international smoking statistics - austria · preface (continued) 6 austria 24-oct-2011 note,...

International Smoking Statistics

Web Edition

A collection of worldwide historical data

Austria

Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Alison Thornton, Peter Lee

P N Lee Statistics & Computing Ltd 17 Cedar Road Sutton SM2 5DA, UK www.pnlee.co.uk This report is an updated version of Chapter 2 of International Smoking Statistics 2nd edition, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-850856-5 Date of issue: 24-Oct-2011 (Last major revision 19-Dec-2007)

2 Austria 24-Oct-2011

© Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, John Hamling, Alison Thornton, Peter Lee, 2007-2011 This work is copyright. It may be reproduced or quoted in whole or in part for study or research purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced for purposes other than those above or sold without written permission from the authors. Issue History: First issued 19-Dec-2007 Revised 12-Jan-2009 – minor corrections to notes for survey sources 10 and 11, p. 32 (pdf only). Revised 24-Oct-2011 – Sales and population data updated (Tables 1-2, Figure 2). Corrections for survey source 6 to product codes, 1990, 1994 and 1998, Table 4, and to notes. Corrections to notes for survey source 14. Minor text changes. Tables 4Ext and 6Ext and Figure 3Ext added to Excel workbook. (Note that calculations of ‘% total sales’ (Tables 6-8) and of ‘adult (15+) estimates’ (Tables 4Ext, 6Ext and 8, Figures 3-4) have not been updated with the revised population data; there may be discrepancies for 2000- 2001, but these will be very minor.)

24-Oct-2011 Austria 3

Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................3

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................4 Preface ..........................................................................................................................................5

Downloads ................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................6 Introduction....................................................................................................................................7

Sales data .................................................................................................................................7 Survey data...............................................................................................................................7

Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, 1923-1973.................................................9 Table 1.2 Total annual sales of tobacco products, 1974-2010...............................................10 Table 1.3 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years ......11 Table 2 Sales of cigarettes (including estimated number of hand-rolled cigarettes) and

of all tobacco products. Annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day...........................................................................................................12

Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes; sales-weighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN)...................................................................................................................15

Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age.......................................16 Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age....................................17 Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by

age..........................................................................................................................20 Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys

by age .....................................................................................................................21 Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by

age; with percentage total sales .............................................................................22 Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted, males:

selected surveys1 by age; with percentage total sales...........................................22 Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys

by age; with percentage total sales ........................................................................23 Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted, females:

selected surveys1 by age; with percentage total sales...........................................23 Table 8 Estimated1 prevalence of smoking and estimated1 number of cigarettes per

person per day (unadjusted and sales-adjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7. Males and females aged 15 years and over ......................................................24

Notes ...........................................................................................................................................29 Notes on sources of sales data ..............................................................................................29

Sales data before 1974 ......................................................................................................29 Sales data for 1974 onwards..............................................................................................29 Estimates of numbers of hand-rolled cigarettes for 1923-2005 .........................................29 Plain/Filter cigarette sales ..................................................................................................30 Tar machine yield of cigarettes...........................................................................................30 Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes...................................................................................30

Notes on sources of survey data ............................................................................................30 References ..................................................................................................................................34 1 See footnotes to Tables

Table of Contents (continued)


List of Figures Figure 1 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years ..... 11 Figure 2 Sales of (i) manufactured and total1 cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products.

Average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day ............................................ 14 Figure 3 Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) manufactured cigarettes, (ii) total

cigarettes and (iii) all tobacco products; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over ......................................................................................... 26

Figure 4 Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over ........................................................................... 28

1 See footnotes to Figures


Preface

International Smoking Statistics is a collection of smoking data covering most of Europe and various other economically developed countries. The second edition (published by Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and OUP, 2002, www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-850856-5) included data for 30 countries up to 1995. Since 2006, work has been ongoing to make individual country updates available online. Please register at www.pnlee.co.uk if you wish to be informed when updates are posted.

The methods used in the web edition are essentially unchanged from those of the second edition, although some minor changes are included in the online Methods chapter. Readers are strongly recommended to consult the Methods chapter.

The two main types of data presented are sales data and survey data. We give the results of the original authors as closely as possible, whilst presenting them in a uniform format.

Sales data give the total national consumption of tobacco. Data on sales of cigarettes and of all tobacco products are presented, usually from about 1920. Estimates of the consumption of hand-rolled cigarettes are included where possible, as are data on the types of manufactured cigarettes sold. The Tobacco Research Council provided most of the sales data until 1973, while later sales data were obtained from government and industry sources.

Survey data provide information on the prevalence and amount of smoking according to age and sex. These were obtained from a wide variety of surveys. Some survey data are available for the early part of the 20th century, but for most countries they are available only from the 1950s or 1960s onwards.

In additional tables we calculate further statistics by combining sales and survey data using certain standardized assumptions. The figures are intended to provide an easily interpretable summary of the data presented in the tables, and the commentary has deliberately been kept to a minimum.

Downloads Updates currently available to download from www.pnlee.co.uk include:

Methods, including Appendix I: Estimated size of adult population; Appendix II: Comparisons of manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes and differences in the way they are smoked; Appendix III: Consumption category estimation;

Comparisons between countries;

Updated country chapters (see Methods for current list);

Tables from each updated chapter, in Excel format, including extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 and Figure 3 for chapters issued since January 2011;

Supplement 1: Estimation of sex-specific smoking statistics by standardized age groups and time periods. [The web edition comprises a brief Update

Preface (continued)


Note, together with tables (in Excel format only) for the countries with a chapter in the web edition. The original Supplement 1 to the second edition (an extended version of Appendix IV to the second edition) is also available and gives a full description and tables for the other countries].

Also available from the same source are:

Supplement 2 to the second edition: Estimating past smoking habits by an indirect method. An investigation into a method based on recall, with application to Great Britain. [This supplement is an extended version of Appendix V to the second edition];

IMASS, a comprehensive Excel database system, based on WHO mortality data and smoking statistics from Supplement 1. The IMASS system includes powerful routines for creating graphs and tables.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the tobacco industry for their financial support and for providing some of the sales data in International Smoking Statistics.

We would also like to thank the many government and research organizations and individuals who supplied much of the information included.

We thank Yvonne Cooper, Pauline Wassell and Diana Morris for maintenance of our references database.

We are indebted to G. F. Todd, past director of the Tobacco Research Council, who, shortly before he died in 1988, had prepared a draft report from which the first edition of International Smoking Statistics developed.

Professor Nicholas Wald was an editor of earlier editions, and we thank him for his support and encouragement.

We alone bear the responsibility for the analysis and interpretation of the data presented.


Introduction

Sales data See Tables 1-3 and Notes on sources of sales data.

Sales data are available from 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s the consumption of manufactured cigarettes per adult remained fairly stable, varying around 2-3 cigarettes per day. After an increase around the beginning of the Second World War, consumption fell sharply to about 1 cigarette per day in 1946. Consumption then rose steadily until the late 1970s when it reached around 7 cigarettes per day, then fell, dropping to about 5.5 cigarettes per day by the mid-1990s. Since then, there have been substantial fluctuations which may, at least in part, be attributable to levels of smuggling and cross-border sales.

Consumption of hand-rolled cigarettes per adult, estimated from all sales of cigarette tobacco, fell from around 1 cigarette per day in 1923 to 0.3 in 1933, but rose again to the same level during the Second World War. After that, consumption was very low until about 1980, and has risen since, although remaining much lower than of manufactured cigarettes. Our estimates may be too high, since in Germany, comparison of sales of fine-cut (cigarette) tobacco with sales of cigarette paper suggest that only about 70% of cigarette tobacco was used for hand-rolled cigarettes (see also Notes on sources of sales data, p. 29).

The consumption of all tobacco products combined followed a similar trend to that of manufactured cigarettes, but the post-war increase was slower, so that the 1920s level of 6 g per adult per day was not reached again until the mid-1960s. Consumption exceeded 7 g per adult per day between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s and fell to below 6 g by the mid-1990s. In 1923, 32% of all tobacco consumed was in manufactured cigarettes, increasing steadily to 97% by 1990, followed by a slight drop due to increasing consumption of cigars and hand-rolling tobacco. In 1960, only 9% of manufactured cigarettes were filtered, but this rose rapidly to 76% in 1970 and has exceeded 95% since 1980.

Survey data See Tables 4-8 and Notes on sources of survey data.

National data on adult smoking are only available from 1972. Earlier data relate only to Vienna, where the smoking prevalence in 1954 was substantially higher than the later national results. Results are available from the Mikrozensus (source 1) on a consistent basis between 1972 and 1997, and show that the prevalence of regular smoking among men aged 15 years and over decreased somewhat from 38% to 30%, while among women it increased from 10% to 19%. Another 6-10% of men and 4-7% of women smoked occasionally. Some more recent surveys (including sources 10 and 16, and the 1999 Mikrozensus which had some methodological differences from earlier years) suggest a marked increase in prevalence, with some estimates exceeding 40% for men and 30% for women, but this is not supported by other surveys (sources 14, 15).

Based on the Mikrozensus results of 1972-1997, the prevalence of smoking increased fairly consistently among women in all age groups. The decrease among men was more marked for men aged 50 years and over. When reported separately by the Mikrozensus, smoking prevalence among older teenage boys was much

Introduction (continued)


higher than among girls. However, school-based surveys show little difference between the sexes among younger teenagers until the mid-1990s, while more recent surveys show the prevalence increasing more among girls than among boys. For instance, the prevalence of weekly smokers age 15 rose from about 20% in 1984-1990 to 30% in 1994 in both sexes, but then rose again in girls only to 37% in 2001 (source 6).

Comparison of survey and sales data suggests that surveys under-reported consumption by about 40% in the 1970s, gradually reducing to 25% in the mid-1990s. However, in view of the fluctuations in both sales and survey data since then, some surveys have substantially over-reported. Since 1972, the estimated number of cigarettes smoked per person per day (sales-adjusted) has fallen, apart from some fluctuations around 2000, from about 12 to about 5 for men; for women, it increased from 2 to 4 by the early 1980s, and then remained steady.


Table 1.1 Total annual sales of tobacco products, 1923-1973

Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data before 1974, p. 29

Year Manufactured Cigars Cigarette Pipe Chew ing Snuff All tobaccocigarettes tobacco tobacco tobacco productstonnes millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes

1923 3 180 2 935 730 158 1 680 3 950 230 140 9 8901924 3 860 3 741 910 205 1 410 3 990 270 140 10 5701925 4 040 3 973 950 216 1 360 3 900 320 140 10 7001926 4 450 4 395 910 204 1 320 3 860 320 140 10 9801927 4 540 4 512 860 201 1 410 3 580 360 140 10 8901928 4 760 4 800 910 209 1 450 3 400 410 140 11 0701929 4 760 4 925 910 207 1 540 3 220 410 140 10 980

1930 4 670 4 809 910 206 1 590 3 180 360 140 10 8401931 4 810 4 940 770 175 1 180 3 130 360 140 10 3901932 5 170 5 512 640 144 730 2 990 360 90 9 9801933 4 850 5 102 540 122 640 3 040 360 90 9 5301934 4 450 4 658 450 107 730 3 220 320 90 9 2501935 4 260 4 452 450 104 860 3 080 270 90 9 0301936 4 170 4 332 450 106 1 090 3 080 270 90 9 1601937 4 040 4 211 450 103 1 090 3 040 270 90 8 9801938 4 810 5 004 540 129 1 180 2 950 270 90 9 8401939 6 400 6 395 640 157 1 180 2 860 230 50 11 340

1940 7 800 7 810 680 175 1 410 2 990 320 90 13 2901941 9 250 9 249 730 176 1 680 3 490 410 90 15 6501942 8 570 8 561 590 147 1 540 3 310 360 50 14 4201943 8 160 8 168 500 121 1 860 2 450 320 50 13 3401944 6 530 6 510 360 94 1 450 2 040 140 50 10 5701945 2 540 2 554 140 37 540 450 50 0 3 7201946 2 220 2 244 230 62 50 230 50 0 2 7701947 2 860 3 136 270 57 0 230 50 0 3 4001948 3 860 3 923 360 72 0 410 50 50 4 7201949 4 760 4 781 320 60 0 1 270 90 50 6 490

1950 5 940 5 953 270 58 90 1 360 140 50 7 8501951 6 620 6 609 320 66 140 1 320 140 50 8 5701952 6 890 6 913 320 72 180 1 180 90 50 8 7101953 7 120 7 132 320 76 180 1 130 90 0 8 8501954 6 350 6 329 320 77 180 1 040 90 0 7 9801955 7 170 7 144 360 85 180 1 000 90 0 8 8001956 7 940 7 918 410 89 180 910 90 0 9 5301957 8 350 8 349 360 94 180 860 50 0 9 8001958 8 800 8 899 360 98 180 820 50 0 10 2101959 9 210 9 295 360 98 180 770 50 0 10 570

1960 9 480 9 451 360 96 180 730 50 0 10 8001961 9 620 9 284 360 101 180 730 50 0 10 9301962 9 710 9 719 590 103 180 680 50 0 11 2001963 10 120 10 101 450 91 180 640 50 0 11 4301964 10 430 10 436 410 86 180 640 50 0 11 7001965 10 840 10 827 410 85 180 590 50 0 12 0701966 11 520 11 507 410 83 180 640 50 0 12 7901967 11 790 11 771 410 82 180 640 50 0 13 0601968 12 020 11 982 410 80 180 590 0 0 13 2001969 12 430 12 379 410 84 140 500 0 0 13 470

1970 13 060 13 037 410 80 140 450 0 0 14 0601971 13 610 13 603 410 77 90 410 0 0 14 5101972 13 470 13 451 410 69 90 320 0 0 14 2901973 14 510 14 499 360 68 90 320 0 0 15 290


Table 1.2 Total annual sales of tobacco products, 1974-2010

Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Sales data for 1974 onwards, p. 29

Year Manufactured Cigars Fine-cut Pipe Chewing Snuff All tobaccocigarettes tobacco tobacco tobacco productstonnes millions tonnes millions tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes

1974 14 419 14 419 348 63 67 286 9 6 15 1351975 13 975 13 975 322 59 60 257 9 5 14 6271976 14 415 14 415 314 57 54 241 9 6 15 0381977 14 705 14 705 299 54 52 231 6 7 15 3001978 15 127 15 127 283 52 46 223 2 6 15 6871979 15 670 15 670 281 51 45 211 2 6 16 214

1980 15 515 15 515 273 50 52 204 2 7 16 0531981 15 721 15 721 262 48 65 202 1 8 16 2591982 15 540 15 540 237 43 96 200 1 8 16 0821983 15 878 15 878 221 40 115 188 1 8 16 4111984 15 550 15 550 210 38 136 180 1 8 16 0851985 15 645 15 645 202 37 135 168 1 7 16 1501986 15 645 15 645 193 35 146 151 8 16 1431987 15 233 15 233 189 34 146 140 7 15 7161988 14 496 14 496 183 33 147 129 8 14 9631989 14 079 14 079 183 33 149 119 8 14 538

1990 14 401 14 401 178 32 152 114 8 14 8531991 14 737 14 737 172 31 153 112 9 15 1831992 14 319 14 319 167 30 155 107 9 14 7581993 13 782 13 782 157 29 156 100 10 14 2041994 14 077 14 077 152 28 162 94 10 14 4951995 13 245 13 245 158 29 163 89 10 13 6651996 12 875 12 875 166 30 169 88 11 13 3081997 13 589 13 589 186 34 190 93 11 14 0701998 15 503 15 503 217 951999 15 933 15 933 222 93

2000 15 544 15 544 292 53 229 89 16 1542001 15 032 15 032 325 59 241 86 15 6842002 11 532 11 532 341 62 253 85 12 2112003 11 143 11 143 352 64 251 86 11 8322004 11 143 11 143 402 73 259 85 11 8892005 424 77 304 532006 435 79 422 452007 435 79 390 382008 446 81 443 362009 451 82

2010 446 81


Table 1.3 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years

Source: calculated from Tables 1.1 & 1.2

Figure 1 Percentage of sales of tobacco in different forms (by weight), selected years

Tobacco SalesPercentage by weight

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2004

YearManufactured cigarettes Cigars Cigarette / fine-cut tobacco Pipe tobacco Snuff + chewing

Source: Table 1.3

Year Manufactured cigarettes

Cigars Cigarette / fine-cut tobacco

Pipe tobacco

Snuff and chewing tobacco

% % % % %

1925 37.8 8.9 12.7 36.4 4.31935 47.2 5.0 9.5 34.1 4.01945 68.3 3.8 14.5 12.1 1.31955 81.5 4.1 2.0 11.4 1.01965 89.8 3.4 1.5 4.9 0.41975 95.5 2.2 0.4 1.8 0.11985 96.9 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.11995 96.9 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.12004 93.7 3.4 2.2 0.7


Table 2 Sales of cigarettes (including estimated number of hand-rolled cigarettes) and of all tobacco products. Annual total and average per adult (age 15 years and over) per day

Year Manufactured Cigarettes Hand-rolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco productsTotal annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/

millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day

1923 2 935 1.6 1 680 0.9 4 615 2.6 9 890 5.51924 3 741 2.1 1 410 0.8 5 151 2.8 10 570 5.81925 3 973 2.2 1 360 0.7 5 333 2.9 10 700 5.91926 4 395 2.4 1 320 0.7 5 715 3.1 10 980 6.01927 4 512 2.5 1 410 0.8 5 922 3.2 10 890 6.01928 4 800 2.6 1 450 0.8 6 250 3.4 11 070 6.01929 4 925 2.7 1 540 0.8 6 465 3.5 10 980 5.9

1930 4 809 2.6 1 590 0.9 6 399 3.5 10 840 5.91931 4 940 2.7 1 180 0.6 6 120 3.3 10 390 5.61932 5 512 3.0 730 0.4 6 242 3.4 9 980 5.41933 5 102 2.7 640 0.3 5 742 3.1 9 530 5.11934 4 658 2.5 730 0.4 5 388 2.9 9 250 4.91935 4 452 2.4 860 0.5 5 312 2.8 9 030 4.81936 4 332 2.3 1 090 0.6 5 422 2.9 9 160 4.81937 4 211 2.2 1 090 0.6 5 301 2.8 8 980 4.71938 5 004 2.6 1 180 0.6 6 184 3.3 9 840 5.21939 6 395 3.4 1 180 0.6 7 575 4.0 11 340 6.1

1940 7 810 4.2 1 410 0.8 9 220 4.9 13 290 7.11941 9 249 4.9 1 680 0.9 10 929 5.8 15 650 8.31942 8 561 4.5 1 540 0.8 10 101 5.3 14 420 7.61943 8 168 4.3 1 860 1.0 10 028 5.3 13 340 7.01944 6 510 3.4 1 450 0.8 7 960 4.2 10 570 5.51945 2 554 1.3 540 0.3 3 094 1.6 3 720 2.01946 2 244 1.1 50 0.0 2 294 1.2 2 770 1.41947 3 136 1.6 0 0.0 3 136 1.6 3 400 1.81948 3 923 2.0 0 0.0 3 923 2.0 4 720 2.41949 4 781 2.5 0 0.0 4 781 2.5 6 490 3.3

1950 5 953 3.0 90 0.0 6 043 3.1 7 850 4.01951 6 609 3.4 140 0.1 6 749 3.5 8 570 4.41952 6 913 3.6 180 0.1 7 093 3.6 8 710 4.51953 7 132 3.7 180 0.1 7 312 3.8 8 850 4.61954 6 329 3.2 180 0.1 6 509 3.3 7 980 4.11955 7 144 3.6 180 0.1 7 324 3.7 8 800 4.51956 7 918 4.0 180 0.1 8 098 4.1 9 530 4.81957 8 349 4.2 180 0.1 8 529 4.3 9 800 4.91958 8 899 4.5 180 0.1 9 079 4.6 10 210 5.11959 9 295 4.6 180 0.1 9 475 4.7 10 570 5.3

1960 9 451 4.7 180 0.1 9 631 4.8 10 800 5.41961 9 284 4.6 180 0.1 9 464 4.7 10 930 5.51962 9 719 4.8 180 0.1 9 899 4.9 11 200 5.61963 10 101 5.0 180 0.1 10 281 5.1 11 430 5.71964 10 436 5.1 180 0.1 10 616 5.2 11 700 5.81965 10 827 5.3 180 0.1 11 007 5.4 12 070 5.91966 11 507 5.7 180 0.1 11 687 5.7 12 790 6.31967 11 771 5.8 180 0.1 11 951 5.9 13 060 6.41968 11 982 5.9 180 0.1 12 162 6.0 13 200 6.51969 12 379 6.1 140 0.1 12 519 6.2 13 470 6.6

1970 13 037 6.4 140 0.1 13 177 6.5 14 060 6.91971 13 603 6.6 90 0.0 13 693 6.7 14 510 7.11972 13 451 6.5 90 0.0 13 541 6.6 14 290 6.91973 14 499 7.0 90 0.0 14 589 7.0 15 290 7.41974 14 419 6.9 67 0.0 14 486 6.9 15 135 7.21975 13 975 6.6 60 0.0 14 035 6.7 14 627 6.91976 14 415 6.8 54 0.0 14 469 6.8 15 038 7.11977 14 705 6.9 52 0.0 14 757 6.9 15 300 7.21978 15 127 7.0 46 0.0 15 173 7.1 15 687 7.31979 15 670 7.2 45 0.0 15 715 7.3 16 214 7.5


Table 2 (continued)

Source: Manufactured cigarettes and all tobacco products, Tables 1.1 and 1.2. Hand-rolled cigarettes, see Notes on sources of sales data: Estimates of numbers of hand-rolled cigarettes for 1923-2005, p. 29. Population, see Population, Methods p. 14.

Year Manufactured Cigarettes Hand-rolled cigarettes Total cigarettes All tobacco productsTotal annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Number/ Total annual Grams/

millions adult/day millions adult/day millions adult/day tonnes adult/day

1980 15 515 7.1 52 0.0 15 567 7.1 16 053 7.41981 15 721 7.1 65 0.0 15 786 7.1 16 259 7.41982 15 540 7.0 96 0.0 15 636 7.0 16 082 7.21983 15 878 7.1 115 0.1 15 993 7.2 16 411 7.31984 15 550 6.9 136 0.1 15 686 7.0 16 085 7.21985 15 645 6.9 135 0.1 15 779 7.0 16 150 7.11986 15 645 6.9 146 0.1 15 791 7.0 16 143 7.11987 15 233 6.7 146 0.1 15 379 6.7 15 716 6.91988 14 496 6.3 147 0.1 14 643 6.4 14 963 6.51989 14 079 6.1 149 0.1 14 228 6.2 14 538 6.3

1990 14 401 6.2 152 0.1 14 553 6.2 14 853 6.41991 14 737 6.3 153 0.1 14 890 6.3 15 183 6.41992 14 319 6.0 155 0.1 14 474 6.1 14 758 6.21993 13 782 5.7 156 0.1 13 938 5.8 14 204 5.91994 14 077 5.8 162 0.1 14 238 5.9 14 495 6.01995 13 245 5.5 163 0.1 13 407 5.5 13 665 5.61996 12 875 5.3 169 0.1 13 044 5.4 13 308 5.51997 13 589 5.6 190 0.1 13 779 5.7 14 070 5.81998 15 503 6.3 217 0.1 15 720 6.41999 15 933 6.5 222 0.1 16 155 6.6

2000 15 544 6.4 229 0.1 15 773 6.5 16 154 6.72001 15 032 6.2 241 0.1 15 273 6.3 15 684 6.42002 11 532 4.7 253 0.1 11 785 4.8 12 211 5.02003 11 143 4.5 251 0.1 11 394 4.6 11 832 4.82004 11 143 4.5 259 0.1 11 402 4.6 11 889 4.82005 304 0.12006 422 0.22007 390 0.22008 443 0.2


Figure 2 Sales of (i) manufactured and total1 cigarettes and (ii) all tobacco products. Average per adult (aged 15 years and over) per day

1 Includes estimated hand-rolled cigarette consumption Source: Table 2

SalesGrams /adult /day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1920 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 2010Year

Gra

ms

/ adu

lt / d

ay

All tobacco products

SalesNumber /adult /day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1920 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 2010

Year

Num

ber

/ adu

lt / d

ay

Manufactured cigarettes Total cigarettes


Table 3 Manufactured cigarettes: percentage of total sales as filter cigarettes; sales-weighted average machine yields per cigarette of tar (SWAT), and nicotine (SWAN)

Source: see Notes on sources of sales data: Plain/Filter cigarette sales, p. 30, Tar machine yield of cigarettes, p. 30 and Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes, p. 30

Year Filter SWAT SWAN% mg/cig mg/cig

1960 8.8 33.67 1.951961 36.51 1.731962 35.0 32.38 1.261963 41.0 30.91 1.851964 44.6 26.83 1.331965 47.5 27.32 1.341966 53.7 23.73 1.041967 60.0 21.57 1.061968 66.6 22.26 1.021969 71.4 22.25 0.96

1970 75.7 21.50 0.951971 79.2 19.50 0.931972 82.1 18.40 0.861973 84.9 18.10 0.831974 87.0 18.701975 88.9 18.30 0.781976 90.9 16.301977 92.6 15.30 0.721978 93.6 14.601979 94.4 14.10

1980 95.1 14.40 0.701981 96.0 12.901982 12.80 0.651983 12.70 0.681984 12.80

1997 99.51998 99.5


Table 4M Prevalence of smoking, males: selected surveys by age (continues on p. 18)

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

54 5 UC A54 5 A A72 1 UC R72 1 A R72 1 A A 4577 3 A R 3577 3 A A 4578 2 UC R 3878 2 UC A 4779 1 UC R79 1 A R79 1 UC A79 1 A A 4181 4 UC U 3383 6 U R 6 1786 1 A R86 1* UC A86 1 A A 4086 6 U * 3 1286 6 U R 7 1886 6 U A 19 2990 6 U * 3 1590 6 U R 5 2390 6 U A 11 2991 1 UC R 3691 8 UC R94 6 U R 8 2995 7 UC R 3995 7 UC A 4695 10 MC U 3695 10 TC U 3795 10 A U 3997 1 A R 3097 1* UC A 3597 1 A A 14 3697 13 UC * 0 1 197 13 UC R 1 4 597 13 UC A 8 16 1498 6 A * 5 2098 6 A R 10 3098 14 UC R 3398 14 A R 3398 14 A A 3999 1 U R 4199 1 U A 5099 8 UC R 3499 9 U R99 10 U U 4699 14 UC R 3199 14 A R 3299 14 A A 39

Freq

uenc

y Age Groups

Year

Sour

ce

Prod

uct 20 25

24 29

30 35 40

39 44

45 7580+

50 55 60 65 70

7934 49 54 59 64 69 747883

3639

49 46 4237 35 32

43 56 49 44

51 46 3941 36 39 3660 42 44 39

343539

25 43 51 53 51 46 40 2539 33 29

40 42 38 33

47 36

33 34

31 27

3538

21 39 47 52 53 47

29

27 22

40 46 33 23 12

34 35

44 45

38 33 32

34 2344 53 54 47 36 2734 45

31 52 34 2235 52 36 2336 53 39 24

27 37 37 39 38 33 35 29 24 18 15 13 937 47 45 45 44 39 37 31 27 18 16 15 9

40 4030 45 48 45 15 1138

33 28 19 1746 45

21 15 11

14

40 36 41 041 36 42 38 22 15 12 1

37

49 44 49 44 25 18 14 545 48 47 42 33 26 23 2257 59 56 50 40 32 29 27

36 36 42 37 28 35 28 21

45 57 51 3137 39 39 35 20 14 11 037 39 40 36 20 15 13 249 46 47 44 24 19 16 6


Table 4F Prevalence of smoking, females: selected surveys by age (continues on p. 19)

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

54 5 UC A54 5 A A72 1 UC R72 1 A R72 1 A A 1377 3 A R 1477 3 A A 2278 2 UC R 1478 2 UC A 2379 1 UC R79 1 A R79 1 UC A79 1 A A 1781 4 UC U 2283 6 U R 4 1986 1 A R86 1* UC A86 1 A A 2186 6 U * 3 1186 6 U R 6 1786 6 U A 13 2790 6 U * 1 1290 6 U R 4 2090 6 U A 9 2691 1 UC R 2191 8 UC R94 6 U R 7 3195 7 UC R 2495 7 UC A 3095 10 MC U 2595 10 TC U 2595 10 A U 2597 1 A R 1997 1* UC A 2397 1 A A 13 2397 13 UC * 1 1 197 13 UC R 2 4 497 13 UC A 5 14 1298 6 A * 3 2698 6 A R 8 3698 14 UC R 1998 14 A R 1998 14 A A 2499 1 U R 3299 1 U A 4199 8 UC R 2499 9 U R99 10 U U 3099 14 UC R 1999 14 A R 1999 14 A A 25

Freq

uenc

y Age Groups

Year

Sour

ce

Prod

uct 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

80+24 29 34 39 44 49 54 7959 64 69 74

2626

1010

14 12 524 14 7

21 28 20 15

40 21 916 16 12 631 26 17 8

141417

14 26 35 32 34 22 17 231 24 15

12 15 13 9

30 18

6 5

10 9

1821

15 27 37 38 35 31

13

6 3

28 32 18 8 3

14 12

34 22

30 25 20

9 938 44 40 29 12 1030 36

30 35 30 1130 36 30 1130 36 30 11

17 24 26 28 30 27 22 22 14 8 6 8 324 30 33 34 37 33 27 25 16 9 8 9 4

33 2721 28 30 33 9 427

25 16 9 834 37

11 4 2

14

23 26 30 023 26 30 22 11 4 2 0

22

35 32 38 28 15 5 3 037 40 39 34 26 19 19 2050 50 48 42 32 25 25 26

39 28 31 30 17 13 15 340 35 10

39 48 26 1327 23 31 21 12 4 2 227 23 31 21 12 4 2 238 32 38 27 16 4 3 2


Table 4M (continued from p. 16) Prevalence of smoking, males

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

00 14 UC R 3200 14 A R 3200 14 A A 4001 6 A * 3 2001 6 A R 6 2601 14 UC R 3101 14 A R 3201 14 A A 3902 10 MC R 3502 10 TC R 3702 10 A R 3802 10 MC U 4002 10 TC U 4302 10 A U 4402 12 UC R 5103 11 UC *03 11 UC A04 16 A R 4004 16 A A06 15 MC R 2606 15 U R 27632 35 28 15

29 1949

31 33 26 13 5

44 49 41 41

3748

31 44

53 53 48 2653 51 46 2347 50 44 2139 47 42 2339 47 42 2033 46 40 19

26 17 15 251 47 44 4720 13 11 238 37 37 41

2

38 37 37 39 20 12 9 0

14 14 048 50 48 45 25 17 17

2121

24 29 34

39 39 39 38

3913 12 039 38 38 37

7980+

75

44 49 54 59

60 65 70

69 7464

40 45 50 55

Freq

uenc

y Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30 35

Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source


Table 4F (continued from p.17) Prevalence of smoking, females

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

00 14 UC R 1900 14 A R 1900 14 A A 2401 6 A * 2 2501 6 A R 7 3701 14 UC R 1801 14 A R 1801 14 A A 2402 10 MC R 2602 10 TC R 2602 10 A R 2602 10 MC U 3202 10 TC U 3302 10 A U 3302 12 UC R03 11 UC *03 11 UC A04 16 A R 3704 16 A A06 15 MC R 1906 15 U R 19229 25 21 9

24 1046

28 24 21 9 2

47 42 39 39

4156

39 42

48 41 42 1448 41 42 1447 40 42 1440 32 36 1040 32 36 1039 31 36 10

17 4 2 040 31 37 2414 4 2 024 23 29 19

0

24 23 29 19 14 4 2 0

4 1 041 30 37 25 18 5 2

1414

24 29 34

25 25 29 20

394 1 025 25 29 20

7980+

75

44 49 54 59

60 65 70

69 7464

40 45 50 55Fr

eque

ncy Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30 35

Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Frequency: A = all smokers (including occasional) Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes R = regular or daily smokers TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) U = unspecified UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source


Table 5M Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, males: selected surveys by age

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

72 1 UC E78 2 UC E79 1 UC E81 4 UC E 2186 1 UC E91 1 UC E 2095 7* UC95 10 TC E 2097 1 UC E* 2098 6 UC 0.7 2.998 14 UC E* 2199 1 UC E* 1499 14 UC E* 2200 14 UC E* 2201 14 UC E* 2202 10 TC E 1803 11 UC E04 16 UC E*06 15 UC 19

1220

16 20 21 17 12

15 17 20 1824 21 21 0.019 21 23 2323 21 16 0.019 22 22 2423 22 17 1018 22 22 2414 13 9.8 7.711 15 16 16

14

17 21 21 23 22 19 21 10

22 21 18 1920 21 23 2313 16 19 19

2415 20 23 20

2017 21 22 20 17

2119 23 21

1822

59 64 69 74 7944 49 54

5545 50

24 29 34 3980+

7560 65 70

Est

imat

edAge Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30 35 40

Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified


Table 5F Number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day, females: selected surveys by age

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - Allages

72 1 UC E78 2 UC E79 1 UC E81 4 UC E 1486 1 UC E91 1 UC E 1595 7* UC95 10 TC E 1497 1 UC E* 1598 6 UC 0.4 2.998 14 UC E* 1799 1 UC E* 1199 14 UC E* 1600 14 UC E* 1701 14 UC E* 1602 10 TC E 1503 11 UC E04 16 UC E*06 15 UC 14

1317

12 15 16 15 12

15 14 16 1421 17 17 0.014 14 17 1919 14 9.7 0.014 14 19 1820 15 15 9.714 15 17 1811 9.3 8.3 7.49.5 11 13 12

12

14 15 18 19 19 13 15 0.0

16 16 15 1515 16 16 1711 14 15 15

1913 15 16 13

1513 16 17 16 11

1513 15 15

1317

Est

imat

ed

Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30 35 40

80+7560 65 70

24 29 34 39 44 49 54

5545 50

7959 64 69 74

Source: see Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 Estimated: E = mean estimated from percentage distribution Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes (see also Consumption category estimation, Methods TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) p. 11, and Appendix III) UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 A = all products All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source U = unspecified


Table 6M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, males: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales

%

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - All Totalages sales

72 1 UC 56%T78 2 UC 65%T79 1 UC 59%T81 4 UC 6.9 64%T86 1 UC 67%T91 1 UC 7.1 80%T95 10 TC* 7.3 98%T97 1 UC* 5.9 75%T98 6 UC 0.1 0.9 ** 98 14 UC* 6.8 75%T99 1 UC* 5.9 71%T99 9 UC ** 99 14 UC* 6.8 74%T00 14 UC* 7.0 77%T01 14 UC* 6.8 77%T02 10 TC 6.6 108%T03 11 UC ** 04 16 UC* 161%T06 15 MC* 4.8 85%M

4.48.1

4.9 6.5 5.5 2.3 0.6

6.0 8.0 8.5 3.84.7 2.5 1.9 0.07.1 7.8 8.4 9.24.9 2.8 1.9 0.07.3 8.5 8.5 8.74.6 3.0 1.8 0.06.7 8.5 8.4 8.2

4.8 3.2 2.3 1.75.1 7.1 7.7 6.6

1.3

7.0 7.7 8.7 8.4 4.7 2.8 2.4 0.0

5.5 3.8 2.7 2.57.9 7.0 7.9 6.63.4 5.8 6.9 7.65.1 10 8.2 4.6

7.07.0 9.5 7.3 4.5 2.0

6.68.3

7.17.6 7.5 6.0

59 64 69 7434 39

7580+

7944 49 5429

7035 40 45 50 5530 60 65Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25

24

Table 7M Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted, males:

selected surveys1 by age; with percentage total sales

%


72 1 UC 56%T78 2 UC 65%T79 1 UC 59%T81 4 UC 11 64%T86 1 UC 67%T91 1 UC 9.0 80%T95 10 TC* 7.5 98%T97 1 UC* 7.9 75%T98 14 UC* 9.0 75%T99 1 UC* 8.3 71%T99 14 UC* 9.2 74%T00 14 UC* 9.0 77%T01 14 UC* 8.8 77%T02 10 TC 6.2 108%T04 16 UC* 161%T06 15 MC* 5.7 85%M

5.05.8 7.6 6.5 2.7 0.7

5.5 7.5 7.8 3.56.1 3.3 2.5 0.09.1 10 11 126.4 3.6 2.5 0.09.5 11 11 116.3 4.1 2.5 0.09.1 12 11 116.7 4.6 3.2 2.47.1 10 11 9.2

1.89.3 10 12 11 6.3 3.7 3.1 0.0

7.3 5.1 3.6 3.411 9.3 11 8.84.5 7.8 9.3 105.3 10 8.4 4.7

118.8 12 9.2 5.7 2.5

1213

1212 12 9.4

7424 29 34 5939 44 49 54 6480+

79

55 60 65 75

69

Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30 7035 40 45 50

1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 21-64 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11)

Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes % Total sales: estimated % of total sales of M = manufactured or T = total TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) cigarette consumption implied by survey, sexes combined UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) used as adjustment factor in Table 7 A = all products ** = cannot be calculated U = unspecified -- = adjusted by original author * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30


Table 6F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, females: selected surveys by age; with percentage total sales

%


72 1 UC 56%T78 2 UC 65%T79 1 UC 59%T81 4 UC 3.1 64%T86 1 UC 67%T91 1 UC 3.1 80%T95 10 TC* 3.6 98%T97 1 UC* 2.8 75%T98 6 UC 0.0 1.0 ** 98 14 UC* 3.1 75%T99 1 UC* 3.6 71%T99 9 UC* ** 99 14 UC* 3.1 74%T00 14 UC* 3.1 77%T01 14 UC* 2.9 77%T02 10 TC 3.9 108%T03 11 UC ** 04 16 UC* 161%T06 15 MC* 2.7 85%M

5.46.4

3.5 3.5 3.4 1.4 0.3

6.1 4.5 5.6 1.43.0 0.6 0.3 0.03.3 3.1 4.8 3.52.7 0.5 0.1 0.03.5 3.5 5.5 3.7

7.03.7 3.5 5.4 3.7 2.4 0.6 0.3 0.2

4.5 7.3 5.6 4.913 9.9 12 9.014 7.5 8.9 113.0 1.8 1.6 1.53.5 4.5 4.9 4.2

0.3

3.2 3.8 5.3 4.2 2.2 0.5 0.3 0.0

2.2 1.2 1.0 1.14.5 4.2 3.5 3.71.9 3.3 3.7 4.13.8 5.3 4.7 1.4

2.73.8 5.1 3.0 1.2 0.4

1.32.3

2.13.9 3.5 2.2

Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25

24 29

7035 40 45 50 5530 60 65

34 39

7580+

7944 49 54 59 64 69 74

Table 7F Number of cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted, females:

selected surveys1 by age; with percentage total sales

%


72 1 UC 56%T78 2 UC 65%T79 1 UC 59%T81 4 UC 4.9 64%T86 1 UC 67%T91 1 UC 3.9 80%T95 10 TC* 3.7 98%T97 1 UC* 3.8 75%T98 14 UC* 4.1 75%T99 1 UC* 5.1 71%T99 14 UC* 4.2 74%T00 14 UC* 4.0 77%T01 14 UC* 3.8 77%T02 10 TC 3.6 108%T04 16 UC* 161%T06 15 MC* 3.2 85%M

4.04.2 4.2 4.0 1.7 0.3

5.6 4.2 5.2 1.33.8 0.8 0.4 0.04.2 4.1 6.3 4.53.5 0.7 0.2 0.04.6 4.5 7.1 4.83.3 0.8 0.4 0.35.1 4.8 7.3 5.04.2 2.5 2.2 2.04.9 6.3 6.9 5.9

0.44.3 5.1 7.0 5.6 2.9 0.7 0.4 0.0

3.0 1.6 1.3 1.56.0 5.7 4.7 4.92.5 4.4 5.0 5.43.9 5.4 4.8 1.4

4.04.7 6.4 3.8 1.6 0.5

2.33.5

3.56.1 5.5 3.5

Age Groups

Yea

r

Sou

rce

Pro

duct 20 25 30

69 74

35 40 45 50 7055 60 65

24 44

7580+

7949 54 6429 34 5939

1 Based on those surveys in Table 6 with data for both sexes and age range at least 21-64 (see Cigarette consumption per person, Methods p. 11)

Source: Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 All ages: relates to ages reported; as given in original source Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes % Total sales: estimated % of total sales of M = manufactured or T = total TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled) cigarette consumption implied by survey, sexes combined UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) used as adjustment factor in Table 7 A = all products ** = cannot be calculated U = unspecified -- = adjusted by original author * = refer to Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30


Table 8 Estimated1 prevalence of smoking and estimated1 number of cigarettes per person per day (unadjusted and sales-adjusted): summary of Tables 4, 6 and 7. Males and females aged 15 years and over

Year Source2 Product3

Totalsales cigarettes9

%person/day

M F M F M F M F M F M F

1954 5 UC+A 78 26 83 26 ( 5.6 1.5 )

1972 1 UC+A 36 10 38 10 6.5 1.3 56 11.7 2.31 A 45 14

1977 3 A 35 133 A 45 21

1978 2 UC 37 12 7.6 2.1 65 11.6 3.22 UC 46 20

1979 1 UC+A 33 13 35 14 6.9 2.0 59 11.8 3.41 UC+A 38 17 41 17

1981 4 UC 33 20 6.6 2.8 64 10.3 4.4

1986 1 UC+A 34 17 6.9 2.7 67 10.3 4.01 UC+A 38 21 40 21

1991 1 UC 36 21 7.2 3.1 80 9.0 3.9

1995 7 UC 39 237 UC 45 29

10 MC+TC+A 36 25 38 25 39 25 7.4 3.6 98 ( 7.2 3.9 ) 7.6 3.7

1997 1 UC+A 30 19 5.8 2.8 75 7.8 3.71 UC+A 35 23 36 23

1998 14 UC+A 33 18 33 18 6.7 3.1 75 9.0 4.114 A 39 24

1999 1 UC+U 41 32 5.9 3.6 71 8.3 5.01 U 50 419 UC+U 29 8.7

10 U 46 2914 UC+A 31 19 32 19 6.8 3.1 74 9.2 4.214 A 39 25

2000 14 UC+A 32 19 32 19 7.0 3.1 77 9.0 4.014 A 40 24

2001 14 UC+A 31 18 32 18 6.8 2.9 77 8.8 3.714 A 39 24

2002 10 MC+TC+A 34 26 37 26 38 26 6.6 3.9 108 ( 5.9 3.6 ) 6.1 3.610 MC+TC+A 40 32 42 33 44 33

2004 16 UC+A 39 34 8.2 6.5 161 5.1 4.116 A 49 46

2006/10 15 MC+U 26 19 27 19 4.8 2.7 85 5.7 3.2

person/day

Prevalence4 Number of cigarettes

Sales-adjusted8

cigarettes cigarettes5 products6number/

Manufactured Total All Unadjusted7

Manufactured

person/day

Total cigarettesnumber/ number/

See footnotes on next page


Table 8 (continued)

1 Surveys covering an age range of at least 21-64 are included. Any gaps in the data for ages 15-20 and 65 years and over are filled

in by assumed extensions to the age distribution, given in Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30. Method: see Summary of adult smoking, Methods p. 13.

2 See Notes on sources of survey data, p. 30 3 Product: MC = manufactured cigarettes, TC = total cigarettes (including hand-rolled), UC = cigarettes (type unspecified), A = all

products, U = unspecified. Frequency of smoking is indicated by: regular or daily smokers in normal type, all smokers (including occasional) in bold, unspecified in italics

4 From Table 4 5 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) 6 This column includes prevalence of smoking classified as U = unspecified product 7 From Table 6 8 From Table 7, except data in parentheses, which are derived from the prevalence of smoking from Table 4 as described in Summary

of adult smoking, Methods p. 13 9 Number of cigarettes classified as UC = cigarettes (type unspecified) has been adjusted to total cigarette sales and included in this

column 10 Calculations based on 2004 manufactured cigarette sales, and 2005 population


Figure 3 Estimated prevalence of smoking of (i) manufactured cigarettes, (ii) total cigarettes and (iii) all tobacco products; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over

Percentage of Smokers

Total Cigarettes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Male Female

Percentage of SmokersManufactured Cigarettes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Per

cent

age

Male Female


Figure 3 (continued)

Percentage of Smokers

All Tobacco Products

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Male Female

Source: Table 8 See also customisable version of Figure 3 in the Excel workbook


Figure 4 Estimated number of (i) manufactured cigarettes and (ii) total cigarettes smoked per person per day, sales-adjusted; by year of survey. Males and females aged 15 years and over

Number of Cigarettes Smoked

Manufactured Cigarettes (sales adjusted)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Num

ber /

per

son

/ day

Male Female

Number of Cigarettes Smoked

Total Cigarettes (sales adjusted)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Num

ber /

per

son

/ day

Male Female

Source: Table 8


Notes

Notes on sources of sales data The data presented in the tables and figures were obtained from several sources, details of which are given below, together with estimations and related assumptions. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 34 under References.

Sales data before 1974

RP6 Data by weight, originally given to nearest 100 000 pounds, have been converted to tonnes and given to nearest 10 tonnes (100 000 lbs = 45.359 tonnes). Notes as given in RP6: Details of the numbers and weight of cigarettes and cigars and of the weight of other manufactured tobacco products consumed were either provided by the Austrian Tobacco Monopoly or obtained from the annual reports of the Monopoly.

Sales data for 1974 onwards

1970-1997: Austria Tabak 1998 onwards: Manufactured cigarettes: US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2006);

Cigars: Bundesverband der Zigarrenindustrie (2007, 2011) Pipe and hand-rolling tobacco: Verband der Deutschen Rauchtabakindustrie

Data for cigarettes and cigars were given in numbers and have been converted to weight assuming an average of 1 g per cigarette (Austria Tabak) and 5.5 g per cigar (based on 1970-1973 values in RP6).

Data for cigarettes from USDA (shown in Table 1.2 for 1998 onwards) refer to domestic consumption. Data for earlier years from USDA are similar to those shown in the Table (e.g. for 1997, USDA 13 205; Austria Tabak 13 589), and so the sharp increase between 1997 and 1998 cannot be attributed to the change in data source.

No data for cigars are available for 1998-1999, and the total consumption has not been calculated for those years. No data for sales of chewing tobacco or snuff are available after 1997; as they were low in the preceding years, the total consumption for 2000-2004 has been calculated without them.

Up to 1994, Austria Tabak had a monopoly of the tobacco market. Since then, the market share of other suppliers is estimated to have increased to 10% of official sales (Uhl et al (2005)).

In 1995, the contraband market share was estimated as 15% (Joossens and Raw (1998)). In 1998, the permitted private import of cigarettes was reduced from 200 to 25 cigarettes, and border controls were tightened. This may account for some increase in domestic sales as consumers shifted from private imports or smuggling to legal domestic purchases in the late 1990s. However illegal cigarette imports were still high (USDA (2000, 2001)).

The level of smuggling rose after the accession to the EU of eastern European countries, and was estimated as 11% in 2004 (Agence France Presse (2005)) and 20% in 2005 (APA Economic News Service (2005a, 2005b)). A limit of one carton daily for personal imports from Czech Republic or Slovenia has been proposed from 2008 (Austria Today (2007)).

Estimates of numbers of hand-rolled cigarettes for 1923-2005 We have taken as our estimate of hand-rolled cigarette consumption all sales of cigarette tobacco, at 1 g per cigarette. This may be an overestimate: in neighbouring Germany, where sales of cigarette papers are also known for 1961-1985, we have used 70% of fine-cut (cigarette) tobacco as our estimate of hand-rolled cigarette consumption.

Notes (continued)


Plain/Filter cigarette sales

1960: Klus and Kuhn (1978) 1962-1981: Maxwell (Successive years) 1997-1998: Maxwell (1998) According to USDA (2006), production of filter cigarettes has exceeded 98% of total productions since 1987.

Tar machine yield of cigarettes

1960-1969: Flamm et al (1975) 1970-1984: Austria Tabak The tar yield per cigarette was limited to 15 mg from 1995, to 12 mg from 1998 and to 10 mg from 2004 (Harkin et al (1997), ASPECT (Analysis of the Science and Policy for European Control of Tobacco) Consortium (2004)). In 1997, the distribution of the tar values of cigarettes sold was: up to 6 mg 10.9%, 7-9 mg 35.4% and 10-12 mg 53.7% (Austria Tabak).

According to Kuhn and Klus (1976), the standard for smoke determination developed in the early 1960s by the Austrian Consumers’ Association “Verein für Konsumentenberatung” was similar to international standards except that shorter butt lengths were specified (15mm for a plain cigarette or the filter tipping overwrap + 4mm for a filter cigarette), because of the tendency to smoke cigarettes to a small butt length.

Nicotine machine yield of cigarettes

1960-1973: Flamm et al (1975) 1975, 1977: Klus and Kuhn (1978) 1980-1983: Klus (1986) (data read from graph)

Notes on sources of survey data Each source of survey data—either an individual survey or a series of surveys repeated over a number of years—is cited by a source number. This number is shown in the tables and corresponds to the source numbers given below, where details of the source publication and of the survey methodology are given. Full citations of the sources are given on p. 34 under References.

Source number

1 Friedl (1980a, 1980b, 1987), Österreichischen Statistischen Zentralamt (1996), Statistik Austria (2002)

a. Mikrozensus for Austrian Central Statistical Office. Sample of households (not including institutionalized population), targeting about 1% of all households. Sample size about 60 000 persons. Personal interviews, of which about 30% are proxy interviews with another household member. Completion of the smoking section is not compulsory, and non-response rates were (1972) 1.6%, (1979) 2.7%, (1986) 4.9%.

b. According to Uhl et al (2005) the 1999 survey was not fully comparable with earlier years because it differed in the wording of questions (which previously had been consistent), and in the sequence of questions, which in 1999 followed health-related questions.

c. In 1997, the survey included 15 year olds for the first time, but results were generally presented for age 16+ for comparability with earlier years.

d. For 1999, the highest age groups shown (Tables 4-7) are 75-84 and 85+. e. Results marked * in Table 4 (for 1986 and 1997, for product UC) are derived from the prevalence of smoking and

the percentage of smokers smoking cigarettes, but it is unknown whether this includes mixed smokers (i.e. cigarettes and cigars or pipes).

f. Consumption category estimation based on (up to 1997) 1-10, 11-20, 21-40, and 41+ cigarettes/smoker/day, or (1999) 1-10, 11-20 and 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day. Up to 1991, this refers to daily cigarette smokers; for 1997 and 1999 it refers to daily smokers and, as the first category may include pipe/cigar only smokers, this may overestimate.

g. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook.

Notes (continued)


2 Gredler et al (1981) a. Survey on behalf of the Austrian Heart Foundation. Sample size 2 002. b. Consumption category estimation based on 1-10, 11-20, 21-40, and 41+ cigarettes/smoker/day. c. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the

extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook.

3 Kunze et al (1980) a. Study for Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit und Umweltschutz. Lowest age limit not

stated. b. 99% of smokers smoked cigarettes.

4 Gredler and Kunze (1981) a. Part of survey assessing public awareness and attitudes to a national anti-smoking campaign.

Sample size 2 004, representative sample. b. Consumption category estimation based on 1-10, 11-20, and 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day. c. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the

extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook.

5 Ossadnik (1955) a. Survey of smoking habits of adults in Vienna, partly by questionnaire, partly by interviews.

Sample sizes, questionnaires (males) 2 883, (females) 3 643; interviews (males) 340, (females) 370.

6 Aarø et al (1986), Nutbeam and Aarø (1990), King and Coles (1992), King et al (1996), Currie et al (2000, 2004)

a. Part of the HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children) Study, a collaborative cross-national research study sponsored by the WHO. School classes or schools were randomly selected, targeting age groups 11 (not presented here), 13 and 15. The target sample size in each age group was 1 000 – 1 500. Year Mean age Sample size Target age 13 Target age 15 Total* Boys Girls Boys Girls

Target age 13

Target age 15

1983-1984 13.0 12.9 14.8 14.8 967 1 013 1985-1986 1 308 653 1990 13.3 15.2 2 984 1994 13.3 15.2 1 788 1 815 1998 13.2 15.5 1 818 1 376 2001 12.8 14.8 1 584 1 298

* Includes age 11 b. Number of cigarettes per smoker per day (Table 5, 1998 only) is derived from the median

number smoked per week. c. Smokers marked as frequency *: smoked daily. Regular smokers: smoked once a week or

more. All smokers: includes those smoking less than once a week.

7 Haidinger et al (1998) a. Survey funded by the Austrian Cancer Society using a representative quota sample of

Austrians. Personal interview at home. Sample size 2 065, response rate 86% b. Cigarettes per smoker (Table 5) refers to regular smokers who had smoked for at least 10

years. As these smokers are older and are likely to smoke more heavily than all smokers combined, we have not presented our estimates of cigarettes per person (namely 9.4 for males and 4.5 for females) in Table 6; the corresponding calculation of % total sales would be 124%. The original authors report a calculated % total sales of 99%, based on both regular and occasional smokers.

8 Ulmer et al (2001b), Strong and Bonita (2003) (quoting personal communication from H Ulmer)

a. Surveys in province of Vorarlberg, as part of WHO CINDI (Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention) program. Two-stage random sampling. Personal interview at home and medical examination at GP’s office. In each wave, 2 400 persons were invited to participate. Sample sizes achieved for the interview section were (males) 920 and (females) 943 in 1991, and (males) 786 and (females) 764 in 1999.

Notes (continued)


b. Regular smokers: smoked more than 1 cigarette per day. c. The number of cigarettes per day (sexes combined) was 19 in 1991 and 17 in 1999. d. Prevalence rates for 1991 (Table 4) read from graph. Prevalence rates for 1999 are weighted (by original authors) to

1991 Census population.

9 Ulmer et al (2001a) a. Innsbruck Women's Health Study. Representative sample of women residing in Innsbruck,

with oversampling of those aged 60+. Personal interview at home. Sample size 609, response rate 62.5%.

b. The mean cigarettes per person (Table 6) are taken from an Appendix, but the percentile points also shown there appear incompatible with the prevalence data (shown in Table 4). We have therefore not calculated cigarettes per smoker, as the estimates would be unreasonably large.

c. Assumed extensions to age distribution for percentage smokers and for cigarettes/person/day are shown in the extended versions of Tables 4 and 6 respectively in the Excel tables workbook.

10 Reif and Marlier (1998), Melich (2006), Christensen (2004), European Commission (2006, 2007)

a. Eurobarometer Surveys commissioned by the European Commission to monitor public opinion in the European Union. Some Eurobarometer surveys include questions on smoking habits. Sample size 1 000.

b. The sample consisted of people aged 15 and over who were resident in the country and had the nationality of any of the member states.

c. In 2005, the prevalence of smoking (sexes combined, age 15+) was 37% for packeted cigarettes, 3% for roll-up cigarettes and 2% for cigars or pipe. 0% reported using chewing tobacco or snuff. In 2006, the figures were 29%, 2%, 2%, and 0% respectively. 84% of smokers smoked regularly in 2005, 81% in 2006. (Special Eurobarometer 239, 272c)

d. Consumption category estimation based on <5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39 and 40+ cigarettes/smoker/day.

e. For 1995 the calculation of cigarettes per person was based on prevalence of smoking (daily and non-daily) and number of cigarettes per daily smoker, so may overestimate.

11 Hibell et al (2004) a. Nationally representative survey forming part of ESPAD (European School Survey Project

on Alcohol and Other Drugs). Target age 15-16. Approximately 90% of this age group were still enrolled in school (86% in the grades 9-10 included in the survey). Anonymous questionnaire completed in class. Teachers present, but anonymity of questionnaires guaranteed.

Sample size Participation rate (%) Boys Girls Classes Pupils

2003 1 340 1 062 76 90 b. Smokers marked as frequency *: smoked 1 or more cigarettes per day in the previous 30

days. All smokers: smoked in the previous 30 days. c. Consumption category estimation based on 1-5, 6-10, 11-20, 21+ cigarettes/smoker/day.

12 Kapusta et al (2006) a. Survey during medical examination which is obligatory for assessment for National Service.

Carried out in 7 districts in Lower Austria, including rural (Zwettl, Lilienfeld, Waidhofen/Thaya) and urban (St Poelten city, St Poelten vicinity, Wien Umgebund) areas. Anonymous self-completion questionnaire on tobacco, alcohol and drug use. Participants were assured that responses would have no impact on their National Service assessment. Sample size 1 902. Response rate 100%, but 2% omitted due to incomplete or inconsistent replies on tobacco use.

b. The question “how many cigarettes do you smoke per day” had possible answers “non-smoker”, “≤10”, “11-20” etc, and those who answered other than “non-smoker” were reported (by the original authors) as regular smokers.

13 Zidek et al (2000) a. Survey of all 7th and 8th grade schoolchildren in Urfahr-Umgebung, a district of Upper

Austria. Part of the ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) project. Sample size (boys) 776, (girls) 727, response rate 93%.

b. Smokers marked as frequency *: smoked at least daily. Regular smokers: smoked at least weekly. All smokers: smoked at least monthly.

Notes (continued)


14 Eurostat (2005, (accessed August 2007)) a. European Community Household Panel (ECHP), a longitudinal survey, centrally designed

and co-ordinated by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat). The survey started in 1994 (1995 in Austria) and smoking was first included in 1998. Participants were age 15+ and living in private households. In each wave, the original participants are contacted again (except if previously refused or incapacitated), and new respondents are also added.

Year Number of respondents Original respondents remaining (%)

1998 6 561 71 1999 6 246 64 2000 5 801 58

b. Highest age groups shown (Tables 4-7) are 75-84 and 85+. c. Consumption category estimation based on two categories, 1-19 and 20+ cigarettes/smoker/day, and resulting

figures should be regarded with caution.

15 Klimont et al (2007) a. Health Interview Survey by Statistics Austria and Bundesministerium für Gesundheit,

Familie und Jugend. Conducted March 2006-February 2007. Multistage sampling, including persons living in institutions. Personal interviews using CAPI (computer assisted personal interview). Proxy interviews were conducted for persons unable to answer due to health reasons and covered only health topics. Sample size 15 474, response rate 63%. Results are weighted (by original authors) according to 5-year age group and sex to the Austrian population.

b. The percentage of smokers smoking each product often (multiple answers possible) was as follows:

Males Females 15-59 60+ all ages 15-59 60+ all ages

manufactured cigarettes 96 88 95 99 99 99 hand-rolled cigarettes 7 6 7 4 1 4 pipe 2 3 3 1 0 1 cigar/cigarillo 5 9 5 2 0 1 other 1 1 1 1 0 1

c. Manufactured cigarette smokers: smokers who often smoke manufactured cigarettes. d. Calculation of cigarettes per person based on percentage of smokers of manufactured cigarettes and number of

cigarettes per cigarette smoker (type unspecified), so may underestimate.

16 Uhl et al (2005) a. Nationally representative survey referred to as “Repräsentativerhebung 2004”, concerning

alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug use. Face-to-face interviews with one person per household. Response rate 21%, the low rate being explained partly by the survey period occurring mainly in the summer months (July – September). Sample size 4 546.

b. The authors comment that the consumption indicated by the survey corresponds closely to the consumption indicated by sales data (incorporating the assumption that 15% of consumption is of smuggled origin). However, by our method of calculation, the consumption indicated by the survey exceeds sales by 61% (Tables 6-8).

c. All smokers (frequency A in Table 4): smoked daily, or occasionally in last month. d. Consumption category estimation based on up to 10, 11-20 and 20+ cigarettes/smoker/day; as the first category is

assumed to include pipe/cigar only smokers, this may overestimate.


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