International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(3): May-June 2013

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES

Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Article……!!!

Received: 12-05-2013; Accepted: 18-05-2013

MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTI CONVULSANT ACTIVITY – A

REVIEW

Kasthuri S *, Karthigadevi K, Manjulakshmi P, Kavimani S

Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health

Sciences, Indira nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry-06, India.

KEYWORDS:

Anticonvulsant, Herbal

Medicines, Side Effect.

For Correspondence:

Kasthuri S *

Address:

Department of

Pharmacology, Mother

Theresa Post Graduate

and Research Institute of

Health Sciences, Indira

nagar, Gorimedu,

Puducherry-06, India.

Tel. +91 8760222089

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a neuropsychological disorder, caused due to over

discharge of neurotransmitter substances, which affects an

estimated 7 million people in India and 50 million people

worldwide. There are number of drugs available for treatment

of epilepsy in modern therapy. The major disadvantages of

these anticonvulsants are their chronic side effect. Herbal

medicines are considered moderate in efficiency and less toxic

than modern therapy. Several medicinal plants have been

studied for anticonvulsant activity. Many researches have been

done on traditional plants at molecular level and several

significant phytochemicals have been isolated. This review

focuses on plants which possess anticonvulsant properties, type

of extraction used, chemical constituents and methods of

induction of convulsions.

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

1. INTRODUCTION:

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder affecting more than 50 million people

worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures are

paroxysmal clinic events arising from neuronal hyper excitability and hyper synchrony of

cerebral cortex, either locally (partial seizures) or diffusely in both hemispheres (generalised

seizures). The agitated neuronal activity that occurs during a seizure is caused by a sudden

imbalance between the inhibitory and exhibitory neurotransmitters.

The prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries is generally higher than in developed

countries. In India studies have reported the prevalence rate of epilepsy varying from 1710 from

9780 cases per million populations. The currently available anticonvulsant drugs suffer from

drawbacks like teratogenicity, chronic toxicity and adverse effects on cognition and behaviour.

The ancient systems of medicines provide a wide range of options for these problems with vast

source of medicinal plants, which are devoid of undesirable effects and are gaining popularity

in most of the developing countries.

Medicinal Plants with anticonvulsant activity:

In the traditional Indian medicinal system many plants have been used for treatment of

epilepsy. Ayurveda has identified many plants which possess anti convulsant effects. Some of

them are Albizzia lebbeck, Bacopa monnieri, Butea monasperma, Acorus calamus, Centella

asiatica, Crocus sativus, Curcuma longa, Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cannabanis

sativa, Hedesmus indicus, Nelumbo nucifera, Ocimum sanctum, Piper longum, Withania

somnifera etc.

Various phytoconstituents from plants were responsible for Antiepileptic activity including

Lysergamide (Argyreia speciosa); Flavanoids (Anisomeles malabarica); Centellicin and

asiaticin (Centella asiatica); Curcumin (Curcuma longa); Vitamin C and Phyllemblin (Emblica

officinalis); Alkaloids and flavanoids (Guettarda speciosa); Piperlonumine (Piper longum);

Solasodine (Solanum nigrum); Taxol C and β-sitosterol (Taxus wallichiana); Withanine and

somniferine (Withania somnifera) etc.

Plants which are effective against convulsions

PLANTS / FAMILY

NAME

EXTRACT PHYTOCONSTITUENTS METHOD OF

INDUCTION

Acorus calamus [1,2]

(Araceae)

Methanolic

Asarone, β-asarone

MES & PTZ

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

Aegle marmelos [3,4]

(Rutaceae)

Ethanolic Marmelosin(impertorin) and

essential oils

MES & PTZ

Albizzia lebbeck [5,6]

(Fabaceae)

Ethanolic Sapogenin and echinocystic

acid

MES, PTZ and

Lithium pilocarpine

Argyreia speciosa [7]

(convolvulaceae)

Alcoholic Lysergamide MES & PTZ

Allium sativum [8]

(Liliaceae)

Essential oils Allicin

MES, Strychnine

and Lithium

pilocarpine

Anacylus pyrethrum [9]

(Asteraceae)

Ethanolic Alkaloids – pyrethrin and

essential oils

MES & PTZ

Annona squamosa [10]

(Annonaceae)

Alcoholic Squamocin, squamostatin–A,

annonaine and roemerine

PTZ & Picrotoxin

Anisomeles malabarica

[11] (Lamiaceae)

Ethyl acetate Flavanoids MES & PTZ

Apium graveolens [12]

(Apiaceae)

Aqueous Anthoxanthine glycosides –

graveobioside A.

MES

Bacopa monnieri [13]

(Scrophulariaceae)

Ethanolic Saponins - hersaponin

,bacoside A & B.

MES, PTZ &

Strychnine

Benincasa hispida [14]

(Cucurbitaceae)

Ethanolic Triterepenoid, glycosides &

steroids.

PTZ and Strychnine

Boerhavia diffusa [15]

(Nyctaginaceae)

Methanolic Punarvoside

PTZ

Butea monasperma [16]

(Fabaceae)

Petroleum

ether

Palasonin, aleurilic and fatty

acid

MES, PTZ,

electrical kindling

and combination of

lithum sulphate &

pilocarpine nitrate

Cannabanis sativa [17]

(Cannabaceae)

Ethanolic cannabidiol PTZ

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

[18]

(Fabaceae)

Ethanolic Saponins and flavanoids MES & PTZ

Carissa carandas [19]

(Apocynaceae)

Ethanolic Carissone and sitosterol MES, PTZ,

picrotoxin and N-

methyl-dl-aspartic

acid

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Cassia occidentalis [20]

(Leguminosae)

Aqueous

Chrysophanic acid

PTZ

Cedrus deeodra [21]

(Pinaceae)

Alcoholic

Dihydromyricetin, cedrine

and deodorin

MES & PTZ

Centella asiatica [22]

(Apiaceae)

n-hexane,

chloroform,

ethyl acetate,

n-butanol,

and water

extracts

Centellicin and asiaticin

PTZ

Celastrrus paniculatus [23]

(Celastraceae)

Methanolic

Paniculatadiol

INH & PTZ

Cissus sicyoides [24]

(Vitaceae)

Hydro

alcoholic

Flavanoids, linalool and α -

tocopherol

PTZ

Convolvulus prostrates

[25]

(Convolvulaceae)

Methanolic

Microphylic acid and

shankhpushpine

MES

Crocus sativus [26]

(Iridaceae)

Ethanolic

Crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin

and safranal

PTZ

Curcuma longa [27]

(Zingiberaceae)

Methanolic

Curcumin, curcuminoids and

essential oils

PTZ

Cynodon dactylon [28]

(Poaceae)

Ethanolic

Triterpinoids and alkaloids

MES & PTZ

Cyporus rotundus [29]

(Cyperaceae)

Hydro

alcoholic

Sesquiterpene, pinene and

cineol

PTZ & picrotoxin

Cymbopogon citrates [30]

(Graminae)

Essential oil Citral, nerol, citronellal,

dipentane and geraniol.

MES & PTZ

Desmodium triflorum [31]

(Fabaceae)

Ethanolic Hyphorine and trigonelline PTZ, INH &

MES

Delphinium denudatum

[32]

(Ranunculaceae)

Ethanolic

and Aqueous

fraction

Brumonine, Lycaconitine

and delvestine

MES, PTZ,

Bicuculline,

picrotoxin and

strychnine.

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Erythrina variegate [33]

(Fabaceae)

Aqueous

Isoquinoline alkaloids

MES & PTZ

Emblica officinalis [34]

(Euphorbiaceae)

Hydro

alcoholic

Vitamin C and Phyllemblin

PTZ

Glycyrrhiza glabra [35]

(Leguminosae)

Ethanolic

Glycyrrhizin

PTZ and lithium-

pilocarpine

Guettarda speciosa [36]

(Rubiaceae)

Ethanolic

Alkaloids and flavanoids

MES & PTZ

Hemidesmus indicus [37]

(Asclepiadaceae)

Ethanolic

Desinine and rutin

MES & PTZ

Hisbiscus rosasinensis [38]

(Malvaceae)

Alcoholic &

chloroform

Flavanoid, triterpenoid &

steroids

MES

Indigofera tinctoria [39]

(Fabaceae)

Methanolic

Galactomannan

MES,PTZ&

lithium-

pilocarpine

induced status

epileptus

Leonotis nepetifolia [40]

(Lamiaceae)

Methanolic

Triterpenic steroids, saponins

and alkaloids

PTZ and

strychnine

Melissa parviflora [41]

Lamiaceae

Methanolic

Flavones and chrysin

MES & PTZ

Myristica fragrans [42]

(Myristicaceae)

Petroleum

ether

Safrole, eugenol, elemicin

and trymyristicin.

MES, PTZ and

lithium-

pilocarpine.

Nardostachys jatamansi

[43]

(Valerianaceae)

Ethanolic Jatamols A & B and

jatamansic acid

MES

Nelumbo nucifera [44]

(Nelumbonaceae)

Chloroform Nuciferine and nelumboside MES & PTZ

Nerium oleander [45]

(Apocynaceae)

Ethanolic

and aqueous

Cardenolidestriolides

and biosides

MES & PTZ

Nigella sativa [46]

(Ranunculaceae)

Aqueous Thymoquinone and p-

cymene

PTZ and MES

Ocimum gratissimum [47]

(Lamiaceae)

Methanolic Eugenol and cineole PTZ

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Ocimum sanctum [48]

(Lamiaceae)

Ethanolic

and

chloroform

2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic

acid and kinetin .

MES

Oxalis corniculata [49]

(Oxalidaceae)

Methanolic Flavanoids MES & PTZ

Papaver somniferum [50]

(Papaveraceae)

Methanolic Morphine Picrotoxin

Pinus roxburghii [51]

(Pinaceae)

Alcoholic Sesquiterpenes and

flavanoids

MES & PTZ

Piper longum [52]

(Piperaceae)

Aqueous Piperlonumine,

Piperlonuminine and

piperine

PTZ, MES &

4-aminopyridine

Plectranthus barbatus [53]

(Lamiaceae)

Hydro

alcoholic

Forskolin Strychnine

Pongamia pinnata [54]

(Fabaceae)

Ethanolic Quercetin,

kaempferol and flavanoids

MES

Psidium guajava [55]

(Myrtaceae)

Hydro

alcoholic

Carbohydrates, proteins,

alkaloids, flavonoids,

phytosterols and volatile oils

MES & PTZ

Rauwolfia serpentine [56]

(Apocynaceae)

Aqueous Reserpine,

rubasine,ajmalicine and

rescinnamine

camphor,

leptazol, and

Strychnine

Rosa domescana [57]

(Rosaceae)

Methanolic Flavanoids PTZ

Scutellaria lateriflora [58]

(Lamiaceae)

Aqueous Flavanoids Pilocarpine and

PTZ

Smilax zeylanica [59]

(Smilacaceae)

Petroleum

ether, ethyl

acetate, n-

butanol and

ethanolic

Dioscin, smilagenin

and sarsapogenin

Strychnine

Sesbania grandiflora[60]

(Fabaceae)

petroleum

ether

Grandifloral and kaempferol MES & PTZ and

strychnine

Solanum nigrum [61]

(Solanaceae)

Aqueous Solasodine and diosgenin MES & PTZ and

strychnine

Saussurea lappa [62]

(Compositae)

petroleum

ether

Alkaloids - saussurine PTZ & picrotoxin

Sutherlandia frutescens

[63] (Fabaceae)

Aqueous Flavanoids PTZ, picrotoxin

and bicculine.

Taxus wallichiana [64]

(Taxaceae)

Methanolic Taxol C, β-sitosterol and

Daucosterol.

PTZ

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

Terminelia chebula [65]

(Combretaceae)

petroleum

ether,

chloroform,

ethanolic and

aqueous

Anthraquinone glycosides

and chebulinic acid

MES & PTZ

Teucrium polium [66]

(Labiatae)

Ethanolic α-pinene, linalool,

caryophyllene oxide, β-

pinene and caryophyllene

MES & PTZ

Viola betonicifolia [67]

(Violaceae)

n- hexane

fraction

Alkaloid - violine,

glycoside - violaquercitine

MES

Vitex negundo[68]

(Lamiaceae)

Ethanolic Henteriacontane,

β-sitosterol and stigmasterol

MES & PTZ

Withania somnifera [69]

(Solanaceae)

Aqueous

Withniol, withanine

and somniferine

PTZ

Zanthoxylum armatum [70]

(Rutaceae)

Essential oils

of the leaves

Β-phellandrene and

α and β amyrin

PTZ

MES – maximal electroshock, PTZ – pentylenetetrazole, INH – isoniazid.

Conclusion

The present study revealed the anticonvulsant potential of some herbs that are now documented

scientifically. In conclusion, some medicinal plants like Acorus calamus, Bacopa monnieri,

Curcuma longa, Emblica officinalis, Vitex negundo and phytoconstituents such as Flavanoids,

triterepenoid steroids, alkaloids and saponin possess a remarkable anticonvulsant effect with

lesser or no side effect. The future outlook for the synthesis and formulation of herbal drugs to

treat seizures effectively is obvious from this review.

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