international unimas stem engineering conference 2019 · these skills shall be acquired through an...

INTERNATIONAL UNIMAS STEM ENGINEERING CONFERENCE 2019 INTERNATIONAL UNIMAS STEM ENCON 2019

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KEYNOTE

Keynote 1 Associate Professor Dr Toshifumi Moriyama

Monitoring and Change Detection of Disasters in Japan by Using Synthetic Aperture Radar

Japan is a country where many disasters such as earthquakes, eruptions and typhoons occur. Therefore, in order to know the disaster’s damages globally and locally, observations by using various sensors which operated in space and on ground are carried out. Sensors using micro waves have the advantage of being able to observe day and night regardless of the weather. Among the sensors that use micro waves, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can produce ground images from airplane and satellite in details and is suitable for observing changes by disasters. The Japanese airborne synthetic aperture radars are Pi-SAR / Pi-SAR2. The resolution of Pi-SAR2 reaches 30cm. Japanese satellite-borne synthetic aperture radars are the advanced land observation satellites (ALOS) 1 and 2. ALOS 2 can observe same area every 14 days. These synthetic aperture radars have observed many disasters in Japan. The interferometry and polarization observation technologies based on SAR provide very useful information about the damages of disasters. In this presentation, we will introduce Japanese SARs and their observation technologies, and show the results of the Niigata Chuetsu earthquake, Kumamoto earthquake, and Mt. Ontake eruption.

Keynote 2 Professor Ts. Dr M. Iqbal Saripan

How Important is Sustainable Design in Digital Imaging?

We are in 1975 (imagine that), and a digital camera had just been invented. It was a 0.01MP camera. What can we do with 0.01MP? No wonder the technology developed very slowly until the year 2000s. It was equivalent to almost 1000 times less spatial resolution that what we have today (in 2019). From time to time, digital imaging has evolved and replacing film-based camera. Whether we realized or not, descriptors that we used in sustainable technology design are also applicable in the development of the digital image technology. Being in digital form enables the images to be reused, re-distributed, recycled and repaired. On top of that, the pixels can be manipulated easily (of course, for good purposes!). Due that, nowadays we can see that everybody is holding a digital camera in their pockets. The camera physical size becomes much smaller than 1975, but the performance is thousand times better. The advantage of digital camera is been utilized not only in normal photography, but also in specialized applications, for instance medical imaging and aerial/satellite imaging. In order to ensure the compatibility between devices, digital image standards were developed, such as JPEG for general imaging and DICOM for medical imaging. In summary, the future of digital imaging looks bright. It is an excellent example of how a sustainable technology was developed to be part of our daily life.


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Keynote 3 Mr Raymond Maurice Anak Stephan Bujang

STEM Education Policy from MOE Perspective: Current Outlook and Way Forward

MOE Malaysia is currently promoting STEM for all with effective STEM programmes that engage and inspire students of all abilities and interest. This is to nurture STEM-literate students who are capable of logical thinking, adept at using technology, have the skills to solve problems, innovate, create new ideas, design or invent new products. These skills shall be acquired through an integrated learning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, and a teaching and learning process that apply the real world context through open-ended exploration and hands-on approach. This presentation explains the importance of STEM education and the initiative to strengthen STEM education by MOE Malaysia in preparing students for the 21st century and 4th Industrial Revolution.

PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOP

Workshop 1 Ir. Hazrul Mohamed Basri

Design of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System

The workshop covers information about grid-connected solar PV systems as well as a step-by-step procedure to design of grid-connected PV systems which include solar PV modules, inverter and associated equipment that is suitable for Malaysia climate conditions. The sizing of each solar PV systems components will be elaborated with numerous working examples.

Workshop 2 Associate Professor Dr Hushairi Zen

Internet of Things (IoT) : Concept, Impacts and System Design This workshop covers the introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT), and the

convergence of IoT with Cloud Computing and Big Data. The implementation of IoT system in sectors such as agriculture, smart buildings, manufacturing industry, environment, medical, etc. will be discussed; and how IoT is expected to change these sectors will also be included in the discussion. Participants will learn the concept of IoT, its architecture and standards and ways it can be designed for local environments to optimize production and services that could benefits the local players. The important components of IoT such as sensors, microcontrollers, programming techniques and platform will be introduced to the participants. Deliberations on IoT and big data analysis to increase important local sectors especially in agriculture and manufacturing sectors are also included. The challenges and threat faced by IoT system will also be covered. At the end of the workshop, participants will be able to understand the conceptually design of the IoT system for local ecosystem, and understand the current and future benefits of IoT.


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PARALLEL SESSIONS

Paper ID: 3 Magnetically modified Melia azedarach for the removal of oxyanion (Cr2O42-)

from aqueous solution Maria Nosheen, Muhammad Salman Salman, Syed Salman Shafqat, Syed Rizwan, Amir Azam Khan and Fatima Ijaz

Keywords: Biosorptive removal, 𝐶𝑟2𝑂4

2− , Melia azedarach In the present study, magnetically treated Melia azedarach is used as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of anion (chromate ion 𝑟2𝑂4

2− ) from aqueous solution. Batch biosorption process is used to check the effect of process parameters including Biosorbent dose, contact time and pH of solution. The obtained experimental data was evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium models as well as pseudo 1st and 2nd order reaction kinetic models. Results shown that equilibrium mechanism can satisfactorily explained by Langmuir model and follows pseudo1 st order reaction kinetic model. Famous kinetic models, Pseudo 1st and 2nd order models were also employed to evaluate the kinetic data. The unmodified Melia azedarach (UMA) and modified Melia azedarach (MMA) both were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and proved to be an efficient solution for the removal of chromate ions from aqueous medium.

4 A feasibility study of low-power laser trepanning drilling of composite

using modified DVD writer (Mech.) Nurfairuz Nadirah Affandi, Khairul Fikri Tamrin, Amir Azam Khan, Kaveh Moghadasi and Mohd Ridzuan Mohamad Sharip

Keywords: Laser drilling, thermoplastic and composite

In the present study, laser cutting of cotton fiber composite laminate is experimented using a modified DVD writer drive. A 250 mW diode laser is initially extracted from a DVD writer drive, and then regulated by a custom-made laser driver circuit designed using a Proteus® software. Experimental tests are carried out using multi-pass laser trepanning drilling at different drilling speeds and standoff distances (SODs). The cut quality is evaluated by measuring the extent of both oxide and resolidified resin regions. It was discovered high speed of trepanning drilling and positive SOD significantly improve cut quality. Furthermore, positive and negative SODs require relatively high number of passes at different drilling speeds. From SEM micrographs, it is found out the crack formation and fiber protruding happen in the area of cutting due to thermal stresses and matrix vaporization.

5 Experimental Studies on Continuous Electrocoagulation Treatment of Peat Water in Sarawak with Copper Electrodes (Chem.) Nazeri Abdul Rahman, Allene Albania Linus, Elisa Elizebeth Jihed, Umang Jata Gilan,

Nurhidayah Kumar Muhd Firdaus Kumar and Abdullah Yassin

Keywords: Continuous electrocoagulation process, peat water, copper electrodes

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical wastewater treatment method, which coagulates

impurities particles and ions by using electrical current. In Sarawak, freshwater peat covers

around 1.698 million hectares whereas the other 154,000 hectares are mangrove. Peat

water is the water or moisture produced from these peatland or peat soil. Clean water

availability in the rural coastal regions are limited due to the high financial cost of

distribution of essential clean water resources to sparse population in the remote areas.

Therefore, a cost-effective standalone electrocoagulation system for the treatment of peat

water in Sarawak is one of the suggested solutions to this water supply problem.


_______________________________________________________________________________________________ The main aim of this research is to develop a continuous electrocoagulation water

treatment system by using copper electrodes to treat peat water in Sarawak. The peat water

treated is targeted to achieve at least standard quality for domestic usage and the

parameters studied to measure the optimal design of the treatment system are the turbidity,

total suspended solids (TSS), total organic carbon (TOC), pH and chemical oxygen

demand (COD) of the water treated. The experimental results meet the standard for Raw

Water Quality and Drinking Water Quality with an optimum parameter of 20 electrodes,

0.7 cm inter electrodes spacing, current density of 5.99A/m2 and treatment time of 100

minutes. The total operating cost for the optimize parameters is RM 0.11 per litre of peat

water. Overall, the treatment of peat water by using continuous electrocoagulation with

copper electrodes is feasible.

6 Digital Predictive Current Control Fed by Three-Level Indirect Matrix Converter under Unbalanced Power Supply Condition (EE) Hazrul Mohamed Basri, Kasumawati Lias and Saad Mekhilef

Keywords: Unbalance supply, Euler’s formulation, Model predictive control, Reactive power minimization, Three-level indirect matrix converter

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of predictive current control fed by a three-level indirect matrix converter featuring instantaneous reactive power minimization strategy. The proposed topology combines the conventional indirect matrix converter with a back-to-back buck circuit which can synthesize multilevel dc-link voltage. A systematic rectifier switching strategy is elaborated to ensure positive fictitious dc-link voltage at any instant. The generic expression of the instantaneous reactive power was formulated for unbalance supply voltage. The proposed strategy undergone various transient and steady-state test and unbalance supply condition for thorough robustness assessment. The experimental results proved an excellent load current reference tracking with low ripple current and the reactive power minimization has been attained by empirical adjustment of the weighting factor.

7 Basic Home Automation Using Smart Sockets With Power Management System (EE) Noufal Asif, Yi Lung Then and Jubaer Ahmed

Keywords: IoT; power management; sensors; safety; energy conservation; smart-plug; Blynk; online monitoring; consumer application of sensors

The power generated in today’s time, is dominated using fossil fuels that may get exhausted within the coming decades. Monitoring and management of the energy consumption hold a prime standing due to the discrepancy between power demand and production. Power meters are a part of every household, which provide us with a measurement of the overall power consumed in units. The problem with them is that they do not provide us with the individual consumption of an electrical appliance leaving customers unsatisfied with the electricity bills. This paper presents the design and application of a smart power management system (SPMS) using a variety of sensors combined with an Arduino microcontroller. This will be replacing conventional home sockets with smartsockets, allowing usto cover the monitoring, control and safety aspects of any individual appliance in the house. This system is based on a newly evolving fieldworldwide, calledthe Internet ofThings(IoT).The SPMSwill be measuring the current, voltage, power factor and power consumed. Along with these measurements it can also control the power state of the device and help protect against overvoltage and overcurrent. This is basically a home automation system, in combination with smart power management, all controlled and monitored by our smartphones. The edge this device has over conventional energy monitoring systems is that it allows the user to have an exact idea of individual power consumption plus the billing on daily basis and take measures to reduce it.


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8 Investigating rework: Insights from the Malaysian construction industry (Civil) Jeffrey Boon Hui Yap and Shi Min Tan

Keywords: Rework, construction industry, project management, schedule delay, cost overrun, Malaysia

Construction practitioners recognise that rework is undesirable due to the detrimental effects. While rework literature has examined rework causation factors in construction projects, the problem continues to plague the industry resulting in poor delivery performance. To better understand this phenomenon and given the scarcity of Malaysian-based rework study and, a questionnaire survey of Malaysian construction practitioners involving consultants, contractors and clients were undertaken to obtain feedback about nature, implications, causes and solutions for rework. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques to prioritise the variables studied. From the analyses, rework is a causal factor for delays and cost overruns, higher wastage and productivity inhibitor. The findings revealed the leading causes of rework are poor quality management, improper planning, lack of communication, design changes and poor subcontractor management. Some practical rework minimisation approaches are also suggested to better manage and prevent rework towards enhanced project performance.

9 The Study on Behaviour of Stone Columns and Pile Foundations in Soft Soils when Placed under Rigid Raft Foundation (Civil) Danish Ahmed, Siti Noor Linda Bt Taib, Tahar Ayadat and Alsidqi Hasan

Keywords: Behaviour, stone columns, piled, raft foundation, soft soil

In the last few decades, it has been observed that raft foundations are very commonly used as a foundation solution for moderate to highrise structures either by resting on stone columns or on piles in soft soils. This paper presents the review of existing studies reported in the literature in the last two decades about the behaviour and performance of stone columns under raft foundations and piled raft foundation in soft soil, notably the failure mechanism and the bearing capacity. Also, a limited work from the literature concerning the performance of combined (pile/stone columns) foundation system in soft soil is comprised. Furthermore, very extensive ongoing research work regarding the investigation and study on the performance of combined (pile/stone columns) foundation system in soft soils is discussed. The main goals and methodology to study the performance of the combined (pile/stone columns) foundation systems in soft soil are also addressed.

10 The Study of the Impact of Environmental Condition to the Photometric Performance of HPSV and LED Street Lighting Technologies (EE) Nor Diana, Khairuddin Abdullah, and Hafiz Daud

Keywords: Street Light, LED Street Light, HPSV Street Light, Accelerated Life Test Ecological sustainability in local government can be achieved from the improvement of Diode (LED) with advantage of energy efficient and requires low maintenance compared to conventional High Pressure Vapor Sodium (HPSV) street lighting. Malaysia power utility, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) through its subsidiary TNB Research Sdn Bhd has recently carried out a feasibility study to evaluate the deployment of Light Emitting Diode (LED) street light technology as an alternative to the present conventional technologies HPSV street light. This paper presents the technical impacts caused by environmental condition to the photometric performance of HPSV and LED street lighting technologies. The performance of several HPSV and LED street light technologies in terms of reliability, electrical performance and photometric quality were evaluated and assessed.


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The probability of failure of HPSV and LED street light based on accelerated life test were calculated from a software of Accelerated Life Test Analysis (ALTA). However, after both HPSV and LED street lights were tested in the accelerated climatic ageing chamber capture life data under accelerated stress conditions, it was found that both street light technologies will degrade eventually except that LED Street Light degrade more compared to HPSV Street light.

11 Application of Life Data Analysis for Reliability Assessment of Electronic Energy Meter (EE) Khairuddin Abdullah, Nor Diana Ruszaini, and Hafiz Daud

Keywords: Electronic Energy Meter, Life Data Analysis, Weibull Distribution, Life Expectancy

The paper discusses the reliability assessment of electronic electricity or energy meters in Malaysia power utility, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The reliability of electricity meters is crucial to both end-users and providers of electricity. Reliability issues of the energy meters such as component failure and meter malfunctions will have direct impact on the overall business performance of the power utility such as high losses in unbilled charge and inaccurate meter reading which will highly influence customer satisfaction. The reliability performance of different TNB energy meter models and makes are evaluated based on the ‘field lifetime’ data. The data is analyzed using statistical method called ‘Life Data Analysis’ in order to obtain their statistical parameters. The reliability performance indicators in terms of Reliability over Time and Life Expectancy for different energy meters are further determined.

12 Mitigations Study of TNB Medium Voltage Equipment Short Circuit Rating Due to Increase Fault Level (EE) Mohd Hafiz Mat Daud, Nor Diana Ruszaini, Khairuddin Abdullah and Nurul Shuhada Pauzai

Keywords: Fault Level, Short Circuit Rating

In general, short circuit breaking capacities of switchgear are standardized. In the TNB distribution network, 11 kV switchgear short circuit rating is at 20 kA for 3 seconds whereas 33 kV switchgear short circuit rating is 25 kA for 3 seconds. In the event that the fault level rise above the existing switchgear short circuit current rating, it becomes necessary to find ways to reduce/control the fault level or replace the switchgears with a higher short circuit rating. For safety and economic reasons, there is a need to identify those MV equipment in the distribution network which are currently located at points in the distribution network with fault level exceeded its short circuit rating so that these MV equipment could be replaced with equipment of appropriate short circuit current rating. Additionally, for future network expansion and development, MV equipment with appropriate short circuit current ratings will have to be specified.

14 Segmentation of Retinal Microvasculature Based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) (EE) Mohammed Enamul Hoque, Kuryati Kipli, Dayang Azra Awang Mat, Tengku Afendi Zulcaffle, Rohana Sapawi, Annie Joseph, Nurdiani Zamhari and Mohammad Yasin Arafat

Keywords: Image Processing, Segmentation, ISODATA, K-means algorithm, Hypertensive Retinopathy


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The modern ophthalmology is completely dependent on digital image processing to find out the remarkable symptoms for diagnosing the severe cardiovascular disease such as hypertensive retinopathy, and transient ischemic attack that are related to the changes of the retinal microvasculature. Employing the image segmentation techniques, the abnormalities in retinal microvasculature like vessel tortuosity, cotton wool spots, and vessel caliber can be extracted which are recognized as the salient symptoms for the abovementioned cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, an automated method for retinal image segmentation has been proposed. The proposed method was developed employing the thresholding based Iterative SelfOrganizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) for image segmentation combining with other existing image preprocessing techniques. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on the healthy patient image set of (High-Resolution Fundus Image Database) HRFID. This newly developed algorithm achieved 94.3% accuracy with 97.86% specificity and 0.0054 standard deviations. The proposed algorithm can be integrated as the computer-aided clinical diagnostic tool to facilitate the ophthalmologist with further evaluation and validation.

15 Development of adhesion force evaluation equipment for nano diamond coated tool using grinding method (Mech.) Jinghua Li, Sojin Lee and Hyunkyu Kweon

Keywords: Nano-diamond Coated Tool, Thin-film, Adhesion Force, Frictional Force, Characteristic, Vibration In this study, we have developed a thin film adhesion evaluation system for diamond coating tool, which is mainly used for CFRP processing, which is widely used in aviation and automobile industries. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), which is a composite material is widely used for high efficiency and light weight in the aerospace industry and automobile industry. CFRP has a low specific gravity and a high specific strength. However, it has difficulty in processing because it has difficulty property. In order to cope with this problem, CFRP is processed using a diamond coating tool with a higher surface hardness. Because of the high surface hardness of the diamond coating tool, it is difficult to evaluate the adhesive strength of the tool, and it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the existing adhesion force evaluation method and it is costly. This study has developed an evaluation method to measure the adhesive force based on the data of the grinding process using a low cost polishing pad. When the frictional force and the shearing force are applied to the specimen by the sanding belt, friction is continuously generated between the coating layer and the belt, and peeling occurs at the moment when a specific load is applied. Acceleration, load, and torque values that occur during each experiment are collected through acceleration sensors, load cells, and torque sensors. The data obtained through the experiments are subjected to FFT processing and analysis. As a result, the peeling point and the critical load value at this point are identified and referred to as the adhesion force of the coating layer.

16 A Deep Learning Approach to Prognostics of Rolling Element Bearings (EE) Jank-Wook Hur and Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo

Keywords: Bearing Degradation, Long short-term memory, Feature Extraction, Prognostics, Degradation assessment The use of deep learning approaches for prognostics and remaining useful life predictions have become obviously prevalent. Artificial recurrent neural networks like the long short-term memory are popularly employed for forecasting, prognostics and health management practices, and in other fields of life. As an unsupervised learning approach, the efficiency of the long short-term memory for time-series predictive purposes is quite remarkable in contrast to standard feedforward neural networks.


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Virtually all mechanical systems consist mostly of rotating components which are by nature, prone to degradation/failure from known and uncertain causes. As a result, condition monitoring of these rolling element bearings is necessary in order to carry out prognostics and make necessary life predictions which guide safe and cost-effective decision making. Several studies have been conducted on effective approaches and methods for accurate prognostics of rolling element bearings; however, this paper presents a case study on rolling element bearing prognostics and degradation performance using an LSTM model.

17 LED-Based Insect Trap for Commercial Agriculture (EE) Chung Wei Bryan Wee, Yi Lung Then, Fei Siang Tay and Dyg Norkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel

Keywords: Insect, phototaxic response, wavelength, radiant intensity, ultraviolet

light, Light Emitting Diode, agriculture, Sarawak, Pulse Width Modulation, visible light, electromagnetic radiation Commercial agriculture is a resource intensive industry that employs significant amounts of agrochemicals to maintain a high yield output. Excessive application of insecticides has detrimental impacts on human health, environment and long-term sustainability. One particular area of interest is in exploring how insects are attracted to specific bands of the visible light spectrum. This paper details the study of several light conditions using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to determine its phototaxis response on the common grasshopper, garden moth and lava beetle. The results conclude that all three insects exhibit positive phototaxis response on wavelengths around 491nm and below, which encompasses ultraviolet, blue and green. The radiant intensity experiment revealed a threshold response of 2.8mW/m2, or 25m in reciprocal distance.

18 Calibrated Analytical Model of Low Cost YL-69 Hygrometer Sensor for determining moisture content of fruit vegetable waste (EE) Jessie Rose, Jia Chi Lai, Yi Lung Then and Chamath Vithanawasam

Keywords: YL-69 hygrometer sensor, food waste, composting, optimum moisture content Moisture content (MC) is one of the influential parameters in food waste composting process. With the use of low aeration rate in achieving minimal loss of moisture, 60% moisture content is found to be the optimum indicator. There is a need to retain moisture of the composting process at this set point to achieve peak temperature while eliminating odour emission. A low cost YL-69 hygrometer sensor which has been verified for its applicability in measuring volumetric content of soil was used in this investigation. The sensor measured moisture content of food waste composting process continuously. With this, two models were developed, and standard soil gravimetric method showed a strong relationship of R2 is 0.962 with error 5.02 % (< 10%). The application of YL-69 hygrometer sensor for measurement of moisture content in food waste composting process is thus appropriate.

19 Simulation and Analysis of Electric Field Distributions in Stator Bar Insulation System with Different Arrangement of Cavities (EE) Hadi Nabipour, Daphne Tay Ye Chee, Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, Kamyar Mehranzamir, Jubaer Ahmed and Siingkieh Tiong

Keywords: Stator bar insulation, relative permittivity, arrangement of cavities, electric field distribution, electric field stress, COMSOL, FEM The underlying cause of the cessation in high voltage machineries can be rooted from the failure in the insulation system due to cavity’s discharges originating from the presence of cavities.


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This paper caters to the study of the electric field distribution inside stator bar insulation system with different arrangement of cavities, in either single or multiple cavities of different alignment to aid the investigation of electric field stresses inside the cavities and the tendency of electrical breakdown in the stator bar insulation system. Simulation using Finite Element Method (FEM) with the assistance of COMSOL software is being carried out for this 2-Dimensional stator bar insulation modelling. A 10kV stator bar insulation system is modelled in 2 dimensions to analyse the electric field distribution under different arrangements of cavities. The simulation results show that the randomly distributed cavities aligned in vertical direction constitutes a greatest upsurge of electric field stress by 85% while horizontally aligned cavities that are 0.7mm apart instigates only 46.2% increase in electric field stress within the cavity. This affirms that the arrangement of cavities poses an influence over the electric field distribution inside stator bar insulation system.

20 Optimization Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using Homer Software for Rural Electrification in Sarawak (EE) Hadi Nabipour, Nur Huda. M Binti Tambi, Siingkieh Tiong, Kamyar Mehranzamir and Jubaer Ahmed

Keywords: Biomass, solar, hybrid system, Sarawak, Homer software This research focuses on the design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system for the generation of electricity in a rural area in Sarawak, Malaysia. The investigated system consists of the combination of Solar and Biomass energy integrated into a system. The research uses Homer software as the simulation tool. The location area in rural part in Sarawak is firstly identified and the data sets in terms of solar radiation and biomass resources are investigated and collected. Furthermore, the load demands in the location are inspected to determine the amount of power needed to be generated by the system. In addition, the sizing and modelling for the components of the hybrid system will be performed. Besides, the costs for the components needed in the system configurations are calculated. Consequently, all the data sets, load demands and costs for the components are inputted into Homer Software for the simulation. The final stage of the paper is the generation of the net present cost and acquirement of the most optimal configuration for hybrid renewable energy, whereby the Net Present Cost for residential system is at $6.18M and animal farm system acquire Net Present Cost at $9.45M. The percentage difference in between theoretical and simulation total project costs for residential and animal farm system are 7.07% and 9.38% respectively.

21 Review on Feasibility of Gravity Power Generation Mechanism in Malaysia’s Sustainable Energy Program (EE) Hadi Nabipour Afrouzi, Hari Prashanth P.V.S, Hegaindran Sundram, Ausgustin Pierre Jean Girod, Jean-Roch Spigolis, Siingkieh Tiong and Kamyar Mehranzamir

Keywords: Gravity, Malaysia, Hydroelectric, Feasibility, renewable energy Malaysia being an oil-producing country has a vast amount of other natural resources that has not been used efficiently. In regards to focusing more in producing oil and gas, natural resources such as sunlight, water, wind, geothermal and gravity have not received a huge recognition by the government. Although hydroelectric power has been up and coming in the energy policies to promote power production in a sustainable way, other means of gravity power generation mechanism were not reviewed for this country, due to the lack of knowledge in this particular field. Gravity power generation mechanism can be of small scale which can actually fit in properly in areas that are off-the-grid. Hence, literature must be reviewed to discover the different type of gravity power generation mechanisms and run viability studies to implement the right system that offers sustainable energy production in rural parts of Malaysia.


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This review paper will analyze the feasibility of two systems in Malaysia, by assessing theviability of these system through the Malaysian economic, social, environmental and sustainable standards.

22 Influence of Behaviour Factor for Seismic Design on Medium-Rise Reinforced Concrete Building (Civil) Raudhah Ahmadi, Jong Chun Seng, Nicholas Yau Kheng Wee and Azida Rashidi

Keywords: Behaviour factor, medium-rise building, ductility, strong column weak beam mechanism, nonlinear pushover and time history analysesework, construction industry, project management, schedule delay, cost overrun, Malaysia Even though Malaysia is not considered as a seismically active country, Malaysia is no longer free from earthquake hazard. This research studies on the influence of behaviour factor for the seismic design of medium-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The influence of behaviour factor towards the characteristics of the building design such as the type of structure used, the types of material needed and the design concept are studied. It is important that the buildings to be constructed in a seismicity region need to be design with proper seismic factors in order to sustain any future seismic hazard. In this study, the structural model is an ordinary 6-storey building which is classified as Importance Class II based on Eurocode 8. Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis (POA) and Nonlinear Dynamic Time History (NDTH) methods are suggested to analyse the seismic response of the building. In Pushover Analysis, the influence of behaviour factor, q, towards base shear force, Fb; size of column; reinforcing bar size on column and different sizes of beam design are studied. In Dynamic Time History, relationship of absolute displacement with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and relationship between number of stories with inter-storey drift ratio are studied. In conclusion, as the behaviour factor, q increased, the base shear force, Fb of the building decreased. Strong column weak beam design could resist more seismic energy and able to dissipate more seismic energy compared to weak column strong beam design and therefore, the soft storey mechanism failure mode could be avoided.

23 Effect of Geotextile and Counter Berm for Stability of Road Embankment on Peat Underlaying Soft Clay (Civil) Ahmad kamal Abd Aziz and Norazzlina M. Sa’don

Keywords: Plaxis2D, embankment,safety factor, slope stability Two important design aspect that need to be look into when designing and constructing road embankment on peat is the deformation and stabilty.Deformation or settlement of the embankment can be analyze using analytical method or by means of finite element method using Geotechnical Software Plaxis 2D. Usually the parameters needed for settlement analysis can be obtained by conducting traditional oedometer test in the Lab. This paper focus on the stability aspect using Plaxis 2D Version 2019. Plaxis determined the stability condition of the embankment by obtaining the safety factor at any stage of construction using the technique of phi and C reduction. Design example of proposed trial embankment at Station Mardi Pontian on peat is use in this study to determine the stability of an embankment constructed on peat. The compressibility and soil strength properties are based on the Site Investigation report prepared by Sejati Teguh Engineering Sdn Bhd. for a site located at Station Mardi Pontian. The effect of geotextile as reinforcement and the provision of counter berm were investigated. From the analysis it can be seen that by providing counter berm and geotextile the safety factor of the embankment on peat can be enhanced.

25 Implementation of Multiple Transceiver System for Free Space Optical Communication (EE) Jer Chuan Kong, Li Zhi Tan, King Ung Hii and Cynthia Mui Lian Kon


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Keywords: Free Space Optical, Multiple Transceiver, Atmospheric Turbulence, Laser Beam Signal Transmission In free space optical (FSO) communication, atmospheric turbulence has major impact on the stability of a free space optical transmission system. Laser beam with high coherency and intensity is commonly used to increase the transmission distance. However, with an increased distance, the stability of the system becomes more sensitive to the turbulence. In this work, a multiple transceiver system with signal summing approach is implemented to improve signal transmission stability. The performance of the proposed system is investigated with the intensity turbulence modeled. In comparison with the single transceiver system, the proposed system showed lower signal-to noise ratio and bit-error-ratio with doubled stability in terms of the improvement factor.

26 Monitoring Black Pepper Farm by Implementing IoT (EE) Nabilah Omar

Keywords: Pepper Farming, Smart Precise Agriculture, Internet of Things, Monitor Crop, Sensors Technology Pepper (piper nigrum) is one of high import product of Sarawak. Production of the pepper is still lacking compare to the demand in the market. Pepper cultivation need to be improved to meet high demand. Pepper dubbed as “King of Spice” hold high nutritional and medicinal value. Besides that, pepper has been one most important export product which contribute high GDP for Sarawak. Regrettably, currently the pepper cultivation is done in traditional way. Therefore, the pepper yields rather little too short to fulfil market demand. An upgrade to the farming method is needed to increase yield through best resources. It is time to implement Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT consists of sensor technology with feedback system to monitor pepper plant.

27 Design and Implementation of RGB-type LED Visible Light Communication System (EE) Jonathan Tai Hong Sia, Melvin Chun Chiak Kho, King Ung Hii and Lisa Yong Keywords: Visible Light Communication, RGB-Type Light Emitting Diode, OOK-NRZ, WDM This paper examines the feasibility of a Red Green Blue (RGB)-type Light Emitting Diode (LED) Visible Light Communication (VLC) system based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Each color in the RGB-LED is individually modulated to increase the data rate by three times as compared to the single channel modulation approach used in conventional VLC system. Color filters are employed to detect separately the RGB signals at the receiver side. The proposed system utilized a reflector to improve the performance and the system is lens-free. In this work, an approach of approximated WDM testing is adopted due to the incapability of multiplexing by the microcontroller at higher data rate. The proposed system is demonstrated to transmit and receive data at a maximum distance of 1.4m, with total data transmission speed of 345.6 kbps using standard WDM, while a total speed of 1.5 Mbps up to maximum distance of 1.2m and 3 Mbps up to maximum distance of 0.7m is achieved by the approach of approximated WDM testing.

28 The Computational Approximation for Microstrip Discontinuity (EE) Socheatra Soeung, Sovuthy Cheab and Pengwen Wong

Keywords: Cross junction, microstrip discontinuity, tee junction, Transmission line, Y-matrix


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This paper presents the mathematical approximation approach to obtain microstrip discontinuity admittance matrices (Y-matrix) based on short and lossless transmission line approximations. The microstrip discontinuities, tee and cross junctions, are approximated as short microstrip transmission lines connected to form the tee and cross equivalent circuits. The simplification of the equivalent circuits is required to obtain computable Y-matrix by applying delta and star circuit transformation approach. Modified nodal analysis (MNA) technique is performed to validate the approximation approach compared to the existing commercial software algorithm, Advanced Design System (ADS). Both simulated and calculated result patterns are in the agreement of each other with discrepancies of 10 dB for S11 and 0.01 dB for S21.

29 Effect of column deformation for steel frames with semi-rigid connections (Civil) Shahrin Mohammad, Cher Siang Tan, Ahmad Baharuddin Abd Rahman and Yeong Huei Lee

Keywords: Column; semi-rigid; non-sway frame; finite element; steel frames As semi-rigid behaviour will give a more economical design, it should be applied in the structural steel design. The properties of semi-rigid connection may affect the column design and is the main focus in this study. Complex calculation with semi-rigid consideration in design may cause unfavourable time consuming. Therefore, a simplified column design is needed to eliminate complicated procedures while accommodating the semi-rigid condition. In this analysis, the validated finite element procedure has been used for the analysis of semi-rigid column in non-sway frame. Parametric study was performed within variables of types of connection, loading patterns, locations of investigated column and column base fixity. The influences of column slenderness and beam flexibilities were also included and the implications towards the column design were then identified.

30 Mathematical Model of Simultaneous Flow between Casson Fluid and Dust Particle over a Vertical Stretching Sheet (Mech.) Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim, Nur Syamilah Arifin, Syazwani Mohd Zokri

Keywords: Two-phase flow, dusty Casson fluid, heat generation, mixed convection The process involving multiphase flow generally can be found in natural phenomena and many industrial applications. It might be between solid-liquid flow, liquid-liquid flow, gas-solid flow or gas-liquid flow. Their interaction is significant and able to influence the flow characteristics. The experimental work for this topic has been widely performed in order to obtain the best interaction output but it is still incompleted due to the limitation in term of cost and safety issue. Since then, the mathematical model is proposed to counter that constraint. This paper is aims to propose the mathematical model representing the two-phase flow which the interaction of non-Newtonian Casson fluid and solid particles is examined. The flow is investigated moving over a stretching sheet and the combined convection is considered together with the influence of heat generation in fluid phase. The governing equations representing the two-phase model are first transformed into the ordinary differential equations using established similarity transformations where the complexity of the model is reduced. The resulting equations are then solved by employing the Kellerbox method with the help of Matlab software. The numerical output in term of velocity and temperature distribution for both phases are illustrated graphically and the value of skin friction and heat transfer coefficients are presented in tabular form for various value of mixed convection parameter, heat generation parameter and Casson parameter. Findings reveal that, the parameter under investigation affects the flow characteristics and present a significant impact to both phases except for mixed convection parameter.


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31 Partial Strength Beam-to-column Connection of Cold-formed Single Channel Section: Numerical and Experimental Study (Civil) Faisal Amsyar, Hazlan Abdul Hamid, Mahmood Md Tahir, Shahrin Mohammad and Cher Siang Tan

Keywords: Semi-rigid joint, partial strength connection, finite element analysis, moment resistance, rotational stiffness, coldformed steel A full understanding of complex structural behaviour can be developed perfectly by using the combination of experimental and numerical approach. Although the basic method to determine the moment-rotation responses of the beam-to-column CFS joints has recently established from the full-scale testing, practising the finite element modelling (FEM) nowadays could explore in-depth on the number of variables and potential failure modes. In this paper, three-dimensional (3-D) model to simulate the actual behaviour of the beam-to-column CFS joints has been proposed by using multi-purpose finite element package ABAQUS version 6.14 in order to validate analysis data against the experimental works. Approach of nonlinear material characteristics, contact and sliding between different components and adopting C3D8R solid elements are proposed in this model. A total of three (3) beam-to-column CFS connections consisting of three different types of beam depths were tested in isolation in order to observe the structural behaviour based on its strength and stiffness. The 2 mm thick of single lipped C-section of CFS with design strength of 350 MPa was used to form up beams and columns. Comparisons between experimental and FE analysis results in term of ultimate moment capacity have shown good correlation with strength ratios ranging from 1.12 to 1.17. As the general-purpose finite element package ABAQUS has become a powerful tool to understand the fundamental behaviour of the CFS joints, it is possible to develop a realistic model for future parametric studies such as type and configurations of the connections.

32 The Perception Analysis of Industrialised Building System (IBS) Implementation for G7 Contractors in Kuching, Sarawak (Civil) Yee Yong Lee, Nurul Mizatul Qamarina Abdullah, Yeong Huei Lee and Hun Chuen Gui

Keywords: Construction Industry, Industrialized Building System, G7 Contractor The study of Industrialized Building System (IBS) is one of the potential green construction for sustainability initiative. There are many advantages when using IBS in construction for better construction quality and productivity, minimal wastage, fewer materials on site, neater environment and many more. Despite of this advantages, there is still lack of exposure to IBS construction method in Kuching, Sarawak compared to conventional methods. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the issues and challenges that are faced by the contractors in using IBS and to propose a solution framework. Besides that, this study also investigates the impact of IBS adoption. This study will be conducted for Grade 7 contractors in Kuching, Sarawak whom registered IBS under the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB). The data of this study will be collected by distributing questionnaires to the G7 Companies or via email and analyzed using Likert analysis and descriptive analysis. Based on the result, it shows that IBS construction method enhance the efficiency for faster completion which obtained the highest ranking while the lowest ranking is lower cost of construction by optimizations of materials.. This result has proven that IBS help to improve the efficiency of the construction process, which saves productivity, quality, time and costs. However, most of the respondents are still uncertain that the impact of IBS can reduce costs. This corresponding to the finding in topmost challenge which is cost.


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This may due to lack of integration in the design stage between the relevant players resulted in the need for redesign and additional costs if IBS is adopted. As a result, “promotions” obtained a top votes as a favorite propose solution in overcoming the issues/challenge. The implementation of IBS needs to be promoted either from the government or private sector for increasing the adoption of IBS.

33 An Experimental Study of the Effect of Cooling Method in Parabolic Solar Dish Concentrator for Power Generation using Thermoelectric Generator (EE) Aneurin Nanggar Nyandang, Baljit Singh and Raihan Abu Bakar

Keywords: Thermoelectric Generator, Parabolic Dish Concentrator, Solar Energy, Seebeck Effect In this study, the effect of different cooling methods in Parabolic Solar Dish Concentrator (PDC) for power generation using Thermoelectric generators (TEG) were investigated experimentally. By conducting a lab scale model, the performance of the TEG was evaluated to simulate the on-site experiment conditions. The temperature of the TEG sides and power output were associated to the characteristics of the performance of TEG. Also, both open and closed electrical circuits were tested in the model. Air-cooled (natural & forced convection) and water-cooled cooling methods were employed to cool down the generator. From the experimental results, it was concluded that water-cooled cooling method had enhanced the TEG performance and provided higher power output than the other cooling methods used.

34 Johnson noise of CdX-P3HT nanocomposite (EE) Fatin Hana Naning, S. Malik, Lee Feng Koo, Tze Jin Wong and Pang Hung Yiu

Keywords: Johnson noise, nanocomposite, thin films, CdS, CdSe Johnson noise for nanocomposite thin films has been analyzed to study its potential and reliability as an element for electronic devices. Nanocomposite thin films face many challenges such as dispersion of nanoparticles in the matrix that hamper it suitability, competency and performance for potential devices. In this paper, the Johnson noise and current density-voltage has been measured for thin films fabricated through two different methods. The first type of nanocomposite is CdS or CdSe nanoparticles were impregnated in conjugated polymer, P3HT through gas exposure. The second type is by physically mixing CdS or CdSe quantum dots into P3HT. Both nanocomposites employ Langmuir layer as the basis of the film. The Johnson noise for both types of thin films are relatively small, less than 1× 10-27 A2 /Hz for frequency more than 10 Hz, regardless of quantum dots or nanoparticles loading. The JV results show nanoparticles impregnated inside the P3HT have better electrical performance. Thus, the nanocomposites fabricated through gas exposure have better potential to be utilized in electronic devices.

35 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Optimization in Sarawak Using GIS and MCDM-AHP (EE) Jong Far Chen, Musse Mohamud Ahmed and Denis Lee Hau Aik

Keywords: Renewable Energy Sources, Multi-criteria Decision Making, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Electrification Running out of finite resources has led Renewable Energy Resources (RES) to be utilized widely around the world. The main factor to increase the productivity of the RES is by identifying renewable resourceful sites. Hence the selection of RES sites in Sarawak through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process-Analytical Hierarchy Process (MCDM-AHP) method has been carried out in this research. The objective of this research is to identify the potential RES sites throughout the interior of Sarawak state using MCDMAHP.


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From this research, solar, hydro and wind energy are taken into account whereby these resources have the potential to provide great development electrification of the Sarawak state. Proper selection of RES sites in both rural and urban areas is a primary target of this research. For the initial stage of the research, the geographical conditions in different locations of Sarawak State are analyzed in order to generate a number of criteria for each of the selected sites. The collection of criteria data such as solar radiation intensity, population, electrification status, wind speed, land slope and proximity to the road have been analyzed. Accordingly, MDCM-AHP algorithm has been selected as the required solution technique for this research because it is able to perform the complex decision making in solving these problems. A developed scheme which contains RES sites along with their criteria is included in the MCDM-AHP approach to conduct the final selection of RES sites. The output of this research identified a total number of 16 potential RES sites.

37 Bearing Strength Predictions of Single-Lap Woven Fabric Kenaf Composites Bolted Joints by Using Hashin Formulation (Mech.) Hilton Ahmad and Khairi Supar

Keywords: Woven fabric, bolted joint, natural fibers, bearing stress, Hashin Formulation, XFEM Application of kenaf fibers in production of polymeric composites (known as woven fabric kenaf reinforced composite (WKRP)) were readily available in the literatures due to excellent tensile strength and elongation at break. However, there are less reported work and information regarding to performance of these materials in bolted joints. Bolted joints demonstrate complicated damage morphologies either net-tension, shear-out or bearing failure modes dependence upon large combination arrays of lay-up/joint variables. Current study is dealing with strength prediction of single-lap bolted joints of WKRP plates by using Hashin formulation within three-dimensional finite element framework. Hashin formulation is based on ply-by-ply basis to perform better strength prediction to bearing failure modes. Three-dimensional modeling able to capture all surface parts interactions, bolt load and friction load applied. Testing series investigated includes different layup types and normalized plate width (W/d) with finger-tight bolt load. Strength prediction results from Hashin formulation gives reasonable agreement with experimental datasets. Less good agreement were found as compared to XFEM modelling, in particular within joining series demonstrated net-tension failures.

40 Techno-economic Analysis of a Stand-alone Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid System for Rural Area in Sarawak (EE) Harmen Muda, Norhuzaimin Julai and Al-Khalid Othman

Keywords: PV-Diesel Hybrid, HOMER, Net Present Cost, Cost of Electricity Photovoltaic hybrid power generation is an alternative solution for supplying electricity to rural areas, especially in Sarawak, Malaysia, where grid connection is almost impossible due to the cost and geographic location. Diesel generator systems are still used by local communities in these remote areas, and the implementation of photovoltaic diesel hybrid systems can reduce dependency on diesel generator units. The work presented in this paper explores the possibility of combining a renewable energy resource with diesel generators to meet the load demand of rural communities in Sarawak. In further detail, the configuration and size of the PVdiesel system are analyzed in terms of the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of electricity (COE). The analysis is based on mathematical modeling and simulation using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. Eight different configurations of two energy resources-photovoltaic panels and diesel generators-are studied and compared. The option with the highest optimization values is considered to be the most feasible energy solution for a particular rural area.


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The outcomes of the analysis show that the PV-diesel hybrid configuration proves to be more costeffective compared to an existing generator-based system in that it reduces fuel dependency and has the lowest NPC and COE among all configurations studied.

41 Breast Tumor Identification Based on Overset Grid Generation Method with Biquadratic Spline Interpolation in Forward-Backward Time-Stepping (EE) Bong Siaw Wee, Kismet Hong Ping and Shafrida Sahrani

Keywords: Overset Grid Generation Method, Biquadratic Spline Interpolation, Breast Tumor, Inverse Scattering Active microwave imaging (MI) technique has been recently recommended as a new technology for early detection of malignant breast tumors. Finite-difference Timedomain (FDTD) method is a most powerful numerical tool for modelling computational electrodynamics. However, the main drawback of the FDTD method is difficult to model the curved boundaries and small features of arbitrary shaped fibroglandular region due to its restriction to inherent orthogonal grids. To address this issue, Overset Grid Generation and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (OGGFDTD) method with biquadratic spline interpolation in Forward-Backward Time-Stepping (FBTS) inverse scattering technique was proposed to overcome the limitation of FDTD method. In order to analyze the accuracy of this new method to detect a malignancy tumor embedded in different classes of breast parenchymal density, the homogeneous mostly fatty breast and extremely dense breast were chosen as Case A, and Case B, respectively. The Mean Squared Error (MSE) and normalized cost error functional for reconstructed dielectric profiles utilizing the proposed method achieved significantly lower values than the FDTD method in FBTS inverse scattering. The results indicated that the proposed method can accurately determine a location of malignancy tumor and reconstruct the breast composition in relative permittivity and conductivity profiles.

42 Highway Topographic Survey and Modelling Using Photogrammetry: A Comparison (Civil) Chung Han Lim, Diana Wong, and Adriana Erica Amaludin

Keywords: Photogrammetry, Total Station Survey, Topographical Surveying, Highway Surveying, Triangular Irregular Networks From the peg and rope method to laser scanning, topographic surveying has been an important companion to the civil engineer in the development of the human civilization since ancient history. Its application can be seen in the establishing land boundaries, setting out, and detail mapping. Topographic surveying is a technique used to measure the terrestrial or 3D point’s position as well as distances and angles between them. Conventional methods of surveying range from ground field methods such as the use of theodolite total station or aerial surveys such as photogrammetry or LiDAR. This study looks to assessing the feasibility of adopting aerial photogrammetry as a replacement to the conventional total station survey. This objective was achieved by carrying out both surveys on a 350m long stretch of highway a method to generate 3D point cloud. From the point cloud data TIN surfaces were produced which are 3D digital representation of the highway. The TIN surfaces from both sets of surveys were superimposed together and compared for accuracy. It could be observed that on plan view, the both surfaces were quite closely matched with a maximum difference of less than 0.4m and a low standard deviation. In elevation view, however, the differences were larger with maximums of 5.0m, accompanied by large standard deviations. RMS error analysis carried out also correlate with the findings.


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43 Assessment of Groundwater Abstraction for Factories in Klang, Selangor (Civil) Raksmey May and Muhamad Fuad Shukor

Keywords: Groundwater modeling, groundwater abstraction, Klang, Kenny Hill formation, weathered aquifer, fractured aquifer Selangor is one of the most developed states in Malaysia based on industrial activities. Constant water supply to factories is a challenge for both authority and company manager. The reliable water source of groundwater is an option for companies in addition to the municipal water supply. To exploit the groundwater resources, Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS) requires the intended factories to conduct a comprehensive hydrogeological assessment. In the current study, the factories in Klang plan to abstract the groundwater for their plants. Therefore, the groundwater simulation is adopted to assess the negative impact from pumping activities. The conceptual model for the numerical simulation is developed based on the geological map, hydrogeological map, hydrological data, borehole logs, and static groundwater levels after well installations. The numerical model is successfully achieved with the root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient are less than 0.7 m and more than 0.9, respectively. The assessment results suggest the total pumping rate at the factories less than 7,200 m3/d to avoid the negative impact to surrounding wells. The calibrated model is essential to assist the authority to manage the groundwater resources in Klang.

44 Motor Vibration Analysis for the Fault Diagnosis in Nonstationary Operating Conditions (EE) Jangwook Hur and Tanvir Alam Shifat

Keywords: BLDC Motor, Fault Detection, Spectral Analysis Reliability and performance of a system with minimum life-cycle cost have become quite prominent in engineering systems. With increasing industrial applications, machines are operating in intricate conditions with higher uncertainty, causing greater vulnerability of system failure. This paper reports fault-related information of Brushless DC Motor (BLDC Motor) in nonstationary operating conditions and presents several analyses to diagnose the faults. Fault diagnosis is the most crucial and important part of system prognostics which helps to increase the remaining useful life (RUL) and prevent catastrophic failures. Having both electrical and mechanical characteristics present in a BLDC motor, it shows several faults in different operating conditions. These faults cause a significant change in the vibration of the Motor. This paper deals with the anomaly detection of BLDC Motor in nonstationary speed condition using vibration signal analysis as well as extraction of several Condition Indicators (CI).

45 Investigation of a Nano Composite Synthetic Fiber Using Nanotribological Measurement (Mech.) Rubiya Yasmin and Hyunkyu Kweon

Keywords: Atomic Force Microscopy, Artificial Fiber, Human Hair, Nanotribology In this paper, an analysis of the nanotribological properties of human hair and nanocomposite artificial fibers is reported to discover a contiguous human hair replica. Investigation of a perfect artificial hair whose measurement properties should be nearby to the real hair is needed for and proposed. In practice, shallow experimental data exist for nanoscale correlation between heterogeneous subunits and their tribological properties. Synthetic fiber, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) fiber, and Mod-Acrylic fiber are used as a model of composite artificial fibers. This paper designs and conducts the experimental range of nanotribological properties such as Surface roughness, Friction force, and Adhesive force.


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Therefore, associating with the closest tribological ranges, we have established a composite fiber which is healthy to human hair skin and suitable to wear without side effect or uncomfortable feelings.

46 Bandwidth Enhancement of 5G Parallel Coupled Line Band Pass Filter Using Patterned Ground Structure Technique (EE) Ummi Haziqah Morshidi, Dyg Norkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel, Norhudah Seman, Melvin Philip Attan, Dayang Azra Awang Mat and Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Sharip

Keywords: 5G application; Band Pass Filter; Bandwidth Enhancement; Parallel-Coupled; Patterned Ground Structure This paper presents the design of parallel coupled line band pass filter with improved bandwidth performance. The designed filter is operated at 10 GHz operating frequency and can be used in 5G applications. As 5G application requires big data usage and to cater the applications, the bandwidth of devices that used in 5G application need to be wider enough to support it. Therefore, to increase the bandwidth performance of the designed filter, a patterned ground structure (PGS) technique is introduced in this paper. The PGS will be implemented into the ground plane of the designed filter. Rogers RO4003C substrate is used as it can provide better performance at higher frequency. Simulation is done by using CST Microwave Studio student version. The simulation result shows that the bandwidth of the designed filter has been improved from 0.25 GHz to 4.98 GHz when PGS is implemented. Thus, this bandwidth enhancement will permit the designed filter presented to be working in 5G application.

48 Design of Dumbbell Shaped DGS-Notch Patch Antenna for Microwave Imaging System (EE) Chee Ka Chin, Dayang Azra Awang Mat, Mohamad Nizam Truna, Dayang Norkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel, Shafrida Sahrani, Kismet Hong Ping, Kuryati Kipli and Annie Joseph

Keywords: Dumbbell, DGS, imaging, return loss, radiation, gain In this paper, square Microstrip Patch Antenna with notch is designed with dumbbell shaped DGS for microwave imaging system. The antenna is designed on dielectric substrate, FR-4 with relative permittivity, ℇr = 4.7 and thickness, 1.6mm. The dumbbell shaped DGS act as the resonant structures and is placed as the ground layer of the antenna. Different location and size of dumbbell shaped DGS are simulated and analyzed. The result of return loss, radiation pattern and antenna gain are simulated using Electromagnetic Simulation Tools, fabricated and measured using Wave and Antenna Training System (WATS 2002). The design shows better performance with return loss of -38.99 dB and higher antenna gain of 6.20 dB compare to the conventional design, with return loss of -30.21 dB and antenna gain of 5.48 dB respectively.

50 Designing a control system based on SOC estimation of BMS for PV-Solar system (EE) Yonis Buswig, Ohirul Qays, Azuka Affam, Al-Khalid Othman, Norhuzaimin Julai, and Sim Sy Yi

Keywords: BMS, SOC estimation, BPNN, RMSE, Solar One of the major challenges in a battery energy storage system is to design a supervisory controller for realtime implementation that can yield high energy density, low self-discharge rate and prolong the battery lifetime. A regulatory State of Charge (SOC) estimation based PV-Battery Management System (BMS) is presented in this paper that optimally addresses the issues.


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The proposed control algorithm estimates SOC by Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) scheme and tracks the Maximum Power Point (MPP) voltage of the solar panels to take decision for charging, discharging or islanding mode of the Lead-Acid battery bank. A case study (SOC estimation) is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness (RMSE 0.082%) of the proposed strategy using real world data. The numerical simulation and experimental platform reveals that the proposed power control strategy is robust and meets multiple objectives of standalone PV-BMS such as avoiding overcharging and deep discharging manner under different solar radiations.

52 Visual Odometry Trajectory Curve Analysis for Lane-Changing Detection (EE) Dayang Nur Salmi Dharmiza Awang Salleh and Emmanuel Seignez

Keywords: lane-changing, visual odometry, localization, OpenStreetMap Lane-changing detection is necessary for accurate positioning, to allow vehicle navigation system to generate more specific path planning. Lane-changing detection method in this paper is proposed based on curve analysis obtained from visual odometry (VO). From VO trajectory, we have the estimation of vehicle lateral/longitudinal position, yaw, and speed. We also used the road lane information from digital map provided by OpenStreetMap to narrow the lane-changing possibility. The analysis is conducted on sequences from KITTI dataset that contains lane-changing scenarios to study the potential of lanechanging detection by using VO trajectory curve. CUSUM and curve fitting methods were utilized for the lane-changing detection from VO curve. The detection was conducted on several VO approaches for comparison and system feasibility. Our analysis shows that lane-changing behavior can be detected from VO trajectory to complement more accurate routing service and safety application in Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS).

53 Operational Impact of Suspended Sediment on the Run-of-river Small Hydro Power Plants (EE) Engku Azrulhisham and Muhammad Arif Azri

Keywords: Silt, erosion, cavitation, run-of-river, hydro power Silt erosion is a result of mechanical wear of components on account of dynamic action of silt flowing in the water coming in contact with wearing surface. Therefore, silt flowing with water passing through the turbine is the root cause of silt erosion of turbine components. While passing through the generating units, suspended silt in water is subjected to the force of gravity, viscosity, inertia, turbulence and cavitation. Combination of these forces makes silt movement highly complex under varying velocity profiles and pressure gradient. Estimating the operational impact of suspended sediment on the run-of-river small hydro power plants is inherently depends on the long-term background or baseline sampling of the sediment in intake streams. The purpose of this study is to investigate the suspended sediment distribution profile of run-of-river small hydro power plants. Major undertakings were carried out on particle size distribution (PSD) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) for estimating the operational impact of suspended sediment on the run-of-river small hydro power plants. The study encompassed programs for suspended sediment and streamflow profiling at different river geological profiles as well as their potential impact on the operation of small hydro power plants.

54 Smart Electrical Energy Meter (SEEMS) (EE) Azfar Satari Abdullah, Nur Faezah Abusamah, Mohd Hafiez Izzwan Saad, Hazmi Hijazi Abdul Halim, Abdul Rahman Kram, Abdul Hafiz Abdul Karim, Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Sharip and Abg Syafiqnurain Abg Shokeran

Keywords: Smart electrical energy monitoring system, smart monitoring system, monitoring system by C++, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for monitoring


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Electricity is one of the fundamental necessities of human beings, which is commonly used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. The over-used of energy may impact many factor on earth for example, the contribution of green-house gas (GHG). This is due to lack of awareness among the consumer on how to consume electrical energy efficiently where this will lead to unmanaged energy consumption. Thus, a monitoring system is designed to monitor the electrical energy known as Smart Electrical Energy Monitoring System (SEEMS). SEEMS is an electric device that use Arduino Uno as a microcontroller where it consists of current and voltage sensor to measure the real time energy consumption. SEEMS represents a smart energy meter for an automatic metering and billing system. SEEMS was used to measure energy consumption of load and the corresponding amount will be displayed on the LCD continuously and at the same time communicated to the ThingSpeak website to show a real-time data. The feedback monitoring system would help the user to aware their electrical energy consumption and reduce over-used energy. Communication between system and user is by using internet where Wi-Fi module ESP8266 are used for interfacing data. SEEMS can be access anywhere by using any devices. SEEMS replaces traditional meter reading methods and enables remote access of existing energy meter by the energy provider. Also, they can monitor the meter readings regularly without the utility person visiting each house.

55 Distribution Voltage in DC Microgrid System based Solar PV Topologies Configuration in Sarawak, Malaysia (EE) Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Sharip, Dayangku Khairunesa Awg. Sakawi, Dyg Norkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel, Mohd Hafiez Izzwan Saad, Azfar Satari Abdullah, Abdul Hafiz Abdul Karim, Abdul Rahman Kram and Hazmi Hijazi Abdul Halim

Keywords: DC microgrid, experiment, modelling, renewable energy, solar photovoltaic In the past few decade, longhouse communities in the rural area of Sarawak has been experienced the limitation of electricity supplies. Due to geographic of Sarawak, supply electricity to these rural areas from utility grid through transmission lines also will only results in many losses, the initiation of utilize solar as prime sources is favorable solution. The implementation of DC microgrid system for this area will achieved, as the solar PV system is a DC source to generate electrical supply for appliances in longhouse communities. However, the tropical climate and geographical in Sarawak such as the inconsistent solar radiation, changing temperatures, high humidity and heavy rainfall will be the main restrain to implement solar DC microgrid system. Thus, this paper proposes a comprehensive study about the voltage distribution of DC microgrid configuration in order to investigate system the reliability and efficiency. The configuration of DC micogrid model has been designed using MATLAB Simulink and an experimental presenting the Simulink also has been developed for validation purposes. The results based on simulation and experimental revealed that the proposed configuration is more reliable according to voltage distribution at each buses.

56 Carbon Emission Reduction from Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Optimizing Control Factors of Anaerobic Digestion (Mech.) Malcolm Mussen Lamoh, Eugene Jackson Joy, Mamunur Rashid, Nazmus Shakib, and Shahidul Islam

Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Palm Oil Mill Effluent, Biogas Production, Greenhouse Gas, Environmental Sustainability The aim of this research is to capture greenhouse gas (biogas production) emitted from palm oil mill effluent. Anaerobic digestion process has been used for producing and capturing biogas by optimizing the inputs of organic loading rate (OLR), carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N), and pH. A two-stage fermentation process and an anaerobic reactor were used for the digestion process of POME.


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Minitab and Design Expert software is used to determine the range and levels of inputs and determine the number of runs for different combinations of factors. The findings of this research demonstrate that the optimum inputs of OLR was 5 kg/m3 .d, C/N was 30.5, and pH was 6.6; and optimum biogas production was 3 L per day. The research findings will bring benefits to the palm oil industries in achieving environmental sustainability. This research concludes that in-depth research into this matter is important to implement this technology in the palm oil industry.

57 Predictive Current Control of Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Based Indirect Matrix Converter (EE) Hazrul Mohamed Basri and Kasumawati Lias

Keywords: Euler’s approximation, Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control, Instantaneous Unity Power Factor, Neutral Point Clamp, Predictive Current Control, Three-Level Indirect Matrix Converter This paper investigates a Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) approach on a newly developed topology called Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Based Indirect Matrix Converter. The proposed control strategy takes advantage of the discrete nature of power converter system to predict the future behavior of the output current and subsequently selects the future state that minimizes a cost function before actuating in the next sampling time. Foremost, an extensive mathematical analysis is performed to comprehend the operating principle of Three Level Indirect Matrix Converter (TLIMC). Its ability to generate multilevel output voltage represents a tremendous advantage especially for high voltage applications. The procedure of developing this control scheme is elucidated by considering two discretization methods which are Forward and Backward Euler’s approximation. The outcomes of each discretization are compared in terms of the harmonics content (THD%) and its ability to track the reference output currents through Matlab/Simulink® simulation. Both approaches illustrate good tracking ability while using an intuitive and versatile control scheme.

58 Performances of SOMALOY 700 (5P) and SOMALOY 500 Materials under 1-D Alternating Magnetic Flux Density (EE) Ashraf Rohanim Asari, Youguang Guo and Jianguo Zhu

Keywords: Core loss, magnetic material, SOMALOY 500, SOMALOY 700 (5P) In high magnetization frequency of the high speed electrical machine, core loss dissipation is a main contributor of the power loss that gives high percentage of loss compared to the other losses. Likewise, the researchers and engineers are aiming for the lower loss magnetic material that can offer higher efficiency during the operation of the electrical machines. In this paper, core loss of SOMALOY 700 (5P) is calculated and analyzed to identify the magnetic properties of that material. The magnetic properties of SOMALOY 700 material are properly measured under alternating magnetic fluxes at 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 500 Hz and 1000 Hz by using 3-D tester. LabVIEW and Mathcad software are used for the data acquisition and analysis, respectively. The performances of SOMALOY 700 (5P) are compared to SOMALOY 500 by plotting the core loss curves and hysteresis loops. The finding shows the core loss of both samples are proportional to the squared of magnetic flux density. This study also revealed that the core loss of SOMALOY 700 (5P) and SOMALOY 500 are 6 kg/Watt and 12 kg/Watt when the magnetic field is at 1.5 T, respectively. It concludes that the SOMALOY 700 (5P) offers lower core loss compared to the SOMALOY 500 and more suitable to be used in producing high performance of electrical machines. The details of core losses for both SOMALOY materials are important in order to provide the significance information to the real engineers in designing the electrical or electromagnetic machines in the future.


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60 Kinetic Study on Heavy Metal Divalent Ions Removal using Zirconium-Based Magnetic Sorbent (Chem.) Soh Fong Lim, A. Y. W. Lee, S. N. D. Chua and B. H. Lim

Keywords: Zirconium-based magnetic sorbent, Divalent metal ions, Pseudo-second-order kinetic model In this research, zirconium-based magnetic sorbent synthesised by chemical coprecipitation method is explored as a potential sorbent for removal of divalent metal ions from aqueous solution. The interaction characteristics between the ions and the sorbent were elucidated by instrumental analyses such as Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area analyser. The sorption rate was increased with an increase in contact time and initial metal ion concentration. A two-stage kinetics behaviour was observed, and all the batch experiments achieved an equilibrium state within 4 hours. The evaluation of the adsorption behaviour of heavy metal divalent ions onto the magnetic sorbent was explained using two kinetic models, and it was mostly found to follow the postulate of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The validity of kinetic models applied in this study is also evaluated by using a normalised standard deviation.

61 Development of a Web-Based Industrial Revolution 4.0 Implementation Monitoring System Prototype for Academic Programmes in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (EE) Rohana Sapawi, Rafeah Wahi, Azzahrah Anuar, Nabaahah Isa, Hamimah Ujir, Hashimatul Fatma Hashim, Ade Syaheda Wani Marzuki, Shanti Faridah Salleh and Wan Hashim Wan Ibrahim

Keywords: IR4.0 criteria, web-based Monitoring system, Unified Modeling Languange, OBE A web-based Industrial Revolution 4.0 implementation monitoring system is discussed in this paper. The study focused on the development of the system. This system is made to measure the relevance of the syllabus or courses offered in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) to meet the needs in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0). This system is currently in an early prototype phase where all the lecturers are required to fill all the criteria in the system. There are 14 criteria in the system. This online system is more efficient, user-friendly and more accurate compared to manual forms. It is developed by using Unified Modelling Language (UML) which describes the interaction between the user and the proposed system where it consists of three visual diagrams such as Use–Case Diagram, Activity Diagram and Sequence Diagram.

63 A Novel Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Countering MITM and Impersonation Attack in Medical Facilities (EE) Steve Olsen Michael, Adnan Shahid Khan, Yasir Javed, Anderson Lau Anak Bunsu, Chelsten Petrus, Heindwick George and Simon Jau

Keywords: Authentication, Security, ECC, ECDSA, Key Generation Scheme Authentication is used to enfold the privacy of the patient to implement security onto the communication between patients and service providers. Several types of research have proposed support for anonymity for contextual privacy in medical systems that are still vulnerable to impersonation attack and Man-in-the-middle attack. By using powerful technology that is used in medical facilities, it can help in building an advanced system. However, the same powerful tools can also be used by the attackers to gain personal profits and to cause chaos. The proposed countermeasure that is to be taken to prevent this kind of attacks is by implementing mutual authentication between users, their devices/mobile devices, and the system’s


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cloud server, and also a key agreement scheme together with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). A novel authentication scheme which consists of two phases, a signature generation, and authentication process. The ECC implementation is to ensure that the keys are thoroughly secured and is not copyable, together with a Key generation scheme that shields the system against impersonation attacks. The usage of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), in a signature generation, on the other hand, provides users more secure way to hide the user private key and bring additional security layer before proceeding to authentication phase due to the existence of extra elements of domain parameters. Authentication is still considered as a crucial component in maintaining the security of any critical facilities that require the CIA tried and nonrepudiation as a need to maintain their data. It does not only apply to medical centers, but any organizations that possess valuable data that is needed to be protected also requires strong authentication protocols. Thus, the trend for the need of novel authentication protocols will keep on rising as technology gets fancier and fancier.

65 Fabrication and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) with Different Synthesis Temperature for Solar Cell Application (EE) Siti Kudnie Sahari, Andre Anding Tedong, Afiqah Bahrin, Rafidah Kemat, Kuryati Kipli and Marini Sawawi

Keywords: Titanium Dioxide; Sol-gel method; Synthesis temperature In this study, the effects of different synthesis temperatures of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on structural, optical and electrical properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) were studied. The TiO2 solution was prepared by sol gel method and deposited on glass by spin coating method while Beetroot was selected as an organic dye of DSSC. The TiO2 solution was prepared by mixing a several chemicals such as absolute ethanol, Titanium Isopropoxide (TTIP), Glacial Acetic Acid (GAA), Triton X-100 and deionized water. The structural, optical and electrical properties of TiO2 were measured by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Ultra Violet -Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Keithely 2450 Source meter respectively. The results show that TiO2 thin film with 60°C of synthesis temperature exhibits the most porous structure and smaller particle size if compared to others. The TiO2 prepared at this temperature also provides the sharpest peak absorption of 0.40 at the wavelength of 575.50 nm that results the lower band gap energy of 3.10 eV. Furthermore, it has higher FF value that results the highest Energy Conversion Efficiency, ɳ of 0.34 %.

66 A Review of MRI Acute Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (EE) Abang Mohd Arif Anaqi Abang Isa, Kuryati Kipli, Muhammad Hamdi Mahmood, Ahmad Tirmizi Jobli, Siti Kudnie Sahari and Mohd Saufee Muhammad

Keywords: Segmentation algorithms, acute ischemic stroke lesion, brain magnetic resonance imaging, pre-processing Immediate treatment of a stroke disease can minimize long-term effects and even help reduce death risk. In the ischemic stroke cases, there are two zones of injury that are ischemic core and ischemic penumbra zone. The ischemic penumbra indicates the part usually located around the infarct core that is at risk of developing to brain infarction. Recently, various segmentation methods of infarct lesion from the MRI input images were developed. These methods give a high accuracy in the extraction and detection of infarct core. However, there are limited works have been reported to isolate the penumbra tissues and infarct core separately. In this paper, we review the segmentation algorithms for brain MRI ischemic of different categories. The focus of the review is mainly on the segmentation algorithms of infarct core with penumbra and infarct core only. We highlight the advantages and limitations alongside discuss the capabilities of these segmentation algorithms and its key challenges. The paper also devised a generic structure for automated stroke


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lesion segmentation. The performance of these algorithms was investigated by comparison of different parameters of the surveyed algorithms. In addition, a new structure of the segmentation process for segmentation of penumbra is proposed considering the challenges remains. The best accuracy thus far is 82.1% for segmentation of infarct core and penumbra tissues while 99.1% for segmentation infarct core only. Meanwhile, the shortest average computational time recorded was 3.42 seconds for segmenting 10 slices of MR images. This paper presents an inclusive analysis of the discussed papers based on different categories of the segmentation algorithm. The proposed structure is important to enable a more robust and accurate assessment in clinical practice. This could be an opportunity for the medical and engineering sector to work together in designing a complete end-to-end automatic framework in detecting stroke lesion and penumbra.

68 Breast Cancer Detection Based On Deep Learning Technique (EE) Nur Syahmi Ismail

Keywords: Breast cancer, mammogram, deep learning, transfer learning Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women and roughly one in 19 women at risk of breast cancer in Malaysia. The number of breast cancer cases is steadily growing especially with increasing number of ageing population. The screening practice using mammography needs to be better and potentially efficient. There is always room for advancement when it comes to medical imaging. Early detection of cancer can reduce the risk of deaths for cancer patients. The objective of this paper is to compare the breast cancer detection with two model networks of deep learning technique. The overall process involves image preprocessing, classification and performance evaluation. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of deep learning model network which are VGG16 and ResNet50 to classify between normal tumor and abnormal tumor using IRMA dataset. The result show that VGG16 produces the better result with 94% compared to ResNet50 with 91.7% in term of accuracy.

69 Selection Combiner in Time-Varying Amplify Forward Cooperative Communication (EE) Sylvia Ong and Hushairi Zen

Keywords: Amplify-and-forward, Selection Combiner (SC), frequency offsets, Multiple Symbol Double Differential Sphere Detection (MSDDSD) This research presents the diversity combining schemes for Multiple Symbol Double Differential Sphere Detection (MSDDSD) in a time-varying amplify-and-forward wireless cooperative communication network. Four diversity combiners, including direct combiner, Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC), semi MRC and Selection Combiner (SC) are demonstrated and explained in details. A comprehensive error probability and outage probability performance analysis are carried through the flat fading Rayleigh environment for semi MRC and SC. Specifically, error performance analysis is obtained using the PDF for SC detectors. Finally, power allocation expression based on error performance minimization approach is presented for the proposed SC performance optimization. It is observed that the performance analysis matches well with the simulation results. Furthermore, the proposed SC scheme offers better performance among the conventional MRC and direct combiner schemes in the presence of frequency offsets.

71 Assessment of Potential Rainwater Volume Reduction Optimization Using Permeable Pavement with Subsurface Precast Micro Detention Pond (Civil) Norazlina Bateni, Sai Hin Lai, Putuhena Fj, Yau Seng Mah, Md Abdul Manan, Melfrid Manegild Michael, Zulfadli Bujang, and Jethro Henry Adam


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Keywords: Stormwater management, subsurface micro detention pond, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, runoff volume reduction Development impacted the natural hydrological cycle through the changes in rainfall runoff volume and peak flow rate. The decreasing pervious surface thus depletion in groundwater recharge and increasing flood events can be frequent event in rapidly developing urban areas. Stormwater management is crucial to preserve environmental sustainability whilst reducing the mankind disasters. This can be achieved through optimal collection and storage of stormwater, thus reduce the runoff volume. Stormwater runoff is rainfall that flows on the ground surface which can cause flooding and can carry debris, sediment and fine particles of pollutants that are found on paved surfaces. Sustainable stormwater management is desired, and the volume captured is explored in the paper using the new multipurpose design of subsurface precast hollow cylinder micro detention pond and as permeable pavement. This study assessed the volume storage of rainwater under the flood control services. The paper also present an investigation of water quality benefit of rainwater captured in the micro detention pond for non potable water usage.

72 Exploration of CMOS Class AB Power Amplifier Design in Gigahertz Frequencies (EE) Rohana Sapawi, Dzatul A'Qidah Sa'Ahmad, Sharifah Masniah Wan Masra, Siti Kudnie Sahari, Kuryati Kipli and Marini Sawawi

Keywords: Class AB; CMOS; Linearity; Power Amplifier This paper reviewed the class AB power amplifier (PA) especially for wireless applications. This study explored on the implementation of class AB in a PA design. With Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, class AB PA design is a desirable choice for gigahertz (GHz) frequencies wireless applications. Several works from year 1999 to 2019 with different topology are discussed and the performances of the PA are compared. Key performance indicators for class AB PA include frequency, power added efficiency (PAE), gain and output power (Pout).

73 Smart IoT-based Waste Monitoring System (EE) Alfred Tan Jia Yee, Lee Hui En, Chua Hong Siang and Ng Sing Muk

Keywords: Internet of Things, illegal dumping, waste monitoring, mobile applications Illegal waste dumping activities are becoming more compulsive and are in fact, one of the most daunting worldwide issue today. The impacts of this activity are devastating to the environmental and human health. To prevent illegal waste dumping, sufficient waste treatment facilities, for instance roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) waste containers must be placed strategically for community use. However, the result would not be significant without an efficient waste monitoring system. Hence, an integration of IoT-based sensors and mobile apps are proposed with the objectives of providing real-time information of waste fill level, RoRo waste container geolocation and waste decomposition level to users by uploading the sensor data wirelessly to a globally accessible domain. An Arduino UNO is chosen as the microcontroller for the application. Multiple HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the waste pile level at different point in the RoRo waste container, hence the fill level; NEO-6M GPS module is used to measure GPS location; MQ-3 ethanol gas sensor is used to measure ethanol gas concentration, hence the decomposition level; ESP8266 ESP-01 Wi-Fi module is used for wireless transmission of sensor data to a website. Windows 10 and Android applications are developed successfully as a platform to display the real-time information of the RoRo bins. To sum up, this research is a good approach against the illegal dumping issue as it provides the users an alternative way to dispose bulky wastes legally and conveniently.


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74 Optimal Microgrid Energy Scheduling with Variable Solar PV Generation (EE) Anan A. Dweekat and Mohamed Shaaban

Keywords: Variable renewable energy resources, Generation rescheduling, Microgrid, Solar PV, MILP Minimizing operation costs of a microgrid, incorporating solar PV generation, while satisfying its load demand commitment is vital for enhancing the reliability of the main distribution grid. This paper presents an energy scheduling approach for a microgrid containing conventional generation along with variable renewable energy resources, namely, solar PV. The problem is cast as a stochastic nonlinear optimization problem, where the variability of the PV is described by the probability density function of the solar irradiance data. A mixedinteger linear programming (MILP) approach is then employed to solve the microgrid energy scheduling problem. Numerical simulations are performed on a six-bus microgrid configuration. Test results confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach.

75 Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy in Sarawak Remote Rural Area Using HOMER Software (EE) Yanuar Z. Arief, Nur Anisah Aziera Abdul Halim and Mohd Hafiez Izzwan Saad

Keywords: HOMER, renewable energy resources, remote rural area, net present cost, initial cost, operating cost In past few years, there has been a huge concern about decentralized electricity supply in Sarawak. Renewable energy resources can be seen as an alternative energy to capture the remote rural electrification’s problems. Installing and operating a renewable energy generation is not difficult but it requires cautious step as to make sure maximum use of energy can improve the electrification. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to critically analyze five type of optimized hybrid renewable energy systems in term of financial and power production using HOMER software. This paper approaches four renewable energy resources namely solar, hydro, wind and biomass in three remote rural areas located in Limbang, Kapit and Sri Aman regions. Different combination of solar PV system, micro-hydro generator, wind turbine and biomass generator together with battery storage and converter were studied. The optimization between these different sizes of system was built based on energy demand satisfaction, system cost and carbon gas emission. Comparison between operational of behaviors hybrid renewable energy systems with stand-alone diesel generator were also carried out to elucidate the effects on investment cost and environment. The results revealed that hybrid hydro with battery system is seen to be the cheapest system and has the best technical performance in all locations. Solar PV and biomass generator system were combined with hydro generator as a backup power. It is also found that hybrid renewable energy is more cost-effective and reduce of carbon emission compared to standalone diesel generator.

76 Design of a Data Logging System for a Small Scale Hydrokinetic Turbine (EE) Diana Ringgau, Martin Anyi and Kismet Hong Ping

Keywords: Hydrokinetic Turbine Energy, Quality function deployment, data collection, data logger and output power Hydrokinetics Turbine (HKT) is a technology that extracts kinetic energy from river currents of almost zero elevation. Even though the technology is considered as a potential solution for electric power supply applications in offgrid rural electrification, there is no recorded documentation to demonstrate the practicality of HKT in rural application. In this study, the data logger was designed according to Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to feed the specific or critical parameters and applications that suits the HKT’s data collection. The logger was calibrated and tested


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in laboratory. The practicality of the data logger was also verified in field test. The data logger was implemented by using easily obtained hardware and software. An automatic data-file creation capability has been developed and the SDHC memory card was chosen to provide high storage capacity. Besides that, the logger is designed with low energy consumption and light in weight. The results showed that the average power was 60.89W, voltage was 14.78V, current 4.02A, generator rotational speed 256 rpm and river velocity was around 0.84m/s. These demonstrated that the data logger was capable to fulfil its function by measuring and recording a large input of data.

77 Edge Based Obstacle Detection Model for Outdoor Type Obstacles (EE) Khairul Azim Bin Za'Aba and Bee Theng Lau

Keywords: Optical imaging, visual impairment, obstacle detection, android, monocular camera Obstacle detection and avoidance technologies are mainly categorised into non-vision and vision-based technologies. Most of the developed technologies are not ready for public use as they may require additional stage such as production and distribution. Obstacle detection model built for a mobile device focusing on detecting outdoor obstacles is introduced in this paper. The model uses a monocular camera to obtain real-time frames then applies Canny Edge detection algorithm to obtain the surrounding information. This surrounding edge information is used to compare between frames to determine whether a path contains obstacles. In addition, the proximity light sensor, accelerometer, and gyroscope are used to ensure the model’s adaptability to various environments. The model is tested in various o u t d o o r scenarios. The average floor-based outdoor obstacle detection accuracy obtained by this model is 81.7%. This concludes that the model can be a supplementary assistance to the white cane, which is used by people with low vision.

78 Optimizing Machine Learning Algorithms for Improvement of Performance Metrics in Pepper Cultivation (EE) Nadia Aldrin, Hushairi Zen and Nabilah Omar

Keywords: Classification, Python, Agriculture, Productivity, Machine Learning Low quantity and quality of black pepper yield is due to various reasons including inadequate fertilizer, poor climatic and soil conditions, crop diseases, and the presence of pest which inevitably affect the source of income and work opportunity for rural households particularly in Sarawak. As a solution, this paper presents a machine learning based technique to classify the condition in which pepper cultivation strive the best. The dataset features comprised of date and time, temperature, humidity, precipitation, PH value, moisture level, nitrogen level, phosphorus level, potassium level which is the categorized in the productivity level based on assigned criteria. The best classification algorithm for pepper growth is determined by the performance metrics of Machine Learning classifiers such as Decision Trees, Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Classifier, Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The results of the study show that Extreme Gradient Boosting provides the best overall performances compared to other models. It is then further enhanced by using GridSearchCV method which achieve an accuracy of 0.9465, precision of 0.9419, recall of 0.9465 and F1 score 0.9412. This research shows that GridSearchCV method improved the machine learning techniques and is suitable for enhancement of pepper yield.

79 A Study of Deep Learning Algorithm in Solar Photovoltaic Power Forecasting (EE) Lee Chin Kho, Sze Song Ngu, Annie Joseph, Hushairi Zen and Kai Lung Chai


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Keywords: Renewable energy; solar power forecasting; deep learning algorithm; photovoltaic power; time series prediction Solar photovoltaic power plays an important role in the distributed energy resources. The number of solar powered electricity generation has increased steadily in recent years all over the world. This is happening because it produces clean energy and the technology of solar photovoltaic is continuously developing. One of the challenges in solar photovoltaic is the power generation is highly dependent on the dynamic changes of environmental parameters and asset operating conditions. To ensure the stability in supplementing electricity generation capacities, solar power forecasting can be the possible solution. In this study, the deep learning of long short term memory (LSTM) models for time series forecasting is implemented in the solar photovoltaic power generation forecasting. In the simulation, the data set collected by The Ravina Project from 2010 to 2014 was used as the training data. The root mean square value is used in this study to measure the forecasting error. The results show the deep learning algorithm gives a superior forecasting performance.

80 Minimization of Construction Waste Using the Principles of Waste Management (Civil) Sim Nee Ting and Awgku Mohd Firdaus B. Awg Sakawi

Keywords: Construction, Material Waste, Minimisation, Waste Management Material waste is a major dilemma in the construction industry and has important implications. It is commonly acknowledged that there is a very high level of waste in construction industry. In fact, the building industry has reportedly generated intolerable material waste levels. Therefore, eliminating or reducing waste could result in significant cost savings for society as the construction has a major and direct impact on many other industries by both buying inputs and providing the products to all other industries. This study examines the causes and prevention of material waste in the building industry through the principles of waste management available. Questionnaires and interviews were the main tools for data collection. For data analysis average index and relative index were used to analyse the various aspects of the data collected. Storage and handling of materials, operational factors, design and documentation factors, and procurement factors were considered to be the main waste causes on construction sites. The results also showed the existence of a certain level of awareness of the concept of waste management among construction industry professionals It is hopeful that this study also can provide guidance to consumers, major contractors, subcontractors and others working in the construction industry on how everyone can make a change to help to reduce material waste and improve construction costs, which in terms provide good savings to the end users and improve the level of productivity of the nation.

81 Online Person Identification based on Multitask Learning (EE) Annie Joseph, Edward Ijau Anak Pelias Pog, Kho Lee Chin, David Bong Boon Liang, Dyg Azra Awang Mat and Ngu Sze Song

Keywords: Feature Extraction, Biometrics, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Incremental Learning, Multitask Learning, Person Identification In the digital world, everything is digitized and data are generated consecutively over the times. To deal with this situation, incremental learning play an important roles. One of the important applications that needs an incremental learning is person identification. On the other hand, password and code are no longer the only way to prevent the unauthorized person to access the information and it tends to be forgotten. Therefore, biometric characteristics system is introduced to solve the problems. However, recognition based on single biometric may not be effective, thus, multitask learning is needed. To solve the problems, incremental learning is applied for person identification based on multitask learning. Considering that the complete


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data is not possible to be collected at one time, online learning is adopted to update the system accordingly. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to create a feature space while Incremental LDA (ILDA) is adopted to update LDA. Through multitask learning, not only human faces are trained, but fingerprint images are trained in order to improve the performance. The performance of the system is evaluated by using 50 datasets which includes both male and female datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the learning time of ILDA is faster than LDA. Apart from that, the learning accuracies are evaluated by using K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and achieve more than 80% for most of the simulation results. In the future, the system is suggested to be improved by using better sensor for all the biometrics. Other than that, incremental feature extraction is improved to deal with some other online learning problems.

84 Accuracy and realibility of IoT system for Agriculture (EE) Nabilah Omar, Hushairi Zen and Nadia Nicole Aldrin

Keywords: Remote Monitoring, Smart Precise Agriculture, Internet of Things, Monitor Crop, Sensors Technology This paper presents the design and development of low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) system for remote monitoring of agriculture ecosystem. The aims of the research are to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of data collected and transmitted with developed IoT system and access from remote location. These data are then compared with the readings of the conventional stand-alone sensors or meters. The system is set in the laboratory and utilises low cost microcontroller, sensors, Wi-Fi network communication, cloud storage, mobile and web application. Microcontroller Arduino Uno ATMega328P is used with ESP8266 Wi-Fi module to enable the device to be connected to the Internet. The sensors used in this system are selected based on the plant’s growth factor. All data collected from the sensors are sent to the Cloud platform such as ThingSpeak and Blynk. Periodical monitoring is carried out on laptop and mobile phone. The results showed that the data taken from the soil moisture, soil temperature, light intensity, surrounding temperature and humidity are accurate and reliable.

85 A Comprehensive Low Wind Speed Prediction and Data Analysis For Studying Wind Energy Potential at Two Locations of Sarawak (EE) Salisu Muhammad Lawan, Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin and Sj Kawu

Keywords: Wind energy potential, wind speed prediction, Bario, Lawas, Weibull, Rayleigh probability density function This paper examines the potential of wind energy at two locations of Sarawak (Bario and Lawas) at 10 m and 40 m elevation. The data employed in this paper were obtained from wind stations located in the areas for a period of four years starting from 2008-2018. A prediction model was developed using an advanced soft computing method, the model was trained, tested and validated for accuracy purpose. The model prediction accuracy was found within the acceptable ranges. Detailed wind resource assessment has been carried out and presented. The wind speed characteristics were modelled using Weibull and Rayleigh functions. It was found that Weibull fits the observed wind speed in both locations examined. Final results showed that wind both studied areas are capable to harness the available energy content in a wind, using a low wind speed turbine technology. The average annual wind speed at 10 m and 40 m heights was 2.16 m/s and 4.28 m/s. The wind power density falls within class 1(W/m2).The findings of this study can be useful to policy makers and potential wind turbine investors.

86 Hybrid Wind Speed Prediction Model Based on Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) and Gradient Boosted Machine (GBM) (EE) Salisu Muhammad Lawan, Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin and Thelaha Masri


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Keywords: Gradient Boosted Machine (GBM), instinct mode function (IMF), prediction, Sarawak,; wind speed Before sitting a wind turbine, reliable wind speed prediction is prerequisite requirements that must be performed in order to get optimum energy yield. Single model has a lot of constraints in terms of prediction accuracy, to solve this persistent problem, this paper proposed the application of hybrid model based on IMF and GBM to predict the wind speed in the areas with limited or absent of data. In the first place, the observed wind speed was decomposed into into six using IMF in order to reduce ill-define the nature of wind speed, the decomposed wind speed was used to train, test and validate the model developed GMB model which was developed in a Matlab environment. The final predicted values are obtained by summing all the individual prediction sub models. Wind speed data observed in the existing wind stations in Sarawak for a period of 1 year from 2017 to 2018 were used for the simulation. The model implementation confirmed that the proposed model is robust and capable to predict wind speed in remote and rural areas. A comparison with conventional method (ARIMA) was further investigated, the results showed the superiority of the new hybrid model over ARIMA.

87 Evaluation of Abnormalities on Induction Motor Using Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) (EE) Yanuar Z. Arief, Mohamad Nursalam Ibrahim and Mohd Hafiez Izzwan Saad

Keywords: Induction motor, PSCAD, starting current, overcurrent, voltage sag Induction motor has the main role in electrical power generation and manufacturing process. However, just like the normal machines, the induction motor is subjected to be involved in abnormalities such as starting current, over-current and voltage sag. Therefore, it is crucial to grasp the fundamental understanding of such abnormalities by knowing their main causes to simulate abnormalities condition. In order to protect the induction motor from such abnormalities, the studies on protection and mitigation model of the respective abnormalities are performed. It is done to get the comprehension upon the modelling for creating the simulation model for investigation purpose. The software that have been used to create as well as simulate the simulation model is Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD). For the starting current, it is found that by the connecting the soft starter to the starting current simulation model, the starting current of peak is reduced. The higher the total of series impedance, the lower the starting current of peak would be. For the over-current, when a single line to ground fault being applied at phase A, it can be observed that there is an instantaneous high current. By implementing the over-current relay with depending on Time Current Curve (TCC) types, the circuit breaker can perform trip operation to disconnect the circuit as well as reclose operation to reconnect the circuit. For the voltage sag, when a single line to ground fault is applied at phase A, it can be observed that there is an occurrence of voltage sag on source side. By implementing the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) device, it can be observed that the voltage sag has been mitigated.

89 Wearable Coaching System using Body Area Network System (EE) Nur Alia Athirah Mohtadzar, Dyg Norkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel, Abdul Rahman Kram, Kasumawati Lias, Shahrol Mohamaddan, Mohamad Shaiful Abdul Karim, Yon Syafni Samat, and Takayama Shigeru

Keywords: Body Area Network System, Heart Rate, Zigbee, Wearable, Sensor Body Area Network (BAN) system is a wearable wireless multi-sensor device for real-time feedback and data acquisition. The BAN system comprises of six modules which are shoulder, waist, a pair of wrist and a pair of ankle modules. It is small, compact, light, comfortable to wear and is suitable for almost all real-life applications. BAN system has five main embedded sensors: heart rate, three-axis acceleration, gyro, temperature and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) sensor. It operates both in streaming mode for real-time data processing using two telecommunication tools: Zigbee and Bluetooth. Low energy interface for recording


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mode is using an internal flash memory. In this paper, a wearable coaching system is designed to help athlete or trainer to perform proper and efficient exercise suitable to one’s body needs. It measures the parameter of the body, analyze and provide feedback in a form of an advice. In order to improve the system, arm gesture mode performed by the wrist modules of the BAN system is applied. This mode is to enable user to manage their exercising level to a more appropriate pace, suitable with their individual body by reproducing the feedback. In a supervised coaching training, percentage of heart rate threshold target is increasing, hence, producing a greater performance of training. It is proven in this paper, that BAN system performs an accurate measurement in enhancing sports and coaching training, adding value to novel lifestyle exercising and health monitoring.

INTERNATIONAL UNIMAS STEM ENGINEERING CONFERENCE 2019

international unimas stem engineering conference 2019 · these skills shall be acquired through an...

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