introduction: page 1 of 3. no portion of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without...

Introduction: of 3

• No portion of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without permission from the author

• Photo credits– Spec. Rescue International, Virginia Beach, VA– Airshore International, Steve Cudmore– Paratech, Nigel Letherby– Chuck Wehrli, Naperville Illinois Fire Department– Bob Schip, Flemington-Ruritan First Aid and Rescue

Squad

• Illustrations– Steve Campbell

Introduction: of 3

Trench Rescue

• Before you get started• Course description• Disclaimer• Objective• Note to instructors• Personal protective equipment

requirements• Facilities needed for lecture• Facilities needed for practical

Introduction: of 3

Unit One

Considerations for Specialized Operations

Unit 1: Page 1 of 9

Unit One : Terminal Objective

• To determine the considerations that make specialized rescue operations different from traditional fire and rescue work

Unit 1: Page 2 of 9

Unit One: Enabling Objectives

• Define the term technical rescue as it applies to the big three

• Discuss the rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations

• Identify the four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations

Unit 1: Page 3 of 9

The Big Three

Special people

Special equipment

Special training

Unit 1: Page 4 of 9

The Specialized Training Cycle

Constant circle of evaluation

continually recruiting, evaluate equipment, frequent training

Specialized training cycle– Constant circle of

evaluation• Your people• Your equipment• Your training

Unit 1: Page 5 of 9

Service Levels

• Awareness– Identify hazards and incident stabilization

• Operations– Initial rescue operations and support– Shoring in non-intersecting trenches > 8 feet

• Technician – Intersecting and deep trenches– Maintain “skills package”

• Instructor– Team members certified in course development

Unit 1: Page 6 of 9

Unit Training Levels

• Awareness – Units - 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14

• Operations– Units - 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, Appendix 1

and 4

• Technician– Units - 15 and 19

Unit 1: Page 7 of 9

Unit One: Summary

• Technical rescue as it applies to the big three

• The rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations

• The four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations

Unit 1: Page 8 of 9

Answers and discussion on page 237

Unit One: Questions

1. The term big three refers to specialized rescue operations that require:

2. The service level(s) identified by NFPA 1670 that apply to rescue operations and may be an indicator of level of competency are Instructor, Awareness, Operations, and Technician.

3. Operations level personnel are trained to:

Unit 1: Page 9 of 9

Unit Three

Preparing the Rescue Scene

Unit 3: Page 1 of 13

Unit Three: Terminal Objective

• To understand the various methods that can be used to form and maintain a fully functional and effective team for trench rescue.


Unit Three: Enabling Objectives

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or regional trench rescue team

• Determine the most advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members

• Explain the T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue


Unit Three: Enabling Objectives

• Describe the weight, size, and characteristics of the equipment used in trench rescue

• Understand the need for choosing the most appropriate method to move and store trench rescue equipment

• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type of trench apparatus


Self Sufficient Rescue Team

• Pros– Commitment to training

and personnel– Much specialized

equipment– Means of transporting

equipment

• Cons– Most expensive


Cons– Must still have trained

personnel– Up keep of logistics and

call back list

Community Dependent Team

Pros– In frequency of events

may make this most feasible

– Economical


Regional Team

• Pros– Cost-effective– Reduces individual organizational cost

• Cons– Difficult to maintain– Maintaining organizational agreements and

commitment


Your Team

• Success is in members of team

• Should be physically fit• Should be mentally fit

• Have good construction skills

• Team should have trained medic personnel

• Team players (T.E.A.M.)


The “T.E.A.M.”Acronym

T ogetherE veryoneA ccomplishesM ore

What are some examples of teamwork in action?


Getting Equipment to the Scene

• Doesn’t have to be a fancy rig

• Vehicle extrication truck not appropriate

• Dump or flat bed vehicle

• Utility trailers• Custom and

converted vehicles• Pod type

transportation


Custom/ Converted

Pod

Dump bed

vehicle

Flat bed truck

Types of Trench Transportation


Unit Three: Summary

• Advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or a regional trench rescue team

• Advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members

• T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue



Unit Three: Questions

1.There are a number of different methods to move and store your equipment. Which of the following would be least appropriate:

2.The most reliable form of rescue team development is the:

3.By far the most important aspect concerning the potential success of your team will be:


Unit Four

Introduction to Trench Rescue


Unit Four: Terminal Objective

• To understand the necessity of maintaining a competent trench rescue team in your community.


Unit Four Enabling Objectives

• Describe the conditions that require compliance with the Excavation Standard, and the emergency service organization’s relationship with ASHA pertaining to trench collapse operations

• Describe the history of the OSHA Standard on Excavations and explain how the current standard is performance based

• Provide an understanding of OSHA’s Standard on Excavations, its enforcement role, and subsequent relationship with emergency service organizations


Unit Four: Enabling Objectives

• Explain the reasons for non-compliance with the trench standard based on cost and installation of traditional sheeting and shoring

• Discuss trench injury and fatality statistics as they compare to other areas of construction

• Recall from memory trench terminology as identified in the excavation standard

• Explain how cost and demographics play a role in non-compliance


Unit Four: Enabling Objectives

• Describe way in which machines and rigging can fail and create emergencies at a trench site

• Discuss the potential problems that can occur from below grade atmospheric hazards


Trenches and Excavations

• Placement of underground utilities• Removal of old utility systems• Removal and placement of underground

storage tanks• Building foundations• Basement construction• Can you name more?


Trench Statistics

• Trench accidents have a higher fatality rate

• Approximately 100 fatalities per year• 1000 to 1500 injuries - many

permanently disabling• Two types of trench

rescues– Dead victims and

live victims


Trench Terminology

• Trench and excavation

• Competent person• Floor• Walls• Ends• Spoil pile• Toe


Appendix A

Appendix

B, C, D, E, F

CFR 1926 Subpart P, Excavations Key Areas

• Scope• Application• Definitions• General requirements

• Requirements for protective systems


OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P

• Previous “Contract Work Hours Standard Act”

• Inadvertent non-compliance• Recommended systems cost more than

fine• Current standard has 80% of original act

contents



• New standard is performance based• Maintains consistent soil classification

system• Protective systems development

flexibility• Fines and penalties increased• May include equipment impoundment



• General Requirements– All trenches must be protected before entry

except:• Those made entirely of stable rock• Less than five feet in depth, inspected by a

competent person, and no potential for cave-in

– More than five including height of spoil pile must be protected



• General Requirements– Spoil pile must have two foot set back from

lip– Means of egress every twenty five feet– Determination of atmospheric hazards– Water accumulation– Determination of soil classification– Inspection by competent person for:

• Secondary cave-in potential, protective system failure, and atmosphere


OSHA and Trench Rescue

• Application of standard varies by locality• OSHA requires compliance if:

– employee/employer relationship exist– trench operations is part of your job

• Paid/volunteer issues• Other AHJ considerations concerning

compliance


How OSHA Views Trench Rescue

• We over engineer our systems

• Time in trench is limited to rescue

• OSHA will get involved if there is a:– civilian or rescuer injury

or death

– death of anyone involved in a construction incident

– request by AHJ


Noncompliance

• Protective system cost

• Time equals money

• Socioeconomic and demographic issues

• Victims do not understand hazards


Accidents Without a Cave-In

• Most trench emergencies are other than a collapse

• Equipment failure and load management

• Rigging

• Atmospheric problems


Unit Four: Summary

• The excavation standard and the emergency service organization’s relationship with OSHA

• History of the excavation standard and how the new standard is performance based

• Trench terminology in the excavation standard

• Cost and demographics in trench rescue non-compliance

• Accidents without a cave-in

• Below grade atmospheric hazards



Unit Four: Questions

1. Statistics show that trench accidents have a ____ fatality rate than other types of construction accidents:

2. The OSHA standard for trenches and excavations is:3. On the scene of a trench or excavation you would

expect to find a person familiar with all aspects of soil types and testing called:

4. A trench is an excavation that is generally deeper than it is wide but its width measured at the bottom does not exceed 15 feet.

5. Egress ladders in a trench must be within___ feet of a worker in a protected trench:


Unit Four: Questions

6. The overriding reasons for contractor non-compliance with trench protective systems is:

7. The minimum setback requirements for the excavated spoil pile is:

8. The OSHA standard on trenches and excavations is:

9. The OSHA standard was originally part of the:

10. The height of the spoil pile is taken into account when determining the need for a protective system.


Unit Six

Soil Physics

Unit 6: Page 1 of 9

Unit Six: Terminal Objective

• To understand the role that physics and physical forces associated with soil have in trenching and excavation emergencies.

Unit 6: Page 2 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives

• Explain how gravity plays a key role in trench failure.

• Describe the term “unconfined Compressive Strength” as it applies to trenches and excavations.

• Define the terms active and passive soils.

• Summarize the effects of water as they apply to soil strength.

Unit 6: Page 3 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives

• Describe how the weight of most soils can be determined mathematically.

• Explain how the cubic weight of soil leads to trench failure.

• Summarize the most dangerous portion of an un-shored trench, and how a properly shored trench transfers potential energy.

Unit 6: Page 4 of 9

Soil Physics

• Gravity• Unconfined

Compressive Strength (UCS)

• Hydrostatic pressure• Active and passive

soils

Unit 6: Page 5 of 9

Physical Forces Associated with Collapse

• Weight of soil• 100 lb. per cubic foot• Dry 1/2 soil -1 /2 air• Rock specific gravity

2.65• Water = 62.4 pounds

c.f.• Do math based on

composition of soil• Average = 100 c.f.

Bent steel beam

Unit 6: Page 6 of 9

Distribution of Forces

• 1 x 1 x 6 column = 600 p.s.f.

• 4 foot level vertical pressure = 400 p.s.f.

• Lateral pressure on unshored wall = 33%

• Effects create rotational failure

• Most unstable portion of wall? Why?

Unit 6: Page 7 of 9

Unit Six: Summary

• Gravity and trench failure• “Unconfined Compressive Strength”• Active and passive soils• Effects of water• Weight of soil determined mathematically• Cubic weight of soil leads and trench

failure• Most dangerous portion of an un-shored

trench

Unit 6: Page 8 of 9


Unit Six: Questions

1. For the purpose of determining total soil weight we can estimate that a cubic foot of soil weighs approximately:

2. The most dangerous portion of the unprotected trench wall is the area:

3. The term ___best describes the effects of mass as it relates to the tendency of one object to be attracted to another.

4. The amount of resistance the soil has to pressure is a measurement of:

5. The effects of water can add a tremendous amount of weight to the excavated material because water weighs approximately:

Unit 6: Page 9 of 9

Unit Seven

Conditions and Factors that Lead to Collapse

Unit 7: Page 1 of 8

Unit Seven: Terminal Objective

• Determine the various factors that can lead to a trench or excavation failure.

Unit 6: Page 2 of 8

Unit Seven: Enabling Objectives

• Explain the effects of water as a factor that can lead to a trench collapse.

• Describe the consequences that varying soil profiles and previously disturbed soils can have on open trenches.

• List some of the causes of potential vibration that can lead to a trench collapse.

• Discuss the spoil pile and its relationship to collapse potential.

Unit 6: Page 3 of 8

Conditions Leading to Collapse

• Collapse may be on condition or the effects of several

• The addition of water as a factor

• How soil absorbs water is a consideration

Unit 6: Page 4 of 8


• Freestanding time• Varying soil profiles• Water table• Previously disturbed

soils

Unit 6: Page 5 of 8


• Heavy equipment location

• Spoil pile location• Vibration

Unit 6: Page 6 of 8

Unit Seven: Summary

• Water as a factor that can lead to a trench collapse

• Varying soil profiles and previously disturbed soils

• Vibration as a collapse factor• Spoil pile and its relationship to collapse

potential

Unit 6: Page 7 of 8


Unit Seven: Questions

1. Which of the following can be considered a factor that can contribute to a trench collapse:

2. A good indication that soil has been previously disturbed is:

3. You should always move heavy equipment from near the trench:

4. Vibration is a factor that can cause a trench collapse and can be attributed to:

5. Of the factors that can contribute to a trench collapse, the amount of time the trench is open is a major factor. The time a trench is open is:

Unit 6: Page 8 of 8

Unit Eight

Types of Trench Collapses


Unit Eight: Terminal Objective

• Describe the various types of trench collapses and why the occur.


Unit Eight: Enabling Objective

• Describe the differences between a spoil pile slide, slough failure, shear wall collapse, toe failure, wedge failure, and rotational failure.


Spoil Pile Slide


Angle of Repose


Slough Failure


Shear Wall Failure


Toe Failure


Bell Pier Condition


Rotational Failure


Wedge Failure


Unit Eight: Summary

• The differences between:– spoil pile slide– slough failure– shear wall collapse– toe failure– wedge failure– rotational failure



Unit Eight: Questions

1.When the excavated material falls back into the trench it is best described by the term:

2. A collapse in which the material loses its ability to stand and fails along a mostly vertical plane best describes:

3. The most common type of soil failure in an intersecting trench is:

4. A condition that presents itself as a failure at the toe and on both sides of a trench is:


Unit Ten

Personal Protective Equipment for Trench Rescue Operations


Unit Ten: Terminal Objective

• To describe the proper personal protective equipment used in trench rescue operations


Unit Ten: Enabling Objective

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fire fighting “turnout” gear, jumpsuits, and regular long sleeve pants and shirts for trench rescue

• Explain the pros and cons of the various types of hand protection

• Describe the preferred helmet for trench rescue operations


Unit Ten: Enabling Objective

• Determine the correct type and use of eye protection

• Recite the preferred level of foot and ankle protection for the trench environment

• Describe the specialty equipment that may be required during a trench rescue

• Summarize the benefits of developing a team culture that maintains safety as a top priority


Personal Protective Equipment

• Fire gear• Jumpsuit• Long pants and sleeves• Gloves• Helmet• Eye protection


Personal Protective Equipment

• Foot protection• Respiratory protection• Hearing protection• Skull caps• Leather chaps

Development of a safe culture and attitude is ultimate goal!


Unit Ten: Summary

• Correct type and use of eye protection• Preferred level of foot and ankle

protection • Specialty equipment required during a

trench rescue• Benefits of developing a team culture

that maintains safety as a top priority



Unit Ten: Questions

1. The minimum level of personal protective equipment required for trench rescue operations is all of the following except:

2. Fire fighting gear should never be worn on a trench rescue.

3. The minimum level of personal protective equipment worn by rescuers at a trench incident is:

4. Eye protection should:


Unit Eleven

Equipment and Tools for Trench rescue Operations


Unit Eleven: Terminal Objective

• To describe the types of equipment and tools used in trench rescue operations.


Unit Eleven: Enabling Objectives

• Explain the use of ground pads for trench rescue

• Describe how sheeting is used in trench protective systems

• Identify the various types of shores used in trench rescue and how each works

• Describe the various types of tools used in trench rescue operations

• Explain the use of various trench rescue tools utilized in collapse


Ground pads

Make sure that uneven ground doesn’t create a trip hazard!

2 x 12 4 x 8 3/4Marking ground pad


Sheeting4 x 8 home made panels

Manufactured panels

2 x 12 x 12Panel rope used for lowering

Strongback


Pneumatic Shores

Paratech

Airshore


Shores

Timber Hydraulic

Screw Jacks


Tools and Appliances

• Shovel types

• Hammers

• Duplex nails

• Ventilation

• Dewatering

• See page 105 for tool list


Tools and Appliances

Fan for ventilation

Duplex nail

Centrifugal (high pressure - high

volume)

Mud hog pump (low pressure - low

volume)


Unit Eleven: Summary

• Ground pads for trench rescue• Sheeting used in trench protective

systems• Shores used in trench rescue and how

each works• Various types of tools used in trench

rescue operations



Unit Eleven: Questions

1. Ropes that are used to set and adjust panels are best attached to the top of the the panel.

2. If 4x8 ground pads will not fit on the spoil pile side of the trench you should:

3. The use of ground pads is primarily for the distribution of vertical forces caused by people standing around the trench lip. The main disadvantage to using ground pads is:

4. The shores and installed upright in a lumber trench are the only part of the protective system considered by OSHA for compliance.


Unit Eleven: Questions

5. A duplex nail is designed to be driven entirely into the wood.

6. When using a ladder as a makeshift wale you should make certain:

7. When digging in the trench the preferred tool is the:

8. Ladders in trench rescue can be used as:

9. The centrifugal pump can move more water than a diaphragm pump therefore is the preferred type of de-watering device.


Unit Thirteen

Trench Rescue Assessment


Unit Thirteen: Terminal Objective

• Be able to formulate a strategic plan based on the determination of facts surrounding the trench emergency


Unit Thirteen: Enabling Objectives

• Identify those factors that would be pertinent in formulating a trench emergency pal before arriving on the scene

• Describe the appropriate questions to ask about the event after arrival at the scene

• Explain factors to be considered during the incident

• Summarize the steps to consider when looking for buried victims


Trench Rescue Assessment(At time of alarm)

• What has happened?• What type of work was

being done?• Is the victim

completely buried?• Is it a collapse or injury

situation?• How is my access to

the scene?

• What is forecast?Unit 13: Page 4 of 10

Trench Rescue Assessment(Arrival at the scene)

• Is there a language barrier?

• Do I have the proper equipment?

• What are the injury problems?

• What is victim survivability profile?

• What type of protective system is in place?


Trench Rescue Assessment(During the emergency)

• Changing conditions require constant evaluation and assessment!


Factors To Consider When Looking For Buried Victims

• Food and drink containers

• Grade poles• Laser targets• Grease, paint, buckets

and tools• Exposed limbs• Sound inside pipes


Trench Rescue Assessment(During the emergency)

• Changing conditions require constant evaluation and assessment!


Unit Thirteen: Summary

• Factors in formulating a trench emergency plan

• Appropriate questions to ask after arrival at the scene

• Factors considered during the incident

• Steps to consider when looking for buried victims



Unit Thirteen: Questions

1. Clues as to the location of a buried victim include:

2. The determination of facts and conditions that led to the collapse of a trench is called a:

3. Which of the following are important considerations in the size-up of a trench rescue:

4. Which of the following are important considerations after arrival on the scene of a trench rescue:


Unit Fourteen

Hazard Control


Unit Fourteen: Terminal Objective

• Understand the various hazard types, categories, and phases of control that will be found at the trench rescue scene.


Unit Fourteen: Enabling Objectives

• Describe the various types of hazards that can be found at a trench rescue

• Identify the five hazard control categories

• Explain the phases of hazard control at a trench emergency


Can control• location of vehicles• trip hazards• spoil pile• support utilities

Call someone• gas• electric

Hazard Control

• Two type of hazards:– Those you can control– Those you should leave alone


Hazard Categories Categories

• Mechanical

• Chemical

• Man-made

• Electrical

• WaterGas line

Unsupported utility

Utility marker


Hazard Control Phases

• The rescue area

• The general area

General area

Rescue area

Trips hazards

Heavy equipment


Unit Fourteen: Summary

• Types of hazards found at a trench rescue

• The five hazard control categories

• The phases of hazard control



Unit Fourteen: Questions

1. Which of the following is not one of the hazard categories:

2. The control of scene hazards takes place in two phases, the general area, and the logistics area.

3. When considering shutting down heavy equipment at the scene you should consider:

4. The minimum safe area that should be established around a trench incident is:

5. Knowing the location of all underground utilities is important before beginning the rescue effort. For this reason it is a good idea to:


introduction: page 1 of 3. no portion of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without...

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