intro to research.i
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Nursing Research
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Why get excited about research?
“The essence of all research originates in curiosity - a desire to find out how and why things happen”
How can…?
Why is…?
What is the best way to…?
What causes…?
What are the effects of…?
I wonder...
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Importance of Nursing Research
Nurses ask questions aimed at
gaining new knowledge to
improve pt. care
Research-based (evidence
based) practice = integrating
research findings into clinical
decision making
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Importance of Nursing Research
Accountability for care-related
decisions; research expands
nursing practice
Reinforce identity of nursing
as a profession – knowing/
understanding pts. health
care experience
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History of Nursing Research
Began with Nightingale and
Crimean War- mid 1800s
Early 1900s – problems in nursing:
education, staffing issues
1960s Practice oriented research;
first nursing research journals
1983 - ANA Center for Research
for Nursing
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History of Nursing Research
1986 - National Center for Nursing Research (NIH); awards/grants to support nursing research & training
1993 – Re-designated at NIH as the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
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Scientific Inquiry
Observable, verifiable data
collected to:
Describe
Explain
Predict events
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Scientific Method
Select/define a problem
Formulate research
question/hypothesis
Collect data
Analyze data
Report results
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Scientific Method
2 Unique Characteristics:
Objectivity – distance research from personal beliefs, values, attitudes Why???
Empirical Data – documenting objective data through direct observation = reality
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Scientific Method
Test:
Ideas
Hunches
Guesses
Doesn’t that sound like
fun???
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Nursing Research
Application of scientific method to areas of interest to nursing
Primarily involves studying people – People do not behave consistently as do objects/chemicals in a laboratory!
This poses special challenges!
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Continuum of participation
Consumers of research –
read and evaluate
Participate in the research
process, utilize findings
Conduct research
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Quantitative Research
Formal, objective, systematic process using measurement hypothesis testing data analysis
Traditional approaches such as experiments, questionnaires, surveys
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Qualitative Research
Evaluate subjective life experiences
and give meaning to them
Focuses on understanding
phenomena from an individual’s
perspective
Approaches: observation, in-depth
interviews, case studies, narrative
analyses
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Triangulation
Using both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data
May combine various research designs/data collection techniques in the same study – combine psychosocial surveys, interviews, observations
Two approaches are complimentary and can give an accurate reflection of reality.
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The Research Language - Some
Terminology
Variable
Data
Rigor
Control
Sampling
Setting
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Concept of Variable
Measurable characteristic that varies among subjects
Research is conducted because this variance occurs!
Types:Independent – presumed
cause
Dependent – presumed effect
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Data
Pieces of information obtained in a study
Are the actual “values” of the study variables
Quantitative - numeric values
Qualitative - narrative descriptions
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Concept of RIGOR
Striving for excellence in research. Involves:
Discipline
Adherence to detail
Strict accuracy!
Uses precise measurement tools
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Concept of CONTROL
Using “rules” to decrease error and increase probability that study findings are an accurate reflection of reality
Ensure results that reflect true relationship among variables
Reduction of the influence of unwanted “extraneous” variables
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Concept of SAMPLING
Who/what do you want to study?
Choosing subjects who are “representative” of the study population
Random & Non-Random Sampling
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Concept of SETTING
Location of the study - can affect results
Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real life situation
Partially Controlled: Manipulated or modified in some way
Highly Controlled: Artificial environment for sole purpose of doing research. Decreases effects of outside influences.
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Some Myths About Research
The purpose of research is to “prove” or “confirm” a theory.
Research findings are presented as complete and conclusive answers.
There is a hierarchy of research methodology that places true “experimental” research at the top.
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Intro to the Research Process
Involves decision making - what methods will help to answer a research question/test a hypothesis?
Is flexible - multiple possibilities, each with its own strengths/weaknesses
Is a circular process
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The Research Process
What do I want to know?
Does anyone else know anything
about this?
I’ll make an educated guess about
what I think the answer to my
question will be.
Here’s what I’m going to do to try to
answer my question.
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The Research Process
I’ll try to make sense out of all
this info I’ve collected.
What did I find? Was my
hunch supported?
What do I want to know
now???
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Major Phases in the Research Process
1. Selecting and defining the problem in need of investigation
2. Selecting a research design
3. Collecting data
4. Analyzing data
5. Utilizing the Findings
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Phase 1
Selecting and defining the problem (area of research)
Identify a question or area where knowledge can be advanced
Review related literature for rationale to do study
Identify a theoretical framework for interpreting results.
Propose research question and/or hypothesis
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Phase 2
Choose study or research design
ID Study Population (chap 8)
Design Sampling Plan (chap 11)
Define how will variables be measuredSettingHow data will be collected - tools
Pilot Study - Revisions
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Phase 3
Data Collection - according to pre-established plan (implements the plans designed in Phase I & II) (chap 9)recruitingobtaining consenttraining staffcollecting data
Organization of the dataHow do you analyze the data?(must be appropriate form)
May be the longest phase of the research process
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Phase 4
Data Analysis
Interpret findings
Draw conclusions
Hypothesis is supported or rejected (chap 10)
How best to utilize findings?
New question formulated? (can lead to new questions that can stimulate further study)
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Phase 5
Disseminate findings - Share findings with colleagues
May report findings in journal
articles, oral presentations,
poster presentations
Utilize findings - use in nursing
practice
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• 1.Formulating and delimiting the problem
• 2.Reviewing the related literature
• 3.Developing a theoretical framework
• 4.Formulating the hypothesis• 5.Selecting a research design• 6.Identifying the population to
be studied• 7.Specifying methods to
collect data
Major steps in the research process
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• 8.Designing the sampling plan• 9.Finalizing and reviewing the
research plan• 10.Conducting the pilot study
and making revisions.• 11.Collecting the data• 12.Preparing the data for
analysis• 13.Analyzing the data• 14.Interpreting the results
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• 15.Communicating the findings• 16.Utilizing the findings
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Research Characteristics
• Appropriateness to the research question
• Lack of bias• Precision• Power
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Research Characteristics
Originates with a question or problem.
Requires clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan or procedure.
Often divides main problem into subproblems.
Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires collection and interpretation of data.
Cyclical (helical) in nature.
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Classification of research is based on the purpose of a study and the amount of control
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Types of Research:Basic Vs. Applied
Basic or “Pure” Research:
Pursuit of knowledge or finding truth
Generates, refines or tests theory
Often uses laboratory setting
Findings may not be directly useful in practice
May be used later in development of treatment/drug/theory
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Basic Vs. Applied
Applied or “Practical” Research
Knowledge intended to directly influence clinical practice
Conducted in actual practice conditions
Solve problems, make decisions, predict/control outcomes
Evaluate interventions
Test/validate theories
Evaluate “Basic” research knowledge for usefulness
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The research findings contribute to some modifications of present practices.
Ie: patient care, education, administration
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Experimental vs. nonexperimental
Experimental: Researcher manipulates or controls variable(s) and observes effect in other variable(s)
Evaluates cause and effect relationship
Ex: Does a pre-op intervention program to self efficacy affect self care measures post-op?
Nonexperimental: Describes or looks at relationships(s) or correlation between variables.
Variables are not manipulated by the researcher
Ex: Correlation between HRT use and breast CA
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Descriptive Research
Uses questionnaires, surveys, interviews or observations to collect data
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Correlation Research
Relationships between and among variables
Collection of data on at least 2 variables for the same group of individuals
Calculator-the correlation between the measurer
Highest number of research studies in nursing are classified as description correlation design
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Time dimension:Retrospective vs.
ProspectiveRetrospective: Examines data already collected in the past
Ex: Review of medical records to examine previous history in of cholesterol levels in s/p MI patients
Prospective: examines data being collected in the present
Ex: Study describing social support and coping mechanisms of women with ovarian CA
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Time Dimension:Cross-Sectional vs.
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional: Collects data at one point in time
What exists today?
Longitudinal: Studies examines variables of interest over a period of timeAdvantages –ability to collect data on the same individual over time
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Many Approaches to Research
Choice of design – the fun part!