international journal of industrial biotechnology and biomaterials vol 2 issue 1
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International Journal of
Industrial Biotechnology
& Biomaterials
Jan – Jun 2016
IJIBB
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Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
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« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Annapurna S Agasthya Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College,
Moodabidri, Karnataka, India
Dr. Shashi BhushanFood and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of
Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India
Dr. Lingayya HiremathDeptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Dr. Bhagwan Das BulchandaniDepartment of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota, India
Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.),India
Dr. Birendra Kumar BindhaniSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University,
Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Dr. Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Al Arni SalehDepartment of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering,Andhra
University College of Engineering,Visakhapatnam, India.
Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya
Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
(GUJARAT), India
Dr. P. Udaya SriDepartment of Biotechnology,Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Andhra Pradesh, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This journal
is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial
Biotechnology and Biomaterials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent
studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Industrial Biotechnology
and Biomaterials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their
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Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining,
Biomass and feed stocks, Bio-plastics, biofilms, Bio-based chemicals and enzymes, Fermentation and cell
culture, Bio-catalysis, Environmental microbiology, Natural products discovery and biosynthesis, Drug
delivery mechanisms, Sustainable materials, etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Industrial
Biotechnology and Biomaterials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have
contributed to the creation and success of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. We are very thankful
to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are
certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Industrial
Biotechnology and Biomaterials.
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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Industrial Biotechnology
and Biomaterials.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Optimization of Nutritional Parameters for Production of Alpha Amylase Using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3017 by Central Composite Design Mary Anupama Palukurty, Subba Rao Somalanka 1
2. Desizing of Cotton Fabrics With Enzymes for Improved Performance Bipin J. Agrawal 11
3. Production of Bioethanol From Muntingia calabura – An Under Exploited FruitB.V. Ravishankar, B.E. Rangaswamy, Ir. S. Reddy Bathula 17
4. Biofilm FormationRavi Kapur 21
5. Biofuels: A Short ReviewManoj Shah 25
Contents
IJIBB (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN 2455–7323 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Optimization of Nutritional Parameters for Production of Alpha
Amylase Using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3017 by Central
Composite Design
Mary Anupama Palukurty*, Subba Rao Somalanka
Department of Chemical Engineering, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Abstract
Amylases are the most widely used enzymes that are used many sectors such as clinical,
medical, analytical and industrial applications. Beside their use in starch saccharification
they also find applications in food, baking, brewing, detergent, textile and paper industries.
Increasing utility and consumption of amylase in different industries has placed a greater
stress on increasing indigenous enzyme production and search of more rapid processes. The
aim of the present investigation is to achieve optimal amylase production by using the culture
Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3107. Central composite design was used to optimize the condition
for the six independent variables Starch, Peptone and the four mineral elements. The critical
values obtained at the end of experimentation resulted in amylase yield of 4496.72 units
while the expected was 4116.37 units. The critical condition revealed, when investigated had
resulted in a 9.24% increase in product concentration. An R2 value of 0.96172 indicates 96%
fit of the model. This states that the chosen statistical model for the production of amylase is
a powerful to get good product yield.
Keywords: alpha amylase, Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3107, nutritional parameters,
optimization,
INTRODUCTION
The method of chemical hydrolysis has
been effectively replaced by microbial
amylases in starch processing industries.
Amylase is produced by several fungi,
yeasts, bacteria and actinomycetes, though,
enzymes produced by certain fungi and
bacteria have dominated applications in
industrial sectors. Chief benefit of using
fungi for production of amylase is the
economical bulk production capacity.
Many species of Aspergillus such as A.
niger, A. tamarii, A. awamori and A.
oryzae have received most attention to
obtain many kinds of hydrolytic enzymes
like alpha amylase, lipase and protease.
However, A. oryzae is the organism of
choice because of its ubiquitous nature,
non-fastidious nutritional requirements and
high productivity of alpha amylase. [1-4]
Usually production of amylase from fungi
has been carried out using well defined
chemical media by submerged
fermentation (SmF) and solid state
fermentation (SSF).[5]
No defined medium has been established
for optimum production of enzymes from
different microbial sources and each
organism has its own special condition for
maximum enzyme production. The use of
a good reliable statistical model is
essential to develop better strategies for
the optimization of the fermentation
process.[6]
Response surface methodology
is an experimental strategy for seeking the
optimization of production medium that
IJIBB (2016) 11–16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN 2455–7323 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Desizing of Cotton Fabrics With Enzymes for Improved
Performance
Bipin J. Agrawal*
Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering,
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Desizing of cotton substrates with Amylase enzymes has been practiced since long time and is
commercially successful. Amylases convert the water insoluble starches, used during sizing
operation for enhancing the performance of the warp yarns, into water soluble products
which are removed during subsequent washing. The use of enzymes for desizing is quite safe
for the cotton substrates and do not cause any detrimental effect on the cotton cellulose
unlike the oxidative and acid desizing operations. The performance of the desized fabric
towards dyeing, printing and finishing is enhanced due to enzymatic desizing. Thus, desizing
with enzymes is an effective substitutional approach for the chemical-based desizing
processes.
Keywords: cotton, desizing, eco-friendly, efficiency, enzymes
INTRODUCTION
The application of a sizing agent to warp
yarns, prior to weaving, is essential for
high weaving efficiency in the production
of most fabrics because warp cotton yarns
require a protective coating to improve the
yarn strength and to reduce the yarn
hairiness.[1]
Sizing agents are selected on
the basis of type of fabric, environmental
friendliness, ease of removal, cost
considerations, effluent treatment, etc.
Starch, gelatin, oil, wax, and synthetic
polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol,
polystyrene, polyacrylic acid and
polyacetates are usually employed as
sizing ingredients. The size formulation
covers the warp yarns and ultimately the
fabric and the sized fabrics are less
absorbent especially for dyes and
chemicals; hence it may lead to uneven
dyeing, printing or finishing if not
completely removed from the substrate
after weaving operation. The process of
removal of size from the substrate is
termed as ‘desizing’. It can be carried out
by prolonged cooking or by using strong
chemicals such as acids, bases, oxidizing
agents or suitable enzymes. The desizing
operation is aimed to remove the size
material from the warp yarns in woven
fabrics and also to ensure the levelness of
the dyestuff or printing ink applied during
dyeing or printing. If the size is not taken
out completely, it will also affect washing
and rubbing fastness of the fabrics. The
major desizing processes include rot
steeping, oxidative desizing, acid desizing,
enzymatic desizing of starches on cotton
fabrics. Out of these methods, enzymatic
desizing is commercially utilized in the
process houses of textile industries for
removal of starch from the sized cotton
substrates.[2,3]
The desizing of cotton with
enzymes is an eco-friendly process which
does not cause any harm to the cotton
cellulose. The article gives an overview of
IJIBB (2016) 17–20 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 17
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455–7323 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Production of Bioethanol From Muntingia calabura – An Under
Exploited Fruit
B.V. Ravishankar
1, B.E. Rangaswamy
1, Ir. S. Reddy Bathula
1,2*
1Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, India
2Savi Easy Life s.r.o., Praha, Czech Republic
Abstract
The generation of bio-fuels from underexplored fruits forms an attractive solution towards
energy generation. The utility of less utilized fruits as a possible source of ethanol production
in a process without aeration was investigated by using fruits of Muntingiacalabura. The fruit
juice was subjected to fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The amount of ethanol
produced after fermentation was analyzed by gas chromatography and the ethanol
production is almost equal to any commercial fruit ethanol production. The results indicate
the promising future for generation of ethanol from underexploited fruits on a large scale.
Keywords: bioethanol production, Muntingia calabura
INTRODUCTION
Bioethanol as an alternative source of
energy has received special attention
worldwide due to depletion of fossil fuels.
In India, sugar cane molasses is the main
raw material for ethanol production. But
the short supply and increased cost is the
main hindrance for its use. The cellulosic
materials are cheaper and available in
plenty but their conversion to ethanol
involves many steps and is therefore
expensive.[1,2]
Fruit waste can also be used
for ethanol production, but the demerit is
its collection and the waste also contains
unwanted microorganisms. Under such
circumstances a novel approach is
essential to use renewable substrates such
as underutilized or underexplored fruits.[3-
5] Among underexploited fruits, Singapore
cherry (Muntingiacalabura) was chosen to
examine its potential for production of
ethanol. It is one of the less-known and
less popular fruits. It belongs to the family
Eleaocarpaceae. The M. calaburais a fast
growing fruit tree, draught tolerant plant,
capable of thriving in poor soils and it is
also acidic and alkaline soils. It is known
to be high fruit yielding, nearly all through
the year.[6,7]
It is popular in several South
American countries. In developing
countries like India it is being introduced
as a shade provider or as avenue tree and
not so much as a valuable fruit-yielder.[8,9]
The fruits are rich in carbohydrates
(14.28%).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of sample- Well-ripened fruits
of Japanese cherry (Muntingiacalabura)
were handpicked from the trees, washed
with tap water and stored in refrigerator
until taken up for further processing.
Determination of reducing sugar-
500gms of fruits was mashed using
blender and suspended in 1liter of water.
The total reducing sugar content of the
sample was determined by
DinitroSalicyclic Acid (DNSA) assay
method described by Miller (1959).[10]
IJIBB (2016) 21-24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455–7323 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Biofilm Formation
Ravi Kapur
*
Department of Biotechnology, Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Abstract
A biofilm represents a group of microorganisms that are living appended to a surface by
discharging a sticky, sugary substance that envelops the microscopic organisms in a lattice.
The biofilm could be made out of a single species of microorganism or an aggregate of
different species. As a rule, biofilms are just microorganisms, yet they can likewise
incorporate other living things, for example, fungi and algae, which can be consolidated into
the biofilm, making a microbial stew of sorts. They are complicated systems that are many
times compared to a multicellular life form.
Keywords: bacterial attachment, biofilm, biofilm structure
INTRODUCTION
A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
in which cells adhere to each other and
regularly these cells hold fast to a surface.
These adherent cells are often embedded
inside a self-produced matrix of
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).
Biofilm extracellular polymeric substance,
which is additionally alluded to as ooze (in
spite of the fact that not all that matters
portrayed as ooze is a biofilm), is a
polymeric combination by and large made
out of extracellular DNA, proteins, and
polysaccharides. Biofilms may frame on
living or non-living surfaces and can be
pervasive in normal, modern and doctor's
facility settings.[1-3]
The microbial cells
developing in a biofilm are physiologically
different from planktonic cells of the same
life form, which, by complexity, are
single-cells that may float or swim in a
fluid medium (figure 1).
Microorganisms form a biofilm due to
many factors, which may incorporate cell
recognition of particular or non-particular
attachment sites on a surface, nutritious
signals, or now and again, by introduction
of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory
groupings of antibiotics. When a cell
changes to the biofilm form of
development, it experiences a phenotypic
movement in conduct in which vast suites
of qualities are differentially managed.[4,5]
Fig. 1. This Figure Represents Biofilm of
Different Microorganisms.
Biofilms Formation
The development of biofilm can be
divided into five different stages:[6-8]
IJIBB (2016) 25-26© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455–7323 (online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Biofuels: A Short Review
Manoj Shah*
Department of Biotechnology, BMS College of Engineering, Karnataka, India
Abstract
A biofuel is a hydrocarbon that is made BY or FROM a living being that we people can use to
power something. Any hydrocarbon fuel that is delivered from natural matter (living or once
living material) in a brief timeframe (days, weeks, or even months) is viewed as a biofuel.
This diverges from fossil fills, which take a great many years to form and with different sorts
of fuel which are not taking formed from hydrocarbons (example, nuclear fission).
Keywords: biofuel, hydrocarbon
INTRODUCTION
A biofuel is a fuel that is created through
contemporary natural procedures, for
example, horticulture and anaerobic
assimilation, instead of a fuel delivered by
geological procedures, for example, those
included in the formation of fossil fuels,
for example, coal and petroleum, from
ancient organic matter. Biofuels can be
derived specifically from plants, or
indirectly from agricultural, business,
household, and/or modern wastes.[1]
Renewable biofuels by and large include
contemporary carbon obsession, for
example, those that happen in plants or
microalgae through the procedure of
photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels
are made through the utilization or
transformation of biomass (alluding to as
of late living creatures, regularly alluding
to plants or plant-determined materials).
This biomass can be changed over to
advantageous vitality containing
substances in three diverse ways: warm
transformation, concoction transformation,
and biochemical change. This biomass
transformation can bring about fuel in
strong, fluid, or gas structure. This new
biomass can likewise be utilized
straightforwardly for biofuels.[2-4]
Bioethanol is a liquor made by aging, for
the most part from sugars created in sugar
or starch yields, for example, corn,
sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic
biomass, got from non-sustenance sources,
for example, trees and grasses, is likewise
being created as a feedstock for ethanol
generation.[5]
Ethanol can be utilized as a
fuel for vehicles in its unadulterated
structure, yet it is normally utilized as a
gas added substance to expand octane and
enhance vehicle discharges. Bioethanol is
generally utilized as a part of the USA and
in Brazil. Current plant outline does not
accommodate changing over the lignin
part of plant crude materials to fuel
segments by maturation.[6]
Biodiesel can be utilized as a fuel for
vehicles in its immaculate structure, yet it
is typically utilized as a diesel added
substance to diminish levels of
particulates, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons from diesel-controlled
vehicles. Biodiesel is created from oils or
fats utilizing transesterification and is the
most well-known biofuel in Europe.
International Journal of
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& Biomaterials
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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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