THE CHRISTIAN LIFE IN ROMANS:The Role of the Holy Spirit in Sanctification

Presented toDr. L. Timothy Swinson

forBIBL 425 – Romans

byLaura E. Johnson

Student ID 119526

May 10, 2013

Introduction

The book of Romans addresses not only the means of salvation, but the progressive

nature of it. In the eschatological sense, salvation history begins in the context of the Old

Testament, is transformed by the arrival and work of Christ in the New Testament, and

culminates in ultimate deliverance in the last day. What are New Testament Christians to do

about the interim period of time we find ourselves living in? How do we live under the new

covenant and remain obedient until our transformation into the image of Christ is complete upon

our death or Christ’s return? What does the Christian life look like, and how can we live it

successfully? We find the answers in Romans. Paul teaches that believers have the power to be

obedient because of the indwelling Holy Spirit.

The Law and Consciousness of Sin

Paul spends a great deal of time in Romans linking faith in Jesus Christ to the God of the

Old Testament. Most Christians are familiar with the Ten Commandments, at the very least, and

in because of this, we mentally check off the ones which we have broken. On the other hand,

perhaps our goal would be to determine the ones we have not broken! In essence, that is exactly

what the Old Testament law was designed to do. Through the law, we become conscious of the

fact that we have fallen short of God’s holy standards1. Furthermore, sinful behavior is aroused

by the law, increasing our violation of it2. The law, then, actually has a negative effect3. In no

way can knowing the law contribute to our obedience to the law without some sort of miraculous

intervention. As Paul states, the law brings wrath4.

1 Rom. 3:20, New International Version.2 Rom. 5:20; 7:5, 7-8, NIV.3 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 217.4 Rom. 4:15, NIV.

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How can this be? How can something that is God given actually serve to trip us up? In

truth, the law is innocent. Sin existed long before the law was given5. Paul describes sin prior to

the giving of the law as the “suppression of truth.” The truths that were suppressed were the

invisible qualities of God that are observable and known through his creation6. Sin is not only an

offense of the law, but an ongoing state of enmity and alienation with God7. Therefore, the law

itself is innocent, good, and holy, providing only an opportunity to transgress8. It is a profound

reality that the human heart is so perverse that the law of God would actually arouse the desire to

sin9.

In Bondage to the Flesh: The Law of Sin, and Death

Paul has stated that the holy written code of the law actually brought about awareness of

sin, the wrath of God, and an increase of transgression10. He makes clear that we are all on a

level playing field when it comes to sin. We have all sinned, because we have fallen short of the

glory of God11. We no longer reflect his image accurately. We are all, literally, born in the flesh

and bound to it. Paul uses the word “sarx” (flesh) to reflect human existence apart from God, that

is, living in such a way that shows him no regard12. The result of the sinful human condition is

that we have collectively and individually earned the just penalty of our sin, which is death13. We

have been sold as slaves to sin, born in an unspiritual state14. It is clear then, that the law has been

given to people who are already in bondage15. No matter how much we might agree in our minds

5 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 183.6 Rom. 1:18-21, NIV.7 Walter A. Elwell, ed., Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 1103.8 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 228.9 Walter A. Elwell, ed., Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 1104.10 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 217.11 Rom. 3:28, NIV.12 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 219.13 Rom. 6:23a; 7:5, NIV.14 Rom. 7:14, NIV.15 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 234.

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with God’s standards, we are enslaved to the flesh, bent toward obeying it rather than God16. The

law combined with human effort is absolutely powerless to free us from sin, or to deliver us from

the penalty of it. This is the law of sin and death17. Within human nature there is a definitive gap

between the theory and the practice of what is good, and possession of the law cannot close this

gap18. The flesh is a slave master, carrying the authority to submit the mind of man to follow his

own way, acting in ways which are increasingly hostile to God. The law of sin and death makes

it impossible for man to obey or please the Lord. Sinful behavior flows from the mind that is

oriented to and held captive by the flesh19. This always results in death20. Paul, in accordance

with his mission and call, uses the universal truth about sin as a prelude to presenting the

gospel21. Humanity is helplessly trapped, but for the intervention of God22.

The Gospel: Justification and Union with the Holy Spirit

Early in the book of Romans, Paul says that in the gospel there is revealed “a

righteousness from God,” by faith in Jesus, which leads to salvation23. By God’s grace, we are

justified when we exercise our faith in Jesus Christ and his redemptive work on the cross24. We

receive his righteousness. Jesus, who was wholly righteous, assumed the penalty of sin in his

death so that when we believe and acknowledge him as Lord, God can declare us innocent, or

righteous. It is through this God-given justification that we are transferred from the old regime of

16 Rom. 7:18-23, NIV.17 Rom. 7:25b, NIV.18 Klaus Haacker, The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013), 60.19 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 250.20 Rom. 8:5-8, 13, NIV.21 Douglas A. Campbell, “Beyond Justification in Paul: The Thesis of the Deliverance of God,” Scottish Journal of Theology 65, no. 1 (February 2012), 11, http://search.proquest.com/docview/914715308?accountid=12085 (accessed April 5, 2013).22 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 254.23 Rom. 1:16-17a, NIV.24 Rom. 3:21-26, NIV.

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the law of sin and death to a realm where sin is no longer the ruler25. Justification changes our

position to sin because we have now been declared innocent.

The Holy Spirit incorporates the believer into the death and resurrection of Christ through

baptism26. We become joined with Christ, thereby able to participate in his death and resurrection

and we receive the gift of the indwelling Holy Spirit27. Paul reminds the Roman Christians that

their participation in baptism accomplished more than simply being a metaphorical picture28. In

baptism, the Christian participates in the death of Christ, becoming dead to condemning and

commanding nature of the law, are they are free to live a new life which bears fruit to God29. In

the same way, by participating in his resurrection, the power of death is defeated and a new life

begins. Hence, the power and the penalty of sin have been removed30.

Because of this new relationship to Christ we have new desire and power to carry out

God’s will through faith in Christ and the indwelling Spirit. Here we see the tension between

what God has done and how we should respond. Before we came to faith in Jesus sin reigned and

we bore fruit unto death. But now, we have been released in order to serve in the way of the

Spirit31. The change is not in how we feel, but in who God says we are32.

Because we are dead to the law and justified, we must now live to Christ33. The contrast

between the two realms is clear. In one realm, the law and sin reign, and in the other realm the

25 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 207.26 Douglas A. Campbell, “Beyond Justification in Paul: The Thesis of the Deliverance of God,” Scottish Journal of Theology 65, no. 1 (February 2012), 1, http://search.proquest.com/docview/914715308?accountid=12085 (accessed April 5, 2013).27 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 196-197, 206.28 Klaus Haacker, The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013), 64-65.29 Rom. 6:2-11; 7:4-6, NIV.30 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 194.31 Rom. 7:5-632 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 135.33 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 198-199.

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Spirit reigns. In one realm, there is struggle and failure34. In the Spirit realm, there is no

condemnation35. Sin itself has been dealt a serious blow36.

In Bondage to the Spirit: The Law of Christ

We have died to the written code in order to serve in the new way of the Spirit37. Thus,

Paul describes the beauty of the work of the Trinity38. The saving act of God through Jesus is

consummated by the Spirit. There has now been a decisive shift in the identity of the Christian

and in the dimension of the Christian allegiance39. Paul offers no other alternative. There can be

no life lived distinct from some type of lordship40. In fact, Paul states that he received grace to

call people to the obedience that comes from faith41. Faith in Christ is the basis and motivation

for obedience42.

After conversion, life is lived according to the Spirit43. Living according to the Spirit is

the distinguishing mark of those who may now walk imperfectly, but in whom the righteousness

of the law will someday be completely fulfilled when they are made into the image of Christ44.

Every genuine Christian has been given the indwelling Spirit at the time of conversion45.

In the Christian, the Holy Spirit is as comfortable and welcome as a man in his own home; there

34 Rom. 7:7-20, NIV.35 Rom. 8:1, NIV.36 Ayodeji J. Adewuya, "The Holy Spirit and Sanctification in Romans 8:1-17," Journal of Pentecostal Theology 9, no. 18 (April 2001): 77.37 Rom. 7:6, NIV.38 Rom. 8:1-3, NIV.39 Ayodeji J. Adewuya, "The Holy Spirit and Sanctification in Romans 8:1-17," Journal of Pentecostal Theology 9, no. 18 (April 2001): 76.40 Klaus Haacker, The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013), 65.41 Rom. 1:5, NIV.42 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 38.43 Rom. 8:4, NIV.44 Rev. James Fraser, The Scripture Doctrine of Sanctification: Being a Critical Explication and Paraphrase of the Sixth and Seventh Chapters of the Romans, and the First Four Verses of the Eighth Chapter (London: Religious Tract Society, 1849), http://ia700509.us.archive.org/7/items/scripturedoctrin00fras/scripturedoctrin00fras.pdf, (accessed April 5, 2013), 263.45 Rom. 8:9, NIV.

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he has dominion46. It is this intimate relationship that is at the heart of human obedience and

holiness47. The mind and will are now oriented toward the Spirit, creating an obligation to be led

by the Spirit to put to death the old way of doing things48. The Spirit gives life, and the Christian

uses the power of the Spirit to avoid sin and attain eternal life49. One can know that they are a son

or daughter of God, and that they have been given the benefit of eternal life, if the Spirit rules in

them50. Therefore, the believer is now under the dominion of the Spirit, effectively made a slave

to righteousness51. The believer’s obedience leads to holiness52. This new hierarchy is normalcy

for the justified Christian53. In the old regime, the power of sin ruled in the flesh of unbelievers.

Now an even greater power (the same life-giving power that raised Christ from the dead) lives

inside of the believer, shaping his heart and mind in such a way that he is able to express the

ethical essence of the law54. There can be no claim of human credit for this work. After all, pride

is the essence of all sin55. The law of Christ is being fulfilled in the believer, not by the believer,

through the Spirit living in and working through them56. This is the essence of sanctification.

46 Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible Volume VI (Acts to Revelation)(Grand Rapids: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1662-1714), under “Romans 8:9” http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.Rom.i.html (accessed April 5, 2013).47 Wilber T. Dayton, "Entire Sanctification as Taught in the Book of Romans,"Wesleyan Theological Journal 1, no. 1 (1996), 2, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).48 Rom. 8:5-14, NIV.49 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 260.50 Rom. 8:12-17, NIV.51 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 256.52 Rom. 6:15-23, NIV.53 Wilber T. Dayton, "Entire Sanctification as Taught in the Book of Romans,"Wesleyan Theological Journal 1, no. 1 (1996), 9, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).54 Klaus Haacker, The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013), 66.55 Gregory A. Boyd and Paul R. Eddy, Across the Spectrum. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), 170.56 Paul R. Raabe, "The Law and Christian Sanctification: A Look at Romans," Concordia Journal 22, no. 2 (1996), 180, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).

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Sanctification: The Christian Life Dictated by Obedience through the Holy Spirit

Paul describes sanctification as a sort of elusive doctrine of experience in the book of

Romans. However, the fullness of transformation is found in Paul’s theology in Romans57.

Elmer Towns explains:

The word “sanctification” means “to be set apart.” The Holy Spirit is attempting to make the believer “holy” (lit. “to set apart”) and “spiritual” (to reflect the character of God). There is a threefold sanctification. First the believer was sanctified (forgiven and set apart in salvation). Second, the believer is constantly being set apart from sin as he utilizes the means of grace in his life. Third, he will be completely sanctified when he meets the Lord either in the rapture, or at death. At that time he will be without sin.58

God has taken the initiative and has justified the genuine Christian, effectively setting

him apart. We have been taken from one realm into another, yet we still live in a fallen world

and are subject to the temptations of the flesh until we are ultimately delivered through bodily

resurrection59. Sanctification flows out of justification. The Christian has been called to become

what God has declared them to be60. The gift of the Holy Spirit is the miraculous intervention

that makes it possible to be obedient and to be gradually transformed into the image of Christ61.

Sanctification, then, becomes the technical name for the process of transformation that begins

with conversion, continues through obedience by the Spirit, and culminates in conformity to

Christ. It is not the completion of justifying faith, but the evidence of justifying faith. It is the

way in which God accomplishes his will as the Spirit-led believer lives the Christian life62.

The Holy Spirit is the proof of salvation and basis for eternal security for the believer63.

The Holy Spirit indwells the body as a first fruit of the liberation that is to come, providing

57 Wilber T. Dayton, "Entire Sanctification as Taught in the Book of Romans,"Wesleyan Theological Journal 1, no. 1 (1996), 2, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).58 Elmer L. Towns, Theology for Today (Mason: Cengage Learning, 2008), 302.59 Rom. 7:21-25, NIV.60 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 214-215.61 Rom. 8:29-30, NIV.62 Walter A. Elwell, ed., Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 1052.63 Elmer L. Towns, Theology for Today (Mason: Cengage Learning, 2008), 299.

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eternal hope64. The Christian groans with all of creation because of the indwelling Spirit,

yearning more and more to become what he has intended for them to be65. The Holy Spirit prays

for the believer in accordance with God’s perfect will66. Paul implies a co-responsibility for

achieving what is good as the Holy Spirit labors on behalf of the believer in light of human

weakness67. In spite of human imperfections, the indwelling Spirit’s intercession is so effective

that all things work together for the good of those who love the Lord and are called according to

his purpose68.

Living the Christian Life

We have seen, just as our faith forefathers saw, that we cannot conjure up obedience on

our own. Our desire to be obedient comes from our faith in Jesus Christ69. Our ability to be

obedient is a reflection of the Holy Spirit’s work of sanctification70. Romans 12:1-2 are the crux

of sanctification and living the Christian life because it calls for dedication. Here, Paul moves

from instruction to exhortation. Dedication is not an option, but rather an imperative and

expected response to the gospel71. We are to set our physical bodies apart, offering them as living

sacrifices to God72. Christ fulfilled the law, so there is no longer the need to offer animal as a

sacrifice or offering to God. We must offer our bodies73. Our minds must be renewed and

64 Rom. 8:19-25, NIV.65 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 267.66 Rom. 8:26-27, NIV.67 Paul D.G. Dunn, ed., The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 98.68 Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible Volume VI (Acts to Revelation)(Grand Rapids: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1662-1714), under “Romans 8:28” http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.Rom.i.html (accessed April 5, 2013).69 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 43.70 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 222.71 William W. Combs, "Romans 12:1-2 and the Doctrine of Sanctification,” Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal, 11 (2006), 3, 11, http://www.dbts.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals/index.asp (accessed April 5, 2013).72 Rom. 12:1-2, NIV.73 William W. Combs, "Romans 12:1-2 and the Doctrine of Sanctification,” Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal, 11 (2006), 15, http://www.dbts.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals/index.asp (accessed April 5, 2013).

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transformed because thoughts dictate behavior74. The word “transformed” here is

“metamorphoo” (to keep on being changed from the inside out)75. The laws of Christ, or the

commands given in the New Testament, are central to the task of renewing our minds. As we

meditate on his words, the Holy Spirit transforms us from within, making it ever possible to be

obedient76. Earlier in Paul’s letter, he informs the Romans that those who were given over to

depraved minds were disqualified from right thinking about God77. Here, Paul offers the solution

for the reversal of this condition. The purpose of the internalization of truth is a renewed mind

that is able to discern God’s perfect will78.

Another key element of the process of transformation is to live and serve in a community

of believers79. It is impossible to renew the mind without the help of other believers80. When our

minds are renewed, we will then perceive the perfect will of God. We will exhibit sincere love

and keep our spiritual fervor81. The Holy Spirit will aid us in fanning the spiritual flame within

us82. Living the Christian life means moving increasingly away from sin, seeking forgiveness for

failures, never surrendering to evil, and desiring to press on in the process of transformation

through the Spirit83. As the Spirit transforms us through the practice of spiritual disciplines, the

desires and attitudes of Christ are increasingly reproduced in us84.

74 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 395.75 The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance, s.v. “transformed.”76 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 398-400.77 Rom. 1:28, NIV.78 William W. Combs, "Romans 12:1-2 and the Doctrine of Sanctification,” Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal, 11 (2006), 22-23, http://www.dbts.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals/index.asp (accessed April 5, 2013).79 Rom. 12:3-7, NIV.80 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 407.81 Rom. 12:9-11, NIV.82 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 410.83 Walter A. Elwell, ed., Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 1053.84 Gregory A. Boyd and Paul R. Eddy, Across the Spectrum. 2nd. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), 169.

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We live under the mandate to overcome evil with good85. We appropriate the grace of

God and the power of the Spirit in order to live victoriously over evil86. We are to bless and not

curse87. We are to live in harmony, even with our enemies88. Paul indicates that we are to love by

the Spirit, and in so doing the law is fulfilled89. Paul goes on to list several of the commandments

from the Old Testament. What he says is not that the love command replaces the law, but the

contrary; if we exhibit sincere love then we will uphold the law because we realize the true intent

and content of God’s standards90. Love does not negate the other New Testament laws, but Paul

exhorts us to see the priority of love within the law91.

Paul tells us to clothe ourselves with Jesus, not allowing ourselves to consider ways in

which to satisfy the desires of our sinful nature92. We must be so intertwined with Christ, that he

guides our every thought and deed93. We belong to God and he expects our obedience94.

Righteousness leads to peace and joy through the Holy Spirit, making our service pleasing to

God95. We must guard the unity of believers by bearing the failures of fellow believers, and by

building each other up so that we may glorify God96. In order for evangelism to be credible and

possible, relationships between believers must first be transformed97.

85 Rom. 12:21, NIV.86 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 414.87 Rom. 12:14, NIV.88 Rom. 12:16-20, NIV.89 Rom. 13:8-8, NIV.90 Paul R. Raabe, "The Law and Christian Sanctification: A Look at Romans," Concordia Journal 22, no. 2 (1996), 181, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).91 Douglas J. Moo, "Jesus and the Authority of the Mosaic Law,"Journal for the Study of the New Testament 20 (February 1984), 11, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed April 5, 2013).92 Rom. 13:14, NIV.93 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 441, 444.94 Rom. 14:7-8, NIV.95 Rom. 14:17-18, NIV.96 Rom. 15:1-7, NIV.97 Paul D.G. Dunn, ed., The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 104.

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Paul boldly preached the gospel to the Gentiles so that they could live as an acceptable

offering to God by being sanctified through the Holy Spirit. He gives credit to the Holy Spirit for

his own ministry, including every word, deed, and miracle98. And so we find the answer to the

problem of obedience in Romans. We desire to obey because that is the proper response to our

faith in Jesus. We are empowered to obey through the power of the indwelling Holy Spirit who

works to gradually transform us into the image of Christ. This is the essence of Christian living.

Douglas Moo agrees, and perfectly states that, “What he requires, the Spirit inspires.99”

98 Rom. 15:15-19, NIV.99 Douglas J. Moo, Romans The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 437.

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