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PSYCHOLOGY

PowerPoint SlidesMiss suman vashist

2015

PsychologyINTERODUCTION

• Psychology is an offspring of subject philosophy. Psychology is a Greek word, ‘psychic’ and ‘logos’ means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’- study of soul. Williams used the term ‘mind’ , which replaced soul. As years went by, the meaning of psychology changed. The influence of physiology made some scientists like Wilhelm Wundt of Germany define psychology as the study of ‘consciousness’.

Meaning of behavior- • ‘Any manifestation of life is activity’ and behavior is a collective name for these

activities. The term behavior include the following:

1. Motor or conative activities (walking, swimming, dancing etc. )

2. Cognitive activities (thinking, reasoning, imaging etc.)

3. Affective activities (feeling happy, sad angry etc.) • Behavior includes not only the conscious behavior and activities of the human mind,

but also the subconscious and unconscious. It covers not only the overt behavior, but also the covert behavior involving all the inner experiences and mental processes.

DEFINITION -: Psychology: the study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and environment.

Cont…

• Psychology is a science, which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole.

(William McDoughall-1949) • Psychology is a science of human behavior.

OR• Psychology is the science of human and animal

behavior, it include the application of behavioral science to human problems.

(Walter Bowers Pillsbury-1911)

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The Science of Psychology

• Empiricism

• The history of psychology before and after use of the scientific method– Trephination– Hippocrates– Descartes (dualism)– Joseph Gall (phrenology)– Wilhelm Wundt

(structuralism)

– William James (functionalism)

Psychology’s Present• Biological Perspective – emphasizes the role of biology

(physiology, genetics) on behavior and mental processes– How damage to different parts of the brain affects personality,

behavior, learning ability, language– How genetics predispose us to develop certain personality traits,

mental illness• Learning Perspective – emphasizes the role of the

environment and our experiences on behavior and mental processes– How children adopt certain behaviors by imitating their parents

(social-learning) or by parents directly rewarding those behaviors (behavioral)

• Cognitive Perspective – emphasizes the role of cognitive processes on behavior and mental processes– If we believe we will fail, we may not even try – It is easier for us to remember/recall information that is consistent

with our beliefs than information that is inconsistent with our beliefs

Psychology’s Present (cont.)

• Sociocultural Perspective – emphasizes the role of society/culture on behavior and mental processes– Technological advances in our culture (internet, gaming, cell

phones) have affected our attention processes– Societal pressure for thinness has contributed to increased

incidence rates of eating disorders

• Psychodynamic Perspective: emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts on behavior and mental processes

• Humanistic: emphasizes free will, personal growth, and resilience

Psychological Perspectives: Depression Example

• Biological: abnormalities in neurotransmitters in the brain• Learning: depressive symptoms have been reinforced

(rewarded) by the environment (e.g., getting to stay home from school because of feeling depressed)

• Cognitive: negative, pessimistic thinking style• Socio-cultural: societal stress and role demands; modern

culture has made us increasingly isolated• Psychodynamic: depression is due to unconsciously

displacing anger towards your parent onto yourself• Humanistic: depression is due to being inauthentic or by

being otherwise blocked in fulfilling your potential

The scope of psychology

Research (pure) psychology

Applied psychology

Research psychology

• Abnormal psychology • Biological psychology • Cognitive psychology • Comparative psychology • Developmental psychology • Personality psychology • Quantitative psychology • Social psychology

Applied psychology

• Clinical psychology • Counseling psychology • Educational psychology • Psychology and Law • Health psychology • Human factors psychology • Industrial and organizational psychology • School psychology

Research psychology

• Abnormal psychologyAbnormal psychology is the study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Abnormal psychology studies the nature of psychopathology and its causes, and this knowledge is applied in clinical psychology to treating patients with psychological disorders.

Research psychology

※Psychopathology

Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment.

Research psychology• Biological psychology

Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. This is the approach taken in behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology.

Research psychology• Cognitive psychology

The nature of thought is another core interest in psychology. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas.

Research psychology

• Comparative psychologyComparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings.

• Development psychologyMainly focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age.

Research psychology

• Personality psychology

Personality psychology studies enduring psychological patterns of behavior, thought and emotion, commonly called an individual's personality.

extraversion—introversion

neuroticism—emotional stability

psychoticism.

Research psychology

• Quantitative psychology

Quantitative psychology involves the application of statistical analysis to psychological research, and the development of novel statistical approaches for measuring and explaining human behavior. And it is loosely comprised of the subfields psychometrics and mathematical psychology.

Research psychology

• Social psychology

Social psychology is the study of the nature and causes of human social behavior, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other.

Applied psychology

• Clinical psychology

Clinical psychology is the application of psychological science and research to the understanding, treatment, and assessment of health problems, particularly emotional, behavioral and mental health problems. It has traditionally been associated with psychological treatment and psychotherapy.

Applied psycholgoy

The work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be done inside various therapy models. A popular model is the Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) framework. One of the most famous CBT therapies is cognitive therapy.

※Cognitive therapyfocused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could cause or maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives). Cognitive therapy seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" ways of thinking, and therefore to influence emotion and behavior.

Applied psychology

• Counseling psychlogyCounseling psychology differs from clinical psychology in that it is focused more on normal developmental issues and everyday stress rather than psychopathology. Counseling psychologists are employed in a variety of settings, including universities, hospitals, schools, governmental organizations, businesses, private practice, and community mental health centers.

Applied psychology

• Educational psychologyEducational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching.

• Psychology and lawTogether, Forensic psychology and Legal Psychology compose the area known as Psychology and Law.

Applied psychology

※Forensic psychologyForensic psychology is the application of psychological principles and knowledge to various legal activities. Typical issues include child custody disputes, child abuse or neglect, assessing personal capacity to manage one's affairs, matters of competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, personal injury, and advising judges in matters relating to sentencing regarding various mitigants and the actuarial assessment of future risk.

Applied psychology

• Health psychologyHealth psychology is the application of psychological theory and research to health, illness and health care. Health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a much wider range of health-related behavior including healthy eating, the doctor-patient relationship, a patient's understanding of health information, and beliefs about illness.

• Human factors psychologyHuman factors psychology is the study of how cognitive and psychological processes affect our interaction with tools and objects in the environment.

Applied psychology

• Industrial and organizational psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology. Industrial Psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while Organizational Psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals.

Applied psychology

• School psychologySchool psychology is the area of discipline that is dedicated to helping young people succeed academically, socially, and emotionally. School psychologists collaborate with educators, parents, and other professionals to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments for all students that strengthen connections between home and school.

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Psychological Methods

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Method of psychology

Psychology is termed as the scientific study of human behavior. Special tools and procedures help us in gathering and organizing its subject matter or the essential facts about behavior. These procedures are termed as methods, which are used to study human behavior. They are as under:

Introspection or self observation method

Observational method

Experimental method

Clinical or case method

Survey method

Genetic and development method

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Introspection or self-observation method

This is one of the oldest methods of psychology. Introspection means ‘to look within’. It is not possible to understand the inner feelings and experiences of other person. for example, a patient after an operation may be asked to report how he feels. The patient will try to look within and recall what happened and how he is presently feeling. This information will help for better treatment. This is the characteristics method of psychology, which is not available to other natural science. Merits - 1. It is a fundamental method of psychology. Observation and experimentation are based upon introspection.2. It is gives us direct, immediate and exact knowledge of our own mental processes. This method does not require any laboratory.Demerits- 1. this method is not applicable for children or animal or mentally retarded people, because they cannot introspect.2. It is purely private affair and cannot be verified by other observers.3. In many cases, the patients may not have the insight to know about their conditions or language to describe them accurately.

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Observation methodIt is the objective method of studying the behavior of individual. It consist of perception of an individual’s behavior under natural conditions by the other individuals and the interpretation and analyzes of this perceived behavior them. In this method the observer observes and collects the data. Example – in the hospital the nurse makes an observation of patient’s temperature, pulse, etc.to understand clinical condition of the patient.

Steps in observation method

1 Observation of behavior

2 Noting of behavior

3 Interpretation and analyze of behavior

4 Generalization

Merit- 1 It is economical, natural, flexible. The result can be verified.

Demerit- 1 There are chance of subjective report and also prejudices of observer mey creep in.

2 It lacks repeatability, as each natural situation can occur only once.

3 Not being able to establish a proper cause and effects relationship.

Experimental method

• It is considered as the most scientific and objective method of studying behavior. The word experiment comes from a Latin word meaning ‘to try', 'put to test’. The use of this method has raised psychology to the status of an experimental science like physics, chemistry, and physiology.

Essential features of experimental method-:

1. Require two persons, the experimenter and the subject or the person, whose behavior is observed.

2. Experimentation should be done on living organisms.

3. All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions.

STEPS IN EXPERIMENTS-

A. Stating the problem

B. Formulation of hypothesis

C. To find out independent and dependent variable

D. Arranging the environment

E. Analysis of the result

F. Testing of the hypothesis

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Cont….

Merits- • scientific method• Finds out cause and effect relationship• Maximum control of phenomena

• Repetition is possible

Demerits- • All problem of psychology cannot be studied by this method, as we cannot

perform experiments for all the problems.• It is costly and time consuming method.• It is fails to study behavior in naturalistic condition.

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Clinical and case history method

• This method is used by clinical psychologists, psychiatric social worker in child guidance clinics or mental hygiene clinics and the allied institutions. it aims at studying the cause and basis of peoples anxieties' fears and personal adjustment.

Merits

A. Case histories will give the clinicians an insight in to the cause of the problem and suggest possible solution.

B. Case study can be productive sources of ideas for further investigation by other methods.

Demerits

A. The case history method depends largely on memory of incidents, which may have been observed inaccurately or over interpreted.

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Survey method

All problem in psychology cannot be studied by the experimental and other methods some problem like study of opinions, attitudes, health care needs, etc. can be studied by mean of survey method. This is commonly employed in social psychology. The survey methods involve collection or gathering of information from a large number of people by using questioner, inventories, checklist, rating scale and interviews.

Merits

1. A large amount of data can be collected in a shorter time.

Demerits

1. The behavior is not observed directely.

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Genetics and development method

psychologists study not only the behavior of an individual at a particular time, but also his development from birth to death, the influence of heredity and environment in the development of the person and condition favorable and unfavorable for normal and abnormal behavior. For example- to understand the learning behavior of an adult, the study will start from the childhood and adolescence. This can be done by two ways-:

1. cross-sectional study in which, the children of different age groups will be studied simultaneously.

2. Longitudinal study in which, the same child will be studied in different stage of life.

Merits

This is a more useful method to understand the behavior from point of view of hereditary and environmental influence.

Demerits

This method require more time and energy.

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Relevance to nursingPsychology has become necessary in every profession including nursing today. This is

because of increasing emphasis being laid out on the interplay of body, mind and spirit in the

health status of every individual.The learning of psychology helps a nurse in the

following ways-A.To understand own selfB.To understand patients

C.To recognize abnormal behaviorD.To understand other people

E.To provide quality care to patientsF.Help patients adjust to the situation

G.Help the student nurse to appreciate the necessity for changing the environment or

surroundingH.Help for effective study

I.Readjustment

Taxi/ G

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Cont…. Psychology has its roots spread in every single industry. It has become imperative to study human mind for the better outcome of operations carried out on daily basis. It has influenced many minds and is known to have a great impact on nursing as well. Psychology and nursing are poles apart but at a certain level they are interconnected. Nursing focuses entirely on helping people recover from acute and chronic illnesses while psychology emphasizes on treating the psychological issues of people. Nurses have to understand the psychology of their patients and support them emotionally for a speedy recovery.

1.To understand own self- The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to get insight in to her own motives, desires, emotions, feelings, attitudes. She will realize how her personality is highly individualistic and complex, arrives at decisions her life and solves her own problems. This knowledge also help her to understand her strength and weakness.

2.To understand patients- The nurse are professionals meant for providing care to patients. Patients may also have tension worries, pains and also many doubts about their illness. The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients and attend to them. She can understand the motives, attitudes of patients in a better way.

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Cont…

3. To recognize abnormal behavior- The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviors and help the patient in management of mental illnesses. Nurses working in mental hospitals definitely need an adequate knowledge of normal and abnormal psychology.

4. To understand other self-The student nurse has to study, work, and live with other nurses and doctor, patient and their family members. With her scientific knowledge of human nature, she will understand them better and thus achieve greater success in interpersonal relationship. She will learn why other differ from her in their like and dislike, in their interest and abilities or in their reaction to others.

5. To provide quality care to patients- A nurse with good knowledge of human psychology can understand what fears or anxieties the patient faces, what he feels, what he would like to know and why he behaves the way he does. A good understanding of these patients by the nurse can be of best support to him.

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Cont….

6. Help patients adjusts to the situation- Illness and physical handicaps often bring about the need for major adjustment. A nurse trained in psychology can be effective health educator and help in these kind of adjustment.

7. Help the student nurse to appreciate the necessity for changing the environment or surrounding- Good nursing care depends upon the ability of a nurse to understand the situations properly and also in obtaining the cooperation of other people concerned. The change in the environment is sometimes necessary for better adjustment and happiness.

8. Help foe effective studying- The nurse has to learn many new things during her training. She has to obtain the knowledge of correct facts about disease condition and their treatment. The study of psychology of learning will help the nurse to acquire knowledge in an effective way.

9. Readjustment –1. Every profession and career requires readjustment. A nurse needs to make the following kinds of adjustment for success in the nursing carrier-: overcoming homesickness and self-reliance is needed if she has to live smoothly in a hostel or a hospital.

2. Adjusting to sick person, who may cry desperate and ventilate their anger by making the nurse a target of their abuses and curses.

3. Trying to work and study together. 39

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Application of psychology

1. In the field of education- Theories of learning, motivation and personality, etc. have been responsible for shaping and designing the educational system according to the needs and requirements of the students. The application of psychology in the field of education has helped the learners to learner, the teacher to teach, administrators to administer and educational planner to plan effectively and efficiently.

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2.In the field of medicine

A doctor, nurse or any person who attends the patient, needs to know the science of behavior to achieve good result . Psychological has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis, etc. for the diagnosis and cure of patients suffering from psychosomatic, as well as mental diseases. 42

Cont…

3. In the field of business and industry- it has highlighted the importance of knowledge of consumer’s psychology and harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of commerce and industry.

4. In the field of criminology- it has helped in detection of crimes and in dealing with criminals.

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Cont….

5. In the field of politics- it has proved useful to the politicians and leaders to learn the qualities of leadership for leading the masses.

6. In the field of guidance and counseling- it has provided valuable help in relation to guidance and counseling in educational, personal as well as vocational area.

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6. In the field of military science

Psychology helps in the selection, training, promotion and classification of defense personnel. In fighting the enemy, the morale of the defense personnel and of citizen must at all costs be high and this can only be achieved by providing suggestions, insight and confidence.

7. In the field of human relationship and self-development- finally it has helped human beings to learn the art of understanding their own behavior, seeking adjustment with their self and others and enhancing, as well as actualizing their potentialities to the almost possible.

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