intro to genetics. human chromosomes mendels work gregor mendel- b.1822- father of genetics studied...
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![Page 1: Intro to Genetics. Human Chromosomes Mendels Work Gregor Mendel- b.1822- Father of Genetics Studied 7 different traits: seed shape & color, seed coat](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070305/551400fb550346e7488b48c4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Intro to Genetics
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Human Chromosomes
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Mendel’s Work
Gregor Mendel- b.1822- Father of Genetics
Studied 7 different traits: seed shape & color, seed coat color, pod shape & color, flower position and plant height.
Pollination- transfer of pollen (carries sperm) to female part of flower (pistil) Self- pollen to same plant= 1 parent Cross- pollen to different plant= 2 parents
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7 Traits
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Mendel’s Work
Mendel cross pollinated pure breeding pea plants with opposing alleles.
EX: P (parent) generation= tall (TT) & short (tt)
F1 cross= tall (TT) X short(tt)F1 (first filial) Generation = all tall (Tt)
F2 cross= tall (Tt) X tall (Tt)F2 Generation = ¾ tall (TT or Tt) ¼ short (tt)
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Mendel’s Work
From his results he concluded that: If an allele is expressed (shows up) in a hybrid, then
the allele is dominant(T). If an allele is NOT expressed in a hybrid, then the
allele is recessive(t).Phenotype- traits that show up in the organism.Genotype- genetic makeup (allele combination)
of the organism1. Homozygous (pure)- both alleles the same EX: TT
or tt2. Heterozygous (hybrid)- alleles differ EX: Tt
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Mendel’s Work
Mendel’s Principles:1. Genes determine biological
characteristics.2. Offspring receive one allele for a gene
from each parent.3. One allele may be dominant over
another.4. Some genes segregate independently.
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Independent Assortment
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Probabilities
The likelihood that one trait or another will show up in offspring.
EX: ¼ BB, ½ Bb, ¼ bb25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb1 in 4 BB, 1 in 2 Bb, 1 in 4 bb1:2:1
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Incomplete Dominance
Occurs when the alleles for a gene are neither dominant nor recessive.
Heterozygous organisms display a blend of both traits.
EX: Snapdragons flower color- RR= red rr= white Rr= pink
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Codominance
Occurs when both alleles for a gene are dominant.
Both traits are expressed in the organism.
EX: Blood type in humans- AA= type A, BB= type B, AB= type AB
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Multiple Alleles
Occurs when a gene has more than two alleles.Produces a variety of different phenotypes.
EX: Blood type in humans- three alleles= A, B, & O.
Type A= AA or AOType B= BB or BOType O= OOType AB= ABNote: both A and B alleles are dominant over O.
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Polygenic Traits
Occurs when more than one gene controls an expressed trait in an organism.
More genes involved= wider range of phenotypes.
EX: Height, weight, metabolism, & skin color.