internship report harshavardhan

7/23/2019 Internship Report Harshavardhan

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DEVELOPMENTOF

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ELECTRONICSSummer 2015 Internshi Reort

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RECORDOFREVISIONS

Issue

,o

Revision

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Date %o'iations (reate'6 %o'ie' #y

1 1 7


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Table of Contents2 "reviate' -erms4

3 Intro'ution4

4 #asi Detetor 9oring an' onstrution5

5 Soft9are .se' for Develoing an' Deugging (o'e;

; (omonents use' in #!!;

< Desrition of the #!!I(DI? that is very

simle an' onvenient to use -here is no nee' for an eCternal 'eugger

an' it an e 'iretly onnete' to the omuter via .S# -he aunha' is relatively heaer than the ustom ma'e oar' an' is

less rone to 'amage ause' y !letrostati Disharge >!SD?

Sine o'e is 9ritten only for one mo'ule at a time 9hile testing there is

no nee' to have many PI* ins

T0e EK-TM$C1"G4L La)n30'a%

+ DESCRIPTIONOFT5EBEE

+,1 Re6)*(e&ents

-he #!! is the slo9est omonent in the Sintillator7P%-7/!!7#!! hain

-hus it nee's to roess the energies of the artiles in the fastest

ossile manner in or'er to re'ue the 'ea' time of the 'etetor It shoul' e in a state to aet an' measure the energies of the harge'

artiles for the largest amount of time ossile in or'er to avoi' losing

'ata thus it nee's to manage other time7onsuming tass >suh as 'ata

transfer et? simultaneously along 9ith the siene 'ata a=uisition

It also nee's to have roust fault tolerane mehanisms in or'er to avoi'

Single !vent .sets >S!.s? an' other ossile error on'itions 'ue to

ra'iation et in sae


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It shoul' monitor the temeratures of all the P%-s an' ontrol the voltage

suly to the P%-s roteting them from ai'entally 'ra9ing eCessurrent as 9ell as 'elierately turning them o 9henever there may e a

ris of a large numer of harge' artiles entering the sintillator

overloa'ing the P%-s an' ossily 'amaging them

-he #!! shoul' e ale to reson' to eCtremely time7sensitive events for

oini'ene an' antioini'ene >a san of 100s of nanoseon's?

+, Po7e( S)''l8-he #!! miroontroller is o9ere' y the 33 + o9er suly from the Satellite

!PS

+," Rest(*3t*on of t0e Clo39 f(e6)en38

In or'er to ensure that the miroontroller remains stale in the harsh sae

on'itions even though it an e loe' at 80 %&@ it is restrite' to run 9ith a

50 %&@ lo Suitaility of running the miroontroller 9hih is not meant for

sae aliations at its maCimum lo fre=ueny is not 'isusse' in 'etail yet

-hus all t0e e:'e(*&ents an% tests *n t0*s (e'o(t a(e %one b8 3lo39*nt0e &*3(o3ont(olle( at 2 M5; onl8, Sine most of the roesses that tae

lae are synhronous the amount of time that a roess is eCete' to tae

9hen it is loe' at 80 %&@ an e alulate' from the given time erio's y a

simle saling of the time y a fator of 0;25

+,",1Iss)es fa3e% 70*le )s*n S8sCtlDela8? is a ommonly use' -iva9are lirary funtion for generating a

onstant 'elay of 3 lo yles &o9ever it 9as oserve' that using the

Sys(tlDelay>? funtion at 50 %&@ fre=ueny 9as generating a 'elay not in

aor'ane 9ith the timings assure' y the Driver iraries -his is eause

rea'ing from Eash memory >9here the rogram instrutions 9oul' e store'? is

'iretly 'one only for fre=uenies u to 40 %&@ "t fre=uenies aove 40 %&@

the Eash is rea' 9ith the hel of a refeth uer 9hih means that the timings

re=uire' for the eCeution of the instrutions is not straightfor9ar' to alulate

&o9ever the R*% an e rea' at see's u to 80 %&@ -hus if a 'elay of three

lo yles are re=uire' the R*% version of the Sys(tlDelay>? funtion an e

alle' instea'


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+,$ Co*n3*%en3e an% Ant*3o*n3*%en3e

Co*n3*%en3e an' Ant*3o*n3*%en3eare the metho's follo9e' y the #!! to

ensure the reliaility of siene 'ata

-he energy measurement of the ini'ent artiles is only 'one at the '!'C an'

#ul sintillators /rom the assemly of the sintillators it an e seen that any

artile entering the 'etetor has to go through either the '!'C or the +eto

sintillators !nergy measurement is only 'one for the artiles that 'eosit

energies in oth the '!'C an' #ul sintillators Bhenever a artile is ini'ent

on the veto sintillator it means that it might not have 'eosite' its entire

energy in the 'etetor efore leaving suh artiles are eliminate' -hus

energy measurement nee's to e 'one only in the '!'C an' #ul hains *nly

artile 'etetion is re=uire' >9ith the hel of the 'isriminator? in the veto

hains Bhenever a artile 'eosits energy in the '!'C an' #ul

simultaneously it is referre' to as 3o*n3*%en3e Bhen a artile 'eosits energy

in the '!'C #ul as 9ell as in the veto sintillators it is alle' ant*3o*n3*%en3e,

Due to noise one of the hains >'!'C or #ul? may e ativate' even though

artiles may not e ini'ent (oini'ene eliminates suh ases as oth '!'C

an' #ul hains are re=uire' to e ative for onsi'ering the event as vali'

+,2 S3*en3e Data Pa39et

-he 'ata ollete' y the #!! is sent as a Siene Data Paet to the (D%S via

SPI rotool every three seon's -he 'ata is organise' into several 'ata

KframesF or histograms of 'uration 01 seon' eah >thus giving a temoral

resolution of 01 seon's? -hirty of the histograms are sent to the (D%S every

three seon's -he olletion of 01s 'ata aets >also alle' ne frames? are

then omresse' an' reorgani@e' y the (D%S an' 'ata is store' as 01s frames

as 9ell as 3 s frames >(oarse frames? reate' y the (D%S -his 'ata is store' in

the Satellite %emory ar' an' transmitte' to the roun' Station 9henever

ossile

-he Siene Data Paet that is transmitte' every three seon's is given elo9

SRP


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/ast hain 2 32 ;4

Data for 01 seon' 5A2

Data for 3 seon's 1ISRs? -he various interruts in the #!! are

as follo9s >in the or'er of their riority?:

1 IC Inte(()'t>-he (D%S ommuniates 9ith the #!! an' several other

on7oar' 'evies via I2( rotool 9here the (D%S is the master an' all

other 'evies are slaves (omman's from the roun' Station an' other

omman's are sent to the #!! via the I2( interfae Some of the I2(

omman's are s9ithing on6o the P%-s re=uesting the (R( of the /lash

memory of #!! re=uesting the temerature of the #!! et -his is the

highest riority interrut as omman's from the (D%S are ritial to the

mission2 S3*en3e Data Inte(()'t>-his interrut is asserte' every time a trigger

arrives from the '!'C 'isriminator In the Siene Data ISR the #!!

hes 9hether oini'ene6antioini'ene6neither ourre' an'

erforms the re=uire' ation3 Veto Inte(()'t>-his interrut is asserte' every time a trigger arrives

from the +eto 'isriminator -his is use' as a Eag to he 9hether

antioini'ene ourre'4 T*&e( Inte(()'t> -his is a erio'i interrut that ours every 01

seon's -he 'ata for the 01 seon' ne frame is mare' Bheneverthere are thirty ne frames >or 3 seon's? SPI transfer via D%" is

initiate'5 SPI Inte(()'t> -his is an interrut triggere' y the SPI eriheral

9henever a transfer is omlete; )DMA E((o( Inte(()'t> -his interrut is triggere' 9hen the uD%"

enounters an error 9hile transferring the 'ata

Bhenever the #!! is not han'ling any interruts it i'les in a loo 9here it

ontinuously 9aits for a ertain amount of time an' lears the Bath'og -imers

to 'enote that the o'e is not stu any9here an' the rogram is funtioning

normally


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Siene Data is a=uire' 9ith the hel of the three hains: '!'C #ul an' +eto

-he various hains are reresente' in the Eo9 'iagram elo9:

-he Pea7&ol' 'etetor iruit eing use' is P5" from "mte 9hih has an

analog inut >for the inut voltage signal? one analog outut >the hel' ea?

one 'igital outut PKDT >ative lo9 to signal the arrival of a ea? an' one

'igital inut RAMP?D!MP >ative lo9 signal from the #!! to 'isharge the hel'

ea? -he R"%P signal if triggere' maes the P&300 'isharge the ea

gra'ually 9hile the D.%P signal maes the P&300 imme'iately 'isharge the

hel' ea -he R"%P otion is use' as the D.%P otion may lea' to large

urrents Eo9ing through the iruit an' ossily in'uing noise6'amaging the

omonents -he 9or's D.%P an' R"%P are e use' interhangealy in the

reort an' they refer to the R"%P signal only

-he 'isriminator oututs are use' as triggers for the #!! as oose' to the

P)D- itself for the follo9ing reasons:

-he P&300 is highly sensitive to noise an' gives P)D- lo9 signal even

9hen it atures noise eas of aroC 10 m+ amlitu'e 9hile a

threshol' an e set in the 'isriminator


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-he outut of the 'isriminator reahes the #!! efore P)D- sine some

time is onsume' 9hile shaing 9hile (SP" outut 'iretly omes to the'isriminator

-he P&300 may eome Kloe'F at a high voltage state if the #!! misses

an event In that ase the P)D- signal 9ill ontinuously remain lo9 an'

9ill not un'ergo a transition 'ue to 9hih the #!! 9ill not 'isharge the

P&300 sine the interrut is e'ge7triggere' &o9ever if the 'isriminator

outut is use' the 'isriminator 9ill not enter suh lo states

-he 'isriminator gives a -- ulse 9henever an event ours aove the set

threshol' -his outut from the '!'C #ul an' +eto 'isriminators are route' tothe PI* ins of the #!! miroontroller Sine the harge' artiles 'eosit

energy in the '!'C sintillator efore the #ul sintillator the 'isriminator

outut from the '!'C hain in ase of a vali' artile reahes the miroontroller

rst -hus the signals from the '!'C an' +eto hains are ongure' as

interruts -he '!'C hain interrut is ongure' to have a higher riority than

the +eto hain interrut

-he +eto ISR onsists of a simle 'elay mehanism an' learing of the interrut

&o9ever the '!'C ISR is muh more omliate' an' onsists of the follo9ing

roesses:

Baiting for the oini'ene time an' heing 9hether oini'ene hasourre'

(heing the +eto interrut Eag for heing 9hether antioini'ene hasourre'

If oini'ene has ourre' triggering the internal "D(s an' samling an'storing the 'ata

Duming the P&300s

Sine the veto interrut has a lo9er riority than the '!'C interrut the rogram

9ill shift to the '!'C interrut if it is triggere' 9hile the veto interrut is eingroesse' -his 9oul' result in the '!'C interrut eing roesse' efore therogram oul' lear the interrut Eag thus maing it a onvenient metho' to'etet antioini'ene

In or'er to re'ue the time onsume' y this roess the t9o internal "D(s ofthe miroontroller samle the 'ata from the '!'C an' #ul hains in arallelan' the energy of the revious artile is omute' 9hile the "D(s are samlingthe urrent signal -he Internal "D(s of the miroontroller have a see' of 1%ega samles6seon' an' have a 127it resolution 9hih results in a samlingtime of aroCimately 1 Ns


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The Veto chain ISR can be represented by the following owchart:

The dEdx-Bul chain ISR can be represented by the following ow diagra!s:


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+,/ I&'le&entat*on of Co*n3*%en3e an% Ant*3o*n3*%en3e*n t0e BEE

(oini'ene an' antioini'ene re=uire the #!! to monitor suessive ulses

arriving from the 'isriminators in a very short interval of time &ere it is

neessary to intro'ue the terms @3o*n3*%en3e t*&e an' @ant*3o*n3*%en3e

t*&e

Co*n3*%en3e t*&e refers to the maCimum amount of time that an elase

et9een the ourrene of the '!'C signal an' the ourrene of the #ul signal

of a vali' 3o*n3*%ent 'a(t*3le,

Ant*3o*n3*%en3e t*&erefers to the maCimum amount of time that an elase

from the ourring of the +eto signal to the ourring of the '!'C signal of a vali'ant*3o*n3*%entartile #oth the oini'ene as 9ell as antioini'ene time

have to e eCerimentally measure' after assemling the entire multi hain

Sintillator7P%-7/!!7#!! setu In or'er to measure the amount of time elase'

et9een suessive events the System -imer is use' 9hih is loe' y the

main lo -he system timer generally is use' y any R-*S installe' on the

system

In the #!! as mentione' earlier the '!'C signal triggers a high riority

interrut 9hile a signal in the +eto hain triggers a lo9 riority interrut -he

miroontroller use' >t&$31"0+'e? has an ,+I( 9hih suorts neste'

interruts an' interrut re7emtion 9hih are use' to 'etet antioini'ene


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PI* Interrut &an'ling in tm4123gh;ge an' tm4123gh;m

-he '!'C an' +eto interruts are e'ge triggere' PI* eriheral har'9areinterruts Bhenever a PI* eriheral is ongure' to tae interruts any

interrut ausing event results in a it eing set in the GPIO Ra7 Inte(()'t

Stat)s register of the orreson'ing PI* eriheral If the eriheral is allo9e'

to reEet the interruts to the roessor the arrival of the interrut 9oul' ause

a it to e set in the GPIO Mas9e% Inte(()'t Stat)s register of the eriheral

as 9ell -he interrut 9oul' then e sent to the roessor -hus the arrival of

interrut ausing events an e hee' y rea'ing the GPIO Ra7 Inte(()'t

Stat)s register -he ,+I( use' y the roessor suorts interrut re7emtion

9hih refers to the halting of a lo9er riority interrut on the arrival of a higher

riority interrut -he roessor omes a to the lo9er riority interrut afterroessing the higher riority interruts

-hus the +eto interrut is ongure' to have a lo9er riority than the '!'C

interrut so that interrut re7emtion may our if the veto signal arrives

efore the '!'C signal If the '!'C interrut arrives efore the +eto signal there

is a small time 9in'o9 to 9ait for the signals from #ul an' +eto -he urrent

values of the 9aiting times in the o'e are only reresentative values an' the

atual values have to e measure' later eCerimentally

/ T5EP#M MOD!LEOFT5EMICROCONTROLLER

Pulse Bi'th %o'ulation >PB%? is a tehni=ue for 'igitally eno'ing analog

voltage levels y using high resolution ounters to generate a s=uare 9ave an'

mo'ulate the 'uty yle of the s=uare 9ave to eno'e an analog signal -he

main aliation of PB% is motor ontrol

-he tm4123gh;ge miroontroller has t9o PB% mo'ules eah 9ith four PB%

generator los an' a ontrol lo for a total of 1; PB% oututs -he ontrol

lo 'etermines the olarity of the PB% signals 9hih are asse' through to

the ins -he PB% generator los have 1; it ounters 9ith t9o PB%

omarators to ontrol the outut signals

&o9ever sine the 'omain of the 9oring of the system is in nanoseon's the

PB% annot e use' to eno'e analog signal levels for the #!! -he PB%

mo'ule an ho9ever e use' to rovi'e a voltage ulse 9ith a ontrolle' 9i'th

to another miroontroller Bhile the PI*S( of the miroontroller is not very

reliale the eCternal 1; %&@ rystals are eCtremely reliale -hus the main

lo 9hen it is generate' y the P an' 1; %&@ rystal generates lo

ulses 9ith aurate 9i'th in multiles of the lo ulses -hus the PB%

mo'ule an e use' to generate voltage signals 9ith ontrolle' 9i'ths -he PB%

mo'ule allo9s the outut signal to e inverte' 'riven high lo9 et 9henever it

enounters: -he eginning of ounting


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!n' of ounting u to the limit

+alue of the numers in the omarator

!Camle o'e 9ritten for the PB%:

S8sCtlP#MClo39Set>S$S(-OPB%DI+O1? S8sCtlPe(*'0e(alEnable>S$S(-OP!RIP&OPB%0? S8sCtlPe(*'0e(alEnable>S$S(-OP!RIP&OPI*#? GPIOP*nCon)(e>PI*OP#;O%0PB%0? GPIOP*nCon)(e>PI*OP#PI*OP*R-#O#"S! PI*OPI,O


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325; 328

3205 32

3150 315

30A0 308

3040 304

303 ,"

Results an' Inferene-hus it is seen that the voltage of the PI* in is e=ual to the voltage sulie'

>9ithin the given eCerimental error sine osillosoe voltage measurement is

not very reise? "lso the miroontroller stos funtioning at voltages elo9

3040 +olts

, Ant*3o*n3*%en3e T*&*n

*etive

Be re=uire to measure the timing roerties of the +eto interrut %oreseially 9e 9oul' lie to measure the minimum ant*3o*n3*%en3e t*&e that

an e oere' y the #!! 9ith the urrent rogram setu an' to he 9hether

this is suient or nee's to e mo'ie' in or'er to suit the mission

re=uirements

-est Setu an' Proe'ure

In or'er to otain t9o ulses ourring together 9ith a short an' a ontrolle'

amount of 'elay the PB% outut of a aunha' 9as use' -he PB% outut

allo9s ontrolle' triggering of signals ase' on the internal lo Sine the

maCimum lo fre=ueny of the aunha' is 80 %&@ the ulses otaine' ha'

a timing resolution of 125 ns 9hih 9as the est availale in the asene of

multihannel timing7orrelate' funtion generators

-he ulses 9ere given to the test aunha' 9hih 9as loe' at 50 %&@ -he

test aunha' 9as ongure' to reson' to t9o PI* Interruts one 9hih 9as

a lo9 riority interrut >+eto interrut? 9hile the other 9as a high riority

interrut >'!'C interrut? In the +eto ISR the rogram 9as ust ongure' to

lear the interrut 9ithout erforming any other ations >in or'er to get the

minimum antioini'ene time? In the '!'C ISR the rogram 9aits for a small

amount of time >150 ns? to emulate the heing for oini'ene et an' thenhes 9hether the Ra7 Inte(()'t Stat)s of the lo9 riority interrut is


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triggere' If it is triggere' it inrements a ounter -he ounter value is

'islaye' on the omuter sreen every seon' an' the ounter is leare' ,on7@ero values in the ounter orreson' to the roessor Eagging the events as

@ant*3o*n3*%ent -he trigger ulses 9ere given to the test aunha' 9ith a

fre=ueny of 13; &@

-est Results

It 9as oserve' that the ounts 'islaye' on the sreen 9ere onsistent till a

ga of 32 lo yles of the PB% or 400 ns after 9hih the numer of ounts

Eagge' stea'ily 'erease' till 34 PB% yles 9hih orreson's to an

antioini'ene time of $2 ns 9here the ounts eame @ero -he osillosoesreen is sho9n elo9

-est (onlusion

-hus it an e seen that the urrent setu an suort a minimum

antioini'ene time of $" ns,


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," Inte(()'t T*&*ns *n t&$31":

Intro'ution

-he miroontrollers eing use' >t&$31"0+'& an' t&$31"0+'e y

-eCas Instruments? oth have an "R% (orteC7%4/ (P. ore an' have a Neste%

Ve3to(e% Inte(()'t Cont(olle(


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in ma'e high to signal the interrut eing registere' in the status register -he

yello9 hannel is the triggering ulse >(hannel 1? an' the lue hannel >(hannel2? is the resonse ulse


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Bhile the time 'ierene et9een the t9o ulses >in the ase of the eCtremes?

range' from 200 to 280 ns most of the ases ha' a time 'ierene of aout $

to + ns,

A&o)nt of t*&e (e6)*(e% fo( t0e &*3(o3ont(olle( to ente( a GPIO

ISR

In this ase the PI* Interrut 9as not gate' to the roessor -hus the

roessor 9as ma'e to reson' to the interrut Insi'e the ISR the PI* in

>use' to signal entering the ISR? is ma'e high

It is seen that the entire roess of entering an ISR an' maing a PI* Pin high

> 50 %&@? taes aroun' 2 ns -he osillosoe sreenshot is given elo9


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A&o)nt of t*&e (e6)*(e% fo( ente(*n a 0*0-'(*o(*t8 ISR f(o& a

lo7-'(*o(*t8 ISR

In this ase the miroontroller 9as given t9o shortly sae' trigger ulses rst

triggering the lo9er riority interrut an' then ausing the higher riority

interrut -his 9oul' ensure that the miroontroller 9oul' have to leave the

lo9er riority interrut in or'er to roess the higher riority interrut In this

ase also the amount of time taen 9as similar >2 ns? -he ulses sho9n >in

the or'er of their ourrene? are the seon' trigger ulse >9hih arrive' 500 ns

after the rst ulse? an' the resonse of the miroontroller to the seon' trigger

ulse insi'e the ISR >higher riority? It is ensure' that the roessor moves from

the lo9er riority ISR to the higher riority ISR as the 'uration of the lo9erriority ISR is in the or'er of tens of miroseon's >y the usage of a suitale

'elay funtion? -he osillosoe sreenshot is given elo9


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Interrut ate7"rriving an' -ail7(haining

-he t9o roesses late-a((*.*n an% ta*l-30a*n*nof interruts also see' uthe interrut han'ling Late-a((*.*n refers to the faster roessing of interruts

>higher riority than the urrent interrut? that our 9hile saving the sta of

the revious interrut Ta*l-30a*n*n of interruts refers to the a to a

roessing of interruts 9ithout going to the main instrutions Bhile these

roesses imrove the interrut lateny they 'o not have any 'iret earing on

the oini'ene an' antioini'ene logi eing imlemente' in the #!!

,$ Clo39 F(e6)en38 C0a(a3te(*;at*on )s*n P#M

*etive of the -est

-o harateri@e the reliaility of the lo soures use' in the miroontroller

an' to he the funtioning of the PB% mo'ule -his may e use' for rovi'ing

a ulse to the !Ds use' 'uring online aliration

-est Proe'ure

-he PB% mo'ule rovi'es a very onvenient 9ay to 'iretly reEet the lo to

an outut in &ere a aunha' 9as loe' >at 80 %&@? from the eCternal

osillator as 9ell as the PI*S( an' the outut 9as seen in an osillosoe (loing 9ith PI*S( ulse 9i'th: 1 lo yle


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%easure' Pulse 9i'th: 1" ns

!Cete' ulse 9i'th: 1,2 ns

&ighly 'istorte' ulse

(loing 9ith PI*S( Pulse 9i'th 100 lo yles


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%easure' ulse 9i'th: 1,$ s

!Cete' ulse 9i'th: 1,2 s

(loing 9ith eCternal osillator Pulse 9i'th 100 lo yles


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%easure' ulse 9i'th: 1, s

!Cete' ulse 9i'th: 1,2 s

(loing 9ith eCternal osillator Pulse 9i'th 1 lo yle


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%easure' ulse 9i'th: 12 ns

!Cete' ulse 9i'th: 1,2 ns

&ighly 'istorte' ulse

-esting 9ith the PI*S( of another aunha'

"nother aunha' loe' y the PI*S( 9as use' an' a PB% ulse of 9i'th100 lo yles 9as generate' It gave a ulse of 9i'th 1," s9hih 9as

muh loser to the eCete' value than the reviously teste' aunha' 9ith

the PI*S(

-est Results

-hus it is seen that the lo generate' 'ue to the eCternal osillator is muh

more reliale than the lo generate' y the PI*S( -he PI*S( nee's to e

realirate' 9ith the 32


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SCIENCEDATATRANSFERBET#EENBEE ANDCDMS!SINGDMA

Intro'ution

-he Siene 'ata a=uire' y the #!! is transmitte' to the (D%S in intervals of

three seon's -he 'ata onsists of a olletion of 30 ne 'ata frames that is

transferre' from the #!! an' any error 'etetion 'ata suh as (R( if re=uire'

-he 'ata transmission is 'one via SPI rotool Siene 'ata transfer is the most

time onsuming roess in the #!! an' it an e Kautomate'F 9ith the hel of

the )DMA >%iro7Diret %emory "ess (ontroller? -he high7level lo 'iagramof the miroontroller is sho9n elo9:


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It an e seen that the A%.an3e% Pe(*'0e(al B)s 9hih is use' for SPI

ommuniation remains free 9hen the roessor is erforming other tass -he

)DMA ontroller is a omonent resent in the miroontroller 9hih has the

aaility of D*(e3t Me&o(8 A33ess to the 'evie memory an' an shift 'ata

from the 'evie memory to the eriherals 9ith minimum involvement of the

roessor -he uD%" ontroller uses the same us as the roessor to transfer

'ata from the eriherals In or'er to ensure that the roessor is not et9aiting the roessor has a higher riority of aess to the us than the uD%"


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ontroller -hus if the roessor re=uires aess to the us the uD%" ontroller

is hel' o even in the mi''le of a D%" transfer -he SPI eriheral is ongure'to oerate in the 87it 'ata mo'e as the (D%S D%" suorts only 87it SPI -he

SPI transfer in the #!! >master? is initiate' 9henever 'ata is 9ritten to the SSI

Data register

a" u#$% transfer si&e

-he uD%" 'ata transfer si@e an e rogramme' to e any numer from 0 to

1024 >107it? /or the sae of simliity the 'ata si@e is rogramme' to e the

si@e of 10 ne frames >urrently


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-he uD%" ontroller is ongure' to mae the SPI eriheral trigger an interrut

signal 9henever the 'ata transfer of the re=uire' si@e is omlete If the numerof transfers in the given 3 seon' timeframe is less than three the roessor

triggers the uD%" ontroller to erform another transfer in the interrut han'ler

-he initial uD%" transfer omman' is issue' in the three seon' timer interrut

han'ler

Bhile testing 9ith (D%S the SPI ommuniation 9as reliale u to a 'ata

transmission lo fre=ueny of 10 %&@ -he 'ata transmission 9as not reliale

at fre=uenies aove 10 %&@

%inimum amount of time re=uire' to transfer fe9 hun're's of nanoseon's? 9hih

emulates the ation of high energy harge' artiles on the sintillator If the

amount of light ro'ue' y the !D is no9n the system an e alirate'-here an e several !Ds all through the 'etetor an' they an e Eashe' one

y one to alirate the 'etetor Bhenever the online !D aliration nee's to

e 'one (D%S gives an I2( omman' to the #!! to sto all its tass an' erform

the aliration

-he !D 'river that 9as onsi'ere' to e suitale for the aliation is TLC21/

from -eCas Instruments It is a onstant urrent !D 'river rogramme' y SPI

omman's an' has an outut enale >*!? in It is yet to e teste' for the

auray of resonse in the nanoseon' regime -he roose' metho' of

oeration is reresente' in the Eo9hart elo9 &o9ever sine the given !D

'river 'oes not omensate for the temerature variation of intensity of the !D


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it may e relae' y another 'river 9ith similar oeration ut 9ith an inuilt

aaility to omensate for the temerature hange in the !D


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11 #ATC5DOGTIMERS

Intro'ution

-he #!! miroontroller has t9o 9ath'og timers >#ATC5DOG an'

#ATC5DOG1? #oth the 9ath'og timers are 327it 'o9n7ounters -he

#ATC5DOG timer is loe' y the System (lo 9hile the #ATC5DOG1

timer is loe' y the PI*S( loe' at 1; %&@ -he 9ath'og timers are use'

y the miroontroller to reover from errors 'uring run7time

%ain /eatures

#oth B"-(&D*0 an' B"-(&D*1are32 it 'o9n7ounters that ount'o9n from the System (lo an' PI*S( resetively -hus they an ount

'o9n for u to 858A seon's >9hen main lo is 50 %&@? an' 2;843

seon's resetively -he Bath'og timers are aale of issuing an interrut >either or'inary

interrut or non7masale interrut? 'uring timeout an' also issuing a

reset to the roessor During normal oeration the 9ath'og timer shoul' e erio'ially

reloa'e' to ensure that timeout 'oes not our If interruts are enale' the Bath'og timer issues an interrut 'uring

the rst timeout an' the timer starts ounting 'o9n again If the interrut

not leare' efore the timeout the Bath'og timer sen's a reset signal to

the roessor -he Bath'og timer registers an e loe' in or'er to avoi' ai'entally

mo'ifying the timer onguration 'uring runtime Register aesses to B"-(&D*1 must e 'one arefully as it is run o a

searate lo >1; %&@? an' the #DTCTL register must e olle' in

or'er to ensure that register aess is 'one roerly -he Bath'og timers are reset y 9riting the reloa' value to the

#DTLOADregister Bhile using the 'eugger in a rogram 9here the Bath'og timers are

ative if the roessor is halte' y the (P. the 9ath'og timers still

ontinue ounting 'o9n y 'efault If the timer has to e halte' 'uring

'eugging the #DTTESTregister shoul' e 9ritten

Imlementing the Bath'og -imer in Soft9are

Sine the Bath'og -imer is essential for maintaining the funtionality of the

soft9are an' ensure that it runs 9ithout rolems the Bath'og interrut >if

ativate'? must either e an interrut 9ith the highest riority or a non7

masale interrut >9hih has higher riority than or'inary interruts? -here are

many strategies to imlement the 9ath'og reovery an e 'one Some of

them are:


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Reset (e3o.e(8 9hen the Bath'og timer ust resets an' resumes

normal oeration

Fa*l-s*lent (e3o.e(8 9here the Bath'og in'ue' reset auses the

system to enter a safe state an' transmit the information aout the fault

that has ourre' an' 9ait for further ation

L*&'-0o&e (e3o.e(8 9here the Bath'og in'ue' reset auses the

system to sto eCeuting the normal version of the rogram an' then

imlement a simlie' rogram algorithm

-he reset reovery is the easiest an' most straightfor9ar' metho' of

imlementing a 9ath'og timer &o9ever it is the least eetive of the metho's

an' may ause reeate' resets to the system if ust a reset is not enough for

reovering from the error -he other metho's are more omliate' to

imlement ut are more eetive in heling the system reover

In the Payloa' #!! soft9are if the Bath'og timers issue an interrut >highest

riority or non7masale? the soft9are is ma'e to he the interrut Eag

registers >to he 9hether the rogram Eo9 is stu in any interrut? an' the

fault status an' a''ress registers It an then interrut the (D%S notifying that

it has enountere' errors an' is aout to reset an' sen' the re=uire' registers

so that the 'ata an e store' an' further ation taen if neessary

-he Bath'og timer is reloa'e' 9hen the roessor is in the i'ling state in the

main rogram Bhen the miroontroller is not serviing any interruts it enters

an innite 9hile loo 9here the roessor is 'elaye' for a small amount of time

an' then reloa's the 9ath'og timers

Justiation for laing the Bath'og timer reloa' in the i'ling loo

Sine most of the timing onstraints on the #!! are not 'eterministi theBath'og timer reloa' value shoul' e set to a value onsi'eraly larger than

the largest regular event ie -he 3 seon' transfer interrut to the (D%S "lso

the Bath'og timer must not e leare' in any interrut event as they 9oul'

mas any events 9here the rogram Eo9 is stu at the normal o'e or an

interrut of a lo9er riority

imitations of the Bath'og timers

-hey annot reover from errors that our 'ue to it7Eis an' Single

!vent .sets of the /lash memory on their o9n 9ithout eCternal


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intervention &o9ever they an reover from it7Eis ourring on the

eriheral registers to a ertain eCtent

#oth the Bath'og timers may fail

If they 'o not manage to reover the system roerly they 9ill sen' the

system into a state of reeate' resets unless other measures are taen

1 FA!LT5ANDLINGINBEE

Bhenever a fault ours in the tm4123gh;ge miroontroller the rogram

eCeution is 'irete' to a fault han'ler -here are four tyes of fault han'lers:

1 Me&o(8 &anae&ent Fa)lt> " memory management fault ours 9hen

the eCeuting o'e attemts to aess an illegal loation or violates a rule

of the %emory Protetion .nit >%P.? It has a ongurale riority level

lo9er than that of a &ar' /ault If the %emory management fault han'ler

is not enale' it esalates into a har' fault2 B)s fa)lt> " us fault ours 9hen there is an error on the us that

haens 9hen aessing a eriheral or memory It has a ongurale

riority level lo9er than that of a &ar' /ault If the %emory management

fault han'ler is not enale' it esalates into a har' fault3 !sae fa)lt> " usage fault ours 9hen there is a rogram error suh as

an illegal instrution alignment error et It has a ongurale riority

level lo9er than that of a &ar' /ault If the %emory management fault

han'ler is not enale' it esalates into a har' fault4 5a(% fa)lt> " har' fault inlu'es any fault that is not onsi'ere' in the

aove ategories If any of the aove fault han'lers are not enale' they

esalate into a har' fault It has a Ce' interrut riority of 71 ie the only

higher riority eCetions are reset an' ,on7%asale Interrut >,%I?

Information aout the faults enountere' y the system an e rea' from the 32

it NVICFA!LTSTAT register 9hih onsists of three arts:

Me&o(8 Manae&ent Fa)lt Stat)s 87its at

0C00 oset?

B)s Fa)lt Stat)s 87its at 0C01 oset?

!sae Fa)lt Stat)s 1;7its at 0C02 oset?

-he MFA!LTSTAT register 'esrition is given elo9:


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#it < is set if the Me&o(8 Manae&ent Fa)lt A%%(ess Re*ste(


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ra'iation levels in sae the ra'iation may ause it Eis in the miroontroller

memory or eriherals

If a it Ei ours in a eriheral of the 'evie that alters the rogram

Eo9 it 9ill most liely result in the rogram getting stu an' eing reset

y the Bath'og timers Sine all the eriherals are re7initiali@e' after

reset the #!! an reover from the error If a it Ei ours in a eriheral of the 'evie that 'oes not alter the

rogram Eo9 the #!! may ontinue to funtion ut it may ehave in an

unre'itale manner give 9rong 'ata et In suh a ase the (D%S an

issue a reset to the #!! so that it an reover from the error If a it Ei ours in the /lash memory in the region 9here instrutions are

store' it 9ill lea' to the rogram ehaving in a faulty manner Resets 9ill

not solve the rolem as the instrutions themselves are orrute'

uloa'ing a ne9 o'e to the #!! is the only 9ay to solve this rolem

If a it Ei ours in the /lash memory in the region 9here 'ata is store'

lie the oou tale et then the rogram may ontinue to funtion

normally ut 9ill give 9rong 'ata -his error an e 'etete' y running

error 'etetion algorithms in the Eash memory suh as a (R( he et

If it is foun' to e orrute' the #!! an re=uest the 'ata from (D%S

again 9hih an rovi'e the au oy of the 'ata store' in the

Satellite %emory ar'

1" DEADTIMEC5ARACTERIATION

Sine the #!! is the slo9est omonent in the Sintillator7P%-7/!!7#!! hain the

'ea' time of the #!! orreson's to the 'ea' time of the 'etetor -hus it is

imortant to measure the 'ea' time of the #!! in or'er to rovi'e a omlete

'esrition of the 'etetor

&ere the %ea% t*&e of the #!! refers to the amount of time taen y the #!! to

omletely roess one vali' event from the 'isriminator ulse to the'isharging of the Pea7&ol' 'etetor -hus this orreson's to the time

re=uire' to roess the '!'C ISR

-est Proe'ure

In or'er to otain a rough estimate of the 'ea' time 9ithout the analog hain a

aunha' 9as use' to imitate the /!! rovi'ing the multi7hain 'isriminator

signals P)D- an' R"%P Sine the time re=uire' for the various roesses in the

/!! suh as aearane of P)D- after the 'isriminator signal 'isharging of

the Pea7&ol' iruit et tae short erio's of time >200 to 300 ns? the

aunha' 9as given reresentative values of the various timings involve' in

the /!! to simulate the analog hain &o9ever the timings involve' in the #!!9aiting for inuts from the analog hain 'o not ontriute muh to the 'ea'


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time In the 9orst ase senario the 'ea' time may inrease y a maCimum of 1

Ns or so It may also haen that the /!! has lo9er 9aiting times than thoseuse' in the aunha' in 9hih ase the 'ea' time 9ill re'ue

-he inut from the /!! imitation aunha' 9as given to another aunha'

running the main o'e 9ith a slight mo'iation in 9hih a PI* in is ma'e

high the instant the rogram eCeution enters the '!'C ISR an' is ma'e lo9

9hen it eCits the ISR -hus measuring the 9i'th of the ulse gives an estimate

of the time of eCeution of the '!'C ISR an' hene the 'ea' time of the

'etetor

Results

-hus it is seen that the 'ea' time of the #!! in the urrent onguration 9ith

the entire o'e running is aroun' s,

1$ INSTR!CTIONCYCLETIMINGSINARMCORTE4-M$

-he (o'e (omoser Stu'io ID! generates assemly instrutions for every

rogram that is uilt -he instrutions an e eCamine' 'uring 'eugging using

reaoints an' instrution stes "R% rovi'es the numer of lo yles that

are re=uire' to erform every instrution


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-he numer of instrutions re=uire' for the various oerations are given in the

tale sulie' y "R% for (orteC %4 roessors &ere

P refers to the numer of yles re=uire' for a ieline rell >varies from 1

to 3?

B refers to the numer of yles re=uire' to erform the arrier oeration

/or DS# an' D%# instrutions the minimum numer of yles is @ero /or

IS# the minimum numer of yles are e=ual to that of a ieline rell

N refers to the numer of register list to e loa'e' or store'

# refers to the numer of yles sent 9aiting for an aroriate event

Table ",1, Co(te:-M$ *nst()3t*on set s)&&a(8

O'e(at*on Des3(*'t*on Asse&ble( C83les

%ove

Register %*+ R' To2U 1

1;7it imme'iate %*+B R' VTimmU 1

Imme'iate into to %*+- R' VTimmU 1

-o P( %*+ P( Rm 1 L P

"''

"'' "DD R' Rn To2U 1

"'' to P( "DD P( P( Rm 1 L P

"'' 9ith arry "D( R' Rn To2U 1

/orm a''ress "DR R' TlaelU 1

Sutrat

Sutrat S.# R' Rn To2U 1

Sutrat 9ith orro9 S#( R' Rn To2U 1

Reverse RS# R' Rn To2U 1


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%ultily

%ultily %. R' Rn Rm 1

%ultily aumulate %" R' Rn Rm 2

%ultily sutrat %S R' Rn Rm 2

ong signe' S%. R'o R'&i Rn Rm 1

ong unsigne' .%. R'o R'&i Rn Rm 1

ong signe' aumulate S%" R'o R'&i Rn Rm 1

ong unsigne'

aumulate.%" R'o R'&i Rn Rm 1

Divi'e

Signe' SDI+ R' Rn Rm 2 to 12

.nsigne' .DI+ R' Rn Rm 2 to 12

Saturate

Signe' SS"- R' VTimmU To2U 1

.nsigne' .S"- R' VTimmU To2U 1

(omare

(omare (%P Rn To2U 1

,egative (%, Rn To2U 1

ogial ",D ",D R' Rn To2U 1

!Clusive *R !*R R' Rn To2U 1

*R *RR R' Rn To2U 1

*R ,*- *R, R' Rn To2U 1


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#it lear #I( R' Rn To2U 1

%ove ,*- %+, R' To2U 1

",D test -S- Rn To2U 1

!Clusive *R test -!W Rn To1U 1

Shift

ogial shift left S R' Rn VTimmU 1

ogial shift left S R' Rn Rs 1

ogial shift right SR R' Rn VTimmU 1

ogial shift right SR R' Rn Rs 1

"rithmeti shift right "SR R' Rn VTimmU 1

"rithmeti shift right "SR R' Rn Rs 1

Rotate

Rotate right R*R R' Rn VTimmU 1

Rotate right R*R R' Rn Rs 1

Bith eCtension RRM R' Rn 1

(ount ea'ing @eroes (X R' Rn 1

oa' Bor' DR R' YRn To2UZ 2

-o P( DR P( YRn To2UZ 2 L P

&alf9or' DR& R' YRn To2UZ 2

#yte DR# R' YRn To2UZ 2


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Signe' half9or' DRS& R' YRn To2UZ 2

Signe' yte DRS# R' YRn To2UZ 2

.ser 9or' DR- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser half9or' DR&- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser yte DR#- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser signe' half9or' DRS&- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser signe' yte DRS#- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

P( relative DR R'YP( VTimmUZ 2

Doule9or'DRD R' R' YRn

VTimmUZ1 L ,

%ultile D% Rn [TreglistU\ 1 L ,

%ultile inlu'ing P( D% Rn [TreglistU P(\1 L , L

P

Store Bor' S-R R' YRn To2UZ 2

&alf9or' S-R& R' YRn To2UZ 2

#yte S-R# R' YRn To2UZ 2

Signe' half9or' S-RS& R' YRn To2UZ 2

Signe' yte S-RS# R' YRn To2UZ 2


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.ser 9or' S-R- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser half9or' S-R&- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser yte S-R#- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser signe' half9or' S-RS&- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

.ser signe' yte S-RS#- R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

Doule9or'S-RD R' R' YRn

VTimmUZ1 L ,

%ultile S-% Rn [TreglistU\ 1 L ,

Push

Push P.S& [TreglistU\ 1 L ,

Push 9ith lin register P.S& [TreglistU R\ 1 L ,

Po

Po P*P [TreglistU\ 1 L ,

Po an' return P*P [TreglistU P(\1 L , L

P

Semahore oa' eClusive DR!M R' YRn VTimmUZ 2

oa' eClusive half DR!M& R' YRnZ 2

oa' eClusive yte DR!M# R' YRnZ 2

Store eClusive S-R!M R' Rt YRn

VTimmUZ

2


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Store eClusive half S-R!M& R' Rt YRnZ 2

Store eClusive yte S-R!M# R' Rt YRnZ 2

(lear eClusive monitor (R!M 1

#ranh

(on'itional #TU TlaelU1 or 1 L

P

.non'itional # TlaelU 1 L P

Bith lin # TlaelU 1 L P

Bith eChange #M Rm 1 L P

Bith lin an' eChange #M Rm 1 L P

#ranh if @ero (#X Rn TlaelU1 or 1 L

P

#ranh if non7@ero (#,X Rn TlaelU1 or 1 L

P

#yte tale ranh -## YRn RmZ 2 L P

&alf9or' tale ranh -#& YRn Rm SV1Z 2 L P

State

hange

Suervisor all S+( VTimmU 7

If7then7else I- Ton'U 1

Disale interruts (PSID TEagsU 1 or 2

!nale interruts (PSI! TEagsU 1 or 2


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Rea' seial register %RS R' TseregU 1 or 2

Brite seial register %SR TseregU Rn 1 or 2

#reaoint #)P- VTimmU 7

!Cten'

Signe' half9or' to 9or' SM-& R' To2U 1

Signe' yte to 9or' SM-# R' To2U 1

.nsigne' half9or' .M-& R' To2U 1

.nsigne' yte .M-# R' To2U 1

#it el'

!Ctrat unsigne'.#/M R' Rn VTimmU

VTimmU1

!Ctrat signe'S#/M R' Rn VTimmU

VTimmU1

(lear#/( R' Rn VTimmU

VTimmU1

Insert#/I R' Rn VTimmU

VTimmU1

Reverse

#ytes in 9or' R!+ R' Rm 1

#ytes in oth half9or's R!+1; R' Rm 1

Signe' ottom half9or' R!+S& R' Rm 1

#its in 9or' R#I- R' Rm 1

&int Sen' event S!+ 1


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Bait for event B/! 1 L B

Bait for interrut B/I 1 L B

,o oeration ,*P 1

#arriers

Instrution

synhroni@ation

IS# 1 L #

Data memory D%# 1 L #

Data synhroni@ation DS# TEagsU 1 L #

12 F!T!RETASKS-he remaining tass in the #!! are as follo9s:

Integrate 9ith the Sintillator7P%-7/!! setu an' oserve muon

oini'ene Perform 'etetor aliration

(omlete the imlementation of I2( omman's

-est !D aliration

ong term reliaility tests urn7in tests et

/ariation of the ne9 P(# 9ith the nal form fator

Integration 9ith the (D%S 9ith analog emulator aunha' Integration 9ith the (D%S 9ith the analog hain

Integration 9ith satellite !PS

(reating a s9ithing strategy for the Payloa' !PS from the #!! si'e

Integration of the omlete Payloa' !PS7"nalog (hain7#!!7(D%S7!PS

hain ie omlete satellite integration Reliaility analysis from the #!! from soft9are oint of vie9

%o'ify the struture of the #!! o'e to omly 9ith soft9are stan'ar's


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1+ REFERENCES

-he 'atasheets of tm4123gh;ge an' tm4123gh;m

-ivaBare Periheral Driver irary 'oumentation

Bath'og -imers y %iheal J Pont an' Royan & *ng

Single !vent .set: "n !me''e' -utorial y /an Bang an' +ish9ani D

"gar9al "R% 'oumentation on (orteC %3 an' %4

internship report harshavardhan

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