international journal of industrial biotechnology and biomaterials vol 2 issue 2

International Journal of

Industrial Biotechnology

& Biomaterials

Jul–Dec 2016

eISSN: 2455-7323

IJIBB

www.journalspub.com

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

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2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Annapurna S Agasthya Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College,

Moodabidri, Karnataka, India

Dr. Shashi BhushanFood and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of

Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Lingayya HiremathDeptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of

Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Bhagwan Das BulchandaniDepartment of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical

University, Kota, India

Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,

Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.),India

Dr. Birendra Kumar BindhaniSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University,

Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials,

Bangalore, India

Dr. Al Arni SalehDepartment of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering,Andhra

University College of Engineering,Visakhapatnam, India.

Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of

Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya

Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara

(GUJARAT), India

Dr. P. Udaya SriDepartment of Biotechnology,Acharya Nagarjuna University,

Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This journal

is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial

Biotechnology and Biomaterials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent

studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

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and Biomaterials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

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Biomass and feed stocks, Bio-plastics, biofilms, Bio-based chemicals and enzymes, Fermentation and cell

culture, Bio-catalysis, Environmental microbiology, Natural products discovery and biosynthesis, Drug

delivery mechanisms, Sustainable materials, etc.

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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Industrial Biotechnology

and Biomaterials.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications Shaina Chaudhary 1

2. Drug Delivery Systems Tejas Dhoble 6

3. Biofilms Causing BacteriaR. Kondal 11

4. An Overview of BioplasticsR. Kondal 17

5. A Future Cleaner Fuel: BiofuelSurjit Sharma 22

Contents

IJIBB (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials eISSN: 2455-7323

Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com

An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications

Shaina Chaudhary* Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

L-Ascorbic acid is the usually utilized chemical name for the water soluble vitamin C. This vitamin frames a redox system and takes an interest in a few biological procedures. It is personally required in the biosynthesis of collagen, the richest protein in the human body.

Keywords: ascorbic acid, D-glucose, vitamin C

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin C additionally ensures the body against carcinogenic nitrosamines and free radicals. The deficiency of ascorbic acid causes scurvy. Our bodies require vitamin C to make a substance called collagen which is required for the health and repair of our skin, bones, teeth and cartilage. We get vitamin C from the nourishment we eat, especially products of the soil. In an absence of vitamin C in our fruits and vegetables, manifestations of scurvy incorporate seeping from the gums, wounding, and joint and muscle pains. It has additionally been proposed that an absence of vitamin C may bring about poor wound recuperating and issues battling contamination, despite the fact that this has not been proved [1, 2]. Vitamin C deficiency can be treated with supplements of vitamin C (as ascorbic acid tablets) and eating sustenance’s which are rich in vitamin C. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Industrial Production of Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid is industrially produced by a combination of a several chemical steps, and one response of biotransformation brought out by microorganisms. This procedure is alluded to as Reichstein-Grussner blend (Figure 1). D-glucose is

initially converted to D-sorbitol. Oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose is done by acetobacter xylinum or A. suboxydans (The enzyme being sorbitol dehydrogenase). A submerged bioreactor fermentation process is perfect for this reaction. It takes around 24 hours at temperature 30–35°C. Sorbose by a few chemical reactions can be finally converted to L-ascorbic acid. Regularly, around 100 g of ascorbic acid is produced from 200 g of glucose in Reichstein-Grussner synthesis. Two-Step Fermentation Process

In this, D-glucose is converted to 2, 5-diketogluconic acid by Erwinia, acetobacter or gluconobacter sp. in the second step, corynebacterium sp. converts over 2,5-diketogluconic acid to 2-keto-L-gluconic acid; it is likewise conceivable to include Bacillus megaterium for changing over L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gluconic acids. By chemical reactions, it can be converted to ascorbic acid. Production Through L-Gulonolactone

Ascorbic acid can synthesized is incorporated through gulonolactone which can be straightforwardly changed over to L-ascorbic acid by the protein L-gulonolactone dehydrogenase (Figure 1).




Drug Delivery Systems

Tejas Dhoble Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

BACKGROUND

Drug delivery is the strategy or procedure of overseeing a pharmaceutical compound to accomplish a restorative impact in human or animals. For the treatment of human illnesses, nasal and pneumonic routes of drug delivery are increasing expanding significance. These routes give promising contrasting options to parenteral drug delivery especially for peptide and protein therapeutics. For this reason, a few drug delivery frameworks have been figured and are being explored for nasal and aspiratory delivery. These incorporate liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins, among others. Nanoparticles made out of biodegradable polymers demonstrate affirmation in satisfying the stringent prerequisites put on these delivery frameworks, for example, capacity to be moved into an airborne, security against strengths created amid aerosolization, biocompatibility, focusing of particular destinations or cell populaces in the lung, arrival of the drug in a foreordained way, and debasement inside a worthy timeframe. Medicate Delivery Carriers

Colloidal drug transporter frameworks, for example, micellar arrangements, vesicle and fluid precious stone scatterings, and additionally nanoparticle scatterings comprising of little particles of 10–400 nm breadth indicate incredible guarantee as drug delivery frameworks. At the point when building up these details, the objective is to get frameworks with advanced drug stacking and discharge properties, long time span of usability and low poisonous quality [1, 2]. The fused

drug takes an interest in the microstructure of the framework, and may even impact it because of atomic cooperation’s, particularly if the drug has amphiphilic or potentially mesogenic properties. Micelles framed independent from anyone else get together of amphiphilic block copolymers (5-50 nm) in watery arrangements are of extraordinary enthusiasm for drug delivery applications. The drugs can be physically ensnared in the center of square copolymer micelles and transported at fixations that can surpass their inherent water- solubility. Besides, the hydrophilic squares can frame hydrogen bonds with the aqueous environment and shape a tight shell around the micellar center. Therefore, the substances of the hydrophobic core are adequately secured against hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation. Also, the corona may counteract acknowledgment by the reticuloendothelial framework and in this manner preparatory disposal of the micelles from the circulation system. [3]A last element that makes amphiphilic piece copolymers alluring for drug delivery applications is the way that their synthetic organization, add up to atomic weight and square length proportions can be effortlessly changed, which permits control of the size and morphology of the micelles. Functionalization of piece copolymers with cross linkable gatherings can build the strength of the relating micelles and enhance their transient control. Substitution of piece copolymer micelles with particular ligands is an exceptionally encouraging methodology to a more extensive scope of locales of action with a much higher selectivity.

IJIBB (2016) 11–16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved



Biofilms Causing Bacteria

R. Kondal* Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

Biofilms are thickly pressed groups of microbial cells that develop on living or idle surfaces and encircle themselves with emitted polymers. Numerous bacterial species shape biofilms, and their study has uncovered them to be unpredictable and assorted. The auxiliary and physiological multifaceted nature of biofilms has prompted to the possibility that they are composed and helpful gatherings, similar to multicellular organisms.

Keywords: biofilms, microbial, organism

INTRODUCTION

Analysts have assessed that 60–80 percent of microbial contaminations in the body are brought about by microorganisms developing as a biofilm rather than planktonic (free-skimming) microscopic organisms. There is discernment that solitary celled living beings are asocial, however that is confused. At the point when microscopic organisms are under anxiety which is the narrative of their lives they collaborate and shape this aggregate called a biofilm. In the event that you take a gander at normally happening biofilms, they have exceptionally confused engineering [1–3]. They resemble urban areas with channels for supplements to go in and waste to go out. Some outer biofilm, in particular perpetual injuries and dental plaque, can be physically expelled. On account of their detachment and elevated imperviousness to certain anti-infection blends and measurements, inner biofilm are harder to kill. Biofilm microscopic organisms are a part of what is known as the Th1 bacterial

pathogens, which as indicated by the Marshall Pathogenesis, all in all cause unending sickness. The Marshall Protocol focuses on the Th1 pathogens, to a limited extent, using beat low dosages of anti-infection agents, since they confine the development of "persister cells." Basic Sites of Biofilm Infection once biofilm achieve the circulatory system they can spread to any sodden surface of the human body [4]. Biofilms can stop up channels, watersheds, stockpiling ranges, and sully nourishment items, vast organizations with offices that are contrarily affected by their nearness have actually appreciated supporting biofilm explore, especially inquire about that determines how biofilms can be wiped out. Diseases for Which Biofilms Have Been

Implicated

More than 500+ biofilm species colonize the human mouth, bringing about tooth rot and gum illness. This picture, recovered contaminated dental embed, was taken by a checking electron magnifying




An Overview of Bioplastics

R. Kondal* Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

Bioplastics are plastics in which all carbon is derived from renewable feedstocks. They could possibly be biodegradable. Bio based plastics contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based carbon. The rate of bio based fixings and the conditions, under which the bio based item may biodegrade, if by any means, differ broadly.

Keywords: bioplastics, material, renewable

INTRODUCTION

As per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), a bio-based material is a natural material in which carbon is derived from a renewable asset through organic procedures. Bio based materials incorporate all plant and creature mass got from CO2 as of late settled by means of photosynthesis, per meaning of a renewable asset. Items available are produced using an assortment of characteristic feedstocks including corn, potatoes, rice, custard, palm fibre, wood cellulose, wheat fibre and bagasse. Items are accessible for an extensive variety of uses, for example, mugs, bottles, cutlery, plates, sacks, bedding, furniture, rugs, film, materials and bundling materials [1–3]. In the US, the rate of bio based fixings required for an item to be alluded to as bio based, is characterized by the USDA on an item by-item premise. ILSR has suggested that the USDA set a base edge of 50 percent bio based substance for items to be considered bio based. A biodegradable material is, as indicated by the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI), "where under the correct conditions the microorganisms in the earth can separate the material and utilize it as a

nourishment source". At the end of the day, a biodegradable plastic is totally mineralized by microorganisms. Biodegradable plastics are not really bio based. Bio based and biodegradability is not the same. Some bio based items can biodegrade in city or business treating the soil offices, home fertilizing the soil and sea-going and roadside situations, others will just biodegrade in particular situations and some won't biodegrade by any stretch of the imagination. In North America the BPI is the outsider certifier for items that are compostable in business treating the soil offices. To get the BPI Compostable Logo, items must meet the ASTM Standards D6400 (for Compostable Plastics) or ASTM D6868 (for Compostable Packaging). As indicated by the BPI, to be guaranteed, an item should: Disintegrate quickly amid the treating

the soil procedure (so that no extensive plastic pieces will end up on the composters' screens when the procedure is done).

Biodegrade rapidly under the treating the soil conditions.




A Future Cleaner Fuel: Biofuel

Surjit Sharma* Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT

The Main advantage of using liquid as fuel is that they can be easily pumped and can also be handled easily. This is the primary motivation behind why every one of the vehicles utilizes liquid type of fuels for combustion reason. For different types of non-transportation applications there are other option strong biomass fuel like wood. These non-transportation applications can bring into utilization these strong biomass powers as they can without much of a stretch bear the low power density of external combustion. Wood has been brought into utilization since a long period and is one of the major contributors of global warming. Keywords: biofuel, wood, vehicle

INTRODUCTION

Biofuels are the most ideal method for decreasing the emission of the greenhouse gasses. They can likewise be looked upon as a method for energy security which remains as an option of fossil fills that are constrained in accessibility. Today, the utilization of biofuels has extended all through the globe. A portion of the significant makers and clients of biogases are Asia, Europe and America. Hypothetically, biofuel can be effectively delivered through any carbon source; making the photosynthetic plants the most regularly utilized material for production. All types of materials derived from the

plants are utilized for manufacturing biogas [1, 2]. One of the best issues that are being confronted by the specialists in the field is the manner by which to secret the biomass energy into the liquid fuel. SORTS OF BIOFUELS

The compound structure of biofuels can contrast similarly that the chemical structure of fossil powers can vary. Generally, our advantage is in liquid biofuels as they are anything but difficult to transport. The table underneath contrasts different biofuels and their fossil fuel partners.

Biofuel Fossil fuel Differences

Ethanol Gasoline/ethane Ethanol has about half the energy per mass of gasoline, which means it takes twice as much ethanol to get the same energy. Ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline, however, producing less carbon monoxide. However, ethanol produces more ozone than gasoline and contributes substantially to smog. Engines must be modified to run on ethanol.

Biodiesel Diesel Has only slightly less energy than regular diesel. It is more acid to engine parts than standard diesel, which means engines have to be designed to take biodiesel. It burns cleaner than diesel, producing less particulate and fewer sulfur compounds.

Methanol Methane Methanol has about one third to one half as much energy as methane. Methanol is a liquid and easy to transport whereas methane is a gas that must be compressed for transportation.

Biobutanol Gasoline/Butane Biobutanol has slightly less energy than gasoline, but can run in any car that uses gasoline without the need for modification to engine components.

International Journal of

Industrial Biotechnology

& Biomaterials

Jul–Dec 2016

eISSN: 2455-7323

IJIBB

www.journalspub.com

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

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international journal of industrial biotechnology and biomaterials vol 2 issue 2

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