international journal of analysis of electrical machines vol 2 issue 1
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International Journal of
Analysis of Electrical Machines
IJAEM
JAN – JUNE 2016
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International Journal of Analysis of
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Focus and Scope of the Journal! Permanent magnet DC machines
! Induction and synchronous motors
! High voltage machines
! Power converters and inverters
! Future energy generations
! Electromechanical couple machines
! Electrical machines and power systems
! Motion control and motors
! Nano and Bio-electrical systems
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Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr Sabha Raj Arya Department of Electrical Engineering,S.V. National institute of Technology,
Surat, India
Manish Kumar Srivastava Department Electrical Engineering,
Allahabad Institute of Engineering and Technology, Allahabad, India
Dr. Ganesh Kumar SrinivasanAnna University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Imayavaramban Munuswamy Power Electronic and Drives
Electric Pipeline Corporation, USA
Dr. Sanjevi Kumar PadmanabanDepartment of Electronics Engineering, Indian
School of Mines Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Dr. A Rameshkumar Surendra Institute Of Engineering and
Management, Dhukuria, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
Dr. Mallikarjuna Rao PasumarthiDepartment Of Electrical Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Vijay Raj Singh Physics, Boston University,
Boston, US
Hemant Kumar Nayak Department Of Mechanical Engineering,
NIST,Palur Hills, Berhampur, Bhubaneswar, India
Sudhir Pulambrikar Electrical Engineering Department,
Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, India
Vijay Bhuria Department of Electrical Engineering,
Madhav Institute of Technology and Science,Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines. This journal is part of
the Analysis of Electrical Machines, and is devoted to the scope of present Electrical
Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the
validation of emerging technologies.
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International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines focuses on original high-quality research in the
realm of Analysis of Electrical Machines Engineering Permanent magnet DC machines, Induction and
synchronous motors, high voltage machines, Power converters and inverters, Future energy generations,
Electromechanical couple machines, Electrical machines and power systems, Motion control and motors,
Nano and Bio-electrical systems.
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Control System and solutions in the area.
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readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electrical Engineering.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Sensorless Direct Torque and Speed Control of BLDC Motor S. Kaliappan, R. Rogini 1
2. Realistic Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Single-Sided Linear Induction Motor T. Sandhya, K. Sri Chandan, P. Mallikarjuna Rao 9
3. Increasing the Efficiency of Automobile by Using NanocolantAshok Rinwa, Arvind Mahla, Sourabh Soni 16
4. A Review of Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Diesel-Grid Connected Power Generation SystemRafat Qonain, Imran Khan, Shivley Sageer 22
5. Output Analysis of Asynchronous Generator-Based Wind TurbinesHitesh Verma, Hemant Kumar Sharma, Girijapati Sharma 34
6. Fuzzy Logic for Induction Motor Speed ControlDheeraj Joshi, Simmi Sharma 40
7. Simulation and Modeling of Wind Turbine, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator System and Five Level Diode Clamped Multilevel InverterPiyush Jain, Jeetu Khan, Vijay Bhuria 44
Contents
IJAEM (2016) 1-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Sensorless Direct Torque and Speed Control of BLDC Motor
S. Kaliappan, R. Rogini* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
Abstract
This paper provides a technical review of sensorless method for controlling Brushless Direct
Current (BLDC) motor drives. The performance and reliability of BLDC motor drivers have
been improved because the conventional control and sensing techniques have been replaced
through sensorless technology. With the help of SVPWM and PI controller dynamic stability
is obtained. This proposed scheme aims to cut down the lower order harmonics and torque
ripple in a BLDC motor and attain the stability in no time using sensorless technique. Here
sensorless advances are reviewed and recent developments in this area are introduced with
their inherent advantages and drawbacks. The study includes a deep overview of the back-
EMF sensing, which includes Terminal Voltage Sensing, Terminal Current Sensing, Back-
EMF and PWM strategies.
Keywords: BLDC motor, sensorless speed and torque control, SVPWM inverter
INTRODUCTION
Today the use of BLDC motor have
increased and it’s competing with
induction motor and DC motors. Brushless
DC motors (BLDC) are variable frequency
permanent magnet synchronous motors
having very similar torque speed
characteristics to that of DC motors that’s
why the name Brushless DC came. It has a
very wide area of applications due to their
higher efficiency and easy control
strategies. It requires an electronic circuit
for commutation instead of brushes. For
controlling the BLDC motors we use three
phase converters. In BLDC motors only
two phases are supplied and the third
phase is kept off. Two phases which are to
be supplied is determined on the basis of
the position of the rotor. Based on the
position of the rotor, switching devices in
the inverter are commutated for every 60
degree. Rotor position sensors are used to
sense the position of the rotor at every
instant of time whereas here sensorless
technique is introduced. Inverters are used
to convert dc power into ac power in
which controlled ac is the source to BLDC
motor. The output voltage and output
frequency of the inverter is changed as per
our requirement. The output waveform of
the inverter depends on the switching state
of the inverter. Studies are carried out for
meeting the requirement of inverters such
as reduce harmonic content in the output,
switching frequency of the inverter and
better consumption of the available dc
voltage. One of the most common methods
used for inverter switching is Pulse width
modulation (PWM) Techniques.[1,2]
In this
technique we control the output voltage by
varying the on-off time of the switching
elements in the inverter. Sinusoidal PWM
and Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) are the
most used techniques today in which
Sinusoidal PWM is the simplest and
mostly used but it has many flaws. The
newly invented Space Vector PWM
technique reduces these flaws such as it
IJAEM (2016) 9–15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Realistic Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Single-Sided Linear
Induction Motor
T. Sandhya1, K. Sri Chandan
2, P. Mallikarjuna Rao
1*
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Abstract
The concept of equivalent circuit representation including the end and edge effects of Linear
induction motor (LIM) is mandatory to use in analyzing the performance of the machine. In
this paper, conventional round rotor theory is extended to the analysis of LIM. The
longitudinal end effect and transverse edge effect coefficients are derived which are included
in the parameters that are mainly affecting the secondary resistance and the magnetizing
reactance. The total primary is sectionalized to show the intensity of the effects at each
section with respect to the position/movement of the secondary and developed a new
equivalent circuit model. The effect of input frequency and the secondary sheet thickness on
the thrust produced by LIM are analyzed. The physical interpretation for the performance
degradation due to end, edge and saturation effects is made. Results have been formulated
and validated with the existing literature.
Keywords: equivalent circuit parameters, linear induction motor (LIM), longitudinal end
effect, transverse edge effect, thrust
INTRODUCTION
Linear Motion is gaining momentum in the
present day automation industry. For the
machines utilizing linear motion has
proven that conversion efficiency is less.
So linear machines are again focused for
further investigation.
Linear machines are known for their high
thrust for shorter stoke play. Because of
higher efficiency and shorter stoke play,
Linear machines have typical applications
like launchers .The principle of Linear
machines is classified as Linear
Synchronous Machines (LSM), Linear
Induction Machines (LIM), Linear
Reluctance Machines(LRM). LIM mainly
has high initial thrust when compared with
other linear motors.
The focus of this article is on the design
and analysis of LIM. Linear induction
machine (LIM) is more realizable because
of its simple structure and low cost. LIM’s
are being actively investigated for use as a
variety of consumer applications having
contributed to an upsurge in interest in
linear machines. LIM works on the
principle of moving magnetic field i.e., the
force is produced by linearly moving
magnetic field acting on conductors in the
field.
Any conductor, be it a loop, a coil or
simply a piece of plate metal, that is placed
in this field will have eddy currents
induced in it thus creating an opposing
magnetic field, in accordance with Lenz's
law. The two opposing fields will repel
1. ID acte-00111
IJAEM (2016) 16–21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Increasing the Efficiency of Automobile by Using Nanocolant
Ashok Rinwa1*
, Arvind Mahla2, Sourabh Soni
3
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sobhasaria Engineering Collage Sikar, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
In the developing world there is the demand of efficiency and for the better efficiency of
automobile, cooling system play an important role. From the birth of an automobile, we are
using air or water for cooling and have many demerits. Now a day we are adding a host
component i.e. nanofluids which have higher thermal conductivity. Addition of nanofluid the
heat transfer capacity increase by 50–65%. The research is to improve the thermal
conductivity of nanofluid is mostly focused. These results, the improvement in thermal
conductivity, increase in heat transfer coefficient, increase in surface volume ratio etc.
presented in this paper, application of nanofluids as engine radiator cooling, challenges and
future scopes of nanofluids have been reviewed.
Keywords: cooling system, heat transfer capacity, surface volume ratio
INTRODUCTION
In the automobiles, the power were
generated by combustion of composite air
fuel mixture inside engine only. The power
send to the automobile for useful work, but
a part of power not used by automobiles
and dissipate by exhaust or heat. Heat is
not easily removed, so it cause increase in
engine temperature, overheating, viscosity
breakdown of the lubricating oil, increase
in engine component wear.
To overcome these the reversers provided
the air cooling fan and radiator and the
coolant be air or water. But these not much
efficient. As the thermal conductivity of
metal, non metal and liquid shown Figure
1 the coolant such as air, water, oil,
Ethylene glycol are the less heat transfer
capacity and the thermal conductivity of
the solid is greater than liquid so,
dispersion of solid particle in a given base
fluid is bounded to increase the thermal
conductivity.[4]
Then nanofluids project is
to reduce the size and weight of HV(heavy
vehicle) cooling system by >10% there by
increases fuel efficiency by >5%[1]
but it is
not enough to increase efficiency. So,
USA based research laboratory started to
prepare special kind of fluid by suspending
the particle size of 1-100 nm in base fluid
i.e. "Nano fluid" named by choi in 1995[2]
After the choi's concept presented, the
researches move toward the nano field
further they goes through characteristics
like mechanism, structure, application,
function, environment impact etc. choi and
Eastman have tried for the various metal
and their oxide at nano particle size
suspended into various based fluid.[2-5]
Eastman et al.[4]
reported that with base
fluid ethylene glycol nanofluids 0.3%
concentration of cooper particle can
enhanced up to 40% respect to base fluid.
Xie et al.[6]
nm sized Al2O3 then observed
higher thermal conductivity enhanced for
longer nano particles in Ethylene glycol
base fluid. Wang et al.[7]
used Al2O3
particles of size 28 nm in base fluid
IJAEM (2016) 22–33 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review of Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Diesel-Grid
Connected Power Generation System
Rafat Qonain1*
, Imran Khan1, Shivley Sageer
2
1AZAD IET, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 2SRMSCET, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper presents Importance of hybrid power system. This paper depicts model and
simulation of a renewable energy based hybrid power system for improving power quality
because optimal utilization of primary energy sources will increase the level of supply
reliability. The combination of Grid, Photo Voltaic (PV) Array System, and Diesel generator
systems are used for power generation. Due to variation in output power of solar panel,
Diesel engine is also coupled to ensure reliable supply under all conditions. The results
shows that the proposed hybrid power system can effectively manage the optimal utilization
of primary energy sources and improves the power quality in an islanding as well as grid
connected mode.
Keywords: diesel grid connected system, homer software, solar photovoltaic, RETs
INTRODUCTION
Grid
Grid exists as the main power component
in this hybrid system. Moreover, grid has
the functions as a storage system, so a grid
power system does not need a battery.[1-3]
Diesel Generator
Diesel generator is one of the elements of
hybrid system described in this paper. A
diesel generator is an engine which use
diesel as the prime mover to generate
electric energy. It supplies the load when
there is less supply from renewable energy
sources than demand for an efficient,
continuous, and reliable customers’ energy
demand. The following figure, Figure 1
shows the schematic of a diesel generator.
Fig. 1. Schematic of Diesel Generator with Constant Engine Speed.
IJAEM (2016) 34–39 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Output Analysis of Asynchronous Generator-Based Wind
Turbines
Hitesh Verma, Hemant Kumar Sharma*, Girijapati Sharma
Department of Electrical Engineering, BSA College of Engineering & Technology, Mathura, India
Abstract
This paper is based on the “The bulk power generation & transmission by the asynchronous
generator based wind turbines”. In modern scenario wind turbines farm are also considered
as a bulk power generation plants. In this configuration the turbine is allowed to rotate at its
optimal aerodynamic speed, resulting in a wild AC output from the machine. The simulation
proves the excellent result as the performance of wind turbine during healthy condition.
Keywords: AG (asynchronous generator), WT (wind turbine), GSC (generator side
converter), RSC (rotor side converter)
INTRODUCTION
However the renewable energy conversion
into electrical energy by high efficiency is
not so easy. Electrical power generation
from solar & wind is the most prominent
example of renewable energy system.
The wind energy has its origin in
mechanical movements of the air, a wind
turbine is electromechanical converter thus
the mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy. The wind turbine
generators are formed by various rating
machines from KW to several MW, with
limited speed control by using modern
power electronic devices.[1-5]
Over the past
three decades, the high penetration of wind
power in power systems has been closely
associated with the progress of wind
turbine technology and control methods of
wind turbine.[6-10]
The output of the Wind Power Plant is
based upon the characteristics & efficiency
of the wind turbine generators, such that
the controllability of the generator also
plays a vital role. In this paper efforts are
done to compensate the variability of wind
turbine and optimize the proper
characteristic & maximum efficiency of
the wind turbine generator.[11-15]
.
Through the model developed in this paper
it is expected to be used for the simulation
of all types of induction generator
configuration. Induction machine is
modeled in vectorised form in the
synchronous reference frame. A complete
simulation model is developed for the
induction machine in wind power
generation systems in operation speed
changing devices using MATLAB
Simulink software.
WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
The wind turbine operation is based on two
very well-known processes. The first one
covers the conversion of kinetic energy of
air into mechanical energy. It is
accomplished by means of aerodynamic
rotor blades and a typical methodology of
mechanical power control. The other
process is electromechanical energy
conversion through a generator, which is
transmitted to the grid.
IJAEM (2016) 40–43 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 40
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Fuzzy Logic for Induction Motor Speed Control
Dheeraj Joshi*, Simmi Sharma
Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, DTU, Delhi, India
Abstract
Induction motor is an electrical machine which is used in industrial applications like hybrid
vehicles, paper and textile mills, robotics and wind generation systems. These applications
utilize inherent advantages of induction motor such as its simple construction, robustness,
reliability, low cost and low maintenance needs. Most of its applications require control
techniques. This paper presents an intelligent speed control method based on fuzzy logic. A
rule based Mamdani type fuzzy logic controller is applied. Fuzzy logic toolbox is used as
software development tool.
Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Induction motor, Simulink, Speed control.
INTRODUCTION
The main advantage of fuzzy logic
controller when compared to the
conventional controller is that no
mathematical model is required for the
controller design. Induction motors have
competed with dc motors and have
replaced them in high-performance control
areas. Like in DC motors, the field-
oriented control made induction motor
drives are similar to separately excited DC
motor drives in the independent control of
flux and torque by means of coordinate
transformation and rotor flux vector
orientation.[1-3]
Most of the electromechanical actuators in
industry are driven by induction motors.
An induction motor is widely used due to
its ruggedness, price, ease of maintenance
and reliability.[4-6]
However, the induction
motor possess non-linear and time varying
dynamic interactions.[4]
A large amount of
variable speed drives and industrial
applications use induction motor in V/Hz
ratio control mode.[7]
An interesting
problem is how best to implement the
intelligent control for these issues.FLC can
be successfully used to control complex
systems where precise modelling is
difficult. It has been analyzed that that
dynamic performance of electric drives as
well as robustness with respect to
parameter variations can be improved by
adopting the nonlinear speed control
techniques like those provided by fuzzy
control. On fuzzy set theory, the most
important fuzzy inference system methods
are Mamdani[8]
and T-S.[9]
Mamdani
method is intuitive and it is well suited to
human knowledge meanwhile T-S method
is computationally efficient and it is suited
with mathematical analysis.[10,11]
FLC has proven effective for complex,
non-linear and inaccurately defined
processes for which standard model based
control techniques are impractical or
impossible. This paper shows how to use
fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB to solve
an induction motor problem and also
compares the results obtained by FLC with
theoretically obtained values.
IJAEM (2016) 44–49 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 44
International Journal of Analysis of Electrical Machines Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Simulation and Modeling of Wind Turbine, Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator System and Five Level Diode Clamped
Multilevel Inverter
Piyush Jain*, Jeetu Khan, Vijay Bhuria Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,
India
Abstract
In the wind energy conservation system, the wind turbine captures the wind energy. Then the
generator changes it to the electrical power. Wind turbines are classified into two types as
fixed speed wind turbine and variable speed wind turbine. Variable speed wind turbines yield
more energy than the fixed speed wind turbines, reduce power fluctuations. This paper
presents the model and control schemes of a variable speed wind turbine with permanent
magnet synchronous generator. This model includes a PMSG model, a wind turbine model, a
drive train model, three phase diode rectifier, dc to dc boost converter and three phase diode
clamped inverter. The power conversion system topology is explained and electrical model of
each component is presented. Based on this electrical model, a simulation model of system
has done. The simulation was implemented in power system simulation tools in MATLAB
SIMULINK.
Keywords: diode clamped multilevel inverter, PMSG, renewable energy, variable speed
wind turbine, wind energy conversion system
INTRODUCTION
As we all know due to environment
concern the Wind based systems are
mostly used in the field of power
generation. Hence, a vast Research is
going on to increase the power and
efficiency of wind power plant and
decrease the cost and losses of the system.
Wind power mainly depends on weather
and geographic conditions and varies from
time to time. Hence it is necessary to
construct a system that can generate
maximum power for all operating
conditions Modern wind turbines are very
advanced machine they can generate
power for all operating conditions. Two
configurations used for wind energy
conversion system: (i) standalone system,
(ii) grid connected systems. In standalone
systems direct load is supplied it is mainly
used in the remote areas and in grid
connected systems power is fed to the grid
and then distributed to the load. Utility
system guarantees a backup power in
situations where wind availability is
insufficient.[1,2]
As the penetration of wind power
increases, integrating large wind farms to
power grids and the relevant influences on
the host grids needs to be carefully
investigated. So, accurate and reliable
model of variable speed wind turbine
generators are urgently needed for power
system simulation analysis. In order to
achieve variable speed operation, a power
electronic converter interface is used to
connect the generator to the grid as
International Journal of
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JAN – JUNE 2016
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