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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 4 Issue 3 November 2016 www.ijifr.com

Abstract

The relatively high growth of population and labour force has led to enlarge of employment and under employment form one plan period to another. Five plan aims at brining employment into sharper focal point with the goal of reducing unemployment to a negligible level. As the work force continues to grow, the earning situation becomes more acute not only for the landless, who always lacked the possibility of subsistence framing, but gets worse also for those owning land. Labour intensive rural public works programmes have emerged as an important mechanism for alleviating mass unemployment, under employment and poverty. The scheme is expected to bring about drastic changes rural economy. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is a social security scheme that attempts to provide employment and livelihood to rural laborers in India. In an effort to make inclusive and overall development a reality, the NREGA was passed as a labour law and implemented across 200 districts in 2006. By 2008, it came to over the entire country. The Scheme was designed to provide any adult who registers for rural employment a minimum job guarantee of 100 days each financial year. This includes non-skilled work, making it one of its kinds across the world. It was later renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). The MGNREGA is an entitlement to work that every adult citizen holds. In case such employment is not provided within 15 days of registration, the applicant becomes eligible for an unemployment allowance.

OPPORTUNITY OF EMPLOYMENT AMONG RURAL

LABOUR WOMEN:THROUGH MAHATMA GANDHI

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT

(MNREGA) - A CASE STUDY FROM MEERUT

DISTRICTOF WESTERN (U.P. Paper ID IJIFR/V4/ E3/ 041 Page No. 5561-5574 Subject Area Social Science

Keywords Rural Development Scheme, NREGA, MGNREGA, Twenty Point Programme,

IRDP, JANDHAN Yojana, Skill India

Dr. Lajwant Singh

Associate Professor

Department of Sociology

Dayalbagh Educational Institute

( Deemed University) Agra (U.P) India

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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 4, Issue -3, November 2016

Continuous 39th Edition, Page No: . 5561-5574

Dr. Lajwant Singh:: Opportunity Of Employment Among Rural Labour Women:Through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MNREGA) - a case study from meerut districtof western (U.P.)

I. INTRODUCTION

In India unemployment is measured as one of the key grounds of poverty. The number of

unemployment and under employed has been increasing over time. In excess of 44 million

families existing in rural India are accounted to beneath the poverty line and the main reason

behind this is lack of employment or less work and low efficiency. Employment prospects

in village province for job less are largely limited to agriculture oriented and development is

achievable, if special efforts are made to generate work. In goals of planning of India,

suppression of poverty and hunger through employment in the community has been one of

the main objectives. To achieve this objective, various rural improvement strategies have

been intended by the government to get better socio-economic life of the poorer segments of

the society, to deal with the twin problem of unemployment and poverty, generation of

employement opportunities and equality in income distribution are the two solution factors

that are of paramount importance. A huge figure of unemployment people resides in India.

Condition is same in rural as well as urban pitch. The difference is that urban ground

consists of large figure of low level educated unemployed, while this is factual for all the

groups of public. According to the report of Rural Agricultural commission, Indian

agriculturalists are unemployed for about 6 months in a year. In rural areas, there are

landless people who are also unemployed. This number is about 10 to 50 crore. All these

things prove that there is a good deal of unemployment in rural areas. There are various

factors responsible for these situations such as : extreme increase in population or outburst

of population, due to limited land and excessive pressure on land, dependency of agriculture

on season, lack of subsidiary and other village industries, excessive dependency on nature,

traditional outlook in agriculture, unawareness regarding scientific and modern means of

agriculture, dependency on monsoon along with lack of adequate means of irrigation, and

small holdings and fragmentation of land.

II. INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND RURAL EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES

The Government of India initiated during the early at least seventies several schemes for

increasing employment opportunities in the country. The crash scheme for Rural

Employment which spanned from 1971-72 to 1973-74 was among them. The aim of scheme

was direct generation of employment in all the districts of the country at the rate of 2.5 lakh

man days annum per District all the way through the implementation of labour intensive

projects and creation of durable assets in consonance with local development plans. The

Government of India Start many development programme for provide the employment of

rural peoples are following:

i.) Integrated Rural Development Programme: This is a rural development

programme of the government of India launched in financial year 1978-1980. It was

a self-employment programme intended to raise the income-generation capacity of

largest groups among the poor peoples. The programme was implemented in all

blocks in the country as a centrally sponsored scheme funded on 50:50 basis by the

center and state Government. A number of other allied programmes were introduced

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to supplement IDRP efforts in poverty alleviation through implementation of IDRP.

These programmes were - Training of unemployed rural youth for self-employment

started in 1979 intended to take care of the training requirement of the people who

were selected under IDRP. The main objective of this programme was development

of rural labour women's and children in rural area.

ii.) The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) : came in

1983. This was the first initiative towards central Government sponsored schemes

for wage employment. While most of the objectives and stipulations under this were

similar to those of NREP, it was limited only to the landless peoples, with

guaranteed employment of Hundred days. Moreover, there was earmarking of funds

especially for certain activities twenty percent for social forestry, Ten percent for

works benefitions, only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes and twenty percent

for housing under Indira Awaas Yojana.

iii.) The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was launched on 2nd October 1993

covering 1,778 drought prone, desert, tribal and hill area blocks. It was later

extended to all the blocks in 1997-98. The EAS was designed to provide

employment in the form of manual work in the lean agricultural season initially, the

scheme was demand-driven but from 1999, resources were allocated to states based

on the incidence of poverty.

iv.) The National Rural Employment Programme:This programme was started in

1980 and became a regular plan programme from April, 1981. The programme was

expected to generate additional gainful employment in the rural areas, to the extent

of 300-400 million man days per annum, create durable community assets, and

improve nutritional status and living standards of the poor people.

v.) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA):

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 was notified

7th September 2005. The mandate of the Act is to provide at least 100 days of

guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose

adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. This Act was initially

reported in 200 hundred districts of the country in the first phase with effect from 2

February 2006 and then extended to further 130 districts in the financial year 2007-

2008 (113 districts were notified with effect from 1st April 2007, and 17 districts in

Uttar Pradesh were notified with effect from 15 May 2007). The left over districts

have been notified under MANREGA with effect from 1st April 2008. Thus the

MANREGA covers the entire country, except of those districts, that have a hundred

percent population residing in urban area. Many goals and that scheme following

below:

Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged especially women, Scheduled castes,

scheduled tribes, though, the processes of a rights based legislation.

Deeping democracy at the grass not level by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institution.

Effecting greater transparency and accountability in governance (2012).

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To provide social security for the most susceptible people living in rural area of the

country by providing employment opportunity.

Strengthening decentralized, participatory planning through convergence of various anti-

poverty and livelihoods initiatives.

vi.) Role of Different Panchayats Implementation of MANREGA

District Panchayat: District Panchayat is responsible for finalizing plans at District level

and monitoring and supervising them NREGS in District. It can also take out works as of

along with the fifty percent that are not to be able by the Gram Panchayat. District

Programme coordinator (DPC) Shall be responsible for the overall co-ordination and

implementation of the scheme in the district, who will be appointed by the Uttar Pradesh

state government.The state government will assign a district programme coordination,

who can be either the chief Executive officer of the district Panchayat, or District

Magistrate (DM) or any district level officer of appropriate position, In general,

responsibility of the District Programme. Coordinator (DPC) at the district is ensuring

that the scheme is implemented according the Act.

Block Level panchayat: The Block level Panchayat is Monitoring and supervison of

Gram Panchayat Plans at Block level is the responsibility of the Intermediate Panchayat.

Among fifty percent that are not to be executed by the Gram Panchayat can be performed

by it officer shall be allotted at the block level for coordinating the works Undertaken by

the Gram panchayat and the implementing agencies at the block level. Block level

programme officer shall be controller for MNREGS at the block level main responsibility

will be ensure that anyone who applies for work get employment within 15 days.

Gram Panchayat: Gram Panchayat is the grass root level body, which is closest to rural

people and locality; As it is the main service providing agency at the ground level,

therefore it is the implementing agency of most of the development programme which

also observes and evaluates programmes as well. At this level, GP is a very power full

and influential body, wielding effective control over substantial resources and political

power. Gram panchayat is one of the most responsible and accountable stakeholders in

dynamic performance of MNREGS programme.The Gram panchayat is responsible for

many activities as: Scheduling of works, receiving application for registration, issuing

Job cards, Registration house hold, Allotting employment to households within fifteen

days maintenance of recorders etc.More programmed launched by Modi government in

present time under below(i)Atal pension yojana (ii)MUDRA bank yojana (iii)Sukanya

smridhi account(iv)Pradhan mantra Jeevan jyoti bima yojana (v)Jan dhan yojana (vi)Skill

india program.

III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of related literature is a ratified task calling for a profound approaching

view point of overall fields. The found of results use important study following that.

1- Jaffer P.C. (2008) : While studying the impact of NREGS in Gulbarg District of

Karnataka explained that the Scheme has a positive impact on the house hold income level.

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A majority of the beneficiaries reported increase in their consumption, health expenditure

and saving. Some of the beneficiaries reported that about 50% of the income earned under

the scheme is either saved at home or at banks.

2- Singh and Joshi (2008) conducted evaluation study in Rajasthan. The observed that

offer MNREGA's intervention, the migration certainly decreased but not completely

stopped. MNREGA augmented the purchasing power of family. Offer better road

connectivity to rural areas, helping in dealing dept increased agricultural production and

there by front income.

3- Roy Sanjay (2010) : Vision is that the impact of NREGS on Villagers of Tripura is

immense and multidimensional. On one hand, it has lessened the incidence of poverty

among the villagers on the other hand it has emboldened the confidence of rural skilled

labors and women and most particularly the aged women and widows who could hardly go

out of villages for searching a work and have it. In a true sense NRGES is a means of

survival to this section of helpless old, aged unskilled laborers in rural areas.

4- Sharma, A (2010) : States that independent studies points towards positive trends

and women empowerment as result of MGNREGA, which is measured in terms of

increased employment opportunities for women and their active participation in rural work.

5- Jyoti Poonia (2012) on the "critical study of MGNREGA: Impact and participation

and women's participations" confirm that the NREGA has the potential to stimulate local

development, if the management and delivery are good; and that women'[s weak position in

the labor market has been greatly helped. The evidence further suggests these benefit

evidence further suggests these benefit are due to a strong state apparatus (which include the

Kudumbashtree) and not to demand of citizens. This paper reviews India's approach to

social protection since independence and places that NREGA within the broader social

protection discourse. It looks at how gender concerns have been addressed within works.

and especially in NREGA guidelines.

IV. ABOUT THE PRESENT STUDY

The present study belongs to Meerut district of western Uttar Pradesh. The Meerut district

viz- Block: Daurala, Hastinapur, Janikhand, Kharkhoda, Machra, Mawana Kalan,

Meerut, Parikshit Gogh, Rajpura, Rohata, Sardhana, Sarurpur Khurd.

The scheme was launched in the financial year 2015-2016. The basic purpose of the

study is to build up, a perceptive of the local dynamics and augmentation condition with

view of MNREGS, so as to final out, if the performance or execution of the scheme is

meeting its objectives or not . The major parts of the study comprise; review the systems

and processes followed in implementation of MNREGS, impact assessment of the scheme

on various development indicators, so as to make it a far more powerful tool of rural

development. Although all the main stay concerns being undertaken for this study, as stated

above, are very important, the impact assessment is most important of them as it is

promising to make available justification for judgment making about possible plan,

development opportunity, strategy involvement, as well as, maximizing benefits.

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V. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main focus of the present study is on analyzing the performance and socio-economic

impact of MNREGS Scheme. More specifically, the study seeks to

(i). To find out socio-economic empowerment of rural women workers.

(ii). Clarify the rural labour women participation under MNREGS in Meerut District.

(iii). To find out provided employment opportunity through MNRGES scheme.

(iv). To identify emerging strengths and weakness for a wider dialogue for the

improvement of rural women's

VI. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A successful study depends upon the methodology. Methodology grossly means the

method applied to check the hypothesis. The method adopted should be reliable as well as

modern, so that effective result for the present may be obtained. The major components of

methodology for the study are discussed. The present research study is based on primary

and secondary sources of information and data. To study and analyze the

implementation and impact of MREGA in Meerut District of western Uttar Pradesh,

Multistage sampling method has been used. The research methodology which has been used

to find out the impact of MREGS on poverty and employment, income, women

empowerment and workers migration in detail has been described in this study.

i.) Sample Selection

There are Twelve Blocks in Meerut district, namely: Duarala, Hastinapur, Jani Khurad,

Kharkhoda, Machra, Mawana Kalan, Meerut, Parikshitgarh, Rajpura, Rohata, Sardhana,

Sarurpur Khurd.

ii.) Selection of Village Panchayat’s: The selection of village panchayats was done in consultation with district administration

where beneficiaries have done work under this scheme for at least two years, so that clear

picture of impact can come. Four to five villages from twelve blocks were chosen as

suggested by block officials. The reference period is from August 2015 to December 2015.

The number of registered of Households and number of registered work show table No. 1

Table -1:No. Registered of House hold in MGNREGA

S.N. Block Cash tribes Other Total

1. Daurala 2379 (54.94%) 0 (0.00%) 1951 (45.06%) 4330

2. Hastinapur 3893(51.14%) 4 (0.05%) 3716 (48.81%) 7613

3. Jari Khund 1736 (43.68%) 0 (0.00%) 2238 (56.32%) 3974

4. Kharkhoda 1563 (31.37%) 1 (0.02%) 3418 (68.61%) 4982

5. Machra 8787 (15.43%) 0 (0.00%) 4807 (84.57%) 5684

6. Mawana Kalan 1959 (46.77%) 2 (0.05%) 2228 (53.19%) 4189

7. Meerut 658 (36.13%) 0 (0.00%) 1163 (63.87%) 1821

8. Parikshit Garh 3453 (36.87%) 6 (0.06%) 5907 (63.07%) 9366

9. Rajpura 1630. (44.92%) 0 (0.00%) 1999 (55.08%) 3629

10. Rohata 2020 (56.55%) 0 (0.00%) 1552 (43.45%) 3572

11. Sardhana 1396 (47.47%) 0 (0.00%) 1545 (52.53%) 2941

12. Sarurpur Khurd 1118 (20.84%) 0 (0.00%) 4247 (79.16%) 5365

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Total 22682 (39.47%) 13 (0.02%) 34771 (60.51%) 57466 Primary sources: Ministory of RrualDevelopment 27 Aug 2016

iii.) Selection of Worker: The respondents have been selected from the households who were

employed for at least two years or more in MNREGS. Only 15% of household were selected

expediently out of these households. Respondents were interviews only on the work sites. To

make the sample representative of population, sample was drawn from all socio-demographic

categories of the workers.

Table 2: No. Registered of Workers in MGNREGA

S.N. Block Scheduled

Caste

Scheduled

tribes

Other Total Women

1. Daurala 2902

(55.11%)

0 (0.00%) 236

(44.89%)

5266 1427

(27.10%)

2. Hastinapur 5356

(52.06%)

5 (0.05) 4927

(47.89%)

10288 3254

(32.52%)

3. Jari Khund 2268

(40.89%)

0 (0.00%) 3279

(59.00%)

5547 1804

(32.52%)

4. Kharkhoda 2037

(31.04%)

1 (0.02%) 4525

(68.95%)

6563 2826

(48.06%)

5. Machra 1021

(16.32%)

0 (0.00%) 5236

(82.68%)

6257 2863

(45.76%)

6. Mawana

Kalan

2473

(47.67%)

2 (0.04%) 2713

(52.29%)

5188 1075

(20.73%)

7. Meerut 842 (35.17%) 0 (0.00%) 1552

(64.83%)

2394 947

(37.56%)

8. Parikshit

Garh

4303

(37.17%)

11 (0.09%) 7292

(62.83%)

11606 4060

(34.98%)

9. Rajpura 1703 (44.9%) 0 (0.00%) 2090

(55.10%)

3793 1254

(33.06%)

10. Rohata 2796

(57.73%)

0 (0.00%) 2047

(42.27%)

4843 1492

(30.81%)

11. Sardhana 1954

(51.39%)

0 (0.00%) 1847

(48.61%)

3802 809

(21.28%)

12. Sarurpur

Khurd

1512

(18.97%)

0 (0.00%) 6459

(81.03%)

7971 2510

(31.49%)

Total 29167 19

(0.03%)

44332

(40.30%)

43518 24321

(33.08%)

Sources: Ministry of rural development of India, 27 August 2016.

Population, the sample was drawn from all socio demographic categories of the workers.

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17.55%

29.05% 28.87%

24.53%

VII. DATA EXPLORATION & INTERPRETATION

7.1 Age and Gender of the Respondents

The age wise distribution of the respondents reveals that more 57 percent of belonged to the

age group 31-50 years of collectively. This is most productive age as for as labour work is

concerned; but it is also clear that participation level of age group 18-30 years was only

17.55 percent. In regarding of gender based distribution of the respondents, out of 603

beneficiary respondents inter viewed 52.95% were females; while only 37.05 percent were

males. This clearly shows that the female’s participation in MNREGS in surveyed twelve blocks of Meerut district is comparatively good as compared to that male respondent. And

make it clear table no-3

Table 3:Age and Gender wise distribution of the respondents'

Age group of the respondents Gender Total

Male Female

18-30 8.30% 9.25% 17.55%

31-40 14.05% 15.00% 29.05%

41-50 13.50% 15.37% 28.87%

51+above 11.20% 13.33% 24.53%

Total 47.05% 52.95% 100%

Figure 1: Gender Based Distribution

7.2 Beneficiary Respondents: Category and Ownership Land

As the scheme has an inherent objective of social enclosure of the marginalized and

the most disadvantaged sections of Indian society, it was not surprising to see over three -

fourth of the respondents (73.4%) belonging to the category of scheduled castes. category of

(SC) other Backward cashes (OBC) and General category were represented by 19.62% and

6.98% of representatives respectively. Make it clear table No-4.

Table-4: Beneficary Respondent distribution based on social category

S.No. Category Respondents Distribution in Percentage

1 General 6.98%

2 Other Back ward casts 19.62%

3 Scheduled Caste 73.40

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4 ST -

Total 100.00

Figure 2: Distribution based on Social Category

The data regarding the land ownership of respondents clearly shows that majority of

respondents 64.99 percent were having nonagricultural land, while 25.50% percent were

landless. A highly insignificant number of respondents 9.51 Percent were having

agricultural. Shows table No-5

Table 5: Classification of Respondents of land based ownership

S.No. Ownership of Land Distribution in Percentage

1 Agricultural Land 9.51%

2 Non Agricultural Land 25.50%

3 Land Less 64.99%

Figure 3: Land Based Ownership

6.98%

19.62%

73.4

0

General

Other Back ward casts

Scheduld Caste

ST

9.51%

25.50%

64.99%

Agricultural Land

Non Agricultural Land

Land Less

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7.3 Empowerment of Rural Labour Women through: MNREGS

MGNRES plays a significant role to meet the practical of well as strategic needs of women’s participation. It has become a beacon of light in the empowerment of rural labour women and

contributed substantially for the increased living and economic conditions by creating equal ways to

male and female workers.What is women empowerment?What is women empowerment has five

components : women's determine choices; their right to have access to opportunity and resources :

their right to have the power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home; and their

ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order,

nationally and internationally.A women is economically empowered when she has both the ability to

succeed and advance economically and the power to make and act on economic decision. To

succeed and advance economically, women need the skills resources to compete in markets, as well

as fair and equal access.To economic institutions to have the power and agency to benefit from

economic activities, women need to have the ability to make and act on decisions and control

resource and profits.

An increase in income of women workers and as a result, their ability to choose their

utilization baskets has a great impact on the lives of rural women workers. MGNREGA empowers

women by giving, them an extent of independent earning and spend some amount for their own

wants.Women execute a considerable amount of voluntary work that plays a major role in letting the

financial possessions for their family but their involvement remains uncounted. In rural areas, the

dominance of males in intra household decisions is very common. MGNREGA widened the scope of

decision making role of women in household mothers by having power of converting some unpaid

work into paid work and women participation has increased after the implementation of MGNREGA

in many areas. A large number of women labors are taking interest in the provisions and attending

the Gram Sabha Meeting held in connection with MGNREGA. It is a type of empowerment of

women at community level which can be termed as one of the great achievement of this Act.

7.3.1 Women Participation under MGNRES in Meerut District:

The findings obtained from field survey regarding participation of women in the various

sample blocks of Meerut District have been depicted in table

Issuing of Job Cards:

45583 workers were issued job cards out of which 76.06% job cards were issued to

women in the financial year 2015-2016 which increased to 71.16 during financial 2014-

2015. Regarding issuing of job card among block and of district, then maximum number of

job card has been issued to women in parikshit garh. It’s making clear from the table no-6

Table 6: Participation Under MGNREGS in Meerut District.

S.No. Black No of Family issued Job Card Total

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Other

1 Daurala 2258 - 1838 4096

2 Hastinapur 3507 - 3186 6693

3 Jani Khaurd 1505 - 1782 3287

4 Kharkhoda 1297 - 2630 3580

5 Machra 775 - 2805 3580

6 Mawana Kalan 1696 - 1697 3393

7 Meerut 537 - 850 1387

8 Parikshit 2866 - 3667 6533

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9 Rajpura 1320 - 1493 2813

10 Rohata 1800 - 1315 3115

11 Sardhana 1209 - 1240 2449

12 Sarurpur Khaurd 952 - 3358 4310

Total 19722 - 25861 45583

Figure 4: Issuing Job card to Scheduled Caste, other category Women in Meerut District

7.4 Impact of MNREGS on Employment Generation

While the programme is well projected towards meeting its significant objectives, to a great

extent its success depends on proper employment generation through this programme. The

numbers of households that have been provided employment out of the total applicant

households and the number of days of employment provided, out of the total number of

days demanded, are the broad indicators of the fulfillment of employment entitlement under

the scheme.

7.4.1 Wage Employment status of workers

Before and After MNREGS

Based on response of sample beneficiaries and stake holders, the findings regarding

the impact of MNREGS on employment generation has been depicted in the table 7 and

described as follows findings reveal that 31.3% of total respondents were employed before

the implementation of MNREGS; and noticeably those were the women folk of the

respondents. The study reveals that about 58% of respondents were employed for not more

than 100 to 249 working days and very small percentage was employed for 250-299 days in

a year. None of the respondents was employed above 249 days, no one was employed for

the whole year. But this trend changed after the implementation of MNREGS. The

significant changes observed were that no respondent remained unemployed; some of them

got employment for the whole year, and number of working days also increased in each

category. That is clear table no-7

1838

3186

1782

2630 2805

1697

850

3667

1493 1315 1240

3358

2258

3507

1505 1297

775

1696

537

2866

1320

1800

1209 952

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

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Table 7: Change in Employment Generation before and after MNREGS

No. of

days

Employment Before MNGRES Employment after MNGRES Percentage

change

Male Female Total Male Female Total Total

1-49 10 (3.95%) 15 (5.41%) 25 (4.71%) - 73

(26.35%)

73

(13.77%) 192

50-99 18 (7.12%) 42

(15.16%0

60

11.32%) 9 (3.55%)

49

(17.68%)

58

(10.94%0 9

100-149 35 (13.8%) 76

(27.43%)

111

(20.94%) 18 (7.12%)

47

(16.96%)

65

(12.26%) -414.4

150-199 86 (34.0%) 29

(10.40%)

115

(21.7%)

36

(14.23%)

72

(25.99%)

108

(20.37%) -6.08

200-249 82 (32.0%) 3 (1.08%) 85

(16.03%)

102

(40.31%)

32

(11.55%)

134

(25.28%) 49

250-299 22 (8.7%) - 22 (4.15%) 75

(29.64%) 4 (1.44%) 79 (14.9%) 259

300-365 - - - 13 (5.13%) - 13 (2.45%) 100

Total 253

(47.05%)

277

(52.95%) 530 253 277 530 -

During the field survey, it was observed that a majority of woman was busy in their

voluntary family work, such as collecting fuel, fodder and water and working in their tin

agricultural field; looking after the children and aged family members, and they could not

afford to go to distant places for getting wage employment. The MNREGS has removed

these constraints as the wage employment was made available within or closer to the

village. Table No.-7 reveals that participation rate of women has been very high after

MNREGS, as more than 52% women beneficiates were employed and a significant change

was observed regarding the employment and number of days obtained under MNREGS. We

can conclude that the scheme has given benefit to those women. Who were unemployed due

to unavailability of work at their local place? Before MNREGS, some sample women

workers were getting employment for on an average 70 days but after MNREGS they were

getting work for 130 days. It’s making below

Figure 5: No of Days Employed Before and After MNREGS Respondents in Percentage

4.71%

11.32%

20.94% 21.70%

16.03%

4.15%

0

13.77%

10.94% 12.26%

20.37%

25.28%

14.90%

2.45%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Employment Before MNGRES

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The MNREG act stipulates: "The priority shall be given to women in such a way that at

least one third of the beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and requested to

work under the Act." (NREGAmic.in) it appears that except for a few, most of the

panchayat have this target. Given the fact, MNREGS provides a better economic substitute

to locally available employment opportunities mainly women and aged people.

Under MNREGA guidelines, work has also been provided to disabled persons. Data

shows that in Meerut district only 15 disabled persons are engaged under MNREGS. During

survey, No disabled was found but in a village Rehadra of Parikshit garh Block, a disabled

person requesting Block Development officer and Additional District collector for work, but

they refused bluntly to that person before us by saying that no work is possible for a person

like him. so it shows clearly that officials are discouraging disabled which is against

MNREGS norms.

7.8 Changes the status of rural labour woman

The economic dependence of women on men in rural India plays a major role in the

subjugation of women, and in this respect the MNREGA is an important tool of social

change. The question arises that how wage employment scheme MNREGS has changed the

condition of rural labour women within their household? Secondly, to what level MNREGS

has been able to generate widespread impact on empowerment of rural women? we tried to

find out answer of these questions by knowing impact of this scheme on rural women

workers. The parameters which have been taken to measure the impact on rural women

empowerment have been classified in to following three category economic empowerment,

empowerment at household level and empowerment at community level.

VIII. CONCLUSION

We can conclude by saying that impact of MNREGS on economic empowerment is more

significant in comparison to social and community empowerment. over the past five years,

employment works opened under the MNREGA in India have had a significant impact on

the lives of women and men workers. In case of women, it is impact to note that MNREGA

employment have resulted in the significant perceived benefits from the MNREGA. Serious

problems remain in the nature of implementation across states. The urgent need to remove

these problems in implementation can be emphasized. Given the critical gains made by

women workers in accessing work and an income, food and healthcare for themselves and

their families, and in leaving potentially hazardous work, it is important that the problems in

implementation should not derail the gains.

If we see overall impact of this scheme on migration then it is clear that the

proportion of families experienced reduction in migration only after being work provided

between 70-100 days of employment. This is a very important finding and highlights the

importance of fulfilling the need for employment through MNREGS. But as average

number of working days provided is not sufficient so impact of migration does not seems to

be so acceptable.

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IX. References

[1] Adhikari Anandita and Bhatia Kartika (2010) : "NREGA wage payment : can we Bank on

the Banks" Economically and political weekly Jan 2nd 2010.

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[3] Das, Dinesh (2012) : "Examing India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

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[8] National Rural Employment Guarantee Act : htt//164.100129.4 netnega/state/html Govt of

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[9] MnREGS Anaually Report of Meerut Distt. 2015-2016

[10] http://www.mapsofindia. com/my-India/government/mnrega-Progress

[11] National Federation of Indian Women (2008) : "A study on Socio-Economic

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To Cite This Article

Singh, L.(2016):“ Opportunity Of Employment Among Rural Labour Women:Through

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MNREGA) - a case study

from meerut districtof western (U.P.)” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic

Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (3), November 2016, pp. 5561-5574, Paper ID:

IJIFR/V4/E3/041.

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