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Development of a Proposed Performance Standard for Battery Storage System connected to a Domestic/ Small Commercial Solar PV system

Australian Battery Performance Standard Industry Best Practice Guideline

Report Number: PP198127-AUME-MS04-TEC-06-R-01-A

Project Partners

Funding Partners

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2017/11/23/leading-solar-storage-bodies-combine-to-form-smart-energy-council/&psig=AOvVaw0mEci2JLjBn7_trftpTV2q&ust=1536300900313999

Revision History:

Disclaimer:The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the Australian Government, and the Australian Government does not accept responsibility for any information or advice contained herein.

Industry Best Practice Guideline: Proposed Australian Battery Performance Standard of 37Version 1.0

Revision No Date Authored by Reviewed by Approved by DNV GL Approval IR1 2019-11-12 DNV GL

Industry Best Practice Guideline:

Performance testing & reporting of Battery Storage Equipment connected to Domestic/Small Commercial Solar PV Systems



This Industry Best Practice Guideline, to support the Proposed Australian Battery Performance Standard for PV connected residential/small-scale commercial battery energy storage systems, has been developed by DNV GL, CSIRO, the Smart Energy Council & Deakin Universtiy in conjucntion with industry involved in renewable energy battery storage equipment.

The stakeholder reference group consists of a broad range of key stakeholders relevant to the development of the proposed Draft Standard including: battery manufacturers, industry associations, relevant government agencies/bodies, stakeholders representing end users, stakeholders with strong commercial battery experience, proponents of relevant existing battery storage projects, Standards Australia, the Victorian Government (DELWP) and ARENA.

The following organisations participated in the development of the proposed Draft Standard as well as this Industry Best Practice Guideline:

<List of SRG memebers>

Disclaimer

<The section will contain a general disclaimer>

Acknowledgements

The project consortium (CSIRO, DNV GL, Smart Energy Council and Deakin University) wishes to acknowledge and thank the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Victorian Government for funding this work.

This Project received funding from ARENA as part of ARENA’s Advancing Renewables Program and the Victorian Government through the New Energy Jobs Fund.



Table of contentsPRE-FACE......................................................................................................................................................

PART 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1.1 What is the objective of this guide?1.2 Why has this guide been developed?1.3 Who should use this guide?1.4 Related existing standards1.5 Scope1.6 Limitations

PART 2 USING THIS GUIDE AND CLAIMING COMPLIANCE.........................................................................

PART 3 DEFINITION OF PV CONNECTED BATTERY STORAGE EQUIPMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL TO SMALL-SCALE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS.................................................................................

PART 4 BSE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................

PART 5 GENERAL TESTING PRINCIPLES....................................................................................................5.1 Application5.2 Testing overview5.3 Applicable tests based on BSE topology5.4 DuT test pre-conditions

PART 6 TEST CONDITIONS........................................................................................................................

PART 7 BSE PERFORMANCE REPORTING PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS.............................................

PART 8 CHECKLIST OF INFORMATION......................................................................................................

Appendix A GENERAL TERMS & DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................

Appendix B PARAMETER MEASUREMENT AND TOLERANCES......................................................................B.1 GeneralB.2 Electrical measurementsB.2.1 Voltage measurementsB.2.2 Current measurementsB.2.3 Impedance measurementsB.2.4 Energy measurementsB.2.5 Capacity measurementsB.3 Temperature measurementsB.4 Time measurements

Appendix C PERFORMANCE METRICS DEFINITIONS....................................................................................C.1 Maximum Power (kW)C.2 Sustained Power (kW)C.3 Energy (kWh)C.4 Capacity (Ah)C.5 Voltage limits (operating voltage window) (V)C.6 Maximum current (A)C.7 Round trip efficiency (%)C.8 Cycle numberC.9 Response time (s)



C.10 State of charge window and state of health

Appendix D BSE PROFILES..........................................................................................................................D.1 ApplicationD.2 GeneralD.3 Residential solar energy shift load profileD.3.1 AimD.3.2 DescriptionD.3.3 OverviewD.3.4 Test propertiesD.4 Virtual power plant (VPP) mode incorporating a solar energy shift profile

Appendix E TEST ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.......................................................................................E.1 ApplicationE.2 GeneralE.3 Humidity profileE.4 Extreme temperature profileE.4.1 AimE.4.2 DescriptionE.4.3 OverviewE.4.4 DetailsE.5 Standard temperature profileE.5.5 AimE.5.6 DescriptionE.5.7 OverviewE.5.8 DetailsE.6 Seasonal temperature profileE.6.9 AimE.6.10 DescriptionE.6.11 OverviewE.6.12 DetailsE.7 Accelerated testing temperature profileE.7.13 AimE.7.14 DescriptionE.7.15 OverviewE.7.16 Details



List of tablesTable 5-1: Testing overview........................................................................................................................17

List of figuresFigure 3-1: An example of parts of pre-assembled battery storage equipment.........................................14Figure 3-2: An example of parts of pre-assembled integrated battery storage system equipment...........14Figure 8-1: Normalised residential solar energy shift load profile..............................................................32



Pre-face

This proposed best practice guide was prepared under a project consortium between DNV GL, CSIRO, Deakin University and the Smart Energy Council, in conjunction with a stakeholder reference group involved in renewable energy battery energy storage equipment.

The stakeholder reference group consisted of a broad range of key stakeholders relevant to the development of the proposed Draft Standard including: battery manufacturers, industry associations, relevant government agencies/bodies, stakeholders representing end users, stakeholders with strong commercial battery experience, proponents of relevant existing battery storage projects, Standards Australia, the Victorian Government (DELWP) and Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA).

The development of this best practice guide was based on the need identified for manufacturers of battery energy storage systems to test their products under standardised test conditions and reporting formats. This enables End Users of battery energy storage systems to compare different products like-for -like basis.

This best practice guide has two main aims:

1. To define how the tests are to be undertaken to determine each performance metric, including the environmental conditions

2. To define how the results from the testing are to be reported.

While best endeavours have been made to include all current and near operation applications for BSE in the Australian market context, future services will almost inevitably develop that may not be fully covered by the current version of the Standard. These may be addressed by future revisions.



PART 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is the objective of this guide?

This best practice guide, for BSE connected to residential/small-scale commercial PV systems, comprises a series of performance testing protocols & performance-metric reporting methods for manufacturers, to better inform consumers regarding the expected performance of a BSE for specific use-cases, and therefore allow them to compare the products on a consistent basis.

1.2 Why has this guide been developed?

Australia has one of the highest proportions of households with PV solar systems in the world. With record high retail electricity prices, comparatively low feed-in rates for exported PV energy and market competitive energy storage costs, the market for behind-the-meter battery systems has the potential to increase dramatically.

The two critical aspects of battery systems are safety and performance. As of 2019, Standards Australia has released ‘AS/NZS 5139 - Electrical Installations - Safety of battery systems for use with power conversion equipment’ that mainly addresses the safety aspects of the battery equipment.

However, with respect to performance, there is presently limited information available to allow consumers to make an informed choice regarding the performance of battery storage system equipment.

Even simple metrics such as capacity, power output, and cycle life are not comparable between manufacturers. This can lead to situations where consumers believe that the systems are suitable for their intended application and then find performance and lifetime are well below expectations. A potential widespread loss of consumer confidence presents a significant risk for establishing a long-term, self-sustaining viable industry. The lack of ability to make an informed choice also represents a major barrier to entry for battery storage equipment and may restrict the adoption of this technology, which in turn will limit the effect of this important enabler of increased renewable energy penetration on the grid.

As a result, a draft standard specifying standardised testing protocols & performance-metric reporting methods was developed together with Industry. This was formally submitted to Standards Australia to develop it into an Australian Standard in Q2 2020. In the interim, this best practise guide, based on the draft Standard, has been written for industry adoption until publication of the performance by Standards Australia.

1.3 Who should use this guide?

End users of battery systems and battery energy storage system equipment will be the greatest beneficiaries of this draft standard. This allow them to make the informed choices regarding the performance of different BSE available in the market, in view of their intended application. End users would be able to recognise through product datasheets that the products they are comparing have been tested according to the Standard.



Other parties in the battery supply/purchase chain including cell manufacturers, module/pack manufacturers and system manufacturers may also benefit. Manufacturers and system integrators can use the recommended test methods and associated reporting requirements to demonstrate that their battery storage equipment meets this best practice guide. It should be noted that the steps to produce BSE may be undertaken by a single company, or system integrators, using a series of third-party equipment.

Manufacturer’s, regulatory authorities, testing laboratories, certifiers, importers and others can use the principles in this guide as a consistent standard against which they can assess whether the performance of battery storage equipment are suitable for Australian household environments. The task of verifying compliance with the mandatory and optional provisions in this guide is to be performed by an appropriately qualified, competent and experienced person.

1.4 Related existing standardsThe following non-exhaustive list of standards related to battery storage equipment have been provided for reference only. In the case of conflict between this guide and any released Standard, the Standard shall prevail.

AS/NZS 4777.1:2016 Grid connection of energy storage systems via inverters-Installation requirements

AS/NZS 4777.2:2015 Grid connection of energy systems via inverters - Inverter requirements

IEC 61427-2 Secondary cells and batteries for renewable energy storage – General requirements and methods of test – Part 2: on-grid applications

AS/NZS 5139:2019 Electrical installations—Safety of battery systems for use with power conversion equipment

AS 4086.2-1997 Secondary batteries for use with stand-alone power systems - Installation and maintenance

AS/NZS 3000, Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules)

AS 3731, Stationary batteries (series)

AS/NZS 4029.1, Stationary batteries — Lead-acid, Part 1: Vented type

AS/NZS 4029.2, Stationary batteries — Lead acid, Part 2: Valve regulated type

AS/NZS 4509.1, Standalone power systems, Part 1: Safety and installation

AS/NZS 5033, Installation and safety requirements for photovoltaic (PV) arrays

IEC 62619, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes — Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications

Best Practice Guide: battery storage equipment — Electrical Safety Requirements V 1.0 (06 Jul 2018)



1.5 Scope

This best practice provides recommended methods for measurement and reporting of the performance characteristics of Battery Storage Equipment (BSE) designed to be used within residential or small-scale-commercial applications in conjunction with PV systems.

The standard is applicable to battery cells, modules and complete systems up to 100 kW power / 200 kWh capacity intended for use in residential and small-scale commercial applications in Australia. It is intended to provide standardised testing and reporting requirements for the performance of Battery Storage Equipment.

This Standard defines the following as they relate to BSE performance:

performance indicators/metrics

testing protocols for performance metrics

reporting requirements for performance metrics

1.6 Limitations

This best practice guide does not intend to cover the following topics:

design, installation

safety

grid integration and demand response management

operational control and communication

recycling

handling and transport

solar PV installation

training requirements



PART 2 USING THIS GUIDE AND CLAIMING COMPLIANCE

The claim of compliance can be made after completing all tests outlined in this guide. Any claim made should refer to this guide by its title, and include the battery storage equipment type and the tests undertaken.

Means of claiming compliance may include test certificates and reports by competent test laboratories to the relevant tests listed. Such laboratories could also assess the additional specific requirements and optional requirements if they have expertise and knowledge in the required areas.

Manufacturers or system integrators may conduct the assessments (and tests if they have suitable test expertise) and make declarations of compliance to the specific requirements, as well as the optional requirements, if they have suitable competencies in-house.

Independent certification bodies with suitably qualified and competent persons in the relevant areas may issue certificates based on suitable assessment of the evidence supplied by the manufacturer or system integrator. Certification, being a higher level of independent verification than a manufacturers or system integrator declaration, should be based on accredited test results for any criteria that lists a relevant performance metrics to be assessed to.

To guide uniformity and transparency, certification should be issued in general agreement with the requirements of the Equipment Safety Rules of the Electrical Equipment Safety System or other electrical safety regulator published document, or similar published document of equivalent or higher criteria.

Note: This does not imply the certification body has to be accredited to any one or more particular scheme, but rather they have at least one recognised independent third-party accreditation of their systems and processes, such as the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand (JAS-ANZ) accreditation, or an Electrical Safety Regulatory Agency accreditation, or the like.



PART 3 DEFINITION OF PV CONNECTED BATTERY STORAGE EQUIPMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL TO SMALL-SCALE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

The possible major components of a battery energy storage system may consist of battery modules, battery management modules, environmental management systems, temperature management system, power conversion equipment, etc. as shown in Figure 3-11.

Figure 3-1: Boundaries of a battery energy storage system (note: pending approval from Standards Australia, this and following figures will be replaced with ones from AS/NZS 5139)

1 The major components of a battery energy storage system may vary based on various factors such as the battery chemistry, BMS architecture etc. For example, a typical lead acid system may not necessarily have a BMS system. With respect to lithium based chemistries, a battery energy storage system may have different BMS topologies (e.g. centralised, modular and distributed). Flow batteries may have additional auxiliary components to what is shown in the figure.



Two possible layers of battery storage equipment are defined in Figure 3-2 (pre-assembled battery system) and Figure 3-3 (pre-assembled integrated battery energy storage system).


BMS

BMM

Battery Battery Battery Battery

BMM

Auxilliary battery equipment

PCE

protection and isolation devices Interface

BMS

BMM

Battery Battery Battery Battery

BMM Auxilliary battery equipment

Enclosure

Enclosure

Figure 3-3: An example of parts of pre-assembled integrated battery storage system equipment

Figure 3-2: An example of parts of pre-assembled battery storage equipment


PART 4 BSE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

The following paragraphs provide definitions for battery storage equipment (BSE) as used throughout this guide. Further definitions related to BSE can be found in Appendix A.

Battery Storage Equipment

For the purpose of this guide, battery storage equipment is pre-packaged, pre-assembled, or factory built equipment that has been designed, manufactured and tested/verified as a stand-alone complete package supplied by the one manufacturer or importer for installation. It may be supplied in several parts for transport and assembled on site, but does not need on-site modification or manufacturing or supply of other parts for that assembly to occur.

Battery storage equipment could be any of the following three types:

Battery module

One or more cells linked together. It may also have incorporated electronics for monitoring, charge management and/or protection.

Battery modules are installed within pre-assembled battery system equipment or pre-assembled integrated battery energy storage system equipment or as part of a master/slave configuration of such equipment.

Pre-assembled battery system (BS) equipment

A system comprising one or more cells, modules or battery system, and auxiliary supporting equipment such as a battery management system and protective devices and any other required components as determined by the equipment manufacturer. It does not include a Power Conversion Equipment (PCE). Pre-assembled battery system equipment come in a dedicated enclosure. The equipment is a complete package for connection to a DC bus or DC input of a PCE (see Diagram 1).

Pre-assembled integrated battery energy storage system (BESS) equipment

A battery energy storage system manufactured as a complete integrated package with the PCE, one or more cells, modules or battery system, protection devices, power conversion equipment and any other required components as determined by the equipment manufacturer. Pre-assembled integrated battery energy storage system equipment are supplied in a dedicated enclosure. Integrated battery energy storage system equipment is a complete package that has an AC. output for connection to the electrical installation.

Note 1: Pre-assembled battery system (BS) equipment or pre-assembled integrated battery energy storage system (BESS) equipment may have DC outputs for connection of extra DC battery storage equipment in an assembly of a master/slave configuration of equipment. All configurations of equipment parts will need to be able to be shown to comply with this guide, as individual equipment parts and also as the assembled equipment master/slave configuration.

Note 2: Battery storage equipment would generally be supplied as a complete ‘pre-assembled’ package with the only electrical connection or assembly requirements for installation being the connections to the AC or DC terminals and mounting the equipment on suitable support or base as appropriate. However due to transport and handling safety issues (such as weight and dangerous goods requirements) some battery equipment may be a master/slave equipment



system or be components supplied in separate parts for combining on site. However the final installed equipment is the same package (of varying sizes of energy storage or configurations of internal components as designed and tested by the manufacturer/importer) irrespective of where it is supplied and installed. The critical aspect of these devices is they are the one unit designed, manufactured and tested to this guide by the manufacturer or importer as one configured piece of equipment within a pre-built enclosure that is supplied as part of the equipment, or are master/slave parts within their own enclosures but still assessed as one piece of equipment to this guide.

For clarity, battery storage equipment is not:

Separate third party supplied parts to be assembled on site (that is an installation).

A separate PCE connected to a separate assembled battery system matched together by a system designer or installer.

Bespoke equipment designed for, and has separate parts installed for, a particular site, or designed or modified on site by installer, or equipment from various third party manufacturers, importers or suppliers installed together on site.



PART 5 GENERAL TESTING PRINCIPLES

5.1 ApplicationThis section provides an overview of the tests required, and specifies the general testing principles to be undertaken while performing the tests.

5.2 Testing overviewTable 5-1 provides an overview of each performance metric that is to be tested under each temperature profile (refer to Appendix C and Appendix D). Table 5-1: Testing overview

Standard temperature

profile

Extreme temperatur

e profile

Seasonal temperature

profile

Accelerated testing temperature

profileSolar

energy shift

profile

VPP with solar shift

profile

Solar energy

shift profile

VPP with solar shift

profileMaximum power test

x x

Sustained power test (2 min)

x


x x x

Discharge rate (C-rate)

x x

Discharge capacity

x x x x

Discharge energy x x x xCharge capacity x xCharge energy x xRound trip efficiency

x x x

Voltage limits xMaximum current xCycle number x xResponse time xMaximum power test

x x


x



5.3 Applicable tests based on BSE topology[This will be updated once the draft Standard has been completed]

5.4 DuT test pre-conditionsPrior to testing, it shall be ensured that the DuT will operate under the following conditions during testing:

1. All programmable parameters within the BSE have their respective default values

2. All thermal management systems are enabled

3. All auxiliary systems as would be expected to be required under standard operating conditions are enabled

All reporting of performance metrics shall be inclusive of all thermal management system and auxiliary system loads, unless specified otherwise in the test protocol.



PART 6 TEST CONDITIONS<This section will provide comprehensive detail on the testing conditions that will be defined in the proposed Draft Standard. It will essentially provide detail on what performance metric is to be measured under what temperature profile>

PART 7 BSE PERFORMANCE REPORTING PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS

<This section is intended to describe the values to be reported, as well as the reporting format. It is anticipated that it will include an example reporting table as a minimum. It will also map out the paths to get from DC testing results to AC reporting for if required.>

PART 8 CHECKLIST OF INFORMATION<This section will include a checklist to see if all the performance metrics have been measured under the required tests and if they are reported as needed or if the user of this guide needs to go back to the supplier and request the information.>



Appendix A GENERAL TERMS & DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions and those of AS/NZS 5319 apply. If no suitable definition is given, the definitions of the ISO and IEC apply. Both organisations maintain comprehensive online terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

assembled

having connected together the separate component parts of a battery storage equipment (BSE)

auxiliary equipment/battery equipment

equipment required for supporting different battery technologies and associated battery infrastructure. May include pumps, storage tanks, fire suppression, communications equipment, and any other equipment required for the battery system to operate, excluding BMM and BMS

battery

unit consisting of one or more energy storage cells connected in series, parallel or series-parallel arrangement

battery bank

batteries or battery modules connected in series and/or parallel to provide the required voltage, current and storage capacity within a battery system, and meet the requirements of associated power conversion equipment (PCE).

battery energy storage system (BESS)

consists of PCE, battery system(s), and isolation and protection devices. Where provided, it also

includes auxiliary battery equipment, battery cables, battery management module(s), and battery management system

battery energy storage system enclosure

dedicated enclosure containing all the components of a battery energy storage system including, but not limited to, PCE, battery system(s) and all the necessary auxiliary equipment that is compatible with the installation location and the associated BESS components. The enclosure may also house ancillary equipment related to the photovoltaic (PV) array connection or diesel generator connection



battery management module (BMM)

distributed battery and battery module devices that feed into the BMS and are generally part of the electronics on an individual cell or module

battery management system (BMS)

electronic system that monitors and manages a battery or battery system’s electric and thermal states enabling it to operate within the safe operating region of the particular battery. The BMS provides communications between the battery or battery system and the PCE and potentially other connected devices (e.g. vents or cooling)

Note 1 to entry: The BMS monitors cells, battery or battery modules to provide protective actions for the battery system in the case of overcharge, overcurrent, over discharge, overheating, overvoltage and other possible hazards that could occur. Additional BMS functions may include active or passive charge management, battery equalization, thermal management, specific messaging or communications to the PCE regarding charge rates and availability.

battery module

one or more cells linked together. May also have incorporated electronics for monitoring, charge management and/or protection

battery short-circuit current

potential maximum fault current able to be delivered from a battery under the condition of shorting the terminals.

battery string

batteries or battery modules connected in series

battery system

system comprising one or more cells, modules or batteries. Depending on the type of technology, the battery system may include one or multiple battery management system/s and auxiliary supporting and/or protective equipment for the system. This does not include the PCE.

battery system enclosure

dedicated enclosure containing the battery system, including associated battery system components, and which is compatible with the installation location

Note 1 to entry: Preassembled battery systems may already include a suitable enclosure



cable, current-carrying capacity (CCC)

maximum continuous current at which a conductor will not overheat and cause permanent damage to the conductor insulation. It is affected by conductor cross-sectional area, cable insulation material and the method of cable installation

Note 1 to entry: For further information, see AS/NZS 3008.1.1 or AS/NZS 3008.1.2, as appropriate.

capacity

C, electric charge which a cell or battery can deliver under specified discharge conditions

Note 1 to entry: The SI unit for electric charge, or quantity of electricity, is the coulomb (1 C = 1 A·s) but in practice, capacity is usually expressed in ampere hours (Ah).

cell

basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy.

charging

operation during which a secondary cell or battery is supplied with electric energy from an external circuit which results in chemical changes within the cell and thus the storage of energy as chemical energy

Note 1 to entry: Charge is usually measured in ampere-hours.

competent person

person who has acquired knowledge and skill, through training, qualifications, experience, or a combination of these, and which enables that person to correctly perform the task required.

dedicated room or enclosure

room or enclosure exclusively assigned to the use of equipment specified as part of the battery system, BSE or power system (including energy source connections)

discharging

operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit by the conversion of chemical energy to electric energy



device under test (DuT)

The energy storage system of which will be subjected to the tests outlined in this draft Standard

electrical installation, domestic

electrical installation in a private dwelling or that portion of an electrical installation associated solely with a flat or living unit

electrical installation, residential

electrical installation or that portion of an electrical installation associated with a living unit or units

end userperson(s) who will use the battery storage equipment once installed

explosive gas hazard

mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas or vapour which, after ignition, permits self-sustaining flame propagation which may cause harm to people, property, or the environment

fire hazard

potential source of physical injury or damage to persons or property resulting from burns due to the ignition and combustion of flammable materials present in the battery or battery system or enclosure

hazard

potential source of harm

lithium ion technologies

secondary battery technology containing a lithium salt electrolyte. Different battery types may have different material compositions for each of the anode, cathode and electrolyte

nominal cell voltage (Vn)

manufacturer’s stated voltage, which is the steady state disconnected charged voltage of a cell

nominal system voltage (Vsys)

calculated from the cell nominal voltage (Vn) and the number of cells in series (n) as follows:



Vsys nominal = Vn × n

partial state of charge operation

operation whereby batteries do not typically cycle between full SOC and depletion, and are then fully recharged. Partial state of charge relates to a considerable variation in operation generally between 20% SOC and 90% SOC

port (of PCE)

location giving access to a device or network where electromagnetic energy or signals may be supplied or received or where the device or network variables may be observed or measured

power conversion equipment (PCE)

electrical device converting and/or manipulating one kind of electrical power from a voltage or current source into another kind of electrical power with respect to voltage, current and/or frequency

Note 1 to entry: Examples include but are not limited to d.c./a.c., inverters, d.c./d.c. converters and charge controllers.

Note 2 to entry: Battery management systems are not considered to be PCEs for the purpose of this Standard.

pre-assembled battery system

system comprising one or more cells, modules or battery systems, and/or auxiliary supporting

equipment. Depending on the type of technology, the battery system may include a battery management system. Pre-assembled battery systems may come in a dedicated battery system enclosure

Note 1 to entry: Pre-assembled lithium based battery systems that comprise pre-assembled battery system equipment that conforms to the Best Practice Guide: battery storage equipment — Electrical Safety Requirements, and include a battery management system and a dedicated enclosure as integral parts of the equipment.

pre-assembled integrated BESS

battery energy storage system equipment that is manufactured as a complete, pre-assembled integrated package. The equipment is supplied in an enclosure with the PCE, battery system, battery management system, protection device and any other required components as determined by the equipment manufacturer



Note 1 to entry: A pre-assembled BESS may be delivered in separate modular parts and assembled on site.

Note 2 to entry: Pre-assembled lithium based battery energy storage system (BESS) equipment that conform to the Best Practice Guide: battery storage equipment — Electrical Safety Requirements are a pre-assembled integrated BESS when installed.

prospective fault current

current that would flow in the circuit during short-circuit fault conditions, if each main current path of the switching device and of the overcurrent protective device, if any, were replaced by a conductor of negligible impedance

risk

possibility that harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when exposed to a hazard

Note 1 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated likelihood of occurrence.

sealed valve-regulated cell

cell that is closed under normal conditions, but which has an arrangement that allows the escape of gas if the internal pressure exceeds a predetermined value

secondary cell

cell that is designed to be electrically recharged

service life

total period of useful life of a cell or a battery in operation. For secondary cells and batteries, the service life may be expressed in time, number of charge/discharge cycles, capacity in ampere hours (Ah) or percentage of capacity

short-circuit

when a fault of negligible impedance occurs between live conductors having a difference in potential

state of charge (SOC)

charge available in a battery or battery system expressed as a percentage of the rated capacity of the battery or battery system



state of health (SOH)

ability of a battery system to store and deliver energy compared to its original rated capacity

system inegratora person or entity which integrates various individual parts of battery storage equipment to form a single battery storage device

terminal/terminal post

part provided for the connection of a cell or a battery to external conductors

toxic fumes

gas or vapour classified as poisonous or dangerous for people to contact or inhale

virtual power plant (VPP)

[A suitable definition for a VPP is still required.]



APPENDIX B PARAMETER MEASUREMENT AND TOLERANCES

This section outlines the minimum accuracy requirements of instruments used in the testing the BSE to this draft Standard.

B.1 GeneralThe instruments used during the test shall enable an accurate measurement of the relevant reportable parameters to be made. The test instruments used shall be chosen to fulfil the accuracy requirements outlined in the following sections.

All test equipment measuring AC values shall be of the true RMS type.

The accuracy of equipment used for testing shall be stated in all test reports.

B.2 Electrical measurements

B.2.1 Voltage measurementsVoltage measurements shall be within ±1% of the expected value to be measured, as per IEC 62133.1

B.2.2 Current measurementsCurrent measurements shall be within ±1% of the expected value to be measured, as per IEC 62133.1

B.2.3 Impedance measurements

B.2.4 Energy measurements

B.2.5 Capacity measurements

B.3 Temperature measurementsTemperature measurements shall have an absolute accuracy of at least 0.5°C and a tolerance of ±2°C as per AS3731.2 ±1 °C, as per IEC XXXXX

B.4 Time measurementsTime measurements shall have an absolute accuracy of at least 0.1% as per IEC 62281.



APPENDIX C PERFORMANCE METRICS DEFINITIONS

The following sections provide details on how to measure each of the performance metrics.

C.1 Maximum Power (kW)This is defined as the maximum power output of the BSE over 10s under the environmental test conditions. It is to be determined for both charge and discharge power.

The power of a BSE shall be determined through the use of a series of high-rate pulse discharges and charges. The current employed in each case is either that stated by the manufacturer for determining power output, or it is the C1 current.

The test is applicable for either DC or AC systems.

Step Number

Power Profile Procedure

1 Fully charge battery as per manufacturer specifications and allow to rest at open circuit voltage for 1 hour.

2 Discharge 10% state of charge at maximum rate stated by manufacturer3 Rest for 1 hour4 Discharge for 10s5 Rest for 40s6 Charge for 10s7 Rest for 40s8 Repeat steps 2 to 7, discharging by 10% state of charge each time, until 10%

state of charge is reached9 Fully charge the battery as per manufacturer specifications and allow to rest at

open circuit voltage for 1 hour. This completes the power test and leaves the battery ready for the next testing as required.

10 Determine values of charging and discharging resistance at each step by calculating from the voltage drop that occurs during the current pulse. Power available for charging and discharging is calculated using:

Discharge Power:P=V pulse (V OC−V pulse)Rdch

Charge Power:P=V pulse (V pulse−V OC)Rch

where Vpulse is the voltage at the end of the pulse, VOC is the open circuit voltage and Rdch is the discharging and Rch is the charging resistance.

11 Record power at 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10% state of chargeTable 2: Profile 1 –Maximum power test profile stepwise procedure



C.2 Sustained Power (kW)This is the useable power output under specific operating conditions. The available power is dependent on the operating conditions. Based on industry feedback, the sustained power should be measured and reported for durations of 2 minutes and 30 minutes.

C.3 Energy (kWh)Energy is defined as the amount of energy storage capacity of a battery in kilowatt hours (kWh).

C.4 Capacity (Ah)Capacity is defined as the amount of charge that can be withdrawn from a fully charged BSE in Ampere-Hours (Ah) at a constant current rate. The current used to rate batteries varies between manufacturers, however, for the purposes of the ABPS specified currents or rates will be defined for different applications in the following sections.

C.5 Voltage limits (operating voltage window) (V)The voltage limits, also known as the operating voltage window, is defined as the voltage range in Volts of the BSE unit at the DC connection point. The upper voltage limit is defined as the maximum limit at which the unit can be operated as defined by the manufacturer. The minimum limit is the lowest voltage the unit can sustain as defined by the manufacturer. Notably, under certain circumstances these limits may be smaller than the limits a battery chemistry is capable of operating at. Typically, this restriction is managed by the battery or energy management system under limitations imposed by the manufacturer.

Open circuit voltage – the voltage measured at open circuit on a fully charged BSE unit at the DC connection point

Closed circuit voltage – the BSE unit operating voltage at the DC connection point at the time of measurement when the BSE is fully charged and the circuit is closed.

C.6 Maximum current (A)The operating current range is defined as the current in Amperes of the BSE unit at the DC connection point under normal operating conditions (not fault conditions). The maximum current limit is defined as the highest current at which the unit can be safely operated. As noted previously, under certain circumstances these limits may be lower than the limits set for the battery (cells, module and/or pack). Typically, this restriction is managed by the battery or energy management system under limitations imposed by the manufacturer.

Discharge rate range allowed (C-rate)

In the majority of battery applications, the current required from the battery (discharge) varies as a function of time. In some applications (including PV connected batteries), this is also true for the charging component. Typically the discharge and charge rates a battery can operate at are called the C-rate. The quantity ‘C’ (also represented as ‘C1’) is the charge that a battery can deliver such that the battery is completely discharged in 1 h. The ‘C-rate’ (also known as the ‘one-hour rate’) is the constant value of current that is drawn from the battery during the determination of C.



C.7 Round trip efficiency (%)Battery round-trip efficiency is the round trip DC-to-storage-to-DC energy efficiency of the BSE or the fraction of energy put into the storage that can be retrieved and is given as a percentage value.

C.8 Cycle numberThe cycle number is a measure of how many cycles a battery is anticipated to achieve. Commonly this metric is used as an indicator of lifetime (either in charge-discharge cycles as calendar lifetimes through making appropriate assumptions). Critical to cycle lifetime is the choice of duty cycle (that is charge and discharge) since the duty cycle will strongly affect the number of cycles given. In the context of this work the duty cycles for household PV storage and time shifting and Virtual Power Plant operation of grid connected BSE will be defined to enable standardised reporting.

C.9 Response time (s)The response time of the system is the time required to deliver the power or energy requested by the load, measured in milliseconds.

C.10State of charge window and state of healthState of charge (SoC) window is the range at which the battery charge level can be operated under. The maximum SoC of 100% refers to a fully charged battery and the SoC of 0% refers to a fully discharged battery. It should be noted that the SoC range is always in the 0-100% range whether for a new battery with full capacity or an aged and faded battery system. The optimal or working SoC range for a BSE is defined by the manufacturer.

State of health of a battery (SoH) refers to the actual performance ability of the battery compared to the performance ability upon construction. The SoH range is 100% (new and unused battery) to 0% (completely failed battery). Typically the SoH range of commercial batteries lies in the 100 to 80-70% range before replacement is recommended/required, dependent on application.



APPENDIX D BSE PROFILES

D.1 ApplicationThis section specifies the applications (use-cases) applicable to PV connected residential / small-scale commercial BSE under which several performance metrics related to the battery energy storage devices shall be tested.

Each of the use cases shall be tested to determine various performance metrics related to BSE performance under expected average Australian household energy use profiles.

PART 5 provides further detail on the specific performance metric to be measured under each use case, as well as suggested test sequences.

D.2 GeneralSome performance metrics related to BSE can be highly dependent on the charge / discharge cycle that the battery is subjected to. Two battery use case profiles have been identified that a BSE connected to a typical Australian residential household may experience:

Residential solar energy shift load profile

Virtual power plant (VPP) mode incorporating a solar energy shift profile

Both profiles, developed on the basis of measured solar generation and residential load data of households throughout Australia, represent a standard daily cycle for the purposes of this draft Standard.

Each profile has been normalised, to enable scaling of the profile for all battery systems.

D.3 Residential solar energy shift load profile

D.3.1 AimThe aim of this profile is to determine average values for particular performance metrics when the BSE is subject to a standardised daily charge / discharge cycle.

D.3.2 DescriptionThe BSE is to store the energy generated by solar PV during the day and discharge the stored energy during the peak demand period in the evening.

The profile defined in this section forms the basis of a single daily net energy use cycle of the average Australian household with connected PV.

Each of the BSE use case profiles under which the relevant performance metrics are to be determined is provided in the following sections.

D.3.3 OverviewA pictorial representation of the residential solar energy shift load profile is provided in Figure 8-4.



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Figure 8-4: Normalised residential solar energy shift load profile

D.3.4 Test properties

D.3.4.1 Number of test cyclesThe DuT shall be subjected to a minimum of 5 cycles of the residential solar energy shift load profile. More cycles may be undertaken, however there shall not be less than 5 cycles tested.

D.3.4.1.1 Performance metrics to be measuredFor each test cycle, determine the following parameters using equipment complying with the requirements in Appendix B:

discharge capacity (Ah)

discharge energy (kWh)

charge energy (kWh)

energy efficiency (%)

D.3.4.1.2 Reportable parametersThe arithmetic average of all cycles tested (of which a minimum of five (5) shall be undertaken) of the parameters outlined in D.3.4.1.1 shall be calculated and reported as per the requirements defined in PART 7.



D.4 Virtual power plant (VPP) mode incorporating a solar energy shift profile

D.4.1.1 Aim

D.4.1.2 Description

D.4.1.3 Overview

D.4.1.4 Test properties

D.4.1.4.1 Number of test cycles

D.4.1.4.2 Measured / calculated parameters

D.4.1.4.3 Reportable parameters



APPENDIX E TEST ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

E.1 ApplicationThis section specifies the various operational environmental conditions under which the performance metrics related to the battery energy storage devices are to be tested.

Section 7 provides further detail on the specific performance metric to be measured under each environmental condition, as well as suggested test sequences.

E.2 GeneralThe performance of battery energy storage systems can be highly dependent on the environmental conditions under which the system operates. Across Australia, multiple climate zones exist in which a battery energy storage system may be used.

These various climate regions have been grouped into four zones, under which specific performance metrics of the battery energy storage system are to be determined and reported. In addition, the performance metrics at environmental extremes are also to be determined and reported.

Each of the environmental profiles under which the relevant performance metrics are to be determined is provided in the following sections. Detailed information on each profile can be found in Appendix C

E.3 Humidity profileFor all test temperatures above 10 °C, the ambient relative humidity of the test environment shall have a value of 55 ± 5%.

For temperatures below 10 °C, the ambient relative humidity of the test environment is not required to be controlled to a specific set point.

E.4 Extreme temperature profile

E.4.1 AimThis aim of this profile is to verify that the DuT can withstand these extreme temperatures for short durations without suffering damage. It is not expected that the device operates at these temperatures.

E.4.2 DescriptionThis temperature profile ranges from a low extreme value of -12 ±2°C to a high extreme value of 52 ±2°C. At these temperatures, the battery is not expected to charge or discharge, however after returning to within the standard temperature range, several performance metrics are to be determined.

E.4.3 OverviewA pictorial representation of the extreme temperature profile can be seen in the following figure.



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Figure 5 1: Pictorial representation of extreme temperature thermal evaluation profile

E.4.4 DetailsThe following test profile is to be repeated five (5) times. On completion of all tests, the average of the performance metrics measured for each test shall be reported.

Step Description Ambient temperature

Ambient humidity

Step time (hh:mm)

Performance metric to be measured

1 Place battery in test chamber -12 ± 2°C - 00:00 -2 Hold battery at temperature -12 ± 2°C - 01:00 -3 Linearly increase test chamber

temperature-1 ± 2°C - 00:30 -

4 Equilibrate battery, perform relevant tests

-1 ± 2°C - 04:00 Maximum Power (kW)Sustained Power (kW)Energy (kWh)Capacity (Ah)

5 Linearly increase test chamber temperature

20-25 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 00:30 -

6 Equilibrate battery 20-25 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 06:00 -7 Linearly increase test chamber

temperature52 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 00:30 -

8 Hold battery at temperature 52 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 01:00 -9 Linearly decrease test chamber

temperature41 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 00:30 -



Step Description Ambient temperature

Ambient humidity

Step time (hh:mm)

Performance metric to be measured

10 Equilibrate battery, perform relevant tests

41 ± 2°C 55 ± 5% 04:00 Maximum Power (kW)Sustained Power (kW)Energy (kWh)Capacity (Ah)

11 Repeat steps 1 – 10 for a total of 5 replicate tests. Determine average values of Maximum Power (kW), Sustained Power (kW), Energy (kWh), Capacity (Ah) and report

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E.5 Standard temperature profile

E.5.1 AimThis aim of this profile is to…

E.5.2 DescriptionThis temperature profile ranges from…

E.5.3 OverviewA pictorial representation of the…

E.5.4 Details

E.6 Seasonal temperature profile




E.6.4 Details

E.7 Accelerated testing temperature profile






E.7.4 Details



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