1

Essam Eldin AbdeHady

Introduction to

Anatomy

Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is a science that studies the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another, that make up the human body.

Gross anatomy; is the study of a large easily observable structure.

Microscopic anatomy; using a magnifying instrument to study very small structure in the body

2

3

ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS

4

5

6

7

8

ANATOMICAL POSITION ANATOMICAL POSITION AND AND

DIRECTIONAL TERMS DIRECTIONAL TERMS To prevent misunderstanding

anatomists have accepted a set of terms that allow body structures to be located and identified clearly with just a few words (terminology).

9

ANATOMICAL ANATOMICAL POSITIONPOSITION

The anatomical terms The anatomical terms always refer to a always refer to a standard anatomical standard anatomical positionposition..

The standard The standard anatomical position is:anatomical position is: the body is erect the body is erect

with the feet are with the feet are parallel together .parallel together .

the arms hanging at the arms hanging at the sides with the the sides with the palms facing palms facing forward.forward.

10

DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL TERMSTERMS

The The anatomical anatomical terminologyterminology is a set of is a set of terms that allow body terms that allow body structures to be structures to be located and identified located and identified clearly .clearly .

Examples:Examples: Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal) LateralLateral MedialMedial

11

12

DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL TERMSTERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMSDIRECTIONAL TERMS

13

REGIONAL REGIONAL TERMSTERMS

These are terms These are terms related to the related to the different different regionsregions of of the body.the body.

Example:Example: Head Head NeckNeck ThoraxThorax Abdomen and Abdomen and

pelvispelvis LimbsLimbs

14

BODY PLANES AND BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSSECTIONS

For the study of the human For the study of the human body it is necessary to make body it is necessary to make imaginary imaginary sectionssections (cuts), (cuts), along an imaginary line along an imaginary line called called aa planeplane. .

There are There are threethree types of types of sections or planes, they are sections or planes, they are at at right angleright angle to each to each other.other.

A A sagittal section sagittal section is a cut is a cut made longitudinally , made longitudinally , dividing the body into dividing the body into rightright and and leftleft parts. parts.

If the cut is made down the If the cut is made down the medianmedian planeplane of the body of the body and the right and left parts and the right and left parts are equal in size, it is called are equal in size, it is called a a midsagittalmidsagittal, or , or median median sectionsection..

15

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSBODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

A frontal section A frontal section is a is a cut made that divides cut made that divides the body into the body into anterioranterior and and posteriorposterior parts. It parts. It is also called a is also called a coronal coronal section.section.

A transverse section A transverse section is is a cut made along a a cut made along a horizontal plane, horizontal plane, dividing the body into dividing the body into superiorsuperior and and inferiorinferior parts. It is also called a parts. It is also called a cross sectioncross section..

16

17

TERMS FORBODY

MOVEMENTS

18

19

20

BODY BODY CAVITIESCAVITIES

The human body The human body has has two setstwo sets of of internal cavities.internal cavities.

They provide They provide protectionprotection to to the organs within the organs within them. them.

21

DORSAL BODY DORSAL BODY CAVITYCAVITY

The The dorsal body cavity dorsal body cavity has has two subdivisionstwo subdivisions, , which are continuous which are continuous with each other. with each other.

The The cranial cavity cranial cavity is the is the space inside the bony space inside the bony skull, contains the skull, contains the brainbrain. .

The The spinal cavity spinal cavity extends from the extends from the cranial cavity nearly to cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral the end of the vertebral column, contains the column, contains the spinal cordspinal cord..

22

VENTRAL BODY CAVITYVENTRAL BODY CAVITY

The The ventral body cavity ventral body cavity is is much larger.much larger.

It contains all the It contains all the structures within the chest structures within the chest and abdomen.and abdomen.

The ventral body cavity is The ventral body cavity is subdividedsubdivided. .

The superior The superior thoracic thoracic cavity cavity is separated from the is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragmdiaphragm. .

It contains, lungs, heart, It contains, lungs, heart, and other visceral organs, and other visceral organs, it is protected by the it is protected by the rib rib cage. cage.

Its central region is called Its central region is called the the mediastinummediastinum 23

VENTRAL BODY CAVITYVENTRAL BODY CAVITY

The cavity inferior to the The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity. abdominopelvic cavity.

It is subdivided it into: It is subdivided it into: a superior a superior abdominal abdominal

cavity, cavity, containing the containing the stomach, liver, stomach, liver, intestines, and other intestines, and other organs, and organs, and

an inferior an inferior pelvic cavitypelvic cavity, , with the reproductive with the reproductive organs, bladder, and organs, bladder, and rectum. rectum.

24

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACESURFACE

The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be subdivided into 4 subdivided into 4 quadrantsquadrants::

Right upperRight upper Left upperLeft upper Right lowerRight lower Left lower Left lower

25

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACEABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE

It can be It can be subdivided also subdivided also into 9 into 9 regionsregions::

Right Right hypochondriachypochondriac

EpigastricEpigastric Left hypochondriacLeft hypochondriac Right lumbarRight lumbar UmbilicalUmbilical Left lumbarLeft lumbar Right iliacRight iliac HypogastricHypogastric Left iliac Left iliac

26

ANTERIOR BODY ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKSLANDMARKS

AbdominalAbdominal – – anterior body trunk inferior anterior body trunk inferior to ribsto ribs

Acromial Acromial - point of shoulder- point of shoulder AntecubitalAntecubital - anterior surface of elbow- anterior surface of elbow AxillaryAxillary - armpit- armpit BrachialBrachial - arm- arm Buccal Buccal - cheek area- cheek area Carpal Carpal - wrist- wrist CervicalCervical - neck region- neck region Coxal Coxal - hip- hip CruralCrural - leg- leg Digital Digital - fingers, toes- fingers, toes FemoralFemoral - thigh- thigh FibularFibular - lateral part of leg- lateral part of leg InguinalInguinal - area where thigh meets body - area where thigh meets body

trunk; grointrunk; groin Nasal Nasal - nose area- nose area Oral Oral - mouth- mouth Orbital Orbital - eye area- eye area PatellarPatellar - anterior knee- anterior knee Pelvic Pelvic - area overlying the pelvis ante - area overlying the pelvis ante

riorlyriorly PubicPubic - genital region- genital region SternalSternal - breastbone area- breastbone area TarsalTarsal - ankle region- ankle region ThoracicThoracic - chest- chest UmbilicalUmbilical - navel- navel

27

POSTERIOR BODY POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKSLANDMARKS

CalcanealCalcaneal - heel of foot - heel of foot CephalicCephalic - head - head DeltoidDeltoid - curve of shoulder - curve of shoulder

formed by large deltoid muscleformed by large deltoid muscle FemoralFemoral - thigh - thigh GlutealGluteal - buttock - buttock LumbarLumbar - area of back between - area of back between

ribs and hipsribs and hips OccipitalOccipital - posterior surface of - posterior surface of

headhead OlecranalOlecranal - posterior surface - posterior surface

of elbowof elbow PoplitealPopliteal - posterior knee area - posterior knee area Sacral Sacral - area between hips- area between hips ScapularScapular - shoulder blade - shoulder blade

regionregion SuralSural - the posterior surface of - the posterior surface of

lower leg; the calflower leg; the calf VertebralVertebral - area of spine - area of spine 28

29

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES:INCLUDES:

bonesbones jointsjoints cartilagescartilages ligamentsligaments

THE SKELETALSYSTEM

30

SKELETOSKELETONN

The human skeleton (all the bones) consists of 206 bones.

31

FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BONESBONES

SupportSupport ProtectionProtection MovementMovement StorageStorage Blood cell Blood cell

formationformation

32

ClassificatioClassification of bones n of bones

There are 2 types of bone tissue:• Spongy bone; composed of needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space • Compact bone; dense looks smooth and homogeneous

Classification of bones Classification of bones

Long bone; has shaft, Long bone; has shaft, and a head with one and a head with one of the two ends.of the two ends.

They are mostly They are mostly compact bone. compact bone.

Include all bones of Include all bones of the limbs except the the limbs except the wrist and ankle.wrist and ankle.

Short bones; contain Short bones; contain mostly spongy bone, mostly spongy bone,

They are included in They are included in the wrist and ankle. the wrist and ankle.

33

Classification of bones Classification of bones

Flat bones; thin Flat bones; thin flattened usually curved flattened usually curved , has thin layers of , has thin layers of compact bones compact bones sandwiching a layer of sandwiching a layer of spongy bone spongy bone

Bones of the skull, ribs Bones of the skull, ribs and sternum are and sternum are classified as flat bones classified as flat bones

Irregular bones; not fit Irregular bones; not fit the other categoriesthe other categories

Bones of the vertebral Bones of the vertebral column are of irregular column are of irregular bones bones

34

35

SKELETOSKELETONN

The human skeleton is divided in 2 parts:• axial skeleton (the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body) and• appendicular skeleton (the bones of the limbs and girdles)

36

SKELETONSKELETON

Axial skeleton;Axial skeleton; SkullSkull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sternum and ribsSternum and ribs Appendicular skeleton;Appendicular skeleton; Bones of the upper limbBones of the upper limb Bones of the lower limbBones of the lower limb