%.! 6/!,+!/68$+!,5+%)! +$%1!$,C%!&'-90%+%.! +$%6)!'+$%)!(*(,0! &$')%*A!#'!%/.!+$6*! *%&+6'/! 4%! 4'(0.! 063%! +'! 9)%*%/+! *'-%:! &$,00%/8%*! ,/.! *(88%*+6'/*! +$,+!*()5,&%.! 6/! &'00%&+6/8! 6/5')-,+6'/! 5)'-! +$%! 9,)+6&69,/+*! 6/! +$%! 960'+%.! '/06/%!&'()*%A!!!

?:+44$%*$.!(+1$#!3)!&:$!;+,&'1';+%&.!'%!/.'%*!&:$!8E=!'%!&:$',!4$+,%'%*!!

OA ;'-%!'5!+$%!.,1*!+$%1!&'(0.!/'+!,&&%**!6/+%)/%+!

PA #$%!0,/8(,8%!2,))6%)!<,*!,0-'*+!,00!BKL*!6/!K/806*$?!!

RA #$%!.6556&(0+1!+'!56/.!BKL!)%*'()&%*!5')!+$%!9)6-,)1!8),.%*A!

TA ;'-%!8(6.,/&%!86C%/!+'!5'00'4!+$%!&'()*%!6*!/'+!&0%,)A!!

</**$.&'0%.!&0!'6;,09$!

OA ]%%.!,00!5,&606+6%*!*(&$!,*!&'-9(+%):!6/+%)/%+!%+&A!

PA I/&0(.%!-')%!0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*!!

RA E0%@62606+1!6/!+$%!.%,.!06/%*!'5!,&+6C6+6%*!

J!('%+4!O0,#!0%!;+,&'1';+%&.7!($$#3+1F!!

H00! 6/! ,00! +$%! -%-2%)*! '5! +$%! +%,-! 4%)%! F(6+%! %0,+%.! ,2'(+! +$%! 9'*6+6C%!5%%.2,&3! '2+,6/%.! 5)'-! +$%! 9,)+6&69,/+*! '5! +$%! '/06/%! &'()*%A! ! #$%! 5%%.2,&3!6/5')-,+6'/! 4,*! '2+,6/%.! +$)'(8$! *%C%),0! +%&$/6F(%*! *(&$! ,*! F(%*+6'//,6)%*!,/.!6/+%)C6%4*A!!#$%)%!4%)%!9'*6+6C%!&'--%/+*!'/!+$%!(*%!'5!+$%!;=>!,99)',&$:!

136


!

ORP!!

6/+%8),+6'/! '5! BKL! ,/.! ,0*'! '/! +$%! B>KA! ! H+! +$%! *,-%! +6-%! +$%1! 4%)%!&'/*+)(&+6C%! %/'(8$! +'! &'-%! '(+! 46+$! *'-%! 6**(%*! ,/.! ,0*'! +'! -,3%! ,! 5%4!*(88%*+6'/*!5')!6-9)'C%-%/+A!

5:$!,$(4$1&'0%.!0(!&:$!&$+6!6$63$,.!

#$)'(8$'(+!+$%!4')3*$'9!9%)6'.!.()6/8!+$%!1%,)!PYOR!,/.!%C%/!,5+%)!+$,+!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!4)'+%!+$%6)!)%50%&+6'/*!5)'-!+6-%!+'!+6-%A! ! !#$%!56)*+!4')3*$'9!4,*!'/!P/.! i,/(,)1!PYORA! ! I+!4,*! +$%!2%86//6/8!'5! +$%!]%4!q%,)!,/.!4%!4%)%!C%)1!%/+$(*6,*+6&!,/.!)%,.1!+'!0%,)/!/%4!+$6/8*A!

!#$%!4')3*$'9!4,*!'/! 6/+%8),+6/8!BKL! ,/.! IG#! 6/! &'()*%*A!H00! ,&,.%-6&*!4$'!9,)+6&69,+%.!2%&,-%!)%50%&+6C%!9),&+6+6'/%)*!,*!4%!4%)%!)%F(6)%.!+'!3%%9!/'+%*!6/! )%50%&+6C%! J'()/,0*A! !#4'!*(&$!)%50%&+6C%!/'+%*!4)6++%/!,+! +$%!%,)01!*+,8%*!21!+4'! +%,-!-%-2%)*! ,)%! )%9)'.(&%.!$%)%! ,*! %@,-90%*A! !^%! +,8! +$%!4)6+%)*!'5!+$%*%!)%50%&+6C%!/'+%*!O!,/.!P!,*!\dQK!O!,/.!\dQK!R!)%*9%&+6C%01A*

L%50%&+6C%!/'+%!O!

n]9nS9]nS^j* * H2)* <$#<)3'* $8*+,-*.&1* (#* '2)* &(/* 5>/(#:* '2)* 4&')/* 3&/'* $8*]nS]9**"*.&1*.$#5)/(#:*&@$>'*'2(1*#).*<$#<)3'9**"1*('*:$(#:*'$*6&0)*'2(#:1*6$/)*<$634);*8$/*>1h**K$>45*('*8&<(4('&')*'2)*5)4(%)/7*$8*$>/*<$>/1)1h*)'<9**G#72$.*('*.&1*%)/7*(#'&#:(@4)9**

T$.*'$5&7*&'*'2)*.$/012$3?*'2)*<$#<)3'*2&1*@)<$6)*6$/)*'&#:(@4)9* * * "'*<&6)*'$*67*6(#5*'2&'*.2)#*%)/7*1(6347*1'&')5*'2)*+,-*&/)*)5><&'($#&4*/)1$>/<)1*>#5)/*'2)*M/)&'(%)*M$66$#1* 4(<)#1)?*.2(<2*<&#*@)*>1)5*8/))47*@7*3)$34)*>#5)/*%&/($>1*<$#5('($#1*&#5*'$*5(88)/)#'*);')#'19**

+,-*.$>45*)#&@4)*'2)*12&/(#:*$8*);3)/'(1)?*1)4)<'($#*$8*@)'')/*)5><&'($#&4*6&')/(&41* &#5* &%$(5* 5>34(<&'($#* $8*.$/09* * "* 2$3)* '$* 2&%)* &* 4$$0* &'*+,-*'$6$//$.* (#* '2)* (#')/#)'?*.2(<2* &/)* /)4)%&#'* '$* '2)* <$>/1)* $>/* :/$>3* (1*5)%)4$3(#:9***"*8))4*2&337*'2&'*"*&6*4)&/#(#:*1$6)'2(#:*#).*.2(<2*.$>45*(#*'2)*4$#:*/>#*8&<(4('&')*'2)*5)%)4$36)#'p*$8*$>/*<$>/1)1*c*3/$:/&66)19*

L%50%&+6C%!/'+%!P!

n^9n]9]nS^j*G8')/* &'')#5(#:* '2)*.$/012$3* "* 1'&/')5* /)&5(#:*$#*+,-*&#5*2$.* "* <$>45* (#'):/&')* +,-* 6&')/(&41* 8$/* '2)* ,5><&'($#&4* H)<2#$4$:7*<$>/1)9*"*8))4*'2&'*"*12$>45*.$/0*.('2*67*')&6*&#5*5/&8'*'2)*$>'4(#)*$8*'2)*1'>57*:>(5)9*"*(#%$4%)5*671)48*(#*5)%)4$3(#:*'2)*4)&/#(#:*$>'<$6)1*8$/*'2)*1)4)<')5*<$>/1)*.2(<2*.&1*#$'*5)%)4$3)5*3/)%($>1479* *L>/(#:*'2)*6$#'2*"*2&%)*5$.#4$&5)5*8).*+,-J1*.2(<2*.(44*@)*>1)8>4*(#*8>'>/)9**"*8))4*'2&'*'2)*

137


!

!!

ORR!

')&6* 12$>45* 5)%)4$3* &* '(6)* 8/&6)* .$/0* &#5* &44$<&')* .$/0* &6$#:*$>/1)4%)1*(#*$/5)/*'$*<$634)')*'2(1*.$/0*(#*&*1><<)118>4*6&##)/9**

O$/* '2)* 1'>57* :>(5)* "* .(12* '$* 5)%)4$3* 3>CC4)19* +,-* 6&')/(&41* <$>45* @)*(#<$/3$/&')*.('2*'2)*3>CC4)19*-)8)//(#:*+,-*.(44*2)43*1'>5)#'1*'$*)#2&#<)*&#5*>35&')*0#$.4)5:)*$#*'2)*1>@P)<'*(#*&*3/&<'(<&4*6&##)/9**

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q'2*O)@9*

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

?0%1$;&!6+;.!!

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

138


Ope

n Le

arni

ng

Ever

yone

has

the

righ

t to

Educ

atio

n

OER

Teac

hing

, lea

rnin

g an

d re

sear

ch

mat

eria

ls in

any

m

ediu

m, d

igit

al o

r ot

herw

ise

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

p

Mas

sive

Ope

n O

nlin

e Co

urse

s

Ope

n Ba

dges

CC

lice

nsin

g

BY

BY-S

A

BY-N

D

By-N

C By

-NC-

SA

By-N

C-N

D

Fig.

6.3

: The

initi

al c

once

pt m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 5

139


!"#

$%"&%'$()*$+,%-'.

%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

%

m%

%%

%%

%!"#

$%-&%#

$()*$+,%-'.

%%%

Med

ia %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%

%%%%%%%

%

O

nlin

e ac

cept

able

R

esou

rces

Fr

ee o

f cha

rge

OER

/01#

$20/%34+0)5)340)26%)2%"2()2$%%%%%%%%%%%%%

CC li

cens

ing

Moo

cs

OER

-Bas

ed eL

earn

ing a

nd T

each

ing

!"#$%&'()*$+#%

,#*-$'$.%

Aud

io

Tec

hnol

ogie

s

Vid

eo

Tec

hnol

ogie

s

Prin

t Mat

eria

ls

Com

pute

r T

echn

olog

ies

E-m

ail

%

Onl

ine

Col

labo

rati

on /

Onl

ine

Lea

rnin

g

%

Web

-bas

ed

Res

ourc

e%

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

p

Badg

es (O

pen

Badg

es)

7,89:89'%

7,89:8;<

%

7=%

7=8;<%

7=89'%

7,89:%

% % % %

%

Ope

n Ed

ucat

iona

l Pra

ctic

es

%

Cour

se D

esig

n fo

r OER

-ba

sed

lear

ning

and

teac

hing

%

!"#

$

Fig.

6.4

: The

Fin

al c

once

pt m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 5

140


Free of Charge

OER (Open Educational Resources)

OER

(Open Learning)

Open Badges

CCL-Creative Common

License

Open Scholarships

Mode

MOOCs

Fig. 6.5: The initial concept map of Team member 2

141


Fig.

6.6

: A la

ter

conc

ept m

ap o

f Tea

m m

embe

r 2

Dig

ital

Prin

ted

Mod

e

Any

M

ediu

m

Free

of C

harg

e

By A

ttri

buti

on

SA-S

hare

A

like

NC-

N

on -C

omm

erci

al

Teac

hing

, Le

arni

ng a

nd

Rese

arch

OER

(Ope

n Ed

ucat

iona

l Re

sour

ces)

OE(

Ope

n Le

arni

ng)

Ope

n Ba

dges

ICT

Ass

essm

ents

( For

mat

ive

and

Sum

mat

ive)

& E

valu

atio

n

Cour

se Im

plem

enta

tion

&

teac

hing

lear

ning

pro

cess

Cour

se d

esig

n &

de

velo

pmen

t

Ope

n Sc

hola

rshi

ps

CCC(

Crea

tive

Co

mm

on L

icen

se)

MO

OCs

CC-B

Y-SA

ND

No

Der

ivat

ive

Wor

ks

CC-B

Y-N

C

CC-B

Y-N

C-SA

CC-B

Y-N

C-SA

CC-B

Y-N

D

142


Open LearningLearning without barriers

Open ScholarshipReading, activities, assessment, scenarios, video clips, ppp

Creative Commons

BY SA NC ND

Open EducationalResources

Issues: quality,Cultural aspects

Revise, RemixRedistribute….


143



For

Provide Means Include As there are Supported by Include ` Provide Facilitate Can Enable

MOOCS

OER

Lead to

Includes

Open Scholarship

Open Badges

Open Learning

Learning without barriers

Learning through

different media

Open Access

E-Learning

Low Cost study

Free Material under CC license BY SA NC ND

Online material

Printed Material

Content, activities Assessments, Rubrics etc Revise, Remix, Reuse &

Redistribute

Design of courses for OER based E-Learning & Teaching

OER based online courses

Support

Facilitated by

Example

Needs

Open Educational Practices

Revise, Remix Redistribute….

Open Educational Resources

Issues: quality, Cultural aspects

Creative Commons BY SA NC ND

144


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!!

ORU!

!

^%!*(99'*%!+$,+!21!&'-9,)6/8!+$%!+4'!C%)*6'/*!'5!+$%!&'/&%9+!-,9*!.),4/!21!+$%!+%,-!-%-2%)*!,+!+4'!.655%)%/+!'&&,*6'/*:!+$%!)%,.%)*!&'(0.!(/.%)*+,/.!+$%!&$,/8%*!4$6&$!'&&())%.!6/!+$%6)!-6/.!*%+*!.()6/8!+$%!9)'&%**!'5!)%.%*68/6/8!+$%!&'()*%! ,*! ,/! '/06/%! &'()*%A! #$%*%! &$,/8%*! 6/C'0C%.! +$%! (/.%)*+,/.6/8! '5! 3%1!,/.!)%0,+%.!&'/&%9+*:!+$%6)!6/+%))%0,+6'/*$69*:!+$%6)!6-9')+,/&%!,/.!(*,2606+1!6/!&'()*%!.%*68/!,/.!.%C%0'9-%/+!%*9%&6,001!6/!+$%!&'/+%@+!'5!'/06/%!0%,)/6/8A!!!

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

?0%14/.'0%.!+%#!&:$!O+)!(0,O+,#!

g#$%!9,+$4,1! +'!,!9,),.68-!*$65+h!4,*! +$%! *+')1!4)6++%/!$%)%! 6/! +$6*! &$,9+%)A!!#$%! 9)6/&690%! &$,),&+%)*! '5! +$6*! *+')1! 4%)%! ,! +%,-! '5! ,&,.%-6&*! '5! +$%!Q%9,)+-%/+! '5! ;%&'/.,)1!j! #%)+6,)1! K.(&,+6'/! '5! +$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/! '5!+$%!Bb;>:! 6/C'0C%.! 6/! +$%!\dQK!9)'8),--%A! ! #$%!%@%)&6*%!')! +$%!9)'&%**! +$%!+%,-! 9,)+6&69,+%.! 6/! 4,*! +$%! )%.%*68/6/8! '5! ,/! %@6*+6/8! &'()*%! '5! +$%!9)'8),--%!,*!,/!'/06/%!&'()*%!6/+%8),+%.!46+$!BKL:!;=>!,/.!IG#A!!#$%!%@6*+6/8!&'()*%:! gK.(&,+6'/,0! #%&$/'0'81h! 4,*! )%.%*68/%.! ,*! +$%! gK.(&,+6'/,0!#%&$/'0'81! E'(/.,+6'/h! &'()*%A! ! #$%! 4$'0%! 9)'&%**! *9,//%.! ,! 9%)6'.! '5! OV!-'/+$*A!!!!

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dQK!9)'8),--%!6/!,!*6-60,)!-,//%)!(*6/8!+$%6)!.%C%0'9%.!*3600*!,/.!2(60+!(9!&,9,&6+6%*A! ! ! W'9%5(001! +$%! *%/6')! ,&,.%-6&*! '5! +$%! E,&(0+1!4$'! 9,)+6&69,+%! 6/!(/6C%)*6+1!&'(/&60!-%%+6/8*:!*%/,+%!-%%+6/8*!,/.!'+$%)!$68$!0%C%0!5')(-*!4'(0.!/'+! 5%%0!%-2,)),**%.!,/1-')%!4$%/!9)'8)%**! )%9')+*!,)%!2%6/8!&,00%.! 5')! +$%!(/6C%)*6+1S*! *$65+! +'4,).*! %-2),&6/8! '/06/%! 0%,)/6/8A! ^%! %@9%&+! +$%1! 4600! 2%!

145


!

ORV!!

9)'(.!+'!)%9')+!+$%!6//'C,+6C%!%55')+*!'5!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/!'/!.%*68/6/8!,/.! .%C%0'96/8! BKL76/+%8),+%.! '/06/%! &'()*%*! D! +$%! 56)*+! '5! *(&$! &'()*%*! ,+!Bb;>n!

>$($,$%1$.!!

Z'')%:!ZA!<OXVX?A!#$)%%!+19%*!'5!6/+%),&+6'/A!H2)*G6)/(<&#*P$>/#&4*$8*5(1'&#<)*)5><&'($#?*R:!P:!O7MA!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

146


PART III

Commentaries

149


!

!!

"a:!

F,4$%-(+%*,0!)#$!3+'$!+&!56"!/,4!123!*,!69%%*(9'98!3$,$B/'!*,!G*0#$%!249(/)*+,!E%+0%/88$-!*,!:%*!</,D/!

U'(0./("_50(7(/.$0("

M4/9$/"U)B`L[*@U)"U'(1/a)L@BF"M450.102"V$(0`*.5C(&140F")L@B"

!

G)237')!'()!)&.,+2);)&'!,/!'()!M766)&&7-;!G)F)6,3;)&'!V,562!5&.!B.-=5'7,&!/,+!866!<A!=,-&'+A!5/')+!=,-&'+A4!07.)&7&>!.7235+7'7)2!5=+,22!=,-&'+7)2!5&.!07'(7&!=,-&'+7)24! (5F)!3+)=6-.).! '()!522-+5&=)!,/! '()2)! 65-.5<6)! >,562?! %&)E-567'A! 7&!(-;5&! .)F)6,3;)&'! 72! 2'766! =,&'7&-7&>! [^-;5&! G)F)6,3;)&'! J)3,+'4! #9"a]?!X5+>)!.7235+7'7)2!7&!7&=,;)4!0)56'(4!).-=5'7,&!5&.!()56'(!5&.!,'()+!.7;)&27,&2!,/!(-;5&!.)F)6,3;)&'!3)+272'! 5=+,22! '()!0,+6.4! ()7>(')&7&>! '()! F-6&)+5<767'A!,/!3,3-65'7,&2?!8==,+.7&>!',!'()!^-;5&!G)F)6,3;)&'!J)3,+'!7&!"9a!.)F)6,37&>!=,-&'+7)24!"?#!<7667,&!3),36)!(5.!5&! 7&=,;)!,/!i!"?#d!,+! 6)22!5!.5A?!PeGU!(52!=5')>,+7N).! Q+7! X5&154! 52! 5! ^7>(! ^-;5&! G)F)6,3;)&'! =,-&'+A! 07'(! 5! V+,22!e5'7,&56!%&=,;)!U)+!W537'5!J5&1!,/!"9:!5&.!5!G)F)6,3;)&'!%&.)*!J5&1!,/!T:4!5!6,22!,/!:9?!%&!5!0,+6.!0()+)!=,;;-&7=5'7,&!(52!<)=,;)!;5&.5',+A4!,&6A!"Z?:\!,/!'()!Q+7!X5&15&!3,3-65'7,&!-2)2!'()!%&')+&)'?!

M)5&0(76)4!Q+7!X5&15!(52!3+,=657;).!7'2!>,56!52!<)=,;7&>!5!j&,06).>)!^-<!7&!8275! 5&.! ,&! H+5&2/,+;7&>! '()! Q=(,,6! B.-=5'7,&! QA2');! [HQBU]! 52! '()!L,-&.5'7,&!,/!7'2!j&,06).>)!^-<!U+,K)='?!HQBU!72!/,=-2).!,&!)&(5&=7&>!5==)22!',!5&.!'()!E-567'A!,/!3+7;5+A!5&.!2)=,&.5+A!).-=5'7,&!7&!Q+7!X5&15!',!3+,F7.)!5!/,-&.5'7,&! /,+! '()! 1&,06).>)C<52).!)=,&,;7=! 5&.! '()! 2,=756! .)F)6,3;)&'!,/!'()!=,-&'+A! [Q+7! X5&15!W,-&'+A!Q&532(,'!(''3Ykk000?0.2?0,+6.<5&1?,+>]?!H(72!72! <)=5-2)! &,! =,-&'+A! =5&! <)=,;)! 5! j&,06).>)! ^-<! 7/! 7'2! ).-=5'7,&! 72!&)>6)=').?!P&7F)+27'A! L5=-6'7)2!,/! B.-=5'7,&! 7&! Q+7! X5&15!(5F)!5! =+7'7=56! +,6)! ',!3)+/,+;! 7&! '(72! +)>5+.!52! '()7+!;5&.5')! 72! ')5=()+!.)F)6,3;)&'?!8&!,<K)='7F)!533+57256! ,/! 2=(,,6! ).-=5'7,&! 7&! '(72! =,-&'+A4! (,0)F)+4! 7&.7=5')2! '(5'! .)237')!5=(7)F);)&'2!;5.)!7&!)*')&.7&>!5==)22!',!3+7;5+A!5&.!2)=,&.5+A!).-=5'7,&4!7'2!E-567'A! &)).2! ',! <)! 7;3+,F).4! 0(7=(! 7&! '-+&! &)=)227'5')2! 5&! 7;3+,F);)&'! ,/!')5=()+!E-567'A?!!

8'! '()! 25;)! '7;)4! Q+7! X5&15b2! 3+,>+)22! 7&! (7>()+! ).-=5'7,&! =5&&,'! <)! F7)0).!3,27'7F)6A! 07'(,-'! +)>5+.! ',! 5==)22! ,+! E-567'A?! H()! H7;)2! ^7>()+! B.-=5'7,&!+)3,+'!,/!#9"aC"d!+5&1).!%%H!j5&3-+!52!'()!<)2'!3)+/,+;)+!7&!Q,-'(!8275!07'(!5&!,F)+566! 2=,+)! ,/! :"?`?! %&.75! (52! 2)F)&! ,'()+! -&7F)+27'7)2k(7>()+! ).-=5'7,&!7&2'7'-')2!5;,&>!'()!"99!<)2'!3)+/,+;)+2!7&!8275!<-'!&,!7&2'7'-'7,&!/+,;!,'()+!Q,-'(!8275&!=,-&'+7)2!/7>-+)2!5;,&>!'()2)!"99!7&2'7'-'7,&2?!H()!":!3)+/,+;5&=)!7&.7=5',+2! );36,A).! <A! H^BQ! /,+! +5&17&>4! =,;)! -&.)+! /7F)! 5+)52Y! &$(C'102F"

150


!

!!

OTO!

/)1)&/<2?* <('&'($#1?* (#5>1'/7* (#<$6)* ,/.* (#')/#&'($#&4* $>'4$$0A! #$%! 'C%),00!9%)5')-,/&%!'5!,!$68$%)!%.(&,+6'/!6/*+6+(+6'/!.%9%/.*!0,)8%01!'/!+$%!F(,06+1!'5!6+*! ,&,.%-6&! *+,55:! +$%)%5')%! +$%! &,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8! '5! ,&,.%-6&*! 2%&'-%*! ,!9)6')6+1A! H&,.%-6&*! 6/! +$%! K.(&,+6'/! E,&(0+6%*! 6/! (/6C%)*6+6%*! ,0*'! $,C%! ,! .(,0!)'0%!+'!90,1!6/!C6%4!'5!+$%6)!)'0%!,*!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+')*A!!

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

#$%! %C'0(+6'/! '5! IG#! 'C%)! +$%! 0,*+! +4'! +'! +$)%%! .%&,.%*! $,*! 0%.! +'! *68/656&,/+!&$,/8%*!6/!9)'C6.6/8!,&&%**!+'!+%,&$6/870%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%*!5)'-!+$'*%!*+')%.!'/!062),)1! *$%0C%*! +'! +$'*%! ,C,60,20%! '/! +$%! ^')0.! ^6.%! ^%2A! ]'! 0'/8%)! .'! +$%!*+(.%/+*:!%*9%&6,001!+$'*%!%/)'00%.!6/!9'*+8),.(,+%!9)'8),--%*:!$,C%!+'!-',/!,2'(+! +$%! 6/,.%F(,&1! '5! )%*'()&%*! .(%! +'! /'/7,55').,2606+1! ,/.! ,&&%**! +'!J'()/,0*!,/.!2''3*!9(206*$%.! 6/!+$%!.%C%0'9%.!4')0.A!q%+:!%C%/!+$'(8$!,&&%**!+'! +$%! I/+%)/%+! 9)'C6.%*! ,&&%**! +'! C,0(,20%! )%*'()&%*:! +$%! F(,06+1! '5! +$%*%!)%*'()&%*!&,//'+!2%!8(,),/+%%.A!!

#$6*! 6**(%! 9)'C6.%*! +$%! 2,&38)'(/.! ,/.! ,! *+)'/8! ),+6'/,0%! 5')! +$%! 6/6+6,+6C%*!(/.%)+,3%/! 21! +$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/:! B9%/! b/6C%)*6+1! '5! ;)6! >,/3,! +$,+! 6*!)%9')+%.!6/!+$6*!2''3A!#$%!5'&(*!'5!+$6*!6/6+6,+6C%!6*!'/!+$%!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!IG#!,/.!BKL!<B9%/!K.(&,+6'/,0!L%*'()&%*?!6/!>%,)/6/8!,/.!#%,&$6/8A!#$%!&'/+%/+!6/!+$6*!9(206&,+6'/!&,9+()%*!+$%!J'()/%1*!'5!9,)+6&69,/+*!6/!+$%!9)'&%**!,/.!6+!6*!2(+!'/%!6/.6&,+6'/! '5! ,! -(&$! *(*+,6/%.! %55')+! 21! +$%! E,&(0+1! 8)'(9A! KC6.%/&%! '5! +$%!

151


!

OTP!!

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

#$%! ,(+$')*! 6/! +$6*! 9(206&,+6'/! )%&'(/+! $'4! +$%! 6/+%8),+6'/! '5! BKL! 6/+'! +$%!+%,&$%)! %.(&,+6'/!9)'8),--%*!'5! +$%! E,&(0+1!'5! K.(&,+6'/:!Bb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b/6C%)*6+1! ,/.!'+$%)!b/6C%)*6+6%*:! +'!%-2,)3!'/!+$6*!36/.!'5!,! J'()/%1! 5')! +$%!2%/%56+!'5! +$%6)!*+(.%/+*!,/.!+%,&$%)*A!!

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

152


!

!!

OTR!

H*!+$%!,(+$')*!9'6/+!'(+:!,!-,J')!&$,00%/8%!5,&%.!$,*!2%%/!.%C%0'96/8!0%,)/6/8!*&%/,)6'*A! #$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/! '5! +$%! B9%/! b/6C%)*6+1! $,*! 9)%C6'(*!%@9%)6%/&%! 6/! .%C%0'96/8! 0%,)/6/8! *&%/,)6'*! 4$%/! +$%! ZH#K! 9)'8),--%! 4,*!.%C%0'9%.!46+$! *9'/*')*$69!'5! +$%!G'--'/4%,0+$!'5! >%,)/6/8!,/.!(/.%)! +$%!,20%! 8(6.,/&%! '5! \)'5%**')*! ;'-! ],6.(! ,/.! Z'$,/! Z%/'/A! H*! ,! 9,)+! '5! +$6*!6/6+6,+6C%:!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/!.%C%0'9%.!,/!%/+6)%!9)'8),--%!'5!*+(.1!<+$%!ZH#K?!(*6/8!*&%/,)6'72,*%.!0%,)/6/8!,*!6+*!9%.,8'86&,0!5),-%4')3A!H*!5,)!,*!4%!,)%!,4,)%:!+$6*!6*!+$%!'/01!6/*+,/&%!'5!,!;)6!>,/3,/!b/6C%)*6+1!,.'9+6/8!,!*6+(,+%.!0%,)/6/8!,99)',&$!+'!&())6&(0(-!,/.!&'()*%!.%*68/A!

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fJ'()/%1S!4$60%! +$%!ZH#K!+%,-!-'C%.!+'4,).*!2)6/86/8!,2'(+!+),/*5')-,+6'/,0!&$,/8%A!#$%!\dQK!#%,-!)%50%&+*! '/! +$%! &$,00%/8%*! 21! 56)*+! 86C6/8! ,/! 'C%)C6%4! '5! +$%! \'*+8),.(,+%!Q690'-,! 6/!K.(&,+6'/! <\dQK?!\)'8),--%!4$6&$!$,.!2%%/!&$'*%/!21! +$%-!5')!I/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKLA!!!!!!

#$%!ZK.!#%,-!,99%,)*!+'!$,C%!*%+!,2'(+!+$%!,&+6C6+1:!6/!,!90,//%.!-,//%):!,*!*$'4/! 21! +$%6)! f'(+06/%! '5! +$%! J'()/%1S! 46+$! ,/! %*+6-,+%.! +6-%06/%! '5! '/%!,&,.%-6&! 1%,)! ,/.! ,! 50'4! &$,)+A! #$%! \dQK! #%,-! ,0*'! 9)%*%/+*! 50'4! &$,)+! +'!

153


!

OTT!!

600(*+),+%! +$%! +),/*6+6'/! 5)'-! +$%! %@6*+6/8! &'()*%! +'! ,/! '/06/%! &'()*%A! H00! +$%!#%,-*!$,C%!9)%*%/+%.!+$%6)!6/6+6,0!,/.!56/,0!C%)*6'/*!'5!+$%!G'/&%9+!Z,9*!,5+%)!.%*&)626/8! +$%! 9)'&%**! +$%1! %/8,8%.! 6/:! 6/! .),46/8! +$%*%! G'/&%9+! Z,9*! ,*!568()%*A! Z')%! 6-9')+,/+01:! +$%! E6C%! ZH#K*! ,0*'! 9)%*%/+! ,/! ,/,01+6&,0!&'-9,)6*'/!'5!+$%!G'/&%9+!Z,9*!,/.!+$%!;]K!#%,-!$,*!6/&0(.%.!,!*(--,)1!'5!GZ;A! b/.'(2+%.01:! +$%! .%*&)69+6'/! '5! +$%! 9)'&%**! +$%1! %/8,8%.! 6/! 21! +$%*%!#%,-*! 4'(0.! %/068$+%/! ,/.! 5,&606+,+%! ,/1! '+$%)! +%,-*! 4$'! C%/+()%! 6/+'!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL!6/+'!+$%6)!*+(.1!9)'8),--%*A!#$%!ZH#K!#%,-!,0*'!%@90,6/*!46+$!%@&%)9+*!5)'-!9,)+6&69,/+*!$'4!+$%!G'/&%9+!Z,996/8!*+),+%81!$,.!$%09%.!+$%-!+'!(/.%)*+,/.!BKLA!I+!6*!,0*'!/'+%4')+$1!+$,+!.6*&(**6'/*!$,.!+,3%/!90,&%!,-'/8!+%,-!-%-2%)*!<%A8A!\dQK!#%,-?!'/!+$%!9)'*!,/.!&'/*!'5!;&%/,)6'!=,*%.!>%,)/6/8! <;=>?! 4$6&$! ,00'4*! 5')! ,)8(-%/+*! ,/.! &'(/+%)7,)8(-%/+*! +'! 2%!%@9)%**%.A!!

#$,+!I/+%8),+6'/!'5!BKL!6*!/'+!,!*6-90%!')!,!*+),68$+5')4,).!,&+6C6+1!,*!6*!,-901!600(*+),+%.!21! +$%! &$,/8%*! +$,+! +$%! +%,-*!4%)%! )%F(6)%.! +'!.'A! ! K@,-90%*! ,)%!+$%! 9)%9,),+6'/! '5! ,! /%4! ,**%**-%/+! )(2)6&! <\d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d%/%)6&!KC,0(,+6'/! \0,/! ,/.! +$%! (*%! '5! )%50%&+6'/*! 5')! %C,0(,+6'/! 21! +$%! ,&,.%-6&*!6/C'0C%.! 6/! +$%! 6/6+6,+6C%! 6*! 9,)+6&(0,)01! )%0%C,/+! 6/! ,&&'-906*$6/8! +$%! &'/+%@+!,/.! 0%,)/6/87&%/+)6&! ,99)',&$! ,*! %/C6*,8%.:! ,*! 4%00! ,*! +'! 5,&606+,+%! '+$%)!E,&(0+6%*!+$,+!46*$!+'!%/8,8%!6/!,!*6-60,)!6/6+6,+6C%A!!!!!!!!

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b;>! +'! +,3%! (9! +$%!&$,00%/8%! '5! &())6&(0(-! )%/%4,0! ,/.! IG#! ,/.!BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/! +'! .%-'/*+),+%!$'4!+$%1!+''!&,/!-'C%!46+$!&())%/+!+)%/.*!6/!.%C%0'96/8!0%,)/%)!,/.!0%,)/%)7&%/+%)%.! 9)'8),--%*! '5! *+(.1A! #$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/! .%*%)C%*! +'! 2%!&'/8),+(0,+%.!'/!,&&%9+6/8!+$6*!,/.!9)'-'+6/8!&$,00%/86/8!)%*9'/*62606+1A!!

154


!

!!

OT"!

>$($,$%1$.!

b]Q\!<PYOT?A!I>6&#*L)%)4$36)#'*-)3$/'?*]nS_*E>1'&(#(#:*I>6&#*U/$:/)11j*-)5><(#:*g>4#)/&@(4('()1*&#5*B>(45(#:*-)1(4()#<)A!

^')0.!b/6C%)*6+1!L,/36/8*:!#6-%*!W68$%)!K.(&,+6'/!;(990%-%/+!PYOT7PYO":!$++9`cc444A+6-%*$68$%)%.(&,+6'/A&'A(3A!L%+)6%C%.!O"!B&+'2%):!PYOT!!

^')0.!=,/3!<PYOT?A!#),/*5')-6/8!+$%!;&$''0!K.(&,+6'/!;1*+%-!<#;K\?A!I/!;)6*Q&#0&*M$>#'/7*E#&312$':!<$++9`cc444A4.*A4')0.2,/3A')8?!L%+)6%C%.!O"!]'C%-2%):!PYOTA!

!

!

!

!

!

155


!

OTM!!

"%&$*,+&'%*!8=>!+%#!"?5!+%#!"%%09+&'9$!Q$#+*0*'1+4!"%'&'+&'9$.!'%!<,'!E+%F+%!N'*:$,!=#/1+&'0%!

N6&*M$$6&/&1.&67*I$#$/&/7*O)44$.*$8*M+Qb*O$/6)/*g(<)=M2&#<)44$/?*+NEQ*

!

I!,-!90%,*%.!,/.!$'/')%.!+'!$,C%!2%%/!)%F(%*+%.!+'!*%/.!6/!-1!)%50%&+6'/*!'/!+$%! &'-960,+6'/! '5! +$6*! 2''3! 77! "#'):/&'(#:* +,-* (#* ,5><&'($#&4* U/&<'(<)j*U/&<'('($#)/*E'$/()1:!,/!'(+&'-%!'5!,!0'/8!J'()/%1!(/.%)+,3%/!21!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/!(/.%)!+$%!0%,.%)*$69!'5!6+*!Q%,/!'/!+$%!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/!+'!#%,&$%)!K.(&,+6'/!9)'8),--%*!,+!#$%!B9%/!b/6C%)*6+1!'5!;)6!>,/3,!<Bb;>?A!

I/!-1!,**%**-%/+!,*!,!5')-%)!*%/6')!,&,.%-6&!,/.!a6&%7G$,/&%00')!'5!Bb;>:!+$%!E,&(0+1!'5!K.(&,+6'/:!+$%!9)%-6%)!9)'C6.%)!'5!+%,&$%)!%.(&,+6'/!9)'8),--%*!6/!;)6! >,/3,:! $,*! ,04,1*! 2%%/! '/%! +$,+! $,*! 3%9+! ,2)%,*+! 46+$! /%4! +)%/.*! ,/.!9%)*9%&+6C%*! 6/! +%,&$%)! %.(&,+6'/:! ,/.! +,3%/! (9! &$,00%/8%*! +'! 6/+)'.(&%!6//'C,+6C%!*+),+%86%*!6/!6+*!%.(&,+6'/,0!9)'8),--%*!,/.!%/*()6/8!$68$!F(,06+1!'5!0%,)/6/8!,/.!+%,&$6/8!,/.!-')%!9)'.(&+6C%!*+(.%/+*!,/.!%.(&,+')*A!!

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f5)6&#5=5/(%)#* &33/$&<2J! +'! %.(&,+6'/:! 4$6&$! 6*! ,0*'! C%)1! -(&$! ,!0%,)/%)7&%/+%)%.! ,99)',&$A! #$%! E,&(0+1! '5! K.(&,+6'/! ,0*'! C,0(%.! +$%!'99')+(/6+1!BKL!9)'C6.%*!5')!Z>1)/1J!+'!2%&'-%!f3/$5><)/1J*'5!+'+,001!/%4!'9%/!&'/+%/+!,/.!+''0*:!21!$,C6/8!+$%!'99')+(/6+1!+'!&$,/8%!,/.!,.,9+!BKL!5')!+$%6)!9()9'*%A!

I/!;)6!>,/3,:! 6/+%)%*+! 6/!,/.!+$%!9)'.(&+6'/:!.6*+)62(+6'/!,/.!(*%!'5!BKL! 6*!*+600!C%)1! -(&$! 6/! +$%! %,)01! *+,8%*! '5! .%C%0'9-%/+A! #$6*! 6*! 2%&,(*%! 6+! .%-,/.*! ,!9,),.68-!*$65+!6/!+$%!4,1!6/.6C6.(,0!+%,&$%)*:!0%,)/%)*!,/.!6/*+6+(+6'/*!9%)&%6C%!+$%!&(0+()%!'5!0%,)/6/8:!0,&3!'5!,4,)%/%**!,2'(+!BKL!,/.!0,&3!'5!*3600*!6/!+$%!(*%!'5!BKLA!!

156


!

!!

OTU!

W,C6/8!,&&%9+%.!BKL!,*!-,J')! 0%,)/6/8!)%*'()&%:!E,&(0+1!)%&'8/6_%.!,!/(-2%)!'5! 2,))6%)*!4$6&$! $6/.%)! +$%6)! (+606_,+6'/! ,/.! 6-9%.%! +$%! (*%! '5!BKLA! =,))6%)*!6.%/+656%.!4%)%`!

• I/,.%F(,&1!6/!&'-9(+%)!*3600*!'5!*'-%!,&,.%-6&*N!

• >,&3! '5! $68$%)! 0%C%0! '5! *3600*! 6/! 6/5')-,+6'/! *%,)&$6/8:! *%0%&+6'/:!,.,9+,+6'/!,/.!%C,0(,+6'/N!

• >,&3!'5!,2606+1!+'!0'&,+%!*9%&656&:!!,/.!8''.!F(,06+1!BKLN!

• >,&3!'5!,2606+1!+'!(*%:!&$,/8%:!,/.!,.,9+!BKL!+$(*!6/+%8),+6/8!BKL!6/+'!+$%6)!&'()*%*A!

#$%!E,&(0+1!*1*+%-,+6&,001!,99)',&$%.!6+*!8',0!'5!6/+%8),+6'/!'5!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+'!#%,&$%)!K.(&,+6'/!9)'8),--%*!6/!&'00,2'),+6'/!46+$!GB>!+$)'(8$!+$%!5'00'46/8!9$,*%*`!

• G)%,+6/8! ,4,)%/%**! ,2'(+! BKL! ,/.! 6+*! 9'+%/+6,0! ,/.! 5)%%! (*%! '5!*'5+4,)%!+''0*:!06&%/*%*!,/.!2%*+!9),&+6&%*N!

• G,9,&6+1! 2(60.6/8! '5! ,00! +$%6)! ,&,.%-6&! *+,55! <5')! *(*+%/,/&%! '5! +$%!9),&+6&%?! 46+$! *3600*! 6/! &'()*%! .%*68/! ,/.! .%C%0'9-%/+:! +%,&$6/8! ,/.!*(99')+6/8! 0%,)/6/8!'/06/%!,/.! ! 6/+%8),+6'/!'5! ! IG#!,/.!BKL! ! 6/! &'()*%!.%*68/!,/.!.%C%0'9-%/+N!

• b*6/8! +$%! ,&F(6)%.! *3600*:! ,.'9+6/8! ,! +%,-! ,99)',&$! 46+$! 56C%! +%,-*:!,/.!.%C%0'96/8! 56C%!'/06/%! &'()*%*!46+$!BKL! 6/+%8),+6'/! 6/!"!.655%)%/+!9)'8),--%*!,/.!960'+6/8!+$%-!46+$!*+(.%/+7+%,&$%)*N!

• KC,0(,+6/8!+$%!6-9,&+!'5!IG#!,/.!BKL!6/+%8),+6'/N!

• \)%*%/+,+6'/!'5!+$%6)!f*+')6%*S!+'!,/!,(.6%/&%!'5!+$%6)!E,&(0+1!,/.!6/C6+%.!8(%*+*A!

I!$,.!+$%!'99')+(/6+1!'5!,++%/.6/8!+$6*!56/,0!*%**6'/!'5!+$%!KC,0(,+6'/!^')3*$'9!6/!l,/.1!4$%)%!+$%!&'-960,+6'/!'5!+$%!)%50%&+6'/*!'5!+$%!56C%!&'()*%!+%,-*!4,*!9)%*%/+%.! ,*! f*+')6%*SA! #$%! 9)%*%/+,+6'/*! '5! +$%! 56C%! +%,-*! ,/.! '/%7'/7'/%!.6*&(**6'/*! +$,+! 5'00'4%.! +$%! 9)%*%/+,+6'/*! 6/! i(/%! PYOT:! .6*90,1%.! +$%!5'00'46/8`!

• #$%6)! ,2606+1! +'! +$6/3! '(+*6.%! +$%! f2'@S! ! ,/.! -'C%! ,4,1! 5)'-!&'/C%/+6'/,0!-6/.*%+*N!

• \'*6+6C%!,++6+(.%! +'4,).*! +$%!(*%!'5!BKL! !.%*96+%! &'/*+),6/+*!'/! +6-%:!K/806*$!0,/8(,8%!,/.!IG#!!*3600*:!,.%F(,+%!!IG#!6/5),*+)(&+()%!%+&AN!

• H&F(6)%.! &(0+()%! '5! fI/+)'*9%&+6'/S:! &'/+6/('(*01! )%50%&+6/8! '/! +$%6)!9),&+6&%*! +$)'(8$! ,! 9)'8)%**6C%! &'/&%9+! -,996/8! %@%)&6*%! 4$6&$!2)'(8$+!+'!068$+!+$%!&$,00%/8%*!+$%1!5,&%.!,/.!*'0(+6'/*!+$%1!5'(/.N!

157


!

OTV!!

• #$%6)!!8)%,+!,2606+1!+'!8),*9!!+$%!*3600*!/%%.%.!+'!0'&,+%!*9%&656&:!)%0%C,/+!!,/.! F(,06+1! ! BKL! ,/.! 6/+%8),+%! ! 46+$6/! ,! )%0,+6C%01! *$')+! 9%)6'.! '5!+),6/6/8!+6-%N!

• ;'-%!'5!+$%!BKL!(*%)*!$,C%!,0*'!2%&'-%!9)'.(&%)*!+'!,!&%)+,6/!%@+%/+N!

• BC%),00! 6/+%)%*+! 6/! 9%.,8'86&,0! 6//'C,+6'/! .6*90,1%.! 21! ! +$%-! ! ,*!6/.6C6.(,0*!,/.!,*!,!E,&(0+1N!

• #$%! *(99')+! ,/.! 0%,.%)*$69! ! +$%1! 8'+! 5)'-! +$%! -,/,8%-%/+! ,+! +$%!E,&(0+1!0%C%0N!

• I-9)'C%-%/+!6/!+$%!)%*%,)&$!&,9,&6+1!'5!*'-%!*+,55N!,/.!!

• #$%6)!&,9,&6+1!+'!,&+!,*!f&$,/8%!,8%/+*S!!

H+!+$6*!4')3*$'9!4%!*,4!+$%-!$,C6/8!+),C%)*%.!,!.6C%)*%!*%+!'5!.6556&(0+!+%)),6/*!'/! +$6*! J'()/%1! +'! )%,&$! +$%! ,2'C%! ,/.! &'-960%! +$%6)! *(&&%**! *+')6%*! ,*!6/.6C6.(,0*!,/.!,*!,!E,&(0+1A!

G'/8),+(0,+6'/*! 5')! %/8,86/8! 6/! +$6*! $,).! ,/.! 6/*96)6/8! +,*3! 46+$! %@906&6+!'(+&'-%*nn!

]'4:!4$,+!&$,/8%*!,)%!/%%.%.!,+!+$%!6/*+6+(+6'/,0!0%C%0!+'!-,3%!-')%!%55%&+6C%!(*%!'5!BKLp!

• BKL! ,/.! 6+*! 9'+%/+6,0! C,0(%! +'! 6-9)'C%! +$%! F(,06+1! '5! &())6&(0(-:!&'/+%/+!,/.! 6/*+)(&+6'/:! 5,&606+,+%!,&,.%-6&!&'00,2'),+6'/!,/.!%/$,/&%!%F(6+,20%!,&&%**!+'!3/'40%.8%!)%*'()&%*!/%%.!+'!2%!9'9(0,)6_%.A!

• d)%,+%)! %55')+*! '5! 3/'40%.8%! 2(60.6/8:! %*9%&6,001! ,-'/8! 6/*+6+(+6'/S*!-,/,8%-%/+:!$,C%!+'!2%!%/$,/&%.A!!;(&$!3/'40%.8%!2(60.6/8!$,*!+'!2%!&'-9)%$%/*6C%!,/.!&())%/+A!!

• \'06&1! *(99')+! ,+! 8'C%)/-%/+! ,/.! 6/*+6+(+6'/,0! 0%C%0! ')! 0,&3! +$%)%'5!90,&%*! 06-6+,+6'/!'/!+$%!%@+%/+!+'!4$6&$!BKL!&,/!90,1!,/!,&+6C%!)'0%! 6/!9)'C6.6/8! +$%!/%&%**,)1! 6/5),*+)(&+()%!,/.!%/&'(),86/8!,&,.%-6&! *+,55!6/!%/8,86/8!6/!BKL!)%0,+%.!,&+6C6+6%*A!

• ]'!/%4!%.(&,+6'/,0!9),&+6&%*!&,/!50'()6*$!46+$'(+!,!*1/&$)'/6_,+6'/!'5!6/.6C6.(,0!6/+%)%*+*!'5!,&,.%-6&*!,/.!6/*+6+(+6'/,0!8',0*!5')-,001!*+,+%.!6/!+$%6)!G')9'),+%c;+),+%86&!90,/!'5!+$%!6/*+6+(+6'/A!

• Q%C%0'9-%/+!'5!,/!BKL!9'06&1!-,1!2%!,/! 6-9')+,/+!4,1! +'!9)'C6.%!,!0%8,0! 5),-%4')3! 5')! 8'C%)/6/8! BKL! 9),&+6&%*! ,/.! 5'*+%)6/8! +$%!9)'.(&+6'/!,/.!(*%!'5!BKLA!

158


!

!!

"d:!

"%/,-*)*+,*,0!)+!"%/,-&+%8/)*+,/'!6#/,0$!B*)#!123!/,4!56"!/,4!5,,+7/)*7$!69%%*(9'98!H$-*0,!

L3(%1"@$.$/$"*.5C(&140"@$C&4/"@3$C1(%1-&P""U450C1%"N$9,$/F")L@B"!

I3)&! B.-=5'7,&56! J)2,-+=)2! [IBJ]! 3+)2)&'! ',! 5&A,&)! 0(,! 72! 7&')+)2').! 7&!6)5+&7&>4!5&!-&3+)=).)&').!6)5+&7&>!,33,+'-&7'A?!h(76)!'()!3+,67/)+5'7,&!,/!IBJ!72! ',! 5! 65+>)! )*')&'! .-)! ',! '()! 5//,+.5&=)! ,/! '()!h,+6.!h7.)!h)<4! IBJ! =5&!=,;)! 7&! ;5&A! ,'()+! /,+;2?! L-+'()+;,+)4! '()! %&')+&)'! 5&.! '()! h)<! )&5<6)2!07.)23+)5.! .722);7&5'7,&! 5&.! 5F5765<767'A! ,/! IBJ! ',! 2'-.)&'2! 0(,! ,'()+072)!0,-6.!&,'!<)!)F)&!505+)!,/!'()!)*72')&=)!,/!;5&A!,/!'()2)!+)2,-+=)2?!

IBJ!=5&!<)!-2).!<A!2'-.)&'2!52!0)66!52!')5=()+2!7&!5!07.)!+5&>)!,/!05A2?!H()A!=5&! <)! 7&')>+5').! 5&.! -2).! <A! ')5=()+2! 7&! )*72'7&>! 2-<K)='2! 5&.! 3+,>+5;2! ,/!2'-.A4! ,+! '()A! =5&! <)! 2'-.7).! /,+! >)&)+56! 7&')+)2'! 5&.! 52! 35+'! ,/! 7&/,+;56!6)5+&7&>?! 8! 21766).! 6)5+&)+! .,)2! &,'! &)).! 5! ')5=()+! ,+! )F)&! 5&! 7&2'7'-'7,&! ',!6)5+&!/+,;!IBJ!5F5765<6)!,&!'()!h,+6.!h7.)!h)<?!!

IBJ!=5++A!5&!,3)&!67=)&2)!;517&>!7'!3,227<6)!/,+!5&A!,+>5&7N5'7,&4!7&.7F7.-56!',!-2)! '();4!;,.7/A! '();!5&.!;51)!-2)!,/! '();?!H()+)!5+)!IBJ! 7&! '()! /,+;!,/!=,&')&'4! 2A665<74! ! 7&2'+-='7,&56! ;,.-6)24! (5&.,-'24! U,0)+U,7&'! 3+)2)&'5'7,&24!F7.),! 5&.! )F)&! <,,12! 5F5765<6)! ','566A! /+))! 0(7=(! 6)5+&)+2! =5&! -2)4! 5&.! =5&!E-,')4!).7'4!3+7&'!5&.!-2)!07'(!.-)!5&.!533+,3+75')!+)/)+)&=)!',!'()!2,-+=)?!!

8==)22!',!5!07.)!+5&>)!,/!IBJ4!/+,;!'()!F)+A!27;36)!',!(7>(6A!=,;36)*!;5')+7564!)&5<6)2! ')5=()+2! ',! )&>5>)! 7&! 7&&,F5'7F)! 3).5>,>A! 5&.! );36,A!;,+)! 6)5+&)+!5&.! 6)5+&7&>! =)&')+).! 3).5>,>7)2?! h7'(! 5==)22! ',! 5! 07.)! +5&>)! ,/! 6)5+&7&>!+)2,-+=)24! ')5=()+2! =5&! 5227>&! 6)5+&)+2! ,-'C,/C=6522! 5='7F7'7)2! 2,! '(5'!;,+)! ,/!'()! =6522! '7;)! =5&! <)! 23)&'! /,+! 5='7F)! 6)5+&7&>! 5&.! >+)5')+! 7&')+5='7,&! 07'(!2'-.)&'2!5&.!5;,&>!2'-.)&'2?! %&!2-=(!6)5+&7&>!27'-5'7,&2! 6)5+&)+2!5+)!&,'!,&6A!23)&.7&>! '()7+! '7;)! ;,+)! )//)='7F)6A! <-'! 562,! 6)5+&7&>! ',! <)! 7&.)3)&.)&'!6)5+&)+2?!

H()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!,/! '()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A!,/!Q+7!X5&15!(52!'51)&!5!(->)!2')3!/,+05+.!7&!3+,5='7F)6A!7&')>+5'7&>!IBJ!5&.!%WH!7&!7'2!).-=5'7,&56!3+,>+5;2!/,+! '()! 3+,/)227,&56! .)F)6,3;)&'! ,/! ')5=()+! ).-=5',+2! 7&! '()! =,-&'+A?! H(72! 72!2,;)'(7&>! '(5'!(52!<))&! =6,2)! ',!;A!()5+'! 5&.! 2,;)'(7&>! '(5'! %! (5F)!5605A2!

159


!

"da!!

(,3).!566!5=5.);7=!3+,>+5;2!5'!IPQX!0766!);<+5=)! /,+;566A?!H()!2-33,+'!5&.!23,&2,+2(73! ,/! '(72! 0,+1! <A! '()! W,;;,&0)56'(! ,/! X)5+&7&>! [WIX]! (52! <))&!=+7'7=56!C!2-33,+'!0(7=(!%!(,3)!0766!=,&'7&-)!7&!'()!)&2-7&>!A)5+2?!^,0)F)+!&,&)!,/! '(72!0766! (5F)! <))&! 3,227<6)!07'(,-'! '()! (5+.!0,+1! ,/! '()! =-++)&'! 5&.! '()!352'!;);<)+2!,/! '()! L5=-6'A!,/! B.-=5'7,&!5&.! '()! 6)5.)+2(73!,/!IPQX?! H(72! 72!37,&))+7&>!0,+14!7&!;5&A!+)23)='24!5&.!%!(,3)!'(5'!'(72!7&7'75'7F)!,/!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!0766!;5+1!5&! 7;3,+'5&'!<)>7&&7&>!5&.! 2')3! 7&! '()! +7>('!.7+)='7,&4!5&.!,&)!'(5'!%!(,3)!,'()+!L5=-6'7)2!7&!IPQX!0766!05&'!',!);-65')?!8&.!%!0766!072(!'();!0)66!7&!'()7+!)//,+'2!',!'+5&2/,+;!IPQX!5&.!',!-2()+!7'!7&',!5!&)0!)+5!,/!5!6)5+&)+! 5&.! 6)5+&7&>! =)&')+).! ).-=5'7,&! 5&.! 0()+)! 7'! 72! =,;3)'7'7F)! 07'(!7&')+&5'7,&56!2'5&.5+.2?!

H()!7&'+,.-=',+A!=(53')+!,&!lB&>7&)2!,/!B.-=5'7,&Y!%&')>+5'7&>!IBJ!7&!X)5+&7&>!5&.!H)5=(7&>b!72!35+'7=-65+6A!766-;7&5'7&>!/,+!5&A,&)!.)27+7&>!',!/,66,0!'(72!35'(!',! ')5=(7&>! 5&.! 6)5+&7&>! 5&.! =-++7=-6-;! +)&)056?! %'! (52! 3+,F7.).! '()! L5=-6'A!;);<)+2!5!35'(05A!/,+!;,F7&>!/,+05+.?!!

H()!M8HB! H)5;!,/! '()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A!c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

H()!2',+A!,/! '()!UVGQeB!H)5;!,/!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&!G)35+';)&'4! '7'6).!E@1%8$/"B10$-"10"@3$C1(%"[$$.-"*.5C(&140H!5..+)22)2!(,0!7&=6-27F)!).-=5'7,&!=5&!<)!<+,->('!-&.)+! '()! /+5;)0,+1?! H()! B5+6A! W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A! B.-=5'7,&!5=5.);7=2!(5F)!3+,.-=).!5!=(53')+!'7'6).!lB$&H-"U'(02$")5/"N10.-H"'(5'!2(,02!'()7+!3,')&'756!/,+!'517&>!-3!,/!'()!=(566)&>)!,/!'+5&27'7,&!',!7&')>+5')!IBJ!5&.!%WH!7&',!'()7+!3,+'/,67,2?!!!

H()! MB.! H)5;! )*5;7&)2! l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

160


!

!!

"dd!

%'!72!F)+A!)&=,-+5>7&>!',!2))!'(5'!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!(52!'51)&!'()!2'))+7&>!0())6! /,+! =(5&>)?!82! 5&!IPQX!W,-&=76!M);<)+! 5&.! 5&! B.-=5'7,&! B*3)+'!0(,!(5.!<))&!F)+A!;-=(!7&F,6F).!7&!'()!/,+;-65'7,&!,/!'()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A!7&!)5+6A!"`Z924! %! &,'! ,&6A! 533+)=75')! '(72! 7&7'75'7F)! 5&.! '()! )&>5>);)&'4! <-'! =)+'57&6A!<)67)F)! '(5'! 7/! =,&'7&-).! 7'! 0766! '+5&2/,+;! IPQX! 7&',! 5&! 7&2'7'-'7,&! ,/!7&')+&5'7,&56!+)3-')!7&!'()!+537.6A!=(5&>7&>!0,+6.!,/!6)5+&7&>?!

H()! 0,+1! +)3,+').! ()+)! 5.,3').! 5&! 7&&,F5'7F)! 3).5>,>7=56! 533+,5=(! 7&!5.,3'7&>!5!2=)&5+7,C<52).!6)5+&7&>!533+,5=(!'(5'!72!;)5&7&>/-6!5&.!;,'7F5'7&>!/,+!'()!6)5+&)+?!H()!2',+7)2!,/!'()!)*3)+7)&=)2!,/!'()!=,-+2)!7&!'(72!<,,1!;51)!/,+!)*=7'7&>!+)5.7&>!5&.!%!0766!2'+,&>6A!+)=,;;)&.!'();!',!A,-?!

W,&>+5'-65'7,&2OOO!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

161


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

"d$!!

6+,)%*@9)+%-!A,+8/!A%*?/%/),$I!d'V"f[$7"*02%(0.gF"Nd'1%"fU4%49,4gF"d_V*"fU4%49,4gF"A@C"f@3g"fd$/(.$01=(gF"72!'()!=-++)&'!^)5.!,/!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A! B.-=5'7,&4! L5=-6'A! ,/! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! IPQX?! Q()! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&!5=5.);7=!5'!IPQX!27&=)!#999?!Q()!(52!'(7+'A!)7>('!A)5+2!,/!2)+F7=)!7&!'()!/7)6.!,/!B.-=5'7,&! 52! 5! 2=(,,6! ')5=()+! 5&.! 5! P&7F)+27'A! 6)='-+)+?! ^)+! 3+,/)227,&56!)*3)+'72)! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! V7/').! B.-=5'7,&4! B.-=5'7,&56!U2A=(,6,>A4!Q=7)&=)!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!I3)&!5&.!G72'5&=)!X)5+&7&>?!

JK!AK!6K!A'B*-I!d'V"fB('4/$gF"N*."f[!*gF"A*."f@3:*.:g"f[!*gF!72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!7&!'()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q3)=756! e)).2! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()! IPQX?! Q()! (52! :$! A)5+2!)*3)+7)&=)2!7&!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&!52!5!')5=()+4!6)='-+)+!5&.!5!+)2)5+=()+?!^)+!5=5.);7=!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!7&=6-.)!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&4!%&=6-27F)!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!=6522+,,;!3+5='7=)2?!!

;KLKGK! A,9%944#*D/I! N*." fU4%49,4gF" A*.fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF! 72! 5! X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&!5'!'()!IPQX?!Q()!(52! 2)F)&! A)5+2! 0,+1! )*3)+7)&=)! 52! 5! 6)='-+)+?! ^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&! '()! 5+)52! ,/! %&=6-27F)! B.-=5'7,&4! Q3)=756!e)).2! B.-=5'7,&! 5&.!).-=5'7,&56!U2A=(,6,>A?!

M/'/'4$$,!6/%$$84$$,I!A:*.:"b40-:" fU4%49,4gF"A:;:" fd$/(.$01=(gF! 72!5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 5'! '()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()!IPQX! 27&=)! #9""?! ^72! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! B.-=5'7,&56!H)=(&,6,>A4! %&/,+;5'7,&! 5&.! =,;;-&7=5'7,&! ')=(&,6,>A! 7&! ')5=(7&>! 5&.!6)5+&7&>4!B.-=5'7,&56!Q,=7,6,>A!5&.!8+5<7=!2'-.7)2?!

EK3K!H*'*,*!6#/)#9%*D/I!A*."fb40-:g"fU4%49,4g!72!5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]!5'!'()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! B5+6A! W(76.(,,.! 5&.! U+7;5+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()! IPQX! ?! Q()! (52!<))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'!IPQX! 27&=)! #9":?!^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!7&=6-.)!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!B.-=5'7,&4!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!B.-=5'7,&56!U(76,2,3(A?!!

!

!

!

!

!

162


!

!!

"dT!

F8/!6++8/%/-B/8?I!d'V"fB40.40gP"A@C"@3:"fU$=%40gF"72!5&!^,&,+5+A!L)66,0!,/!'()! W,;;,&0)56'(! ,/! X)5+&7&>! [WIX]! 5&.! B;)+7'-2! U+,/)22,+! ,/! @,'5&A! 5&.!/,+;)+! G)5&kQ=7)&=)! 5&.! m7=)CW(5&=)66,+! ,/! '()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A! ,/! Q+7! X5&15![IPQX]?! Q()! 2)+F).! Q+7! X5&15!P&7F)+27'A! 2A2');!52! 5&! 5=5.);7=4! 5.;7&72'+5',+!5&.! +)2)5+=()+! /,+! ,F)+! a9! A)5+2?! Q()! 2)+F).! 52! 5! ;);<)+! ,/! '()!lW,;;,&0)56'(!,/!X)5+&7&>!B.7',+756!8.F72,+A!V+,-3b?!Q()!052!o8!=,&2-6'5&'!7&!'()! 8G@kG72'5&=)! B.-=5'7,&! M,.)+&7N5'7,&! U+,K)='! 5&.! 23)5+C()5.).! '()!3+)35+5'7,&! ,/! Ro-567'A! 822-+5&=)! H,,617'! /,+! G72'5&=)! ^7>()+! B.-=5'7,&!%&2'7'-'7,&2!5&.!U+,>+5;;)2S!3-<672().!<A!'()!WIX?!Q()!72!=-++)&'6A!7&F,6F).!7&!'()! 3-<67=5'7,&2! Ro8!M5&-56! /,+! B*')+&56! G)>+))! U+,>+5;;)2SD! R!M5&-56! /,+!%&2'7'-'7,&56!+)F7)0!,/!Q+7!X5&15&!P&7F)+27'7)2SD!RV-7.)<,,1!/,+!U))+!J)F7)0)+2SD!R^5&.<,,1! ,&! %&2'+-='7,&56! G)27>&! 5&.! G)F)6,3;)&'! ,/! W,-+2)!M5')+7562! /,+!2)6/CX)5+&)+2S4!0(76)!/-&='7,&7&>!52!5&!)*')+&56!F)+7/7)+!/,+!WIXCJ%M!J)F7)02!,/!P&7F)+27'7)2!5&.!3+)35+7&>!e5'7,&56!IGX!U,67=A!!/,+!Q+7!X5&15!5&.!M56.7F)2?!

"KHK"K<K! H#/,/./'/I! d'V" fB('4/$gF" N*." f[!*gF" V13:" 10" @3:*.:" fL@;gF" A@4C@C"f@3:*.:g" f@&4C6'4%9gF"A*."f@3:*.:g" f[!*g4! 72!'()!=-++)&'!^)5.!,/!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&!5'! '()!IPQX?!^)!052! /,+;)+6A4!^)5.!,/! '()!Q3)=756!B.-=5'7,&!2)='7,&!5&.!U+7&=7356!5'! '()!H)5=()+2b!W,66)>)4!M5(5+5>5;5?!^)!(52!<))&!2)+F7&>!52!5&!5=5.);7=!5'!IPQX!27&=)!#99a?!^72!3+,/)227,&56!)*3)+'72)!5&.!+)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! %&=6-27F)! ).-=5'7,&4! Q3)=756! &)).2! ).-=5'7,&4!U5+)&'56! 7&F,6F);)&'! 7&! =(76.+)&! 07'(! QBe4! m72-56! 7;357+;)&'! 5&.! H)5=()+!).-=5'7,&?!

HKHK! 5,+D/! H$$.)#*,$$! H$4*B/'/! ! N*." fU4%49,4gF! N;I*" f)L@BgF" d_V*"fU4%49,4gF" d_V*" f[!*gF" A;" fhH35/(gF" V13F" 10" I$(C'102" f[U)*F" N$$/12(9(gF72! 5!X)='-+)+! [U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 5''5=().! ',! '()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! B5+6A! W(76.(,,.! 5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'! '()!IPQX?!Q()!(52!<))&!2)+F7&>!52!5&!8=5.);7=!5'!IPQX!27&=)!#99`?!Q()!(52!0,+1!)*3)+7)&=)2!,/!)7>('!A)5+2!H)5=()+!Q)+F7=)4!27*!A)5+2!%&!Q)+F7=)! 8.F72)+! Q)+F7=)! 5&.! ,&)! A)5+! H)5=()+! B.-=5',+! Q)+F7=)?! ^)+! 5=5.);7=!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!5+)!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!I3)&!5&.!G72'5&=)!X)5+&7&>?%

HK! N/O*%/! PK! H$! :*'7/I! N:*." f)L@BgF" d_V*" f)L@BgF" A:@C" f)L@BgF" 72! X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 7&! '()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()!IPQX?! Q()! (52! "$! A)5+2b! 0,+1! )*3)+7)&=)! 52! >+5.-5')! 2=7)&=)! ')5=()+! 5&.! a!A)5+2b! )*3)+7)&=)! 52! 5! -&7F)+27'A! 6)='-+)+?!^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'!5+)5!72!B.-=5'7,&56!32A=(,6,>A?!

!

!

163


!

"dZ!!

PKQK!6#/,4/,/!R$%,/,4+I!N;"fB40.40gF"d_V*"fU4%49,4gF"A@C"fb40-:g"f)L@BgF"72!5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]!5''5=().!',!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX4!2)+F7&>!27&=)!#9"9?!L,+;)+6A4!()!(52!2)+F).!5'!'()!e5'7,&56!%&2'7'-')! ,/! B.-=5'7,&! 52! 5! =-++7=-6-;! .)F)6,3;)&'! ,//7=)+! /,+! ')&! A)5+2?! ^72!5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! U+7;5+A! 5&.!M5'();5'7=2! B.-=5'7,&4!822)22;)&'!5&.!BF56-5'7,&!7&!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!Q'-.)&'2b!X)5+&7&>!8''7'-.)2?!!!

3/,O/,! L+,-/'D+%/'/I!Nd'1%" f)L@BgF" N;" 10" V1-&:*.:" f!_[)LgF" d_VV*" f!_[)Lg"d_V*f)L@BgFA@C" fb40-:g" f@hdg4! 72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!5&.!=-++)&'6A!2)+F7&>!52!'()!^)5.!,/!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&! 7&!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?!^)!(52!;,+)! '(5&!#d!A)5+2!,/!0,+17&>!)*3)+7)&=)! 7&!,3)&!5&.!.72'5&=)!6)5+&7&>!2A2');?!^72!3+,/)227,&56!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!5+)!7&!'()!5+)52! ,/! I3)&! 5&.! G72'5&=)! X)5+&7&>4! B.-=5'7,&56! ;5&5>);)&'4! B.-=5'7,&56!)F56-5'7,&!5&.!Q)*-567'A!).-=5'7,&?!

6#/,4%/!L9,/B/%4$,/I!V:B1&&:" f)L@Bg1%d'V"fB("I/4,$gF"N;"fU$=:gF%A;"fU$=:gF" 72!B;)+7'-2! U+,/)22,+! ,/! B.-=5'7,&4! I3)&! P&7F)+27'A! ,/! Q+7! X5&15?! ! Q()! 052! '()!W,;;,&0)56'(!,/!X)5+&7&>CPeBQWI!W(57+!,&!G72'5&=)!B.-=5'7,&4!5'!'()!IPQX!/+,;!#9"9!',!#9":?!Q()!052! '()!G)5&!,/! '()!L5=-6'A!,/!^-;5&7'7)2!5&.!Q,=756!Q=7)&=)2!/,+!27*!A)5+2!5&.!'()!G)5&!,/!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!5'!'()!IPQX!/,+!'(+))!A)5+2?!Q()!(52!562,!2)+F).!7&!'()!P&7F)+27'A!,/!W,6,;<,!5&.!'()!P&7F)+27'A!,/! U)+5.)&7A54! Q+7! X5&15?! ! Q()! 052! '()! e5'7,&56! H)5;! X)5.)+! 5&.! 5! W,-+2)!G)27>&! Q3)=75672'! 7&! '()! G72'5&=)! B.-=5'7,&! M,.)+&7N5'7,&! U+,K)='! ,/! '()!M7&72'+A!,/!^7>()+!B.-=5'7,&4!Q+7! X5&15!.-+7&>!#99TC#99`?!Q()! 72!5!;);<)+!,/!'()! B.7',+756! @,5+.2! ,/! '(+))! 7&')+&5'7,&56! K,-+&5624! 5&.! 5&! B.7',+! ,/! '()! Q+7!X5&15! f,-+&56! ,/! Q,=756! Q=7)&=)2! [e5'7,&56! Q=7)&=)! L,-&.5'7,&]?! ^)+! +)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2! 5+)! >)&.)+4! (7>()+! ).-=5'7,&4! ')5=()+! ).-=5'7,&! 5&.! .72'5&=)!).-=5'7,&?!!!!!

A?+8*! 5%90/'@/,4/%/I!N*." fU4%49,4gF" d_V*" fU4%49,4gF" A;" fb40-g" f@hdgF" 72! 5!!Q)&7,+! X)='-+)+! 7&! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 7&! '()!L5=-6'A! ,/! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! IPQX?! Q()! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX!27&=)!#99a?!^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&! '()! 5+)52!,/!8)2'()'7=!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!B.-=5'7,&56!U2A=(,6,>A?!

6#*)%/,0/,*! G$B/./)#*%/,/I! Nd'1%" fd$/(.$01=(gF" " d_V*" fd$/(.$01=(gF" AU49"b40-"fd$/(.$01=(g4!72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!7&!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&! 7&! '()! L5=-6'A! ,/! B.-=5'7,&! 5'!IPQX4! 2)+F7&>! 27&=)! #9""?! Q()! 72! '()!=-++)&'! =,,+.7&5',+! ,/! '()! M52')+! ,/! 8+'2! 7&! H)5=()+! B.-=5'7,&C%&')+&5'7,&56!3+,>+5;;)?! U+7,+! ',! K,7&7&>! '()! IPQX4! 2()! 052! 5! G7+)=',+! 5'! '()! Q+7! X5&15!%&2'7'-')!,/!8.F5&=).!H)=(&,6,>7=56!%&2'7'-')![QX%8HB]?!^)+!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!67)!7&!'()!5+)5!,/!B.-=5'7,&56!;5&5>);)&'?!!

164


!

!!

"d`!

:/8/,)#*! M/?/-*,0#$I!Nd'1%" f)L@BgF" d_V*" fU4%49,4gF" A;" fb40-:g" f)L@Bg4! 72! 5!X)='-+)+! 7&! '()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'!IPQX! 5&.!=-++)&'6A! '()! =,,+.7&5',+! ,/! '()!M52')+! ,/! 8+'2! 7&! H)5=()+! B.-=5'7,&! [M8HB]!U+,>+5;;)?!Q()!(52!<))&!2)+F7&>!IPQX!27&=)!#999?!^)+!5=5.);7=!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!5+)! 7&! '()!5+)52!,/!Q,=7,6,>A4!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&?!

JKLK6K!J/,4/,0/8/I!Nd'1%"fd$/(.$01=(gF"N@C"*.5:"fLKgF"d_V*"fd$/(.$01=(gF"A;"f_$42/(3'="@3:g"fd$/(.$01=(gF!72!5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]!7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!c!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX4!2)+F7&>!27&=)!#9"9?!^)+!5=5.);7=!5&.!+)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&! W-++7=-6-;! 2'-.7)24! B.-=5'7,&56! ;5&5>);)&'4! 5&.!B.-=5'7,&!/,+!2-2'57&5<6)!G)F)6,3;)&'?!

:#*%+,*(/! EK! J/%9,/,/?/D/I! *.V" fG4%%402402gF" d_V*" fU4%49,4gF" A@C" fb40-:g"f)L@BgF!72!U+,/)22,+!7&!B.-=5'7,&56!H)=(&,6,>A!7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!c! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! IPQX?! Q()! 72! '()! =-++)&'! G)5&! ,/! '()! L5=-6'A! ,/!B.-=5'7,&?! 8! /,+;)+! ^)5.! ,/! '()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&4! 2()!(52!<))&! 2)+F7&>!52! 5&!5=5.);7=!5'!IPQX! 27&=)!"``:?! Q()!562,!(52!)*3)+7)&=)!52!5!Q=7)&=)!'+57&).!')5=()+!5'!'()!2)=,&.5+A!2=(,,6!2A2');!/,+!')&! A)5+2?!^)+!3+,/)227,&56! )*3)+'72)!5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)!I3)&!5&.!.72'5&=)! 6)5+&7&>4! B.-=5'7,&56! ')=(&,6,>A4! %&/,+;5'7,&! 5&.! =,;;-&7=5'7,&!')=(&,6,>A!7&!).-=5'7,&!5&.!'+57&7&>4!%&2'+-='7,&56!.)27>&4!)C6)5+&7&>!5&.!I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!J)2,-+=)2?!

:/-#$$D/! J/%9,/,/?/D$I!N*." fU4%49,4gF" A*." fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF" BBA" f)L@BgF";&&4/0$=a(&aB(74!72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!5''5=().!',!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!B.-=5'7,&! 7&! '()! L5=-6'A! ,/! B.-=5'7,&4! IPQX?! Q()! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&!5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX! 27&=)! #99$?! ^)+! +)2)5+=(! 5&.! 5=5.);7=! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)!B.-=5'7,&56!X)5.)+2(734!I+>5&7N5'7,&56!@)(5F7,+!5&.!I3)&!c!G72'5&=)!X)5+&7&>?!

JK! J$)#$$-B/%/,I! A*." f*L@BgF! 72! 5! X)='-+)+! [U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 5''5=().! ',! '()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q3)=756!e)).2!B.-=5'7,&!7&!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!5'!'()!IPQX?!^)! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX! 27&=)! #9"a?! ^72! 5=5.);7=! 5&.!+)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! Q3)=756! e)).2! B.-=5'7,&4! %&=6-27F)! B.-=5'7,&4!B.-=5'7,&56!U2A=(,6,>A!5&.!B.-=5'7,&56!U(76,2,3(A?!!

:/-*D/'/!J90/8++%)#?I!d'V"f;%(2(33(gF"Nd'1%"fh(##0(g"d_V*"fh(##0(g"A;"fb40-:g"fd$/(.$01=(gF! 72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+! 7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&4!5'!IPQX?!Q()!(52!:#!A)5+2b!)*3)+7)&=)! 7&!')5=(7&>!5'!'()!2)=,&.5+A!5&.! ')+'75+A! 6)F)6! ).-=5'7,&! 2A2');?! Q()! (52! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX!27&=)! #99a?! ^)+! 3+,/)227,&56! )*3)+'72)! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)!B.-=5'7,&56! U2A=(,6,>A4! B.-=5'7,&56! H)=(&,6,>A4! H)5=()+! G)F)6,3;)&'4! I3)&!5&.!G72'5&=)!X)5+&7&>4!%&2'+-='7,&56!G)27>&!5&.!I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!J)2,-+=)2?!!

165


!

"$9!!

LKHK!<$D/80$I!d'V"f)LLKg"Nd'1%" fU4%49,4gF"A*." fb40-g" fU4%49,4gF! 72!5!W(57+!U+,/)22,+!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?!Q()!2'5+').!()+!=5+))+!52! 5&! 52272'5&'! ')5=()+! 7&! "`TZD! K,7&).! '()! IPQX! 7&! "`Z$! 52! 5&! 82272'5&'!X)='-+)+4!3+,;,').!',!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!7&!"``"!5&.!<)=5;)!'()!W(57+!U+,/)22,+!7&! #9"#?! Q()! (52! 2)+F).! 52! ^)5.k! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! ! c! H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&4!G)5&!,/!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!8='7&>!m7=)!W(5&=)66,+!,/!IPQX?!^)+!3+,/)227,&56!)*3)+'72)!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!5+)!7&!'()!5+)52!,/!B.-=5'7,&56!U2A=(,6,>A4!J)2)5+=(!M)'(,.24!H)5=()+!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!G72'5&=)!B.-=5'7,&?!

P+#/,4/-!;K!P$,+,!V:"B1&&:"fb404/1-"U(5-(g"f)L@BgF"d'V"fN@L"A(/4.(gF"N:*.:"fN@L"A(/4.(gF"N:@C:"fU(%1C5&g4!72!3+)2)&'6A!G)3-'A!m7=)CW(5&=)66,+![8=5.);7=]!7&!h50525&! I3)&! P&7F)+27'A4! M565A275?! ! 8/')+! (72! 7&7'756! +)2)5+=(! 5&.! ')5=(7&>!=5+))+! 5'! '()! W)&'+)! ,/! 8.F5&=).! Q'-.A! 7&! B.-=5'7,&4! m5.,.5+54! U+,/?!M)&,&!(52! 2)+F).! 52! U65&&7&>! I//7=)+! c! U+,/)22,+kG7+)=',+4! B.-=5'7,&! 7&! %VeIP4!W(57+;5&4!e%IQ4!B.-=5'7,&!Q3)=75672'!c!H)5;!X)5.)+! 7&! '()!W,;;,&0)56'(!,/!X)5+&7&>4! 5&.!8='7&>!G7+)=',+kW(7)/! ,/! U65&&7&>! 5&.!M5&5>);)&'!,/!PeBQWICPeJh8!7&!8;;5&?!^)!(52!=,&2-6').!)*')&27F)6A!/,+!7&')+&5'7,&56!5>)&=7)2!2-=(!52! PeBQWI4! PeGU4! h,+6.! @5&14! G8e%G84! Pe%WBL4! WIX4! %GJW! 5&.! GL%G! 7&!5..7'7,&! ',! 3+,F7.7&>! )*3)+'! 3+,/)227,&56! 2-33,+'! ',! M^JG4! V,F)+&;)&'! ,/!%&.75?!U+,/?!M)&,&b2!5=5.);7=!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2!5+)!7&!Q=7)&=)!B.-=5'7,&4!B.-=5'7,&56! H)=(&,6,>A4! %&2'+-='7,&56! G)27>&4! )CX)5+&7&>! 5&.! IBJ?! ^)! 72! 5!;);<)+!,&!'()!@,5+.!,/!%&')+&5'7,&56!W,-&=76!/,+!B.-=5'7,&!,&!H)5=(7&>!27&=)!8->-2'!#9"a?!

HKPKS!P9,/-*,0#$I!N:d'1%:" fU4%49,4gF" "N*."fU4%49,4gF"d_V*"fU4%49,4gF"A;"fhH35/(]4! K,7&).! '()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A!52!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+! 7&! '()!G)35+';)&'!,/!B5+6A! =(76.(,,.! 5&.! U+7;5+A! B.-=5'7,&?! Q()! (52! )*3)+7)&=)! 52! 5! ')5=()+4!3+7&=73564! 5! =-++7=-6-;! .)F)6,3)+! 5&.! ')5=()+! '+57&)+?! ^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.!+)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&! U+)2=(,,6! ).-=5'7,&4! U+7;5+A! ).-=5'7,&! 5&.! H)5=()+!).-=5'7,&?!

"K! P9D9,)#/,I! d'V" fU4%49,4gF" N@C" 10" U5//1C5%59" (0." !0-&/5C&140-" fd5&/("N(%(=-1(gF" d_V*" f)L@Bg:" d_VV*" f)L@BgF" A@C" fb40-g" f)L@BgF! 72! 5! X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?! L,+;)+6A4! ()! 0,+1).! 52! 5! U+,K)='! I//7=)+! 5'! '()! e5'7,&56! %&2'7'-')! ,/!B.-=5'7,&! /,+! 2)F)&! A)5+2?! ^72! +)2)5+=(! 5&.! 5=5.);7=! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&!G)F)6,3;)&'!,/!M5'();5'7=56! Q17662! 7&!B5+6A!g)5+24! B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!B.-=5'7,&4!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&4!M5'();5'7=2!B.-=5'7,&!5&.!I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!J)2,-+=)2?!

!

!

166


!

!!

"$"!

:+8!Q/*494!V:B1&&:"fb404/1-"U(5-(g!f)L@BgF"d'V"fN40&/$(%gF"W-++)&'6A!5!N40(-'"L018$/-1&=" ;##1%1(&$4! ;,2'! +)=)&'6A! G+?! e57.-! 2)+F).! 52! ;--4C1(&$" d/4#$--4/"fB$(/0102" I/(0-#4/9(&140-gF" 5'! Q07&<-+&)! P&7F)+27'A! ,/! H)=(&,6,>A! 7&!M)6<,-+&)?! G+?! e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``T?! ^)! 72! 562,! 82272'5&'! B.7',+! ,/! '()!K,-+&56! !0&$/(C&18$" B$(/0102" *081/409$0&-! 5&.! 5! ;);<)+! ,/! '()! 7&5->-+56!J,-'6).>)!B.-=5'7,&!8+)&5!U5&)6!,/!B.7',+2?!

N*O*)#/!Q/,/?/DD/%/I!d'V" fA(02(%4/$gF"N;" fd$/(.$01=(g! 72! '()!m7=)!W(5&=)66,+!,/!'()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A!,/!Q+7!X5&15?!^)!522-;).!.-'7)2!52!'()!m7=)CW(5&=)66,+!7&!f-&)! #9"#?! ^)! 72! '()! 2)F)&'(! m7=)CW(5&=)66,+! ,/! '()! IPQX?! ^)! K,7&).! '()!P&7F)+27'A!,/!U)+5.)&7A5!52!5&!82272'5&'!X)='-+)+!7&!"`Z"!5&.!2)+F).!52!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!5&.!'()!^)5.!,/!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q,=7,6,>A?!^)!(52!3-<672().!07.)6A!7&!'()!/7)6.!,/!U,F)+'A!866)F75'7,&!5&.!G)F)6,3;)&'!Q,=7,6,>A?!%&!5..7'7,&!',!(72!5=5.);7=! =5+))+4! G+?! e5&5A5115+5! (,6.2! 5! &-;<)+! ,/! 1)A! 3,27'7,&2! 7&!!!>,F)+&;)&'56!5&.!&,&C>,F)+&;)&'!,+>5&7N5'7,&2!7&!Q+7!X5&15?!!!!!

QKPK3KJ! Q/B/%/)#,$I! N*." fU4%49,4gF" A*." fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF! 72! 5! Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!'()!L5=-6'A!,/!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?!Q()!2'5+').!()+!=5+))+!52!5!')5=()+!5&.!K,7&).!'()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A! 52! 5! 3+,<5'7,&5+A! 6)='-+)+! 7&! #99$?! ^)+! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)!Q,=7,6,>A!5&.!H)5=()+!B.-=5'7,&?!

E$$''/'/0$! :$,$7*%/),$I! N*." fU4%49,4gF" A*." fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF! 72! 5! Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?!^)!(52!)7>('!A)5+2b!0,+1!)*3)+7)&=)!5'!IPQX?!^)!72!7&')+)2').!7&!+)2)5+=(7&>!,&!B5+6A!=(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A!).-=5'7,&?!!

39B/,4*D/!E$%$%/I!N*."fU4%49,4gF"A*."fb40-:gfU4%49,4gF! 72!5!Q)&7,+!X)='-+)+!5'! '()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()! L5=-6'A! ,/!B.-=5'7,&!5'!IPQX?! Q()!(52!<))&! 2)+F7&>!52! 5&!5=5.);7=! 5'!IPQX! 27&=)!#99T?!^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! B.-=5'7,&56! U2A=(,6,>A! 5&.!!B.-=5'7,&56!M5&5>);)&'?!!

167


!

"$#!!

EK<KQK!3/,4*8/!3/O/./D-#/I!A*."fb40-:g"fU4%49,4gF!72!5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]!5''5=().! ',! '()!G)35+';)&'!,/!B5+6A!W(76.(,,.!5&.!U+7;5+A!B.-=5'7,&4!,/! '()!L5=-6'A! ,/! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! IPQX?! Q()! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX!27&=)! #9""?! ^)+! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)! B5+6A! W(76.(,,.!B.-=5'7,&! 5&.! U+7;5+A! B.-=5'7,&4! B.-=5'7,&56! U2A=(,6,>A4! V-7.5&=)! 5&.!W,-&2)667&>!5&.!I3)&!5&.!G72'5&=)!6)5+&7&>?!

F./'*!PK!:$4$%$I!d'V"f!47(gF"72!5!W,-&=76!;);<)+!,/!'()!I3)&!P&7F)+27'A!,/!Q+7!X5&15![IPQX]!5&.!/,+;)+!W,-&=76!;);<)+!,/!WBMW8?!W-++)&'6A!()! 72!J)=',+!5'!Q%@8!Q+7!X5&15!%&')+&5'7,&56!@-..(72'!8=5.);A!7&!j5&.A?!G+?!Q).)+)!2)+F).!'()!P&7F)+27'A! ,/! W)A6,&! /,+! &)5+6A! "Z! A)5+2! 5&.! '()&! K,7&).! '()!Pe! 7&! "`ZT4! '()!h,+6.! @5&1! 7&! "``"! 5&.! 2-<2)E-)&'6A! 2)+F).! ;5&A! <7C65')+56! .)F)6,3;)&'!5>)&=7)2! 7&=6-.7&>!PQ8%G! ',! 2)+F)! 7&!.7//)+)&'!3+,K)='2! 7&! .7//)+)&'!.)F)6,37&>!=,-&'+7)2?! ^5F7&>!0,+1).! 7&! "Z! .7//)+)&'! =,-&'+7)2! ()! (52!07.)! )*3)+7)&=)! 7&!7&')+&5'7,&56! ).-=5'7,&! 5&.! .)F)6,3;)&'! 722-)2?! ^)! 2)+F)2! 52! 5&! ).-=5'7,&!2)=',+! 23)=75672'! 5&.! 3,67=A! 5.F72)+! ',! >,F)+&;)&'2! 7&! 8275! 5&.!8/+7=5?!^)! (52!2)+F).!52!'()!G7+)=',+!V)&)+56!,/!'()!e5'7,&56!%&2'7'-')!,/!B.-=5'7,&4!5&.!562,!52!Q3)=756!8.F72)+!',!'()!M7&72'+A!,/!B.-=5'7,&?!

PK<K! :94/%-#/,/I! A*." fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF! 72! 5! X)='-+)+! [U+,<5'7,&5+A]! 7&! '()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! IPQX?! ^)! (52! /7F)! A)5+2b!)*3)+7)&=)!52!5&!5=5.);7=!5'!IPQX?!^)!562,!(52!,&)!A)5+!0,+1!)*3)+7)&=)!52!5!2=(,,6!')5=()+!5&.!5&,'()+!A)5+!52!5!2=(,,6!3+7&=7356?!!

:#/8*,4/! S/,/-*,0#$I! d'V" f)L@BgF" Nd'1%" fd$/(.$01=(gF" d_V*aV1-&10C&140fd$/(.$01=(gF" V13%49(" 10" I$(C'102aV1-&10C&140fN('(7$%1" [U)*gF! 72! 5!X)='-+)+! 7&! '()! G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.! H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'!IPQX?! ^)!(52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'! IPQX! 27&=)! #99T?! W-++)&'6A! ()! 72! '()!=,,+.7&5',+! ,/! U,2'! V+5.-5')! G736,;5! 7&! B.-=5'7,&! 3+,>+5;;)?!^72!3+,/)227,&56!)*3)+'72)!5&.!+)2)5+=(!7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)!B.-=5'7,&56!2,=7,6,>A4!H)5=()+! ).-=5'7,&4! W-++7=-6-;! '(),+A! 5&.! 3+5='7=)4! B.-=5'7,&56! ;5&5>);)&'!5&.!B.-=5'7,&56!+)2)5+=(?!

SKPK:K! S$$%/D++,I! N*." fU4%49,4gF" A*." fb40-:g" fU4%49,4gF! 72! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5!X)='-+)+![U+,<5'7,&5+A]!7&!'()!G)35+';)&'!,/!Q)=,&.5+A!5&.!H)+'75+A!B.-=5'7,&!5'! IPQX! 27&=)! #9"#?! ^72! 5=5.);7=! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 5+)! 7&! '()! 5+)52! ,/!B.-=5'7,&56!;5&5>);)&'!5&.!5.;7&72'+5'7,&!5&.!H)5=()+!).-=5'7,&?!

:9'/*8/,!:$?/4!T/%++D4$$,I!Nd'1%"fh(##0(gF"N*."f)L@BgF!d_V*"fU4%49,4gF"A@C"fb40-:g" fd$/(.$01=(g" 72! 5! Q)&7,+! X)='-+)+! 7&! '()!G)35+';)&'! ,/! Q)=,&.5+A! 5&.!H)+'75+A! B.-=5'7,&! 5'! '()!IPQX?!^)! (52! <))&! 2)+F7&>! 52! 5&! 5=5.);7=! 5'!IPQX!27&=)!"``a?!^72!3+,/)227,&56! 5&.! +)2)5+=(! 7&')+)2'2! 7&=6-.)!I3)&!5&.!.72'5&=)!6)5+&7&>4!B.-=5'7,&56!')=(&,6,>A4!M5'();5'7=24!Q=7)&=)!5&.!%265;7=!Q'-.7)2!

168


!

!!

"$:!

A..$,4*($-!A..$,4*U!VW!L9*4$'*,$-!&+%!H$7$'+.*,0!6+,($.)!P/.-!

!

E%+O$()!+,!5,)$0%/)*+,!+&!56"!/,4!123!*,)+!"$/(#$%!249(/)*+,!.%+0%/8-!/,4!6/./(*)?!;9*'4*,0!+&!"$/(#$%!249(/)+%-!/)!)#$!1.$,!F,*7$%-*)?!+&!:%*!</,D/!

!

L9*4$'*,$-!&+%!H$7$'+.*,0!X+9%!6+,($.)!P/.-!

VK J2XY32<A"2H!61Q62E":KKKK!h(5'!5+)!'()!1)Ak/,=56!=,&=)3'2n!8&.!0(5'!5+)!'()!+)65').!=,&=)3'2?!^5F)!A,-!7.)&'7/7).!566!,/!'()2)!=6)5+6An!

ZK 32<A"51Q:G5E:!;2"S22Q!J2X!AQH!32<A"2H!61Q62E":KKKK!^,0!.,!A,-!2))!'()!+)65'7,&2(732!<)'0))&!1)Ak/,=56!5&.!+)65').!=,&=)3'2n!8+)!'()2)!65<)66).!=6)5+6An!!

[K <5QJ:!AQH!631::!<5QJ:KKKK!8+)!'()!67&12!5&.!=+,22!67&12!<)'0))&!1)Ak/,=56!=,&=)3'2!5&.!+)65').!=,&=)3'2!7.)&'7/7).?!^5F)!A,-!65<)66).!'()2)!=6)5+6An!!

\K 2]APE<2:KKKK!H()2)!5+)!23)=7/7=!)F)&'24!,<K)='2!5&.!F567.!7&2'5&=)2!,/!'()!1)Ak/,=56!=,&=)3'2!+)3+)2)&').!,&!A,-+!=,&=)3'!;53?!8+)!'()2)!7.)&'7/7).n!8&.!0(5'!5+)!'()An!

@$$"M125/$"O",$%47"#4/"(0"$D(93%$"4#"7'(&"&'$-$"&$/9-"9$(0:"

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

169


!

"$a!!

A..$,4*U!ZW!L9*4$'*,$-!&+%!S%*)*,0!3$&'$()*+,-!

E%+O$()!+,!5,)$0%/)*+,!+&!56"!/,4!123!*,)+!"$/(#$%!249(/)*+,!E%+0%/8-!/,4!6/./(*)?!;9*'4*,0!+&!"$/(#$%!249(/)+%-!/)!)#$!1.$,!F,*7$%-*)?!+&!:%*!</,D/!

!

L9*4$'*,$-!&+%!S%*)*,0!X+9%!3$&'$()*+,-!

"? h(5'!5+)!A,-+!=-++)&'!F7)02!,&!'()!/,66,07&>!=,&=)3'2!5&.!'()7+!+)65'7,&2(732n!!

• I3)&!X)5+&7&>!• I3)&!Q=(,65+2(73!• MIIW2!• W+)5'7F)!W,;;,&2!• I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!J)2,-+=)2!• I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!U+5='7=)2!• @5.>)2![I3)&!@5.>)2]!• IBJC@52).!)X)5+&7&>!5&.!H)5=(7&>!• W,-+2)!G)27>&!/,+!IBJC<52).!6)5+&7&>!5&.!')5=(7&>!

!#? ^5F)!A,-+!F7)02!5<,-'!'()2)!=,&=)3'2!5&.!'()!+)65'7,&2(732!5;,&>!

'();4!=(5&>).!/+,;!A,-+!,+7>7&56!3)+=)3'7,&2![<)/,+)!'0,!;,&'(2]4!5&.!7/!2,4!7&!A,-+!=,&=)3'!;532!',!2(,0!(,0n!

!:? h(5'!/5=',+2!/5=767'5').!A,-+!'(7&17&>!3+,=)22![7/!5&A]!5+,-&.!'()!5<,F)!

=,&=)3'2n!!

a? h(5'!/5=',+2!(7&.)+).!A,-+!'(7&17&>!3+,=)22![7/!5&A]!5+,-&.!'()!5<,F)!=,&=)3'2n!!

d? h(5'!72!'()!+)6)F5&=)!,/!IBJ!7&!A,-+!')5=(7&>!5&.!6)5+&7&>n!!!

$? h(5'!5+)!A,-+!=,&=)+&2![7/!5&A]!5<,-'!-27&>!IBJ!7&!A,-+!')5=(7&>!5&.!6)5+&7&>n!!

T? ^,0!3+)35+).!5+)!A,-!',!7&')>+5')!IBJ!7&!A,-+!')5=(7&>C6)5+&7&>!3+,=)22n!

170


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!!

OMO!

!VA \)'C6.%!,!*$')+!)%50%&+6'/!'/!1'()!%@9%)6%/&%*!(9!+'!/'4:!'/!+$%!&'()*%!

.%*68/!9)'&%**!1'(!,)%!&())%/+01!%/8,8%.!6/A!!

,A q'()!5%%06/8*!7!%/J'1-%/+*:!5)(*+),+6'/*:!-'+6C,+6'/*:!&'/&%)/*[%+&!

2A \)'&%**!D!&$,00%/8%*:!*+)%/8+$*:!06-6+,+6'/*:!*(99')+*:!$6/.),/&%*[%+&!

&A \)'8)%**!D!,&$6%C6/8!+,)8%+*:!'C%)&'-6/8!2,))6%)*:!-,/,86/8!6**(%*[%+&A!

.A I-9,&+*!D!&,9,&6+1!2(60.6/8:!.%C%0'9-%/+!'5!3/'40%.8%c*3600*c,++6+(.%*c-6/.*%+[%+&!

%A BC%),00!!

XA H/1!'+$%)!&'--%/+*c*(88%*+6'/*`!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

171


!

"$$!!

A..$,4*U![W!"#$!L$,$%*(!27/'9/)*+,!E'/,!

E%+O$()!+,!5,)$0%/)*+,!+&!56"!/,4!123!*,)+!"$/(#$%!249(/)*+,!E%+0%/8-!/,4!6/./(*)?!;9*'4*,0!+&!"$/(#$%!249(/)+%-!/)!)#$!1.$,!F,*7$%-*)?!+&!:%*!</,D/!

!A!L$,$%*(!27/'9/)*+,!E'/,!&+%!)#$!E*'+)!:)94*$-!

="+!@$!/4+.)$4Y/4/.)$4!@?!/''!"$/8->!

VK 27/'9/)*+,!6%*)$%*/!!!

J$?!/-.$()-!+&!27/'9/)*+,W!!!!

5] Q=)&5+7,C<52).!X)5+&7&>!=:;<>!3).5>,>7=56!533+,5=(!<] %&')>+5'7,&!,/!I3)&!B.-=5'7,&56!J)2,-+=)2!=123>!=] I&67&)!X)5+&7&>!B&F7+,&;)&'!=1<2>!52!'()!;,.)!,/!.)67F)+A!

!

6%*)$%*/!9,4$%!B#*(#!$/(#!/-.$()!(/,!@$!$7/'9/)$4W!

5] e5'-+)!,/!8.,3'7,&!5&.!%&')>+5'7,&![^,0!Q@XkIBJkIXB!5+)!53367).!7&!)5=(!=,-+2)]!

<] P25<767'A![e5'-+)!,/!2'-.)&'!-2)4!G-+5'7,&4!B*')&'!)'=]!=] B//)='7F)&)22!5&.!%;35='![h(5'!'A3)2!5&.!7&!0(7=(!05A2p)'=]!!

ZK 27/'9/)*+,!P$)#+4+'+0?!^!5] 3$-$/%(#!H$-*0,!_!W52)!Q'-.A!!<] E/%)*(*./,)-!_!"9!_!#9!2'-.)&'!')5=()+2k')5=()+!).-=5',+2!

!

P$)#+4-!+&!H/)/!6+''$()*+,!^!!

(g ifI4",$"-$%$C&$."#/49"(9402"&'$"#4%%47102F"(-"(33/43/1(&$F",="$(C'"I$(9g"

!

7?!E%$_-9%7$?!_!`9$-)*+,,/*%$!=E%*,)Y1,'*,$>!

• L,=-27&>!,&!U5+'7=735&'2q!<5=1>+,-&.!7&/,+;5'7,&!!5&.!'()7+!7&7'756!3)+=)3'7,&2!,&!3).5>,>7=56!533+,5=()24!-2)!,/!')5=(7&>C6)5+&7&>!!+)2,-+=)2!5&.!,&67&)!6)5+&7&>!

172


!

!!

OMR!

66A!>$(4$1&'9$!S0/,%+4!^8((4'%$[8%4'%$_!7!#'!2%!(9.,+%.!)%8(0,)01!+$)'(8$'(+!+$%!0%,)/6/8!9)'&%**!

• d(6.%06/%*!9)'C6.%.!+'!5'&(*!9,)+6&69,/+*s!)%50%&+6'/*!'/!+$%!,2'C%!+$)%%!,*9%&+*!<;=>NBKLNB>K?!,/.!)%0,+%.!&)6+%)6,!

666A!J%+4).'.!0(!0%4'%$!;+,&'1';+&'0%!!

• K/8,8%-%/+!6/!0%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*:!b*%!'5!)%*'()&%*:!B/06/%!Q6*&(**6'/*:!I/+%),&+6'/*AA%+&!

6CA!8%4'%$!2'.1/..'0%.!46+$!9,)+6&69,/+*!

CA!J%+4).'.!0(!J..'*%6$%&.!+%#!E$+,%'%*!J1&'9'&'$.!&'-90%+%.!21!9,)+6&69,/+*!

C6A!Q0.&-./,9$)!-!g/$.&'0%%+',$!^Q,'%&[8%4'%$_!

• E'&(*6/8!'/!9,)+6&69,/+*s!9%)&%9+6'/*!'/!;=>:!BKL!j!B>K!,/.!)%0,+%.!&)6+%)6,:!,+!+$%!%/.!'5!+$%!9)'&%**!

!

!C66A!<$6'-.&,/1&/,$#!"%&$,9'$O.!-!"%&$,9'$O!<1:$#/4$!

• #'!8,+$%)!5()+$%)!.,+,!5)'-!,!*%0%&+%.!*(278)'(9!!

R$&:0#.!0(!2+&+!J%+4).'.!D!!

Z,6/01!g/+4'&+&'9$!+%+4).'.!D!G'/+%/+!H/,01*6*!D!G'.6/8cG,+%8')6_6/8!

G'(0.!2%!*(990%-%/+%.!46+$!*'-%!2,*6&!F(,/+6+,+6C%!.,+,!,/,01*6*!+''A!

!

YA 5'6$!V,+6$!+%#!J1&'9'&)!<1:$#/4$!f!!!

B&+'2%)!D!]'C%-2%)!PYOR!7!! ! \0,//6/8:!>6+%),+()%!L%C6%4:!Q%C%0'96/8!I/*+)(-%/+*!

]'C%-2%)!7!PYOR!D!H9)60cZ,1!PYOT!7! I-90%-%/+,+6'/:!Q,+,!G'00%&+6'/!,/.!H/,01*6*!

• K,&$!#%,-!4600!/%%.!+'!.%C%0'9!+$%6)!'4/!H&+6C6+1!;&$%.(0%*A!!

173


!

OMT!!

HA "6;4$6$%&+&'0%!Q,01$#/,$!!

K,&$!#%,-!4600!*%0%&+!+$%6)!9,)+6&69,/+*!,/.!*&$%.(0%!,&+6C6+6%*!,&&').6/8!+'!+$%6)!+6-%!5),-%A!!W'4%C%):!*'-%!&'--'/!,*9%&+*!*$'(0.!2%!,.'9+%.:!,*!6/.6&,+%.!2%0'4A!

6A J%!8,'$%&+&'0%!B0,F.:0;!<'/%7.,1?!4600!2%!&'/.(&+%.!5')!%,&$!*%+!'5!*+(.%/+!9,)+6&69,/+*!7!E'&(*6/8!'/!I/+)'.(&6/8!+$%!*9%&656&!G'()*%:!;=>!,99)',&$:!B/06/%!,&&%**!6/!Z''.0%:!BKL:!>%,)/6/8!,&+6C6+6%*!,/.!H**%**-%/+!,&+6C6+6%*:!+$%6)!)'0%AAA%+&A!<#$6*!6*!6/&0(.%.!,/.!2(.8%+%.!5')!6/!+$%!H8)%%-%/+?!!

66A Q,$-</,9$)!+%#!Q0.&!</,9$)!g/$.&'0%%+',$.!&,/!2%!&'--'/!'/%*!+'!,00!#%,-*!7!H*!4%!,00!,)%!0''36/8!,+!+$%!*,-%!H*9%&+*cG)6+%)6,A!^%!&,/!$,C%!&'--'/!*%&+6'/*!,/.!65!/%&%**,)1:!*9%&656&!*%&+6'/*!)%0,+%.!+'!.655%)%/+!&'()*%*!,*!4%00A!

!666A H!&'--'/!5),-%4')3!&,/!2%!(*%.!<2,*%.!'/!+$%!H*9%&+*cG)6+%)6,!

6.%/+656%.?!+'!,/,01*%!+$%!,$(4$1&'9$!M0/,%+4.[0%4'%$!;+,&'1';+&'0%.[8%4'%$!#'.1/..'0%.[E$+,%'%*!J1&'9'&'$.[J..$..6$%&!J1&'9'&'$.AAA$&1A!6/!%,&$!&'()*%!

!6CA <$6'-.&,/1&/,$#!"%&$,9'$O.!<,8,6/!(*6/8!,!&'--'/!*&$%.(0%?!&,/!2%!

&'/.(&+%.!46+$!*%0%&+%.!9,)+6&69,/+*!'5!%,&$!&'()*%:!6/!,/!Q'40&!<&/#)!=9+4/+&'0%!O0,F.:0;!,+!+$%!%/.!'5!+$%!9)'&%**!!

!CA B/&%!,00!#%,-*!$,C%!&'00%&+%.!,/.!,/,01*%.!.,+,!,/.!9)%9,)%!.),5+!

)%9')+*:!+$%!V'%+4!Q,0M$1&!=9+4/+&'0%!B0,F.:0;!4600!2%!$%0.A!!