INTERNATIONALCOLLABORATIVE EXERCISES

Drug Analysis2014

ICE

Rou

nds 2

013/

2 an

d 20

14/1

Figure 1: Member States participating in the International Collaborative Exercises programme in 2013/2 and 2014/1. Note: the boundaries, names and delegations used do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This document has not been formally edited.

Introduction

An important part of the UNODC International Quality Assur-ance Programme (IQAP) is the implementation of the Interna-tional Collaborative Exercises (ICE). Participation in such exer-cises, inter-laboratory comparisons or proficiency tests is one of the essential elements for the implementation of a laboratory quality management system and ultimately accreditation. This is recognised by the International Organization for Standard-ization in ISO/IEC 17025-2005: “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories” as contrib-uting to assuring the quality of test results.

The UNODC ICE programme allows drug testing laboratories from both developing and developed countries to continuously monitor their performance on a global scale. The options avail-able for participation are in the analysis of drugs in Seized Ma-terials (SM) and in Biological Specimens (BS, specifically urine). Two rounds are offered per year with each round presenting participants with four different test samples for analysis in each test group.

Laboratories participating in the ICE programme can use an on-line portal for direct submission of results to UNODC. This en-ables participants to receive immediate confidential feedback from UNODC on their performance and greatly facilitates the implementation of the programme.

Upon completion of each ICE round, the analytical results are evaluated by UNODC and an International Panel of Forensic Sci-ence Experts which oversees the implementation of ICE and of-fers guidance and support in addressing relevant quality issues.

Following evaluation, summary reports of the performance of participating laboratories in both the SM and BS test groups are made available to participants through the ICE portal and the UNODC website. These summary reports allow participants to evaluate their performance while maintaining confidentiality.

Figure 2: Number of laboratories that have participated in the ICE programme since 2012/1.

Participation

The number of laboratories worldwide who participate in the ICE programme has continued to increase in recent years and there are now 183 laboratories from 59 Member States actively participating in the programme, representing an 11% increase in year on year participation. Figure 2 shows the participation of laboratories in the SM and BS test groups for all ICE rounds from 2012/1 up to the most recent 2014/1 round of the programme.

The continued increase in participation during 2014 is a result of the greater recognition globally of the importance of quality as-surance and the benefits of participation in the ICE programme. Focused technical assistance was also provided to more labora-tories in collaboration with regional forensic networks such as AFSN, AICEF and ENFSI and with support from UNODC staff in regional and country programmes.

It is recognised that some participants continue to have dif-ficulties with obtaining import authorization for the SM test samples and the reference samples for the SM and BS groups and this caused some delays in sending test samples and in the submission of results from a small number of laboratories.

116129 132 131

151

5462 58 62

72

0

40

80

120

160

2012/1 2012/2 2013/1 2013/2 2014/1

No.

of l

abor

ator

ies

ICE round

SM BS

Table 1: Composition of SM test samples, performance of participants and number of false positive and false negative results in ICE 2013/2 and 2014/1.

Test samples

Participating laboratories are requested to analyse four test samples in the SM group and/or four test samples in the BS group for the substances listed in the ICE menu. This menu cov-ers the controlled substances, certain new psychoactive sub-stances (NPS) and adulterants most commonly encountered in drug seizures. The ICE menu for the BS test group covers select-ed drugs of abuse, their metabolites and related compounds.

The composition of test samples within the ICE programme are designed to simulate actual casework encountered by forensic laboratories. In the SM group, the test samples are prepared in the Laboratory and Scientific Section of UNODC using dona-tions of seized materials from Member States, while the BS test samples are prepared using controlled substances, their metab-olites and related compounds in urine.

Laboratories are asked to analyse the test samples using the screening and confirmatory tests they routinely employ in case-work. These may range from simple techniques such as colour tests and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to more advanced methods such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). By recording the techniques they use, the laboratories are able to assess their performance against that of other labora-tories of similar capabilities and to identify any limitations of their performance compared with that of differently equipped laboratories. Indeed, the ICE programme is specifically designed as such to enable participation of laboratories with differing ca-pacities. Participants are requested to identify the substances in the test samples and in addition, are encouraged to report the purity or concentrations of the controlled drugs present in the test samples.

ICE results

Qualitative analysis

The data in Table 1 shows the composition of the SM test sam-ples in rounds 2013/2 and 2014/1 and gives the percentage of laboratories that correctly identified each test sample and the numbers of false positive and false negative results reported for controlled substances. Overall, the results for qualitative analy-sis within the SM test group in both rounds were excellent, with 93% and above of laboratories correctly identifying the con-trolled substances in each round.

While the number of false positive and false negative results reported through 2013/2 and 2014/1 was low in most test samples, laboratories who do report false positive or negative results should investigate the reasons for this and corrective ac-tions should be taken in order to continuously improve perfor-mance.

The qualitative performance of laboratories in the BS test group in 2013/2 and 2014/1 are shown in Table 2. Within the BS test group, the results were good in both rounds for the majority of test samples, given the inherently higher level of difficulty in the analysis of the low concentrations of drugs in biological specimens and the complexity of the matrix.

2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B) was in-troduced to the ICE menu for the BS test group in 2014 and 50% of participants identified its presence in 2013/2, while 49%

identified it in 2014/1. It is notable that in these two ICE rounds, 37% and 42% of participants respectively, did not carry out analyses for 2C-B. GHB, present as a test sample in ICE 2013/2 for the second consecutive time was correctly identified by 29% of participants and 47% of labs did not carry out analysis for this substance which, in March 2013, was transferred from schedule IV to schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psycho-tropic Substances, 1971.

Quantitative analysis

Quantification of test samples within the ICE programme is not compulsory, however, laboratories who do so are encour-aged to quantify all test samples (depending on jurisdictional requirements) in order to get a better measure of their perfor-mance over time. z-scores are a statistical parameter used in proficiency tests and collaborative exercises as a measure of performance in quantitative analysis.

Table 2: Composition of BS test samples, performance of participants and num-ber of false positive and false negative results in ICE 2013/2 and 2014/1.

Test

Sam

ple

Cont

ents

(ng/

ml)

Robu

st A

vera

ge

Re

port

ed (n

g/m

l)

Corr

ect

Iden

tifica

tion

(%)

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse P

ositi

ves

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse N

egati

ves

2013/2 BS-1 2C-B (1590) 1487 50 6 5

2013/2 BS-2 GHB (14360) 10913 29 2 9

2013/2 BS-3 Metamfetamine (3450) 3309 94 3 5

2013/2 BS-3 Amfetamine (1150) 1161 87 3 5

2013/2 BS-4 Blank - - 0 -

2014/1 BS-1 Benzoylecgonine (8060) 7651 79 1 7

2014/1 BS-1 Cocaine (3450) 3440 86 1 1

2014/1 BS-1 Methylecgonine (2300) 2009 65 1 7

2014/1 BS-2 6-MAM (17320) 15117 85 4 4

2014/1 BS-2 Codeine (1160) 1166 85 4 5

2014/1 BS-2 Morphine (170) 1719 86 4 4

2014/1 BS-3 11-nor-∆9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (230) 191 89 0 1

2014/1 BS-4 2C-B (1590) 1208 49 0 7

Test

Sam

ple

Cont

ents

(%

pur

ity)

Robu

st A

vera

ge

Repo

rted

(%)

Corr

ect I

denti

fi-ca

tion

(%)

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse P

ositi

ves

Num

ber o

f

Fa

lse N

egati

ves

2013/2 SM-1 Heroin (38.6) 36.5 98 2 2

2013/2 SM-2 Amfetamine (4.9) 5.5 95 7 6

2013/2 SM-3 mCPP (82.1) 82.3 94 7 1

2013/2 SM-4 Lactose - 68 2 -

2014/1 SM-1 mCPP (40.1) 33.5 93 4 4

2014/1 SM-2 Metamfetamine (73.6) 73.8 98 3 3

2014/1 SM-3 Ketamine (16.1) 16.5 97 2 2

2014/1 SM-4 Cocaine (75.8) 78.0 99 1 0

Figure 3: z-score plot for ICE 2014/1 SM-1 (33.5% mCPP). Each Bar represents the z-score of a laboratory who performed quantitation and the lines indicates the level below which z-scores are considered satisfactory, questionable and unsatisfactory.

Following a recommendation from the In-ternational Panel of Forensic Science Ex-perts and in order to allow ICE participants to interpret their z-scores in line with rec-ommendations in ISO 13528:2005 and ISO/IEC guide 43-1:1997(E), UNODC have intro-duced an revision to the method used to calculate the z-scores (z = (x-X)/ σ̂).where x = result of participant, X = assigned value of component being quantified and σ̂ is the standard deviation.

One of the methods recommended in ISO 13528:2005 for determining the assigned value X is to use the consensus value from participants. The standard deviation of the results of participants is also used.Initial estimates of X and σ known as x* and s* are calculated as:x* = median of xi (i = 1,2,……p) where p = number of participantss* = 1.483 median of │xi-x*│

Using these estimates, an iterative calcula-tion (for details see ISO13528:2005, Annex C) is carried out to determine the final val-ues of the robust average (x*) and robust standard deviation (s*) and the z-scores are calculated as

z = (xi-x*)/s*Consequently z-scores can be interpreted by participants in line with ISO 13528:2005, section 7.4.2 and as follows:

|z| < 2 = satisfactory2 ≤ |z| ≤ 3 = questionable

|z| > 3 = unsatisfactory

According to the recommendations in ISO 13528:2005, an unsatisfactory z-score is considered to give an action signal and a questionable z-score is considered to give a warning signal. A single action signal or warning signal in two successive rounds shall be taken that an anomaly has oc-curred that requires investigation.

Table 3: Complete list of z-scores for participating laboratories (with their lab code) within the SM test group in 2013/2 and 2014/1. Asterisks indicate that quantification was not performed or that the labora-tory did not participate in that particular round of ICE.

-3.1 -2

.8-1

.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.5

-1.5 -1

.1-1

.1-1

.1-1

.1 -0.9

-0.9

-0.9 -0

.4-0

.4-0

.4 -0.2

-0.2

-0.2

-0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.2 0.3

0.3 0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 0.6 0.6

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8 1.

1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.

63.

0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1172

318

713

981

186

1236

714

258

518

9155

1424

914

282

1189

981

00 521

1493

651

510

242

1461

911

474

1378

913

804

1451

294

77 701

149

1272

610

581

529

1331

214

115

121

752

415

213

266

713

560

113

8227 18

181

2313

374

110

506

510

1046

610

152

718

8

ICE 2013/2 ICE 2014/1 ICE 2013/2 ICE 2014/1SM-1 SM-2 SM-3 SM-1 SM-2 SM-3 SM-4 SM-1 SM-2 SM-3 SM-1 SM-2 SM-3 SM-4

lab

code

Her

oin

Amfe

tam

ine

1-(3

-Chl

orop

heny

l)pip

eraz

ine

1-(3

-Chl

orop

heny

l)pip

eraz

ine

Met

amfe

tam

ine

Keta

min

e

Coca

ine

lab

code

Her

oin

Amfe

tam

ine

1-(3

-Chl

orop

heny

l)pip

eraz

ine

1-(3

-Chl

orop

heny

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ine

Met

amfe

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ine

Keta

min

e

Coca

ine

101 0.3 2.1 * 1.4 1.0 -0.3 -0.2 10262 1.5 0.8 3.6 * -2.7 2.7 0.1104 0.1 * * * * * 0.0 10267 -1.4 0.2 0.3 * * * *108 0.6 * * * * * * 10272 -2.6 4.3 * * * * *110 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.7 10282 -0.7 0.8 * * 0.3 -0.8 -1.4113 -1.0 0.1 -0.4 0.7 0.3 -0.1 0.3 10297 0.7 0.8 * * 0.2 0.7 -1.2137 * * * * * * 0.5 10411 1.3 0.2 * * -0.9 * 0.1139 * * * * * * -1.4 10413 1.3 1.8 * * -0.3 -0.0 -0.3140 -3.3 3.4 * * * * * 10466 * * * 1.3 0.5 0.5 -2.7141 -0.0 0.5 -0.1 0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.2 10531 * * * * -0.2 -1.1 *149 -0.3 -2.2 -0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 10581 -0.2 0.3 * 0.2 -2.2 -0.3 -0.2151 0.7 -0.6 -1.6 0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 11159 -1.0 1.2 * * * * *152 0.0 -0.5 -0.6 0.5 0.0 -0.2 -0.0 11224 2.1 22.5 0.9 * * * *157 -0.4 -0.2 * * * * * 11474 0.4 0.1 -0.5 -0.2 0.7 -0.0 -0.3161 -0.5 * * * * * -1.2 11635 -0.5 * 0.2 * * * *180 9.1 7.3 * * -9.4 1.8 3.6 11662 * * * * -17.5 -4.3 -15.9181 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 -0.6 1.3 11723 13.5 -0.9 -7.6 -3.1 1.4 -5.5 -3.8186 0.7 0.7 -2.4 -1.8 1.5 2.5 0.0 11887 0.9 -0.7 0.1 * * * *187 3.5 56.4 * -2.8 -0.5 0.3 -2.2 11899 0.2 1.0 -0.1 -1.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.7188 0.7 -0.6 3.3 3.0 1.5 * -1.4 11915 -0.3 1.0 0.7 * * * *202 -0.2 * * * * * * 12176 -1.7 * * * * * -6.9204 -1.3 0.2 * * * * -0.5 12252 * * * * * * 0.2211 0.3 -0.1 * * 0.2 0.8 -0.1 12288 -0.6 -1.7 * * 4.1 * 0.9212 1.1 0.7 * * -1.0 * 0.5 12312 -0.3 0.6 -13.3 * * * *215 0.7 -0.6 * * 0.6 * -1.6 12357 -1.6 -0.5 * * * * *217 * * * 0.5 -0.4 * -0.3 12365 * * * * * * 2.4506 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 12366 -0.2 * * * * * 1.6510 7.8 1.7 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 2.4 12367 -2.6 -3.7 * -1.7 3.6 2.5 0.6515 * * * -0.4 -0.7 -0.1 -1.0 12373 * * * * -0.9 3.4 *518 * * * -1.5 -0.3 0.3 1.8 12379 * * * * * * -0.3521 -0.4 -3.2 0.1 -0.9 -14.5 -2.1 0.1 12481 -0.8 0.2 * * -0.3 0.3 -0.5524 0.1 0.3 -0.5 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.7 12490 -0.2 -0.1 * * -0.4 -0.6 -0.9527 * * * 1.6 3.3 0.7 1.5 12509 -7.7 -0.6 * * * * *529 2.2 0.9 -2.1 0.3 -1.9 -0.1 0.4 12511 -3.3 * * * 2.7 * 2.9533 1.7 * * * * * 0.5 12563 * * * * -1.0 0.3 0.5560 * * * 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.3 12569 * * * * * * -0.2701 1.1 -0.5 4.2 0.1 1.0 -1.2 -0.0 12726 -2.9 -0.0 -1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8703 0.3 -0.6 * * -1.0 0.8 -0.7 12791 -0.2 -1.5 * * -0.3 * -0.3713 -1.8 0.1 -0.5 0.6 -0.3 -1.0 -0.4 12913 * * * * * * -0.7714 0.5 * * * -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 13256 2.0 -0.6 * * * * 1.4754 -0.8 0.5 * * -0.5 -1.0 0.3 13266 -0.6 0.2 -0.7 0.6 -0.3 -0.4 0.3

8100 -0.4 0.1 -0.2 -0.9 -0.1 0.0 1.3 13272 * * * * * * 1.68120 * * * * * * -1.9 13312 0.2 0.2 * 0.3 1.4 -0.4 -1.28122 7.0 -0.1 4.6 * * 5.9 0.5 13374 4.2 * 3.8 0.8 * -0.8 -2.78123 -0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.8 -0.1 -0.5 0.0 13416 -1.7 -0.6 * * -1.6 -1.2 0.48221 -0.7 0.1 * * 0.6 * 0.5 13485 * * * * 1.6 1.3 -4.28222 -0.2 -0.6 * * -0.5 * 0.2 13621 -0.1 * * * * * *8223 -0.7 -0.6 * * -0.2 * 0.7 13672 * * * * 5.8 -4.2 3.58224 0.7 -0.6 * * -0.2 * 0.0 13782 0.7 * * * * * 0.98227 0.6 -0.5 0.3 0.7 -0.1 -0.4 -0.2 13789 0.2 -1.1 0.4 -0.2 0.4 -1.0 0.68292 -0.0 * * * * * 0.3 13804 0.3 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.28555 -6.2 -4.0 * * -1.0 * 0.0 13970 -0.6 1.5 * * * * *9155 12.9 * * -1.1 1.3 -3.3 2.5 13981 -5.3 -0.1 * -1.8 * * *9174 * * * * * * -1.4 14160 * * * * 1.7 * -1.49175 0.4 * * * * * 0.5 14249 * * * -1.1 -0.7 -4.1 -0.39193 -0.4 2.2 -5.9 * * * * 14258 * * * -1.5 3.1 2.0 -10.19194 0.2 -2.0 * * 0.1 * -0.2 14267 * * * * 0.6 * 0.59249 0.1 0.0 * * -0.3 * 0.6 14282 * * * -1.1 2.3 2.1 3.69251 1.9 0.7 * * 1.1 * 0.9 14323 * * * * * * -0.69477 * * * 0.1 -0.2 8.4 5.2 14377 * * * * * 2.5 0.09563 -0.0 * * * -0.9 2.1 * 14458 * * * * * * 2.79564 -0.3 * * * * * * 14512 * * * -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.29579 * * * * * * -0.0 14619 * * * -0.4 -1.0 -0.9 -1.9

10232 -1.0 1.0 0.5 * * * * 14638 * * * * -16.4 1.5 -2.310242 0.5 -0.1 * -0.4 -0.0 0.2 -0.2 14772 * * * * * -1.4 0.210252 -0.3 1.2 * * -0.2 0.3 -0.8 14936 * * * -0.9 -1.3 4.2 -1.2

Figure 4: z-score plot for 2014/1 BS-1 (7651ng/ml benzoylecgonine). Each Bar represents the z-score of a laboratory who performed quantitation and the lines indicates the level below which z-scores are considered satisfactory, question-able and unsatisfactory.

Table 4: Complete list of z-scores for participating laboratories (with their lab code) within the BS test group in 2013/2 and 2014/1. Asterisks indicate that quantification was not performed or that the laboratory did not participate in that particular round of ICE.

A comprehensive list of the performance of all laboratories that performed quantitative analysis during ICE 2013/2 and 2014/1 is given in Tables 3 and 4 using the revised method of calcula-tion of the z-scores for the results of the 2014-1 round.

This information enables laboratories to compare their indi-vidual quantitative performance with all other participants. Laboratories whose results are classified as outliers should in-vestigate the cause and take appropriate corrective action, with support from UNODC, if required.

z-score plots are also provided to all participants in the sum-mary report after each ICE round. Typical plots for ICE 2014/1 SM-1 (33.5% mCPP) and 2014/1 BS-1 (7651ng/ml benzoylec-gonine) are shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Participants who obtained questionable or unsatisfactory z-scores are high-lighted in amber and red respectively.

New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)

During the 2013/2 and 2014/1 rounds of ICE, participants pro-vided 456 reports of the identification of 195 different NPS in their laboratories. As illustrated in figure 5, synthetic can-nabinoids corresponded to 35.5% of all reports followed by phenethylamines (21.9%) and synthetic cathinones (19.5%).

The most commonly reported substance was 25I-NBOMe fol-lowed by 25C-NBOMe and Methylone. UNODC would like to thank ICE participants for providing this information and en-courage them to use the UNODC early warning advisory on NPS accessbile through their ICE portal accounts to submit reports of NPS that they detect as this information enables UNODC to more effectively target the assistance it provides to forensic laboratories.

35.5

21.9

19.5

8.3

4.82.2 2.03.9 0.4

Synthetic cannabinoids Phenethylamines

Synthetic cathinones Others/unknown

Ketamine and phencyclidine-type substances Piperazines

Tryptamines Plant-based substances

Aminoindanes

Figure 5: New psychoactive substances reported by ICE participants during the 2013/2 and 2014/1 rounds of the ICE programme.

-2.2

-1.4 -1

.2

-0.8 -0

.7 -0.4 -0

.2

-0.2 -0.1

-0.1

0.2

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6 0.

7 0.7 0.

9 1.0

1.0 1.

3

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1272

5

510

1341

6

1137

7

9366

1189

9

328

1229

0

330

1395

7

529

215

761

1165

7

1236

7

181

8555 34

2

1223

1

751

1274

4

348

-4.4

ICE 2013/2 ICE 2014/1BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4

lab

code

2C-B

GHB

Amfe

tam

ine

Met

amfe

tam

ine

Benz

oyle

cgon

ine

Coca

ine

Met

hyle

cgon

ine

6-M

AM

Code

ine

Mor

phin

e

11-n

or-∆

9-TH

C-9-

carb

oxyl

ic a

cid

2C-B

137 * * * * * 4.1 * * * * * *181 * * -0.5 -0.0 0.6 -0.7 -0.4 0.3 0.7 2.7 -1.1 *215 * 1.6 0.3 1.2 0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.6 0.3 -0.1 -0.8 *321 * * * -0.1 * * * * * * -1.1 *328 0.1 -0.1 -0.9 0.0 -0.4 -0.4 * -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.4 1.0330 -2.8 -0.6 -0.9 -1.0 -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -0.9 -0.1 0.2332 * * 24.3 * * * * * * * * *342 * * * * 0.7 * * * * * 0.9 *346 * * * 1.4 * * 0.5 1.3 1.7 -0.1 * *348 * * 1.7 2.6 1.3 1.8 2.7 -2.4 -4.6 -1.2 -0.2 *510 0.4 0.8 -0.1 0.3 -2.2 0.5 * 0.1 -0.1 5.8 1.7 *529 -1.1 0.3 -0.4 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.1 0.1 -0.0 -0.8 0.3 -0.5751 * 0.0 0.1 -0.0 1.0 -0.0 -0.5 -0.4 2.0 -0.6 0.3 -0.0754 -0.3 -0.1 -0.3 -0.4 * * -1.1 * 0.5 * -0.0 0.4761 * * -0.3 0.4 0.5 * * 0.6 -0.1 11.8 1.4 *

8555 2.0 1.4 -0.2 3.0 0.7 1.4 1.1 2.5 2.0 9.8 -0.7 -1.99193 0.7 * * * * * * * * * * *9357 * * * * * -4.3 * * * * * *9366 * * 11.6 -1.6 -0.8 1.6 0.1 0.4 -1.4 -0.8 -1.0 1.29582 -0.4 * -0.2 -0.5 * * * * * * * *

10531 * * * * * * * * * * -1.4 *11544 0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.6 * * * * * * * *11635 -1.9 -2.7 -2.2 -3.3 -1.2 * * -1.6 -3.6 -0.5 -2.7 0.111657 * * -0.1 -0.2 0.5 * * * 0.6 13.4 0.3 *11899 * * -0.6 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 * -2.8 -1.5 -0.7 0.5 *12231 5.9 * 0.8 2.3 0.9 -0.3 * 0.3 -2.2 -0.9 -0.3 -1.412290 * -2.3 -0.5 0.1 -0.2 * 2.7 2.1 0.2 -0.3 0.5 *12367 * * -2.0 -2.8 0.6 -1.9 -2.4 -0.9 -0.3 1.8 -0.7 *12563 * * * * * 0.5 * 0.4 0.5 -0.8 1.5 *12725 * * -2.1 -3.3 -4.4 7.0 -3.0 1.4 2.7 23.2 3771.8 *12744 * * 1.1 0.3 1.0 0.2 * -0.9 -2.0 10.2 0.6 *12812 * * 11.2 5.4 * * * * * * * *13416 * * 7.0 0.2 -1.4 -1.3 * 0.3 0.2 -0.5 0.7 *13734 * * * * * * * * * -1.1 * *13957 * * 2.1 -2.9 -0.1 0.1 * -1.8 0.4 0.8 -0.1 *14458 * * * * * -4.2 * * * * * *

35.5%

21.9%

19.5%

8.3%

4.8%2.2%

2.0% 3.9% 0.4%

Acknowledgements:This report was produced by UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Section (LSS) under the supervision of Dr. Justice Tettey. The contributions of the UNODC Interna-tional Panel of Forensic Experts (Drs. Pirjo Lillsunde, Angeline Yap Tiong Whei and Mr. Marvin Salas, M.Sc.), Dr. Iphigenia Naidis and the core ICE team (Dr. Conor Crean, Mr. Antony Madhavapallil, and Ms. Fernanda Rossi Iriondo) are gratefully acknowledged.

UNODC would like to acknowledge the financial and/or material support from the Governments of Canada, Finland, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom to the UNODC drug analysis laboratory.

Additional informationIf you have comments or questions related to this report, please e-mail us at UNODC-ICE@unodc.org or Lab@unodc.org. Additional information on the ICE pro-gramme and other UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Section programmes can be found via the internet at www.unodc.org, or by writing to UNODC at the Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866. February 2014 Suggested citation: ICE Drug Analysis Report, 2014, UNODC.