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Landfill Gas-to-Energy in California
Landfill Gas-to-Energy in California
Patrick S. SullivanPatrick S. SullivanSCS ENGINEERSSCS ENGINEERS
Sacramento, CaliforniaSacramento, California
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LANDFILLS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Landfills generate landfill gas (LFG) from the decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW)
LFG contains approximately ~55% Methane, ~45% Carbon Dioxide, and small amounts of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs)
As such, landfills are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants
But also they have a significant potential for energy recovery and GHG reductions
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CONTRIBUTING GREENHOUSE GASESCONTRIBUTING GREENHOUSE GASES
COCO2266%66%
MethaneMethane18%18%
CFCsCFCs11%11%
NONO225%5%
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ANTHROPOGENIC METHANE EMISSIONSANTHROPOGENIC METHANE EMISSIONS
Global Sources United States Sources
Coal17%
rs
Other37%
Landfills 36%
Other68%
Coal10%
Landfills8%
Natural Gas 14%
Natural Gas 10%
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BREAKDOWN OF PROJECTS IN CALIFORNIA
Over 60 operational facilitiesOver 60 operational facilities
Over 20 projects under construction or in Over 20 projects under construction or in the planning phasethe planning phase
Total of approximately 250 MW onTotal of approximately 250 MW on--lineline
Largest single state = about 20% of Largest single state = about 20% of national total national total
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BREAKDOWN (cont.)
Produce electricityProduce electricity ~65 %~65 %
Direct gas endDirect gas end--useuse ~25 %~25 %
Pipeline quality upgradePipeline quality upgrade ~2 %~2 %
Specialized applicationsSpecialized applications ~8% ~8% (e.g., leachate evaporation, vehicle fuel, (e.g., leachate evaporation, vehicle fuel, etc.)etc.)
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LFG COLLECTION AND CONTROL
Required due to air quality Required due to air quality regulations, odor concerns, and/or regulations, odor concerns, and/or LFG migrationLFG migration
Reduces greenhouse gas Reduces greenhouse gas emissionsemissions
LFGTE projects capture energy LFGTE projects capture energy from LFGfrom LFG
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OPTIONS FOR LFGTE PROJECTSOPTIONS FOR LFGTE PROJECTS
Fuel for I.C. engines, gas turbines, or Fuel for I.C. engines, gas turbines, or steam turbines to produce electricitysteam turbines to produce electricityDirect use as a fuel for industrial boilers, Direct use as a fuel for industrial boilers, heaters, etc. heaters, etc. Upgrade to pipeline quality gasUpgrade to pipeline quality gasAlternative usesAlternative uses
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Energy and Emission ReductionEstimates for Typical Landfills
Electric Generating Potential
(MW)
Landfill Size Waste in
Place (MM tons)
Estimated Energy
Available (MM BTU/yr)
Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons/yr)
Typical Technology
0.8-1.0 1.0 100,000 7,000 Reciprocating engines
2.5-5.0 3.0-6.0 300,000 21,000 Reciprocating engines or gas
turbines 5.0-10 6.0-12.0 428,145 42,000 Reciprocating
engines or gas turbines
10.0-20.0 12.0-25.0 856,290 65,700 Gas turbines or steam turbines
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DIRECT GAS SALESDIRECT GAS SALES
Simplest technologySimplest technologyMost costMost cost--effectiveeffectiveGas pumped to nearby customer for use Gas pumped to nearby customer for use in boiler or other industrial equipmentin boiler or other industrial equipmentPipelines up to 15 milesPipelines up to 15 milesBecoming more commonBecoming more common
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DIRECT LFG USE IN A BOILERDIRECT LFG USE IN A BOILER
Industrial Boiler
Industry Hills
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ELECTRICAL GENERATIONELECTRICAL GENERATION
Most prevalentMost prevalentElectricity sold to utility, nearby customer, Electricity sold to utility, nearby customer, or used onor used on--sitesiteSize: 500 kW Size: 500 kW -- 50 MW (microturbines = 50 MW (microturbines = 30 or 70 kW)30 or 70 kW)Capital: $800 Capital: $800 -- $1,200/kW$1,200/kWO&M: 0.9 O&M: 0.9 -- 1.5 cents/kW1.5 cents/kW--hrhr
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I.C. ENGINESI.C. ENGINES
CaterpillarIC Engine Genset
Sacramento
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COMBUSTION GAS TURBINECOMBUSTION GAS TURBINE
Solar Gas Turbine
San Diego
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STEAM TURBINESTEAM TURBINE
Steam Turbine
Whittier
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PIPELINE QUALITY GASPIPELINE QUALITY GAS
Inject into natural gas pipelineInject into natural gas pipelineHigh capital costsHigh capital costsExtensive gas treatment (sulfur, carbon Extensive gas treatment (sulfur, carbon dioxide, and organics removal)dioxide, and organics removal)Conform to strict quality specificationsConform to strict quality specifications
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Pipeline UpgradePipeline Upgrade
High BTU Plant
Los Angeles
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ALTERNATIVE USESALTERNATIVE USES
OnOn--site Use of Gassite Use of GasVehicle Fuel (CNG/LNG)Vehicle Fuel (CNG/LNG)Evaporation of Leachate/CondensateEvaporation of Leachate/CondensateMicroturbinesMicroturbinesFuel CellsFuel Cells
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ALTERNATIVE USE PROJECTSALTERNATIVE USE PROJECTS
CNG Vehicle FuelWhittier, CA
280 kW Microturbine PlantSan Diego
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POTENTIAL OBSTACLESPOTENTIAL OBSTACLESNo extension of Section 29 tax credits (expire No extension of Section 29 tax credits (expire 2002 or 2007)2002 or 2007)No new tax credit under Sections 29 or 45No new tax credit under Sections 29 or 45Bush Administration not signing Kyoto TreatyBush Administration not signing Kyoto TreatyInability to get longInability to get long--term energy contractsterm energy contractsAir quality permitting can be difficultAir quality permitting can be difficultLFG is a “dirty” fuelLFG is a “dirty” fuelLandfills have not always had the best Landfills have not always had the best reputationsreputations
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
LFGTE Industry in California has Long History LFGTE Industry in California has Long History of Successof SuccessSmall Size of Projects Makes Economic Small Size of Projects Makes Economic Viability Difficult without Incentives Viability Difficult without Incentives LFG will get Combusted Anyways Creating LFG will get Combusted Anyways Creating Emissions while Wasting MethaneEmissions while Wasting MethaneEven with Environmental Regulations, only a Even with Environmental Regulations, only a Small Quantity of Generated LFG is Being Small Quantity of Generated LFG is Being Collected Collected