intro to international development - sacha grodzinski (2010)

7/27/2019 Intro to International Development - Sacha Grodzinski (2010)

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Sacha Grodzinsk i

Chair, Engineers Withou t Bo rders UK

Introduction to

International Development

Pre-departure Course26th June 2011


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Overview:

1. Intro to development: What is development? Who is involved? History of Development Development Theories and Current Thinkers

BREAK

2. Complexity of Development: Key factors within Development Measuring Development

Thinking about Impact

3. Advice: Before you Go In the field On your return


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1. Intro to development?


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What is Development?


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What is Development?

There is no universal definition, but mostinclude:

Economic Growth

Social Change Quality of Life

Livelihoods

Personal Capabilities


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What is Development? Developed/Developing is too simplistic

Development is a process not a goal

Depends on the local

- Social

- Political

- Natural

- Financial

- Environmental

Development needs.


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InternationalDevelopmentvs.Relief

Non- Emergency aid

Longer-term approach

Sustainable solutions

Oxfams One

Programme Approach

Engineers Without Borders UK


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Who is involved?


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Who is involved?

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Resource mobilisation

POWER

COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Mechanism of exchange

INCENTIVES

VOLUNTARTY ORGANIZATIONSMobilise Social energy

VALUES

H. Cruickshank DevelopmentEngineering, Lecture 1 ESD MPhil, 2009


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Who is involved?

What is the role of the State?

Good Governance

Law and order

Stop Corruption

Provision of welfare:

Education

Health care

Security

Macroeconomic management


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Who is involved?

Are NGOs always GOOD?

Can take the role of the state

Accountable to whom? Compete for funds and beneficiaries

Influence wage structure

Can generate sympathy over empathy Work the poorest or those easiest to reach

(geographically and to meet indicators)


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Who is involved?

What is YOUR role as the foreign engineer?

Amplify the voice of the beneficiaries at every stage

Ensure Health and Safety Create opportunity for locals, not remove them

Ensure sustainability of projects

Monitor and evaluate real impact and feedback


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HistoryofDevelopment


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Kariba Dam, Zimbabwe


1960s and 70s


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Nomadic Turbine, Mongolian Steppe


1970s and 80s


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UN Conference, New York


1990s


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Modernisation Theory

Social Evolutions:

Simple

Complex Society Large infrastructure leads to development

Loss of culture and identity for efficiency

Concepts ofdevelopment


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Dependency Theory

Periphery Core

Poor Rich Resources: Natural; Cheap Labour;

Destination for Old Technology

Maintained: Economics; Politics; Banking andFinance; Education; and Culture

Resist Change: Trade and other Sanctions



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World Systems Theory

Lot only global, but local Core and

Periphery

Ask a number of questions:

WS Impact : nations, ethnic groups, social classes?

WS effect components?

Do the Periphery need to be underdeveloped?

What causes change in the WS?

What system could replace Capitalism?



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Jeffery Sachs End of Poverty

Neoliberal top down approach;

Focus on: More Aid; DebtForgiveness; Better Trade Terms;

and Access to Modern Technology.

Ending Corruption of Powerfulover Weak Ending Extreme Poverty

Current Thinkers


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William Easterly The White Mans Burden

2 Tragedies:

1. So many people suffer so much for lack of

inexpensive remedies

Current Thinkers


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Tragedies:

2. The West spent $2.3 trillion on foreign aid over thelast 50 yrs and still had not managed to get 12-cent

medicines to children to prevent half of all malaria

deaths. The West spent $2.3 trillion on and still had

not managed to get $4 nets to poor families. The

West spent $2.3 trillion and still had not managed to

get $3 to each new mother to prevent 5 million child

deaths.

Current Thinkers


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The West is not stingy, just ineffective.

Current Thinkers

Planners Searchers

Top Down Bottom Up

Know answer Do not know answer, but will

search to find it

Trail and Error


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Muhammad Yunas Banker to the Poor

Everyone is an Entrepreneur;

People want to succeed; Credit is a fundamental HR;

Empower Women;

Self Managed groups as part ofa wider Federation

Current Thinkers


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Amartya Sen Development as Freedom

Democracy as necessary for growth;

Expression of Capabilities; Ability to Choose How to Live.

Current Thinkers


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BREAK


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2. ComplexityofDevelopment


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Key factors withinDevelopment?

InequalityPro-poor

Dignity Universal Declaration of Human

Rights

All human beings are born free and equal indignity and rights

Partnership Removing dependencyculture; MDG 8; 2 way learning.

Participation Community Led Total

Sanitation


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Key factors withinDevelopment?

Appropriateness materials/ scale/

technical level/ culturally and socially

beneficial.

Sustainability Balance of: Social,

Environment and Economic Drivers.

Capacity Building.

Finance and Micro-finance

Migration and Remittance


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Whatis the role ofTechnology?

Not all New Technology is GOOD:

- Diverts funds from proven technology

- Have they been tested in their context

- Do they meet the needs or wants of the community

- Solutions should empower not dis-empower


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Howis itmeasured?


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Howis itmeasured?

Gross Domestic Income (GDI) orGrossDomestic Product (GDP)

Defined as the market value of all final goodsand services produced within a country in agiven period of time

Calculated as consumption + governmentspending + gross investment + (imports - exports)


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Howis itmeasured?Other indicators:

Health (Infant mortality rates, HIV infection rate, life

Expectancyetc)

Education (Primary education, literacy rateetc)

Employment

Ease of Doing Business

Corruption Index Budget Transparency

Poverty: Energy/Fuel, Foodetc


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Howis itmeasured? Human Development Index (HDI):

- Life expectancy - Literacy

- Educational - GDP per capita

Educational attainment


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Howis itmeasured? Does everyone developing equally?

Gini Coefficient:

G=A/(A+B)

A value of 0 represents absolute

equality, and a value of 100

absolute inequality.


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Howis itmeasured?Millennium Development Goals:

Signed Sept 2000

0.7% of GNI

End 2015, with reviews in 2005/2010


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Howis itmeasured?

Issues with targets:

Divert effort and money from other activities;

Only valid if you are measuring the right thing;

Who is accountable if targets are not met?


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Howis itmeasured?http://www.gapminder.org
http://www.gapminder.org/http://www.gapminder.org/


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Thinking aboutImpact!


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ThinkingaboutImpact!

What is the difference between:

Digging a well Access to clean water and

improved health?

Disseminating improved

cook stoves

Improved livelihoods and

health?

Building a school Ensuring that children get an

education?

It is changing of mind-setfrom what we want to do,

to what we want to achieve


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3. Advice


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Advice: Before You Go

Communication: Learn a language | Learn to teach

Technical: Know the basics and be able to do it

Read more about development Think of the organisations you want to work with

http://www.oxfam.org/en/content/from-poverty-power-full-text
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Advice: In the field

Be safe and stay healthy mental + physically!

Know your role and responsibilities

Expect the unexpected

Write a diary or a blog Reflect!

Remember your motivations (Intl Dev. is Intl)

Ambassador for home country andorganisation, especially when socialising.

Make the most of it Enjoy!


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Advice: On your return

Prepare: Reverse culture shock!

Think: How will you continue on your

return?


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Re-cap:

1. Intro to development: What is development? Who is involved? History of Development Development Theories and Current Thinkers

BREAK

2. Complexity of Development: Key factors within Development Measuring Development

Thinking about Impact3. Advice:

Before you Go In the field On your return


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Sacha Grodzinsk i

Chair, Engineers Witho ut Borders UK

Thank you for listening

Questions ?

intro to international development - sacha grodzinski (2010)

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