internet of things, autonomous driving and frequency ... · standardisation of bluetooth sig in...

0Funded by the European Union

Internet of Things, autonomous driving

and frequency regulation

Dr. Bernd Sörries

Rome, 26.09.2018

1

Funded by the European Union

Agenda

Definition of IoT

Requirements and allocation/assignment of frequencies

IoT and Standardisation of technologies

Use case „Smart Mobility“ (autonomous driving)

2


Definition of IoT?

IoT uses cases vary extremely

Illustration of M2M-solution

Quelle: Büllingen/Börnsen (2015) nach Höller et al. (2014).

Physical

itemBusiness

process

M2M

elementM2M

applicationNetwork

M2M system solution

sensors

actorsWide Area

Network

(WAN)/ Local

Area Network

(LAN)

3


Definition of IoT?

Definition and Clustering of terms dealing with Internet of Things, Industry

4.0 and Machine-to-Machine-Communication or Cyber-physical systems

vary:

No clear cut definition,

B2B like B2B2C (e.g. Connected Car, E-Health)

Internet of Things (IoT):

Enabling connectivity of various things and machines

Different networks, different purposes, different requirements

4


Definition of IoT?

Machine-to-Machine-Communication (M2M)

Automated exchange of information without any human interference

(traffic steering, grid automation etc.)

Direct mode communication or use of centralized platforms

IoT covers also Wearables etc.

5


What means IoT?

Cyber-physical systems (CPS)

Networking in complex systems, functions and data exchange of

physical, biological and possibly other components with the help of

information technology and software

The human-machine interface (e.g. Smart Factory, Smart Mobility,

Smart Grid) is generally included.

6


Worldwide IoT-connections

Year

Worldwide Europe

Ericsson Cisco GSMA

2016 5,6 Mrd. 5,8 Mrd. 87,8 Mio.

2020/2021/2022 17,6 Mrd. 13,7 Mrd. / 18 Mrd. 182 Mio.

Source: LS telecom/VVA/Policy Tracker.

7


Requirements and use of frequencies

Current situation

Narrowband applications and technologies (e.g. WiFi, Bluetooth,

use of license exempt frequencies (assignment procedure: general

authorisation)

In the midterm future

Use of exclusive frequency to match requirements like low latency,

high technical availability, deep indoor, resiliency :

Frequencies

Use of already assigned frequencies in 700/800/1800/2600 MHz

3,4 GHz - 3,8 GHz frequencies for 5G-IoT-use cases

Dedicated frequencies for special services (Smart Grid, PPDR)

New network technologies (network slicing)

Deployment (resiliency)

8


RSPG-Guide

RSPG roadmap for frequencies facilitating IoT in Europe

Quelle: RSPG (2016).

9


IoT-Technologies and Status of

Standardisation (I)

Complex eco system of wireless technologies

Technology Data rate FrequenciesStandardisation

approachComments

eMTC (enhanced for machine

type communications) (also

known as LTE-M or LTE Cat-

M1)

1 Mbps licensed3GPP

Standardisation

More expensive technology

than other LPWAs with higher

data rates

NB (narrowband)-IoT (or LTE

Cat-NB1)

20 - 60

Kbpslicensed

3GPP

Standardisation

Software upgrade to existing

infrastructure and less

expensive than other LPWA

technologies

EC (extended coverage)-GSM 10 Kbps licensed3GPP

Standardisation

Software upgrade to existing

infrastructure, but less good

than NBIoT

LoRaWAN250 bps -

50 Kbpslicense free

Developed by

Semtech,

standardization runs

under LoRa Alliance

A growing ecosystem with

certified devices

Quelle: Cambridge Consultants (2017).

10


TechnologyData

rateFrequencies

Standardisation

approachComments

Weightless various

Weightless N. licence-free

Weightless P. licence-free

Weightless W. TV whitespaces

Weightless SIGSo far a limited commercial

activity

Bluetooth Low

Energy

(BLE)

various licence-freeStandardisation of

Bluetooth SIG

In consumer electronics strongly

adapted for short-range

communication

802.15.4

(ZigBee und

Tread build on it)

various licence-free

802.15.4 is

standardized by IEEE,

ZigBee and Thread

additionally use

protocols

Supports short-range mesh

networks

5G variousboth

licence-free and licenced3GPP Standardisation

Developed to enable IoT from the

outset, but standardization is only

at the very beginning, only

available on a larger scale in a few

years' time

Quelle: Cambridge Consultants (2017).

IoT-Technologies and Status of

Standardisation (II)

11


Is 5G the answer?

Latency (Delay):

1 ms - second

User per cell

(Links per km2):

fex - millions:

Massive Machine Type

Communication

Data rates

(Throughput):

Ultra-high - low

Ultra-reliable

communication (URC)

- best effort

Source: http://www.huawei.com/5gwhitepaper/ - last access: Sept. 2015

12


5G system for IoT

Quelle: 5G Initiative Team, NGMN 5G White Paper, 2015, https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN-5G-White-Paper-V1-0.pdf

13


IoT applications and the frequency

authorization regime preferred by users (I)

Applications CharacteristicsPreferred authorisation regime

expressed by stakeholders

Ultra-reliable low latency communications

(URLLC): Applications for maintenance

services for grid systems after electricity

network failure detections

Remote connections to grid systems

needed

Private commons might be feasible in

order to remotely connect to the grid.

The exclusive licensee could give

access to its spectrum for the time

needed to do the maintenance


(URLLC): Critical infrastructure (e.g. high-

voltage grids)

Rely on end-to-end service guarantees

(independent of network loadIndividual exclusive licenses


(URLLC): Factory automation applicationsRely on end-to-end service guarantees Individual exclusive licenses


(URLLC):: Fault localisationRequire high QoS and low latency Individual exclusive licenses


(URLLC): Identification in smart gridsRequire high QoS Individual exclusive licenses

Massive machine type communications

(mMTC): Smart metering

Data collection from measurement points

with latency requirements cited in the range

of one to several seconds. The spectrum is

used to transfer information from remote

sensors to a central point.

It can work without dedicated spectrum,

shared spectrum solution is considered

beneficial (e.g. reducing spectrum

acquisition costs, improving time taken

to access spectrum).32 It could also rely

on license exempt spectrum, as long as

there is no lack of communication for

several hours.

- table continued next page -

14


IoT applications and the frequency

authorization regime preferred by users (II)

Applications CharacteristicsPreferred authorisation regime

expressed by stakeholders


(URLLC): Transmission system operators

(TSOs)

The need of spectrum is not predictable, as

it depends on high voltage peaks and the

associated very sophisticated QoS

demands.

Individual exclusive licenses


(URLLC): Train control, Platooning

Monitoring and controlling train movements.

Stringent requirements for availability and

QoS, Interoperability requirements.


Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB): High

throughput and capacity in localised hot

spot and congested areas

Improved peak/average/cell-edge data

rates, capacity and coverage

Individual exclusive licenses, supported

in a local service area by a license

exempt, light licensing, or a licensed

shared access approach


(URLLC): other examples including remote

surgery, intelligent transport,

infrastructure protection

Requirement for emerging critical

applications have stringent requirements for

capabilities such as throughput, latency and

availability.


Source: Policy Tracker/VVA/LS telecom (2017)

15


Current European measures (I)

Relaxation of technical conditions of use in the 862 - 868 MHz

frequency band (Short Range Devices)

Initiative to make available parts of the 870 - 876 MHz and 915 - 921

MHz band

Creation of usage possibilities of the 1900 – 1920 MHz band

CEPT for BDA2GC (Broadband Direct Air-to-ground

Communications), a frequency band that has so far been little

used

Directional radio frequencies or point-to-multipoint frequencies for IoT

16


Standardisation and enabling the use of IoT in frequency bands

allocated to mobile communications (under 3GPP)

Extended range (GSM for IoT) (EC-GSM-IoT), Performance

upgrade to EGPRS for M2M, global cellular IoT for all GSM markets

LTE-eMTC, LTE Evolution for massive MTC approved under 3GPP

Release 13

Narrowband frequency technology on the LTE platform for the

provision of low cost massive MTC (NB-IoT)

Contribution of the EU Commission to standardisation

Current European measures (II)

17


Regulatory response to use cases

Are 100 MHz in the 3.6 GHz range sufficient for an efficient 5G IoT

network?

Assignment of regional or even local frequencies?

Coverage obligations and technical requirements (e.g. uplink is

more important than downlink, low latency)? Outdoor or Incar? Edge

of cell? Time to market: when is low latency needed?

Shared use of frequencies

18


Frist Conclusions

Implementation of IoT complex due to high heterogeneity

IoT more an ecosystem than a technology

Technology and networking approaches only partly clear

Business models largely still under development

19


Autonomous driving

20


Status quo Smart Mobility (I)

In newly introduced cars mostly infotainment services play most important

role; collaborative connectivity use-cases less prevalent

However, with the move towards autonomous driving OEM focus on other

services

Autonomous driving presents a series of challenges to mobile networks:

Communication between vehicles (V2V) as well as between

vehicles and smart infrastructure (V2I) required

Approx. 4 TB are expected to generated per autonomous vehicle

Besides throughput, mobile networks need to feature low E2E

latency and extremly high reliability

21


Status quo Smart Mobility (II)

Requirements do not translate into par for par into necessary network

rollouts

Several technological developements mitigate the required network

investments:

Direct data transfers between vehicles and between vehicles and

infrastructure (+ competing 802.11p standard)

Data processing inside the vehicle

Intelligence inside the car vs. inside edge-clouds

Tranmissioning transfer of delta informations only

Still, moderate data throughput (particularly uplink) and E2E low latency

are a must have

22


Use Cases „V2X“

• Communication with infrastructure in the direct

environment:

o Communication beacons

o Smart crash barriers

o Traffic lights

o Mobile Edge Server, if applicable

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

(V2I)

Vehicle-to-Vehicle

(V2V)

• Direct communication between vehicles in the direct

vicinity, even without a mobile phone signal:

o Data exchange between cars and trucks

o Summary of several platoons

Vehicle-to-Network

(V2N)

• Communication that goes beyond the close-up range:

o Teleoperator

o OEM backend

o Central traffic control instance or traffic database

o Remote smart infrastructure (see V2I)

23


Connectivity demands of future connected

vehicles

24


Comparison of Technologies

Timely availability

Low provisioning costs

Limited quality parameters

Controversial discussion about the use of 802.11p; individual

OEMs rely on this technology to implement security

applications. Other OEMs rely on C-V2X. Only 5G will enable

advanced, more sophisticated smart mobility services.

C-ITS

(802.11.p)5G

in connection with

Edge-Computing

Not timely availability

High provisioning costs

Extensive quality parameters

C-V2X

LTEC-V2X

5G (Rel. 15)

25


C-IST

(Cooperative Intelligent Transport System)

• The C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport

System)-development took place aiming at

networking vehicles (among each other).

• C-ITS enables V2V and V2I data

transmission based on WLAN standard

802.11p

• C-ITS uses the 5.9 GHz frequency band

• Development process already completed,

so C-ITS is ready for commercial use

• There is already a C-ITS test track between

Vienna, Frankfurt and Rotterdam where V2I

communication provides early warning of

short-notice construction sites, among other

things.

Technology is already commercially viable

Comparatively inexpensive, since no

additional network infrastructure is

required

Low latency of up to 2 ms

Decreasing quality parameters with high

density of participants

Lower spectral efficiency compared to

mobile communications

Missing V2N functionality

Does not use existing mobile radio

infrastructures

Brief profile Central advantages and disadvantages

of C-ITS

26


C-V2X

• The predecessor LTE Broadcast was

already introduced in 3GPP Release 9 and

further improved in Release 12 (LTE Direct).

• Point-to-multipoint communication and

direct data transmission without mobile

phone coverage in the 5.9 GHz band are

already technically possible.

• However, only the C-V2X transmission

introduced with Release 14 offers low

latency (1 ms), high mobility and reliable

connections.

• If a mobile phone coverage exists, the

transmission is coordinated by the base

station, while the data exchange takes place

directly.

• Outside mobile coverage, predefined rules

determine frequency usage

Uses existing mobile radio infrastructures

Higher spectral efficiency

Better quality parameters compared to C-

ITS (packet loss, range, etc.)

Convergent communication solution for

V2I, V2V and V2N

Data transmission also possible without

mobile phone coverage

C-V2X is not expected to be commercially

available for several years

Few field tests show practical suitability so

far

Brief profile Central advantages and disadvantages

of C-V2X

27


Autonomous driving and Mobile Edge

Computing

• The success of the cloud segments

IaaS, PaaS and Saas is primarily due

to economies of scale and the

associated cost advantages.

• These are also relevant in the context

of smart mobility services, as up to 2

TB of data per car must be generated,

processed and stored daily.

Initial Situation

The distance between the

central cloud server and the

networked vehicle leads to

higher latency.

Mobile Edge Cloud

Decentralization of the cloud, i.e.

technical realization of the service

will be realized at the eNodeB level

(successive compression):

28


Scenarios and Quality of Service /

performance of mobile networks

• V2V: Exchange of position/direction

vectors

• V2V: Exchange of sensor data

• V2I: Exchange with smart

infrastructures

• Regular map material updates

• Regular firmware updates

• Traffic light phase optimized driving

planning

• Traffic-optimised driving

• Collaborative maneuver planning of

platoons

Single-autonomous driving planning

• Central control and computing

instance

• Real-time map update

• Teleoperated driving

Fully centralized driving planning

(after 2025)

• Central maneuver planning at traffic

hotspots (e.g. motorway junctions)

• Central maneuver planning for

urban areas

Partially centralized driving planning

• Scheduling is done exclusively on the basis of sensor data

• Basic mobile phone coverage for out-of-sight (traffic light phases, traffic information, traffic jam information)

• Driving planning is centralised (MECs) or teleoperator takes over control at traffic hotspots and in urban areas (for cars "confusing" traffic situations).

• Extremely high availability, reliability, low latencies and high data rates (uplink) in the respective areas, as well as MECs

• Driving planning is done

• Ubiquitous extremely high availability, reliability, low latencies and high data rates

29


Regulatory aspects

Dedicated V2X spectrum necessary to achieve low latency

EU Commission‘s technology neutral approach slows down

migration path towards unified 5G solution

Technical requirements will steadily rise as autonomous driving

penetration surges and OEMs move towards edge cloud solutions

Regional penetration of egde cloud infrastructure: digital divide

because of high cost of network deployment (?) and is there enough

spectrum available to duplicate infrastructure (?)

Spectrum and / or RAN-sharing possible solutions to address these

challenges

Access to edge-clouds across OEMs and MNOs potentially critical

30


Transmission technologies

Safety-relevant smart mobility services require low packet loss rates, secure

transmission rates and, in particular, low latency (guaranteed QoS).

However, the packet transit times in optical fiber basically limit the distances that a signal

can cover under the requirement of extremely low latency. In one millisecond

a vehicle has already covered a distance of 4 cm at 160 km/h,

the maximum signal path in optical fibre (without data processing) is only 200 km

Public mobile radio networks in their current form cannot meet the latency requirements of

advanced smart mobility services.

In view of the enormous amount of data and the extensive nature of the transport

network, non-public radio networks are not an economically viable alternative to public

networks.

C-ITS and C-V2X are two transmission technologies specially developed for V2X

communication.

31


Classification of scenarios

Infrastructural requirement of public 5G networks

effic

iency

pote

ntials

Single

Autonomous

Driving

Partially

centralized driving

planning

Fully centralized

driving planning

32


Conclusion

OEMs have no common view on which communication technology

(WLANp or LTE/5G) is the preferred technology

Uncertainties might negatively affect the establishment of an Eco-System;

As long as there is no common view / demand it is difficult for regulators

to impose certain obligation addressing potential requirements of OEMs

when assigning frequencies

33


WIK-Consult GmbH

Postfach 2000

53588 Bad Honnef

Deutschland

Tel.:+49 2224-9225-0

Fax: +49 2224-9225-68

eMail: [email protected]

www.wik-consult.com

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