introduction and roots of psychology

8/3/2019 Introduction and Roots of Psychology

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Presented by: Ms. Amna Arif


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Introduction to psychology Psychology is the scientific studies ofbehavior and

mental processes.

Humans and many other creatures included in thescientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Scientific Study:

o Systematic

o Well-Organizedo Objective

o Based on Facts and Figures


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Introduction to psychology Scientific study requires several things:

1. Theoretical framework

2. Testable Hypotheses

3. Empirical evidence


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Introduction to psychologyBehavior:

Physical actions that are directly observable, such as

reading, writing, playing and smiling.

Mental Processes

Describe our personal experiences that cannot beobserved directly, for instance, thoughts, feelings,

perception, memory and problem solving.


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Goals of Psychology

oDescription

o Prediction

o Modification

o Improvement of the lifestyle


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What Psychology Studies? Psychology is not just a study of what people do, but it

also explores

o

their feelings,o thoughts,

o perceptions,

o reasoning, (logic, way of thinking),

o memory

o biological activities that keep their bodies functioning.(Biopsychology, physiological psychology).


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Significance of Psychology


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Psychology & Human Activities Psychological knowledge is applied to various

spheres of human activity including the,

Family

Education

EmploymentTreatment of mental health problems

Business activities, etc.


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Psychology And BusinessPsychology will offers a lot to business in the

following ways,

More effective advertising

Better trained workers

Improved management techniques

Better performing workers

Higher quality output

A more scientific approach to all of this


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Psychology and business Understanding human tendencies to behave in certain

ways to different situations allows us a lot of

opportunity to create efficiency and success. if you understand how people think, then it would

become easier for you that how to:

manage,

control,

Organize,

and motivate them


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Psychology And Business Training in body language would be great for sales

and marketing people.

Business is the act of selling a product. This relies on

human judgment. So if the human judgment is good

the business runs well and it could be good by

psychology and that's where a psychologist comes in

and gets people in tuned to performing well.


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Psychology of EmployeesPsychology is the study of the mind and its

significant for business leaders to know a little

something about the psychology of theiremployees or potential employees. (how to

motivate them, whether or not theyre right for

the job...etc) some people are motivated bymoney while others need a challenge.


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Why Have Psychology In Your

Curriculum?Psychology can Promote:

Self awareness

Understanding the basis of behavior of people (as workers,subordinates, clients, customers)

Understanding the bases of decisions affecting workorganization

Understanding the bases of decisions affecting the relationshipsamong organizations


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Benefits of studying Psychology forStudents of Business and other fields

Psychology provides valuable knowledge and

insights that help us to understand thebehavior of people in different fields.

The person will equipped with relevant

information about human behavior when facedwith human problems in his field.


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Benefits of studying Psychology for Students of Business and

other fields Psychology has made to the solution of many human

problems encountered by people working in differentfields.

Better management of human resource

Improved methods of personnel selection

improved appraisal and training

Improved morale


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Historical Background Nativist (nature) vs Empiricist (nuture)

Are a persons characteristics mostly inborn or

learned? Is your social behavior better explained by the

presence of enduring inner traits or by the temporary

demands of external situations?

Are your intelligence and personality influenced

more by your genes or by your experience?


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Periods in the History of Psychology Pre-Scientific Period

i) Greek period

ii) Middle Agesiii) Islamic Period

Scientific Periodi) Renaissance period

ii) Modern Period


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Pre-Scientific Period


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I. The Greek Period Emergence of real theories concerning human

behavior.

The origin of physiological psychology can also betraced to Greek beginning.

The problem of interest to the early Greekphilosophers was the relationship between mindand body.


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Greek Philosophers1. Hippocrateso father of medicine

o biological malfunctions rather then demons cause

mental illness.o personality was made up of four temperaments and

these temperaments were influenced by the presenceof humors or fluids in the body

o Phlegmexcess of phlegmlethargy

o Black Bileoverabundancecause depression

o Bloodexcesssanguine (cheerful, confident, optimistic)

o Yellow bileexcessquick, dominant, strong, stubbornpersonality


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Greek Philosophers

2. Plato

o He postulated the theory ofmind-body dualism (the

claim that the mind and the body (which includes the

brain) are independent.

3. Aristotle

oRejected the Plato theory and suggested that mind is afunction of the body itself just as vision is a function

of the eye.


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II. Middle Ages

In the middle Ages, the dominant view was that

thought and behavior should be guided by religioustheory.

Some historians mark the beginnings of that portion

of the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages.


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iii) Islamic Period If the ideas of modern psychologists about mental health are

assessed, we come to know that these are based on the views of

Islamic philosophers and thinkers.

Some well-known Muslim Philosophers include:

Ibn-Sina

Imam Ghazali

Allama Bin Khaldun

Shah Wali Ullah


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iii) Islamic Period1. Ibn-Sina:

Three kinds of mind: Human mind, Animal mind andVegetable mind.

physical illness could be treated with medicine butmental illness could be treated psychologically withreligion.

2 . Allama Bin KhaldunoHe proposed the theories of social psychology and

explained human beliefs, prejudices, attitudes andother subject matters


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iii) Islamic Period3. Imam Ghazali

o Following right path do not contact mental disorders.

o Imam stressed upon childrens education.

o childrens capabilities must be assessed for proper

education.oMental diseases were caused by negative emotional

problems


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iii) Islamic Period4. Shah Wali Ullah

oAccording to him, conflict goes on between positive

and negative forces within human mind and healthypersonality develops only by striking balance between

the two.

o

If irrational ideas are in excess, mental health isaffected.


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Scientific Period


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Scientific Period During sixteen and seventeen centuries, philosophers and

scientists proposed new theories in the light of their

observation and experiments. This period may be divided into

two sub periods:

i) Renaissance period

ii) Modern Period


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i) Renaissance Period Renaissance means rebirth

1. Francis Bacon (1564-1642)

Founder of modern science.

He proposed that scientific study must be purelyempiricalnot guided by theory at all.

2. Rene Descartes and John Locke (1596-1650)

Lock: mind is a blank slate at birth and that knowledgecomes in through the senses.

Descartes: knowledge is not dependent on senseexperience


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i) Renaissance Period3. Charles Darwin

He published his book The Origin of Species, in1859 in which he outlined his theory of evolution.

In his theory of evolution, Darwin suggested that

animals and people show behavior that is adaptive to

the environment and helpful to their survival.


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ii) The modern period

Structuralism

Functionalism

Behaviorism

Gestalt psychology

Cognitive psychology

Psychoanalysis


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Thank You

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introduction and roots of psychology

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