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International Journal of

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

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Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its Performance and Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms

U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani 1

2. Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas Turbine Power Plant S.O. Oyedepo, R.O. Fagbenle, S.S. Adefila, M.M. Alam 11

3. Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor of a Conventional Locomotive – A Case StudyRavi Shankar, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma 36

4. Review on Vibration Problems in TurbomachineryPriyanka Garg 52

5. Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine TestingPriyanka Garg 56

Contents

IJIECGT (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder

SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its Performance and

Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms

U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Abstract This work is based on single cylinder SI engine based generator,which basically works on

Gasoline and LPG in Dual fuel mode. The main purpose of this work is to use Alternative

fuel, for reducing the emissions of the generator in dual fuel mode. As the engine is dedicated

to Gasoline engine,which is conventional fuel. So power is comparativily increasing in case

of gasoline engine,but emissions are more as compared to Alternative fuels. Since alternative

fuel is having less number of carbon atoms. So, less formation of NOx, HC and CO emissions

occurs. Our main focus is on emission formation. We are trying to reduce the emissions as

per the future emission norms. Although power is comparatively going down in case of

alternative fuel,but emission formation are less. So in order to investigate the performance

and emissions charecteristics we are using AVL boost software for predicting the

performance of SI engine and emissions,when using the engine in dual fuel mode.

Keywords: alternative fuels, AVL boost, emissions, SI engine, simulation

INTRODUCTION

Most of the natural gas is found in the

upper part of the oilwells or gas wells.It

mainly consists of methane (75% to 95%)

with small quantities of

ethane,propane,and higher hydrocarbons.It

may also contain small quantities of

nitrogen,carbon dioxide and hydrogen

sulphide.It is nearly odourless and

colourless. During the refining process of

petroleum,considerable amount of propane

and butane gases are produced.Propane

gas liquifies at 8.8 bar and butane gas

liquifies at 2.1 bar at atmospheric

temperature of 21.1C. Natural-gas

processing is a complex industrial process

designed to clean raw natural gas by

separating impurities and various non-

methane hydrocarbons and fluids to

produce what is known as pipeline quality

dry natural gas. [1]

The liquified gas can be

stored in steel cylinders and these gases

are suitable for domestic and industrial

applications. A powerful odorant, Ethyl

Mercaptan is added, in order to detect leak

on the container (tank) or at any

connection, it made leaking can be easily

detected. It is generally accepted that the

emission form a LPG powered vehicle are

less than those from the unleaded petrol

(ULP) fuelled equivalent.[2–12]

Result from corroborated by Klausmeier

and Billick[4]

Wu et al.[5]

and Newkirk et

al.[6]

presented measured data showing that

NOx emission from LPG fuels are lower

compared to ULP. It is also comparably

light and cost effective. Ceviz and Yuksel

in their study on cyclic variation on LPG

when fuelled as lean burn SI engine is

IJICEGT (2016) 11–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines

Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas

Turbine Power Plant

S.O. Oyedepo1*, R.O. Fagbenle

2, S.S. Adefila

3, M.M. Alam

4

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

4Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute

of Technology, Shenzhen, China

Abstract

In this study, thermodynamics modelling of gas turbine engine is performed based on

thermodynamic relations. The thermodynamic model reveals that the influence of operating

parameters including the compression ratio, turbine inlet temperature and ambient

temperature has significant effect on the performance of gas turbine engine. Energy and

exergy analyses were conducted to evaluate performance of the selected power plant and to

assess the effect of operating parameters on energy loss and exergy destruction in the plant.

Energy analysis shows that the turbine has the highest proportion of energy loss (31.98%) in

the plant. The exergy analysis results reveal that the combustion chamber is the most exergy

destructive component compared to other cycle components. In addition, it was found that

increase in the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT) decreases the exergy destruction of this

component. The effects of design parameters on exergy efficiency show that an increase in

the compression ratio and TIT increase the total exergy efficiency of the cycle due to a rise in

the output power of the turbine and a decrease in the combustion chamber losses. The overall

exergetic efficiency of the plant decreased with increased ambient temperature. It was found

that a 5 K rise in ambient temperature resulted in a 1.03% decrease in the overall exergetic

efficiency of the plant. Based on the results of this research work, the possible economical

methods and technologies to improve performance of the selected gas turbine power plant

are suggested.

Keywords: ambient temperature, energy analysis, exergy analysis, gas turbine engine,

simulation

INTRODUCTION

Energy is an important factor in wealth

generation, economic and social

development in any nation. Based on

historical data, there is a strong

relationship between economic activities

and availability of energy resources. [1]

Gas turbines have come to play a

significant role in distributed energy

systems due to its multi-fuel capability,

compact size and low environmental

impact and reduced operational and

maintenance cost. Growing demand of

power and degradation of environment has

made gas turbine power plants of scientific

interest for the efficient utilization of

energy resources. [2]

A gas turbine as a device designed to

convert the heat energy of fuel into useful

work is different from steam turbine in the

sense that there is no change of phase in



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Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air

Compressor of a Conventional Locomotive – A Case Study

Ravi Shankar*, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Abstract

Reciprocating air compressor is the most widely used type of compressor found in many

industrial applications and is a crucial machine in gas transmission pipelines, petrochemical

plants, refineries, etc. Due to high pressure ratio requirements, reciprocating air compressor

is commonly used in locomotives. After a period of life unexpected failures of internal

components due to miscellaneous reasons occur, which affects the operating system

performance. This paper presents a case study on reciprocating air compressor of a

locomotive highlighting the associated problems, diagnosis and effective solutions supported

by appropriate maintenance strategies for overhauling and repairing arising out due to

frequent failure of parts. It is predominantly essential to establish the recommended

clearances given for the various parts of the compressor. Based on dimensional measurement

of compressor parts selection of repair and replacement is becomes easy and it is best for

economical point of view.

Keywords: dimensional measurement, frequent failure, overhauling, repair and replacement

INTRODUCTION

An air compressor is a device to facilitate

converts power (usually from an electric

motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline

locomotive) into kinetic energy by

compressing and pressurizing the air,

which, on control can be unconfined in

rapid bursts Compressor is a device that

extracts air from the ambiance and

compresses it into a holding chamber. [1]

In certain application such as air

compression, multi stage double-acting

compressors are said to be the most

efficient compressors available and are

typically larger and more costly. Most

multi-stage compressors use intercoolers

which are heat exchangers with the

intention of remove the heat of

compression between the stages of

compression.

Inter-cooling affects the overall

effectiveness of the machine. While

mechanical energy is applied for

compression of air, after compression

density of air increase due to which the

temperature of the gas increases. After-

coolers are installed after the last stage of

compression to decrease the air

temperature.

As the air temperature is reduced, water

vapor in the air is condensed, separated,

collected, and exhausted from the system.

Nearly all of the condensate from a

compressor with inter-cooling is removed

in the intercooler, and the remains in the

after-cooler. Approximately all

engineering systems, except those that

supply process air to heat indifferent

operations, require after-cooling (Figures

1, 2). [2–16]



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Review on Vibration Problems in Turbomachinery

Priyanka Garg* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Vibration suppression of turbomachinery is an important engineering problem. Vibration

caused by mass imbalance is a common problem in rotating the turbomachinery systems.

Imbalance occurs if the principal axis of inertia of the rotor is not coincident with its

geometric axis. Higher speeds cause much greater centrifugal imbalance forces, and the

current trend of rotating equipment toward higher power density clearly leads to higher

operational speeds. In this paper, a review of the research work performed in real-time active

balancing and active vibration control for turbomachinery, as well as the research work on

dynamic modeling and analysis techniques of turbomachinery systems, is presented. The

basic methodology and a brief assessment of major difficulties and future research needs are

also provided.

Keywords: turbomachinery, rotor, vibration, control, aerodynamic loading, structural

instabilities, damping, blade.

INTRODUCTION

Vibration problems in modern

turbomachinery systems instill equal

concern as those in their design,

manufacture and general maintenance.

Considerable amount of precise energy go

unused due to machinery breakdown and

associated costs to machine downtime add

up to unproductive overheads. The modern

trend of building high-speed engines

requires new, dependable techniques to

reduce vibrations.[1]

Vibration problems, usually unrelated to

unbalance, represent another kind of

problem for turbomachinery in which the

rotor vibrates at nonsynchronous (other

than rotating speed) frequencies.

Nonsynchronous vibrations can be

subsynchronous, when the frequency is

lower than the rotational speed of the

shaft, supersynchronous, when the

frequency is higher than the rotational

speed of the shaft, or a combination of

both. One of the most harrowing of rotor

vibration scenarios is the case of rotor

instability causing subsynchronous

vibrations. The onset mechanisms of

subsynchronous vibrations are related to a

great diversity of destabilizing forces,

some of them not well understood yet, and

therefore, special attention must be paid to

this type of vibration. While considerable

literature exists on analyzing, predicting

and implementing passive techniques for

reducing vibrations due to rotor instability,

no publications on active control of these

phenomena exists. Active control through

AMBs stands as a promising solution for

the prevention of this type of vibration

problem.

In this paper, a brief review is made on

various vibration problems that occur in

turbomachinery systems due to various

factors involved such as, hydraulic/



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Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine

Testing

Priyanka Garg* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

INTRODUCTION

A gas turbine is a kind of spinning device

that uses the action of a gas to produce

work. Various engineering applications

have included the use of gas turbines for

decades to turn the core of an electrical

generator to produce power for both

industrial and to some extent residential

consumption. The gas turbine is a complex

machine and its performance is governed

by many standards. American Society of

Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

performance test codes have been written

to ensure that the test is conducted in a

manner that guarantees that all turbines are

tested under the same set of rules and

conditions to ensure that the test results

can be compared in a judicious manner. [1]

Factors Affecting Gas Turbine

Performance

Air Temperature and Site Elevation

Since the gas turbine is an air-breathing

engine, its performance is changed by

anything that affects the density and/or

mass flow of the air intake to the

compressor.

Ambient weather conditions are the most

obvious changes from the reference

conditions of 59 F/15 C and 14.7

psia/1.013 bar. Correction factor for Heat

rate is from 0.92 from -29 0C to 1.1 at 45

0C. Correction factor for Power is from

1.25 from -19 0C to 0.83 at 40 0C. [4, 5]

Altitude

Heat rate is not affected by altitude.

Correction factor for power from 1 at 0 m

(sea level) to 0.8 at 1800 m above sea

level, at 1000 m is about 0.89. [5]

Humidity

Humid air, which is less dense than dry

air, also affects output and heat rate. In the

past, this effect was thought to be too

small to be considered. However, with the

increasing size of gas turbines and the

utilization of humidity to bias water and

steam injection for NOx control, this effect

has greater significance. It should be noted

that this humidity effect is a result of the

control system approximation of firing

temperature such as, used on GE heavy-

duty gas turbines. [4, 5]

Inlet And Exhaust Losses

Inserting air filtration, silencing,

evaporative coolers or chillers into the

inlet or heat recovery devices in the

exhaust causes pressure losses in the

system. The effects of these pressure

losses are unique to each design.

Correction factor Heat rate is 0 for 0 mm

H2O inlet losses to 1.02 at 300 mm H2O.

Correction factor Power is from 0 for 0

mm H2O inlet losses to 0.98 at 300 mm

H2O. [4, 5]

Fuels

Work from a gas turbine can be defined as

the product of mass flow, heat energy in

the combusted gas (Cp), and temperature

differential across the turbine. The mass

flow in this equation is the sum of

compressor airflow and fuel flow. The heat

energy is a function of the elements in the

Mechanical Engineering

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I.C. Engines

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www.journalspub.com

international journal of i.c. engines and gas turbines vol 2 issue 1

Education