international review of mechanical engineeringby mohamed a. el-sayad 770 (continued on inside back...

International Review of Mechanical Engineering

(IREME)

Contents:

A Note on Gradient Truss Models by O. T. Akintayo, P. G. Papadopoulos, E. C. Aifantis

691

Non-Darcy Natural Convection Heat Transfer Along a Vertical Cylinder Filled by a Porous Media with Variable Porosity by M. Sammouda, K. Gueraoui, M. Driouich, A. El Hammoumi, A. Iben Brahim

698

Solution to Natural Convection Heat Transfer by Two Different Approaches: Navier Stokes and Lattice Boltzmann by Nor Azwadi C. Sidik, Godarzi Masoud

705

Application of Thermal Wave Method to Determine the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids by Xiaohui Zhang

712

A Study of the Mode Shape Effect in Automobile Braking System by M. A. Salim, A. Noordin

719

Processing of Stir Cast Al-7075 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites and their Characterization by V. C. Uvaraja, N. Natarajan

724

Design of Heater for City Gate Station Assisted by Solar Energy by Arash Mohammadzadeh, N. Etemadee

730

Optimization of Gas Turbines Performances by Air Combustion Cooling by Bendjaima Belkacem, Benhamou Amina, Smail Rachid

736

Optimization of Surface Damping Treatments for Vibration Control of Marine Structures by Ranganath B. A., Kamalakar K., Ramji Koona

745

Designing a Retrofit Kit for Reducing Fuel Consumption in I.C. Engines by Saeb Moosavi, Amir Hossein Davaie Markazi, Seyed Saeid Moosavi

752

Total Dynamic Response in Time Domain of Soil-Structure Interaction Systems Using Elastodynamic Infinite Elements with Scaled Bessel Shape Functions by Konstantin S. Kazakov

763

Response Behaviors for a Liquid Ship Strongly Excited Due to Heave Motion by Mohamed A. El-Sayad

770

(continued on inside back cover)

ISSN 1970-8734Vol. 6 N. 4

May 2012

PART

A

International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME)

Managing Editor: Santolo Meo Department of Electrical Engineering FEDERICO II University 21 Claudio - I80125 Naples, Italy [email protected]

Editorial Board:

Jeongmin Ahn (U.S.A.) Marta Kurutz (Hungary)

Jan Awrejcewicz (Poland) Herbert A. Mang (Austria)

Ali Cemal Benim (Germany) Josua P. Meyer (South Africa) Stjepan Bogdan (Croatia) Bijan Mohammadi (France)

Andrè Bontemps (France) Hans Müller-Steinhagen (Germany)

Felix Chernousko (Russia) Eugenio Oñate (Spain) Kim Choon Ng (Singapore) Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi (India)

Horacio Espinosa (U.S.A) Constantine Rakopoulos (Greece)

Izhak Etsion (Israel) Raul Suarez (Spain) Michael I. Friswell (U.K.) David J. Timoney (Ireland)

Nesreen Ghaddar (Lebanon) George Tsatsaronis (Germany)

Adriana Greco (Italy) Alain Vautrin (France) Carl T. Herakovich (U.S.A.) Hiroshi Yabuno (Japan)

David Hui (U.S.A.) Tim S. Zhao (Hong Kong) Heuy-Dong Kim (Korea)

The International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME) is a publication of the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. The Review is published bimonthly, appearing on the last day of January, March, May, July, September, November. Published and Printed in Italy by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l., Naples, May 31, 2012. Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved. This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. and the following terms and conditions apply to their use: Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale and all forms of document delivery. Permission may be sought directly from Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. at the e-mail address: [email protected] Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an article. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. E-mail address permission request: [email protected] Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Statement and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinions of Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. expressly disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the service of a competent professional person should be sought.

International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 6, N. 4 ISSN 1970 - 8734 May 2012

Manuscript received and revised April 2012, accepted May 2012 Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

901

Solar Energy Availability on Horizontal and Tilted Surfaces: a Case Study

Ali M. Jawarneh, Mohammad Al-Tarawneh, Amer Ababneh, Hitham Tlilan Abstract – Beam and diffuse radiation data are extracted analytically from measured data on a horizontal surface in Zarqa governorate, Jordan. Radiation data on a tilted surfaces with various slopes have also been deduced and analyzed. Radiation data consists of of beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected contribution. Hourly, daily, and monthly radiation data are estimated for various slopes (β=00, 200, 320, 450, and 900). Based on the monthly average day of month, horizontal surface possesses the highest values of hourly radiation data that occurred on June 11 and July 17 then it decays as the slope increases with the greatest decrease happened for vertical surface. The hourly radiation data in winter have the highest values for a surface with a slope of 450 and the lowest values for a horizontal surface. The hourly values in summer have the highest values for a slope of 200, while it’s the lowest for a vertical surface. Concerning the daily radiation for various slopes, the greatest value of daily radiation of 31.1 MJ/m2 was recorded on June 15 for a horizontal surface. This value is the highest value in the year for all slopes. The maximum beam contribution effects occurred in June and July for a horizontal surface, while it decays as the slope increases. In winter, beam possesses high values for a slope of 450, while in summer it possesses high values for a slope of 200. The bulk beam effects along the year occurred for slopes of 200, and 320. The diffuse radiation grows with decreasing the slope and the best diffuse happened for a horizontal surface, while it’s minimum for a vertical surface. The best values of diffuse occurred in summer time. In contrary, the ground-reflected contribution decays with decreasing the slope. The best harvesting of solar annual energy of 7771 (2158.6 kWh/m2) and 7754 MJ/m2 (2154 kWh/m2) occurred for surfaces with slopes of 20o and 32o, respectively. Deviations in slopes of 20 o and 32 o have small effect on total energy availability. Per day, the best average annual solar radiation is 21.3 MJ/m2 (5.9 kWh/m2) for slopes of 20o and 32o. Maximum winter energy availability of 2091 MJ/m2 (581 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 45o with an average of 17.4 MJ/m2 (4.84 kWh/m2) per day. The maximum summer energy availability of 5864 MJ/m2 (1629 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 20o with an average of 24.4 MJ/m2 (6.8 kWh/m2) per day. Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved. Keywords: Energy Availability, Horizontal and Tilted Surface, Beam and Diffuse Radiation

Nomenclature G Irradiance (W/ m2) Gsc Solar constant =1367 W/m2

H Irradiation for a day (kJ/ m2) H Monthly average daily radiation (kJ/ m2) I Irradiation for an hour (kJ/m2) φ Latitude δ Declination γ Surface azimuth angle γs Solar azimuth angle αs Solar altitude angle β Slope θ Angle of incident θz Zenith angle ω Hour angle ωs Sunset hour angle

Subscripts b Beam radiation d Diffuse radiation o Extraterrestrial radiation T Tilted plane Tb Beam contribution on a tilted surface Td Diffuse contribution on a tilted surface Tg Ground-reflected contribution on a tilted surface

I. Introduction Jordan is a non-oil producing country thus it depends

on high-priced foreign oil. Moreover, due to high population growth rate, and environmental effects, solar energy is being seriously considered for satisfying part of the energy demand in Jordan. According to the energy sector’s strategy of Jordan, it is planned that the

Ali M. Jawarneh, Mohammad Al-Tarawneh, Amer Ababneh, Hitham Tlilan

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 6, N. 4

902

renewable energy contribution will reach 3% of the overall energy mixture by the year 2015 [1]. Jordan is one of the sun-belt countries according to the international classification.

Zarqa is a city in Jordan located to the north-east of Amman. It is the capital of Zarqa Governorate. Zarqa city lies at latitude of 32 5' N and longitude of 36 7' E with elevation of 555 m. Zarqa can be described as having a desert climate. Unfortunately, there is not enough solar data available in Zarqa region despite of more than 52% of industrial facilities lie within its zone with prominent energy-producing facilities such as the Jordan petroleum refinery and Al-Hussein thermal station. The availability of solar data in Zarqa governorate (beam, diffuse, and ground reflected radiation) either on a horizontal or tilted surfaces are encouraging to seek alternatives to power generation such as combined solar-thermal energy or hybrid systems. Measurements of solar radiation on inclined surfaces are important in determining the input to solar collectors, PV cells, and passive heating and cooling systems.

For an efficient conversion and utilization of solar energy, designers of solar-energy system need true detailed long-term knowledge of available solar-radiation data in different forms, depending on the related application. Several studies have showed that the solar energy is promising in Jordan [2], [3]. The potential of solar energy for pumping water in Jordan has been investigated by [4]. Fine contributions to study the feasibility of some applications that are driven by solar energy in Jordan such as solar photovoltaics and solar water heating systems have been shown by [5], [6], [7]. Technical and economical viability of a combined solar boiler integrated system have been performed by [8].

Most solar radiation recording stations measure only the total horizontal solar radiation. Thus, it is rather significant to determine the beam and diffuse components of the total radiation incident on a horizontal surface. Once these components are determined, they can then be reflected over tilted surfaces, and hence, the performance of tilted solar collectors and other solar-system devices can be estimated. Empirical correlations for estimating horizontal diffuse radiation based on measured data on a horizontal surface at many locations were proposed by [9]. Solar radiation data for Amman was measured by Hamdan [10], who found that the annual average daily total solar radiation was 20.4 MJ/m2, while the diffuse radiation was 4.5 MJ/m2. Two models for estimating the diffuse solar radiation have been proposed based on multiple predictors including the clearness index, relative sunshine duration, ambient temperature and relative humidity by [11]. The performance of many arithmetic models used to estimate diffuse solar irradiance on inclined surfaces on an hourly and daily basis has been performed by [12]. Simple model for estimating the daily global radiation was developed by [13]. The model is based on a

trigonometric function and the predictions agree well with the long-term measured data. New instrument to measure the solar radiation on horizontal surfaces has been designed by [14]. Radiation data was measured over a 5-yr period for Izmir in Turkey by [15]. The ratios of the total daily diffuse to global radiation intensities for each month range from 0.38 to 0.45 averaged for the same period, with an average value of 0.41. A new model to evaluate the hourly solar radiation for composite climate was proposed by [16]. Hourly solar radiation estimated by constants obtained by new model for composite climate was fairly comparable with measured data.

The aim of this paper is to estimate the hourly, daily, and monthly solar energy irradiation on horizontal and various tilted surfaces in Zarqa governorate. First, beam and diffuse radiation components are extracted from measured data on a horizontal surface. Second, beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected contribution are deduced for tilted surfaces from measured data on a horizontal surface. The underlying objective is to assess the solar energy availability on horizontal and tilted surfaces in Zarqa governorate, Jordan.

II. Methods of Analysis The split of total radiation on a horizontal surface into

its diffuse and beam components is of interest in two reasons. First, methods for calculating total radiation on surfaces of other orientation from data on a horizontal surface require separate treatments of beam and diffuse radiation. Second, estimates of the long-time performance of most concentrating collectors must be based on estimates of availability of beam radiation [17]. For purposes of solar process design and performance calculations, it is necessary to calculate the hourly, daily, and monthly radiation on a tilted surface such as flat-plate collectors, windows, or other passive system receivers. We should mention that the following equations are taken from reference [17]. The declination can be found from:

28423 45 360365

n. sinδ +⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

(1)

where n is day of the year counted from 1st January. The hour angle ω was calculated as:

[ ]( )12 00 15osolar time : in hrsω = − × (2)

The solar time is defined as:

( )4 st locsolar time - standard time L L E= − − + (3) where Lst is the standard meridian for the local time zone (for Jordan Lst =300 E), and Lloc is the longitude of the location (for Zarqa city, Lloc =360 E).



903

The solar azimuth angle γ can be estimated according to the following formula:

( ) 1 z

sz

cos sin sinsign cos

sin cosθ φ δ

γ ωθ φ

− ⎛ ⎞−= ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ (4)

The sign function is equal to +1 if ω is positive and is

equal to -1 if ω is negative where θz is the zenith angle and defined as:

zcos cos cos cos sin sinθ φ δ ω φ δ= + (5) where φ is the latitude, for Zarqa city it is φ=320

The angle of incident θ is calculated by:

cos sin sin cossin cos sin coscos cos cos coscos sin sin cos coscos sin sin sin

θ δ φ βδ φ β γδ φ β ωδ φ β γ ωδ β γ ω

= +− ++ ++ ++

(6)

The sunset hour angle ωs is estimated by:

scos tan tanω φ δ= − (7)

Extraterrestrial radiation (G0) on a horizontal surface at any time is given by:

3601 0 033365o sc z

nG G . cos cosθ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

(8)

where Gsc is the solar constant and equal to 1367 W/m2.

Extraterrstrial radiation (I0) on a horizantal surface for an hour for period between two hours angle ω1, ω2 can be calculated by:

{ }( )

2 1

2 1

12 3600 3601 0 033365

180

o scnI G . cos

cos cos sin sin

sin sin

πφ δ ω ω

π ω ωφ δ

× ⎛ ⎞= + ×⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

⎡ − +⎤⎢ ⎥× −⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

The daily extraterrstrial radiation (H0) on a horizontal surface is given by:

24 3600 3601 0 033365

180

o sc

ss

nH G . cos

cos cos sin sin sin

ππω

φ δ ω φ δ

× ⎛ ⎞= + ×⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞× +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

(10)

Beam and diffuse components of hourly radiation can

be estimated as:

2

3 4

1 0 09 0 22

0 9511 0 1604 4 388

16 638 12 3360 22 0 8

0 165 0 8

T T

T Td

T T

T

T

. k for k .

. . k . kI

. k . kIfor . k .

. for k .

− ≤⎧⎪⎪⎪⎛ ⎞− + +⎪⎜ ⎟⎪⎜ ⎟= ⎨ − +⎝ ⎠⎪

< ≤⎪⎪⎪

>⎪⎩

(11)

where kT is an hourly clearness index and is given by:

T

o

IkI

= (12)

The day’s total radiation on a horizontal surface in

Zarqa city for the whole year are measured, so the fraction and amount of beam and diffuse radiations can be calculated by:

2 3

4

81 4

1 0 2727 2 4495 11 9514

9 3879 0 715

0 143 0 715

os

T T T

d T T

T

for .

. K . K . KH . K for K .H

. for K .

ω ≤

⎧ − + − +⎪⎪ <= ⎨⎪⎪ ≥⎩

(13)

2

3

81 4

1 0 2832 2 5557

0 8448 0 715

0 175 0 715

os

T T

d T T

T

for .

. K . KH . K for K .H

. for K .

ω >

⎧ + − +⎪⎪+ <= ⎨⎪⎪ ≥⎩

(14)

where KT is a daily clearness index which is the ratio of particular day’s radiation to the extraterstrial radiation for that day:

0T

HKH

= (15)

Beam and diffuse components of monthly average

daily radiation can be calculated:

2 3

2 3

1 391 3 56

4 189 2 137 81 41 311 3 022

3 427 1 821 81 4

T

T T sd

T

T T s

. . K

. K . K for .HH . . K

. K . K for .

ω

ω

⎧ − +⎪+ − ≤⎪

= ⎨− + +⎪

⎪ − >⎩

(16)

where TK is the monthly average clearness index:



904

T

o

HKH

= (17)

It is necessary to know the solar radiation incident on

tilted surfaces such as solar collectors, PV cells, windows, or other passive system receivers. The incident solar radiation is the sum of beam, diffuse, and reflected Radiation. The hourly diffuse radiation is assumed to be anisotropic. It can be written from the anisotropic sky model as:

( ) ( )

3

112

112 2

T b d i b d i

g

Tb Td Tg

cosI I I A R I A

cosf sin I

I I I

β

β βρ

+⎛ ⎞= + + − ×⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤ −⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞× + + =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦= + +

(18)

where, (1+cosβ)/2 is the view factor to the sky, (1-cosβ)/2 is the view factor to the ground, ρg is the reflectance of the ground and it is assumed to be 0.3 due to desert climate of Zarqa governorate. The first term to the right in previous equation represens the beam contribution, the second term represents the diffuse contribution, and the last term represent the ground-reflected contribution.

An anisotropy index Ai which is a function of the transmittance of the atmosphere for beam radiation, Ai =Ib/Io, and f is given by f= √(Ib/I). The geomertic factor Rb is the ratio of beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on a horizantal surface at any time, can be calculate as:

b,T b,Tb

b b z

G I cosRG I cos

θθ

= = = (19)

The daily radiation on an unshaded tilted surface, if

the diffuse and ground radiation are each assumed to be isentropic, can be expressed as:

112

12

dT b d

g Tb Td Tg

H cosH H R HH

cosH H H H

β

βρ

+⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= − + +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠−⎛ ⎞+ = + +⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

(20)

The first, second, and third term to the right of above

equation are representative of beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected contribution. bR is the ratio of the daily beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on the horizontal surface:

( ) ( )( )180

bTb

b's

s s

HR

H

cos cos sin sin sincos cos sin / sin sin

φ β δ ω φ β δφ δ ω π ω φ δ

= =

− −=

+

(21)

where 'sω is the sunset hour angle for the tilted surface

for the particular day is given by:

( )( )( )

1

1's

cos tan tanmin

cos tan tan

φ δω

φ β δ

−

−

⎡ −⎢=⎢ − −⎣

(22)

The monthly average daily radiation on an unshaded

tilted surface, if the diffuse and ground radiation are each assumed to be isentropic, can be expressed as:

112

12

dT b d

g Tb Td Tg

H cosH H R HH

cosH H H H

β

βρ

⎛ ⎞ +⎛ ⎞= − + +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

−⎛ ⎞+ = + +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

(23)

where bR is the ratio of the average daily beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on the horizontal surface for the month:

( ) ( )( )180

bTb

b's

s s

HR

H

cos cos sin sin sincos cos sin / sin sin

φ β δ ω φ β δφ δ ω π ω φ δ

= =

− −=

+

(24)

where 'sω is the sunset hour angle for the tilted surface

for the mean day of the month which is given by:

( )( )( )

1

1's

cos tan tanmin

cos tan tan

φ δω

φ β δ

−

−

⎡ −⎢=⎢ − −⎣

(25)

III. Results and Discussion The solar irradiation data during the year 2010 was

collected using Pyranometer device which measures the total irradiation incident on a horizontal surface. The Pyranometer was mounted on the roof of the engineering college building in the Hashemite University. It contains precise calibrated thermoelectric elements that are fitted under a glass cover, which is cleaned periodically, and it is wide open to the entire sky. The sensor is of the photodiode type detector that has a spectral response from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometer with a sensitivity 100 mV/1000 W/m2 and an accuracy +/-5%. A voltage signal proportional to the total incident solar radiation is produced and recorded on a computer in the Renewable Energy Laboratory utilizing data acquisition system. Also weather data that includes ambient temperature and pressure are collected and recorded simultaneously with the solar irradiation data. The voltage signal data is stored every one minute and from which consequently irradiation values are calculated and recorded accordingly.



905

Averages for the rate of irradiation data are obtained on the basis of every five minutes, per hour, per day and per month. Values for irradiance G (W/ m2) were recorded by integrated over period of 5 minutes. The hourly radiation I (MJ/m2) at a specific hour is calculated by averaging the irradiance values for that hour. Daily total radiation H (MJ/m2) incident on a horizontal surface is obtained by summing the total hourly radiation over the day. Monthly average daily radiation H data is obtained by selecting daily totals of representative days that are recommended for that month; the recommended days for the corresponding months are: January 17, February 16, March 16, April 15, May 15, June 11, July 17, August 16, September 15, October 15, November 14 and December 10. The slopes of β=00,200, 320, 450, and 900 have been selected. The slope of β=00 represents a horizontal surface while β= 900 represents a vertical surface. All surfaces are faced south with surface azimuth angle of γ=00. Direct beam and diffuse irradiation values are extracted first from the measured total irradiation for the case of a horizontal surface, followed by deducing irradiation data for titled surface at different angles; the data consists of direct beam, diffuse and ground-reflected radiation.

Extracted hourly radiation on a horizontal surface I (β=00) with its components (beam Ib and diffuse Id) and hourly radiation on a tilted surface IT with its components (beam contribution ITb, diffuse contribution ITd, and ground-reflected contribution ITg) on a tilted Surface with various slopes of β=200, 320,450, and 900

are presented in Table I to V. Due to the tremendous amount of data that is obtained for the entire year 2010, hourly irradiation data are given as monthly average day of month at recommended days as defined before. For a horizontal surface, it is observed that the maximum hourly irradiation I of 3.8 MJ/m2 was recorded on June 11 at 12:00 PM. The maximum beam contribution Ib of 3.2 MJ/m2 also occurred on June 11 at 12:00 noon while the maximum diffuse contribution Id of 1.3 MJ/m2 was recorded on April 15 at 11:00 AM. For a surface with slope of 200, the maximum hourly tilted irradiation IT of 3.78 MJ/m2 occurred on June 11 at 12:00 noon, and similarly the maximum beam contribution ITb of 3.55 MJ/m2 and diffuse contribution ITd of 1.05 MJ/m2 have been noticed on June 11 at 12:00 PM and May 15 at 8:00 AM, respectively. However, the maximum ground-reflected contribution ITg of 0.03 MJ/m2 occurred at different dates and times of the year. For a surface with slope of 320, the maximum hourly tilted radiation IT of 3.85 MJ/m2 occurred on March 16 at 12:00 PM, while the maximum beam contribution ITb of 3.61 MJ/m2, diffuse contribution ITd of 1 MJ/m2, and ground-reflected contribution ITg of 0.09 MJ/m2 were observed to occur on March 16 at 12:00 PM, May 15 at 8:00 AM, and June 11 at 12:00 PM, respectively. For a surface with slope of 450, the maximum hourly tilted radiation IT of 3.97 MJ/m2 occurred on November 14 at 12:00 PM, while the maximum beam contribution ITb of 3.75 MJ/m2, diffuse

contribution ITd of 0.94 MJ/m2, and ground-reflected contribution ITg of 0.17 MJ/m2 have occurred on November 14 at 12:00 PM, May 15 at 8:00 AM, and June 11 at 12:00 PM, respectively. For a vertical surface, the peak hourly tilted radiation IT of 3.39 MJ/m2 occurred on November 14 at 12:00 PM, while the maximum beam contribution ITb of 2.94 MJ/m2, diffuse contribution ITd of 0.63 MJ/m2, and ground-reflected contribution ITg of 0.57 MJ/m2 occurred separately on November 14 at 12:00 PM, May 15 at 8:00 AM, and June 11 at 12:00 PM, respectively.

Hourly irradiation data for horizontal surface I and tilted surfaces IT at monthly average day of month are presented in Fig. 1. The figure reveals comparison between different slopes (β=00,200, 320, 450, and 900). For β=00, a horizontal surface, It possess the highest values on June 11 and July 17. The values in June and July decay as the slope increases and the steeper decrease happened for vertical surface (β=900). The hourly radiation data on January 17, February 16, March 16, October 15, November 14, and December 10 have the highest values for a surface with a slope of 450 and the lowest values for a horizontal surface. The values on April 15, May 15, July 17, and August 16 own the highest values for a slope of 200 while the lowest values for the same days occurred for a vertical surface.

Full data concerning the daily radiation for various slopes including the horizontal surface with its components (beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected) for the whole year are depicted in Figs. 2 to 6. For a horizontal surface, the greatest value of daily radiation H of 31.1 MJ/m2 was recorded on June 15. This value is the highest value in the year for all slopes. The maximum values for daily beam Hb and diffuse Hd are 26.2 MJ/m2 and 11.9 MJ/m2, respectively. For a slope of 200, the maximum tilted daily radiation HT of 29.2 MJ/m2 was recorded on April 19, while the maximum beam HTb, diffuse HTd, and ground-reflected HTg contributions of 24.3, 11.6, and 0.3 MJ/m2 were recorded on July 17, May 4, and June 15, respectively. For a slope of 320, the greatest tilted daily radiation HT of 28.4 MJ/m2 was recorded on April 19, while the maximum beam HTb, diffuse HTd, and ground-reflected HTg contributions of 23.4, 11, and 0.7 MJ/m2

were recorded on March 31, May 4, and June 15, respectively. For a slope of 450, the maximum tilted daily radiation HT of 27.3 MJ/m2 was recorded on March 17, while the maximum beam HTb, diffuse HTd, and ground-reflected HTg contributions of 23.1, 10.2, and 1.36 MJ/m2

were recorded on March 6, May 4, and June 11, respectively. For a vertical surface, the maximum tilted daily radiation HT of 22.5 MJ/m2 was recorded on February 7, while the maximum beam HTb, diffuse HTd, and ground-reflected HTg contributions of 18.9, 6, and 4.7 MJ/m2 were recorded on January 9, May 4, and June 15, respectively.

Variation in daily radiation data (H and HT) of various slopes (β=00,200, 320, 450, and 900) as a function of time of year are given in Fig. 7. It’s clear that in June and July



906

the highest harvesting of solar energy occurred for horizontal surface (β=0o), then the harvesting decreases as the slope increases. In January, February, March, November, and December, the best harvesting occurred for a slope of 450. While in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October, the best harvesting appeared for a slope of 200. Solar annual energy harvesting for the entire year is the best for slopes of 200, and 320.

Variation in estimated monthly average daily radiation ( H , TH ) of various slopes as a function of time of year is shown in Fig. 8. January 17, February 16, March 16, April 15, May 15, June 11, July 17, August 16, September 15, October 15, November 14, and December 10 are selected that concern monthly average daily radiation. The trend in this figure is similar to Fig. 7 and it is included for two purposes. First, dealing with monthly average daily radiation gives an overview for the entire days of the year. Second, we need to extract the effect of beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected contributions as a function of the slope for the whole year.

Variation in estimated beam contribution radiation ( bH , TbH ) based on average daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time of year is given in Fig. 9.

The beam contribution is important in many applications like concentrated collectors, tracked PV system, and many others. The maximum beam contribution effects occurred in June and July for horizontal surface, while it decays as the slope increases. In January, February, March, November, and December, it possesses highest values for a slope of 450. While in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October, it possesses highest values for a slope of 200. The bulk beam effects along all months of the year occurred for slopes of 200 and 320. Variation in estimated diffuse contribution radiation ( dH , TdH ) based on average daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time of year is depicted in Fig. 10. The diffuse grows with decreasing the slope and the superlative diffuse happened for a horizontal surface, while its minimum for a vertical surface. Also, it’s obseved that the values of diffuse are best in April, May, June, and July. Variation in estimated ground-reflected contribution radiation ( TgH ) based on

average daily radiation for various slopes as a function of time of year is depicted in Fig. 11. The ground-reflected contribution grows with increasing the slope which is the opposite effect to that of the diffuse contribution. The best ground-reflected contribution happened for a vertical surface, while it’s least at a horizontal surface. The values of ground-reflected contribution radiation are most favorable in May, June, July, and august.

Fig. 12 shows the total daily radiation on a horizontal (β=0o) and various tilted surfaces (β=20o, 32o, 45o, 90o). This is done by summing all days for each month. For horizontal surface (β=0o), the highest total daily radiation

of 910.8 MJ/m2 (253 kWh/m2) was recorded in July, while December possess the lowest value of 302.2 MJ/m2 (84 kWh/m2). If one takes the summation for all months for the horizontal surface then the total annual energy will be 7291 MJ/m2 (2025.3 kWh/m2) for the whole year 2010. Fig. 12 shows also total winter energy of 1573 MJ/m2 (437 kWh/m2) for the horizontal surface , taken as the total energy for the months of January, February, March, and December which would represent the time of the year when most space heating would occur. Total summer energy also shown in Fig. 12 to be 5718 MJ/m2 (1588.3 kWh/m2) for the horizontal surface, taken as the total energy for the months of April to November, which would represent the time of the year when most space cooling would occur. The average annual solar radiation per day is 20 MJ/m2 (5.56 kWh/m2) for the horizontal surface. More specifically, the average annual solar radiation per day is 24 MJ/m2 (6.67 kWh/m2) in summer and 13 MJ/m2 (3.6 kWh/m2) in winter for the horizontal surface. For surface with a slope of β=20o, the highest total daily radiation of 861 MJ/m2 (239 kWh/m2) occurred in July, while December has the lowest value of 394 MJ/m2 (109.4 kWh/m2). The total annual energy for a tilted surface with β=20o is 7771 MJ/m2 (2158.6 kWh/m2) for the whole year while the total winter and summer energy are 1907 and 5864 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual solar radiation per day is 21.3 MJ/m2 (5.9 kWh/m2). Specifically, the average annual solar radiation per day is 24.4 MJ/m2 (6.78 kWh/m2) in summer and 15.9 MJ/m2 (4.4 kWh/m2) in winter. For surface with a slope of β=32o, the maximum total daily radiation of 809 MJ/m2 happened in August, while December has the lowest value of 433 MJ/m2. The total annual, winter, and summer energy for a tilted surface with β=32o are 7754, 2030, and 5724 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual solar radiation per day is 21.2 MJ/m2 (5.89 kWh/m2). Moreover, the average annual solar radiation per day is 23.8 MJ/m2 (6.6 kWh/m2) in summer and 16.9 MJ/m2 (4.7 kWh/m2) in winter. For surface with a slope of β=45o, the greatest total daily radiation of 746 MJ/m2 happened in August, while December has the lowest value of 461 MJ/m2. The total annual, winter, and summer energy for a tilted surface with β=45o are 7475, 2092, and 5384 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual solar radiation per day is 20.5 MJ/m2 (5.7 kWh/m2). Further, the average annual solar radiation per day is 22.4 MJ/m2 (6.2 kWh/m2) in summer and 17.4 MJ/m2 (4.8 kWh/m2) in winter. For a vertical surface with a slope of β=90o, the highest total daily radiation of 503 MJ/m2 occurred in November, while June has the lowest value of 278 MJ/m2. The total annual, winter, and summer energy for a vertical surface are 4796, 1708, and 3087 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual solar radiation per day is 13.1 MJ/m2 (3.6 kWh/m2). More specifically, the average annual solar radiation per day is 14.2 MJ/m2 (3.9 kWh/m2) in summer and 12.9 MJ/m2 (3.6 kWh/m2) in winter.



907

Fig. 1. Hourly radiation for horizontal and tilted surfaces at monthly average day of month

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.517 JANUARY

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Hou

rly R

adia

tio (I

, IT) [

MJ/

m2 ]

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

16 FEBRUARY

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

416 MARCH

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

15 APRIL

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Hou

rly R

adia

tio (I

, IT) [

MJ/

m2 ]

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

15 MAY

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

411 JUNE

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

417 JULY

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Hou

rly R

adia

tio (I

, IT) [

MJ/

m2 ]

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

16 AUGUST

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

15 SEPTEMBER

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

15 OCTOBER

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

8:00

AM

9:00

AM

2:00

PM

1:00

PM

3:00

PM

10:0

0 A

M

11:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 P

M

Time

Hou

rly R

adia

tio (I

, IT) [

MJ/

m2 ]

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

14 NOVEMBER

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

8:00

AM

9:00

AM

2:00

PM

1:00

PM

3:00

PM

10:0

0 A

M

11:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 P

M

Time

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.510 DECMBER

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

8:00

AM

9:00

AM

2:00

PM

1:00

PM

3:00

PM

10:0

0 A

M

11:0

0 P

M

12:0

0 P

M

Time



908

Fig. 2. Daily total radiation, beam and diffuse on a horizontal surface (β=00) for the whole year

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JANUARYHH

b

Hd

Tota

l Dai

ly, B

eam

and

Diff

use

Rad

iatio

n [M

J/m

2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

FEBRUARYHH

b

Hd

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MARCHHH

b

Hd

02468

101214161820222426283032

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

APRILHH

b

Hd

Tota

l Dai

ly, B

eam

and

Diff

use

Rad

iatio

n [M

J/m

2 ]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MAYHHbHd

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

42

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

JUNEHH

b

Hd

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

42

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JULYHH

b

Hd

Tota

l Dai

ly, B

eam

and

Diff

use

Radi

atio

n [M

J/m

2 ]

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

AUGUSTHH

b

Hd

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

SEPTEMBERHH

b

Hd

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

OCTOBERHH

b

Hd

Day

Tota

l Dai

ly, B

eam

and

Diff

use

Rad

iatio

n [M

J/m

2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

NOVEMBERHH

b

Hd

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

DECEMBERHH

b

Hd

Day



909

Fig. 3. Daily total radiation, beam contribution, diffuse contribution and ground-reflected contribution on a tilted surface with a slope of β=20 0 for the whole year

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JANUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

FEBRUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

24

68

10

12

14

16

1820

2224

26

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MARCHHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

APRILHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MAYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

101214161820222426283032343638

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

JUNEHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

101214161820222426283032343638

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JULYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

AUGUSTHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

SEPTEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

OCTOBERH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

NOVEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

DECEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day



910


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JANUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

24

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

FEBRUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

MARCHHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

APRILHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MAYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

JUNEH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JULYH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

AUGUSTHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

SEPTEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

24

6

810

12

14

16

1820

22

2426

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

OCTOBERH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

NOVEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

DECEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day



911


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JANUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

FEBRUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

1012141618202224262830323436

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MARCHHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

02468

10121416182022242628303234

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

APRILHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

24

68

10

1214

16

1820

22

2426

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MAYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

JUNEHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JULYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

AUGUSTHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

24

68

10

1214

16

1820

22

2426

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

SEPTEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

OCTOBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

NOVEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

DECEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day



912


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JANUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

FEBRUARYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MARCHHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

APRILH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

MAYH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

JUNEH

T

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

JULYHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

AUGUSTHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

SEPTEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

OCTOBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

on T

ilted

Sur

face

[MJ/

m2 ]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

NOVEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

DECEMBERHT

HTb

HTd

HTg

Day



913

10

15

20

25

30

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of Year

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Dai

ly H

oriz

onta

l H a

nd T

ilted

HT R

adia

tion

[MJ/

m2 ]

Fig. 7. Variation in daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time of year

10

15

20

25

30 β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Mon

thly

Ave

rage

Dai

ly R

adia

tion

(H, H

T) [M

J/m

2 ]

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP NOV DECOCT

Fig. 8. Variation in estimated monthly average daily radiation

of various slopes as a function of time of year

0

5

10

15

20

25


β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

Bea

m C

ontr

ibut

ion

( Hb, H

Tb)

[MJ/

m2 ]

Month

Fig. 9. Variation in estimated beam contribution radiation based on

average daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time of year

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

β=0o

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o


Diff

use

Con

trib

utio

n ( H

d, HTd

) [M

J/m

2 ]

Month

Fig. 10. Variation in estimated diffuse contribution radiation based on average daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time of year

0

1

2

3

4

5

β=20o

β=32o

β=45o

β=90o

MonthJAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP NOV DECOCT

Gro

und-

Ref

lect

ed C

ontr

ibut

ion

( HTg

) [M

J/m

2 ]

Fig. 11. Variation in estimated ground-reflected contribution radiation based on average daily radiation of various slopes as a function of time

of year

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

β=0o

β=20oβ=32o

β=45oβ=90o

Tot

al D

aily

Rad

iatio

n fo

r Var

ious

Slo

pes

[MJ/

m2 ]

Month

Fig. 12. Total daily radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces



914

TABLE I HORIZONTAL SURFACE (β=0o): TOTAL HOURLY I, BEAM Ib

AND DIFFUSE Id RADIATION [MJ/m2] TIME 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM DAY I Ib Id I Ib Id I Ib Id I Ib Id

17 JAN 0.21 0.0023 0.20 0.90 0.11 0.78 1.5 0.66 0.87 2.0 1.3 0.68 16 FEB 0.47 0.010 0.46 1.2 0.29 0.95 1.8 0.87 0.98 2.2 1.4 0.85 16 MAR 1.8 1.2 0.53 2.6 2.2 0.44 2.9 2.3 0.55 3.0 2.5 0.57 15 APR 1.6 0.59 1.0 2.4 1.4 0.97 2.9 2.0 0.88 2.6 1.3 1.3 15 MAY 1.6 0.37 1.2 2.3 1.1 1.2 2.9 1.9 1.0 3.3 2.5 0.78 11 JUN 2.0 0.94 1.1 2.8 1.9 0.85 3.3 2.6 0.69 3.6 3.0 0.61 17 JUL 1.9 0.93 1.0 2.6 1.8 0.88 3.2 2.5 0.73 3.5 2.9 0.62 16 AUG 1.6 0.53 1.1 2.4 1.3 1.0 2.9 2.1 0.85 3.3 2.6 0.69 15 SEP 1.4 0.37 1.0 2.1 1.1 1.0 2.7 1.8 0.85 3.0 2.4 0.66 15 OCT 0.91 0.090 0.82 1.4 0.35 1.1 2.0 0.89 1.1 2.6 2.0 0.62 14 NOV 0.74 0.073 0.67 1.4 0.57 0.85 2.0 1.3 0.70 2.2 1.7 0.52 10 DEC 0.24 0.0029 0.24 1.1 0.33 0.80 0.32 0.0034 0.32 0.47 0.0067 0.46

TIME 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM DAY I Ib Id I Ib Id I Ib Id I Ib Id

17 JAN 1.9 1.3 0.63 1.9 1.5 0.40 1.8 1.5 0.29 0.97 0.80 0.17 16 FEB 2.4 1.8 0.61 2.4 1.9 0.44 1.9 1.4 0.40 0.92 0.34 0.58 16 MAR 3.2 2.6 0.52 2.5 1.9 0.63 1.8 1.1 0.79 1.5 1.1 0.42 15 APR 2.7 1.6 1.1 3.3 2.8 0.55 3.2 2.6 0.52 2.6 2.2 0.43 15 MAY 3.4 2.7 0.65 3.1 2.5 0.60 2.9 2.5 0.48 2.2 1.8 0.36 11 JUN 3.8 3.2 0.62 3.6 3.0 0.60 3.3 2.8 0.55 2.9 2.4 0.47 17 JUL 3.7 3.1 0.61 3.6 3.0 0.59 3.3 2.7 0.54 2.8 2.4 0.47 16 AUG 3.4 2.8 0.58 3.3 2.8 0.55 3.0 2.5 0.50 2.5 2.1 0.41 15 SEP 3.1 2.6 0.54 3.0 2.5 0.50 2.7 2.2 0.44 2.1 1.7 0.35 15 OCT 2.1 1.1 0.97 2.2 1.8 0.45 1.9 1.6 0.32 1.3 1.1 0.22 14 NOV 2.5 2.1 0.41 2.1 1.8 0.35 1.4 1.1 0.27 0.75 0.61 0.14 10 DEC 1.7 0.96 0.71 1.7 1.4 0.36 1.7 1.4 0.28 0.78 0.65 0.13

TABLE II

INCLINED SURFACE (β=20o): TOTAL TILTED HOURLY IT, BEAM CONTRIBUTION ITb, DIFFUSE CONTRIBUTION ITd AND GROUND-REFLECTED CONTRIBUTION ITg RADIATION [MJ/m2]

TIME 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM DAY IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg

17 JAN 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.96 0.23 0.72 0.01 1.91 1.24 0.65 0.01 2.58 2.18 0.39 0.02 16 FEB 0.47 0.02 0.45 0.00 1.36 0.52 0.83 0.01 2.18 1.46 0.70 0.02 2.69 2.16 0.51 0.02 16 MAR 2.06 1.76 0.28 0.02 3.06 2.89 0.15 0.02 3.34 3.10 0.22 0.03 3.55 3.31 0.22 0.03 15 APR 1.67 0.82 0.83 0.01 2.52 1.90 0.60 0.02 3.07 2.58 0.46 0.03 2.72 1.81 0.88 0.02 15 MAY 1.53 0.47 1.05 0.01 2.30 1.40 0.88 0.02 2.93 2.31 0.59 0.03 3.37 2.99 0.35 0.03 11 JUN 1.89 1.12 0.75 0.02 2.68 2.21 0.45 0.02 3.26 2.94 0.29 0.03 3.62 3.38 0.21 0.03 17 JUL 1.84 1.12 0.71 0.02 2.59 2.08 0.49 0.02 3.18 2.83 0.32 0.03 3.58 3.33 0.23 0.03 16 AUG 1.60 0.71 0.88 0.01 2.41 1.73 0.66 0.02 3.06 2.60 0.43 0.03 3.48 3.16 0.28 0.03 15 SEP 1.43 0.55 0.87 0.01 2.31 1.60 0.69 0.02 2.99 2.51 0.46 0.02 3.42 3.11 0.28 0.03 15 OCT 0.93 0.15 0.77 0.01 1.56 0.60 0.95 0.01 2.27 1.45 0.79 0.02 3.19 2.89 0.28 0.02 14 NOV 0.78 0.15 0.62 0.01 1.74 1.08 0.65 0.01 2.54 2.12 0.40 0.02 2.97 2.72 0.23 0.02 10 DEC 0.24 0.01 0.23 0.00 1.35 0.67 0.67 0.01 0.32 0.01 0.31 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.44 0.00

TIME 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM DAY IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg




915

TABLE III INCLINED SURFACE (β=32o): TOTAL TILTED HOURLY IT, BEAM CONTRIBUTION ITb, DIFFUSE CONTRIBUTION ITd

AND GROUND-REFLECTED CONTRIBUTION ITg RADIATION [MJ/m2] TIME 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM DAY IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg




TABLE IV

INCLINED SURFACE (β=45o): TOTAL TILTED HOURLY IT, BEAM CONTRIBUTION ITb, DIFFUSE CONTRIBUTION ITd AND GROUND-REFLECTED CONTRIBUTION ITg RADIATION [MJ/m2]

TIME 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM DAY IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg






916

TABLE V INCLINED SURFACE (β=90o): TOTAL TILTED HOURLY IT, BEAM CONTRIBUTION ITb, DIFFUSE CONTRIBUTION ITd

AND GROUND-REFLECTED CONTRIBUTION ITg RADIATION [MJ/m2] TIME 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM DAY IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg IT ITb ITd ITg




We can summarize that the best harvesting of solar annual energy of 7771 (2158.6 kWh/m2) and 7754 MJ/m2 (2154 kWh/m2) occurred for surfaces with slopes of 20o and 32 o, respectively. Deviations in slopes of 20 o and 32 o have small effect on total energy availability. Maximum winter energy avilablity of 2091 MJ/m2 (581 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 45 o and the maximum summer energy availability of 5864 MJ/m2 (1629 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 20 o. Per day, the best average annual solar radiation is 21.3 MJ/m2 (5.9 kWh/m2) for slopes of 20o and 32o. Maximum winter energy avilablity of 2091 MJ/m2 (581 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 45o with an average 17.4 MJ/m2 (4.84 kWh/m2) per day. The maximum summer energy availability of 5864 MJ/m2 (1629 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 20o

with an average 24.4 MJ/m2 (6.8 kWh/m2) per day.

IV. Conclusion Beam, diffuse and ground-reflected radiation data for

different slopes have been extracted analytically and analyzed from measured data on a horizontal surface at Zarqa governorate. For horizontal surface, the total annual, summer, and winter energy are 7291, 5718, and 1573 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual, summer, and winter solar radiation per day are 20 MJ/m2 (5.56 kWh/m2), 24 MJ/m2 (6.67 kWh/m2), and 13 MJ/m2 (3.6 kWh/m2), respectively. For surface with a slope of β=20o, the total annual, summer, and winter energy are

7771, 5864, and 1907 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual, summer, and winter solar radiation per day are 21.3 MJ/m2 (5.9 kWh/m2), 24.4 MJ/m2 (6.78 kWh/m2), and 15.9 MJ/m2 (4.4 kWh/m2), respectively. For surface with a slope of β=32o, the total annual, summer, and winter energy are 7754, 5724, and 2030 MJ/m2, respectively.

The average annual, summer, and winter solar radiation per day are 21.2 MJ/m2 (5.89 kWh/m2), 23.8 MJ/m2 (6.6 kWh/m2), and 16.9 MJ/m2 (4.7 kWh/m2), respectively. For surface with a slope of β=45o, the total annual, summer, and winter energy are 7475, 5384, and 2092 MJ/m2, respectively.

The average annual, summer, and winter solar radiation per day are 20.5 MJ/m2 (5.7 kWh/m2), 22.4 MJ/m2 (6.2 kWh/m2), and 17.4 MJ/m2 (4.8 kWh/m2), respectively. For a vertical surface, the total annual, summer, and winter energy are 4796, 3087, and 1708 MJ/m2, respectively. The average annual, summer, and winter solar radiation per day are 13.1 MJ/m2 (3.6kWh/m2), 14.2 MJ/m2 (3.9 kWh/m2), and 12.9 MJ/m2 (3.6 kWh/m2), respectively. The best harvesting of solar annual energy of 7771 (2158.6 kWh/m2) and 7754 MJ/m2 (2154 kWh/m2) occurred for surfaces with slopes of 20o and 32o, respectively. Maximum winter energy avilablity of 2091 MJ/m2 (581 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 45o and the maximum summer energy availability of 5864 MJ/m2 (1629 kWh/m2) occurred for a surface with slope of 20o. Zarqa governorate has a promising potential to establish



917

different solar-energy systems due to abundant of solar energy.

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Authors’ information Dr. Ali M. Jawarneh, corresponding author, associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hashemite University, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Mohammad Al-Tarawneh, assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hashemite University, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected]

Dr..Amer Ababneh, associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hashemite University, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Tlilan Hitham, associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hashemite University, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected]

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Abstracting and Indexing Information:

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA/CIG) Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Information Services) Elsevier Bibliographic Database SCOPUS Index Copernicus (Journal Master List): Impact Factor 6.46

Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Napoli n. 6 del 17/01/2007

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