introduction anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. highlights osteology structure and...
TRANSCRIPT
•Introduction
Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes.
Highlights
•Osteology
Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of trunk. The common characteristic of the vertebrae. The main characteristic of different vertebrae. Formation and characteristic of ribs. Subsection of the sternum. Definition of sternal angle and costal arch.
The primary structure of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. Name of the bones of hand. The primary structure of the hip bone, femur, tibia and fibula. Name of the bones of foot.The primary structure of the internal and external surface of the base of skull. The main structure of the superior, the posterior aspect and the lateral view of skull. The structure of orbit and bony nasal cavity. Names, position and opens of the paranasal sinuses.
Chapter 2 Arthology
Section 1 General description
Joints (Articulations):The bones are connected by means of fibrous connective tissue, cartilaginous or osseous tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are termed.
• Classification
There are two main types of articulations or joint.
Solid joints - Continuous joints
Synovial joints - Discontinuous joints
• Solid joints– Fibrous joints : bones are
united by fibrous connective tissue
• Syndesmoses:ligament and membrane
• Suture
– Cartilaginous joints :
bones are united by cartilage
• Synchondroses :
bones are united by hyaline cartilage:
epiphyseal cartilage temporarily
• Symphysis :
bones are united by fibrocartilage:
intervertebral disc
• Synovial joints - Discontinuous joints
Basic structures• Articular surface: covered by
articular cartilage• Articular capsule
– Fibrous membrane
– Synovial membrane
• Articular cavity: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it
Accessory structures
• Ligaments (lig.): extra-and intracapsular ligaments
• Articular disc and articular labrum:
• Synovial fold and Synovial bursa
• Terms for main movements of joints
• Flexion and extension
• Adduction and abduction
• Rotation Medial and lateral rotation – Pronation and supination– Inversion and eversion
• Circumduction
Flexion -
extension
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Adduction-
abduction
Rotation
Circumduction
supination pronation
• Classification of synovial joints on movement and shape
• Uniaxial joints: – hinge joints– trochoid (pivot) joints
• Biaxial joints:– ellipsoid joints– saddle joints
• Multiaxial joints: – ball-and-socket joint– plane joints
Section 2 Joints of Bones of Trunk
Includes joints of the vertebral column and thoracic cage.
The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
The joints of the vertebral column includes the joints of the vertebral bodies and the joints of vertebral arches.
1. Joints of the vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs between bodies of adjacent
vertebrae, composed of:• Nucleus pulposus, an
inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )
• Annulus fibrosus an outer fibrous ring
consisting of fibrocartilage
• Joints of the vertebral column
Herniation of nucleus pulposus
Anterior longitudinal ligament • Strong band covering the anterior part of the
vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2
• Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament
• Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum
• Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs
2. Joints of the vertebral arches
• Ligamenta flava ― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column
• Interspinous ligament
• Supraspinous ligament:superiorly with the ligamentum nuchae(C7-external occipital bone
• Zygapophysial joints
3. Atlantooccipital joint
• Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles
• Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas
• Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head
4. Atlantoaxial joint
• Three synovial joints between atlas and axis– Laterally, paired
joints between articulating facets
– Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
• Supported by ligaments • Action ― allow atlas
(and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Intervertebral disc
Zygapophysial joints
Anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligaments flavum
( yellow ligaments)
Interspinal ligaments
Supraspinal ligaments
Ligamentum nuchae
5. The vertebral column as a whole and its movement
The anterior aspect The lateral aspect
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral curvature
Normal Curves of vertebral column• Cervical curvature convex
forward• Thoracic curvature convex
backward • Lumbar curvature convex
forward• Sacral curvature convex
backward
• flexion
• extension
• lateral flexion
• rotation
Vertebral column movement
• Joints of the thoracic cage
CompositionBones ― consists of twelve
thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, and sternum
1. Joints• Costovertebral joints
– Joints with head of rib
– Costotransverse joints
• Sternocostal joints– Sternocostal synchondrosis of
first rib
– Sternocostal joints:
– Interchondral joints: between costal cartilages7,8,9, and 10 to form the costal arch
Costovertebral joints
Joints with head of rib
Costotransverse joints
2. General features of thorax• Roughly cone-shape, narrow
above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards, longer behind than in front
• Superior thoracic aperture: bounded by upper border of manubrium, first rib, and vertebra T1
• Inferior thoracic aperture: bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process
• Infrasternal angle: formed by the costal arch of both side
• Intercostal spaces: lie between the ribs
3. Functions of thorax– protects the vital organs in the thoracic cavity and upper
abdominal cavity; – plays a vital role in the process of breathing
Inspiration Expiration